10

Trends of Population Growth

The period after Second World War has country during a specific period of time. This
witnessed growing interest of economists, population change may be measured both in
geographers and other social scientists in the terms of absolute numbers and in terms of
-ever increasing demographic dynamism percentage.
especially in the developing and less developed
world. Consequently, the number of studies 1. TRENDS OF POPULATION GROWTH
exploring the trends of population growth have IN THE WORLD
been increasing in recent past. Today one of the
greatest challenges facing the world community In England some economists including
is the 'population explosion' particularly in the Wallace (1752), Adam Smith (1766) and Robert
developing countries which is eating into the Malthus (1798) tried to study the trend of
vitals of development and is halting socio population growth systematically but these
economic progress. The Human geographers effortswere too fragmentary. The every matter
are concerned about the problems of population relating to population growth previous to the
growth and the rate of growth or change and nineteenth century has almost no scientific
value. The first modern census was held in
its impact on society and environment.
Actually, the phenomenon of population Sweden in 1749 but it was not complete. The
growth has special significance for a human United States had their first systematic census
geographer because he values it as a vital index in 1790, Great Britain and France in 1801 and
Russia in 1897. The first census in India was
of a region's social, economic, and cultural held during 1869-72.
development and political ideology. All the
other demographic characteristics of a region The present distribution of mankind in
are intimately related with population change the world isthe result of universal diffusion of
and form which they derive their significance. human species from earliest times. It is
The concept of population growth is generally estimated that during 99 per cent of human
used to connote the negative or positive change history, the world population remained scanty
in the number of inhabitants of a region or and sporadic. The rapid growth in population
(135)
 136 Population Geography

began from mid of the eighteenth century. The shape of business and thhere was more emphasis
on trade and commnerce.
time span of population growth in the world The main
may be classified into following three periods : characteristics of population of the world
medieval period prior to the
(1) Ancient Perlod Industrial
Revolution were high death rate, high infant
mortality, short life expectancy, periodic
In prehistoric period the world famines, vulnerability to epidemics, high bËrth
population was very scanty and sporadic. rate and much fluctuations of death rate a
Human population was scattered because it responding birth rate. Consequently, there were
was nomadic. Most areas were unoccupied and sharp periods of population decline followed
population was sporadic with blank spaces by short-term revival. In such a way the
here and there and it was about stationary. It is population was growing with very slow paçe.
estimated that the world population gained The medieval period experienced a considerable
momentum during the Neolithic Age when the growth and development of towns and cities
man learnt to produce crop. This agricultural and the consequernt increase in the demand and
revolution eased man's relationship with his supply of consumer goods particularly of
natural environment by modifying the agricultural products. By the end of medieval
harshness of natural surroundings. period, in 1650 the world population reached
After the invention of agriculture in to about 550million.
Neolithic Age, the information had been passing
from generation to generation and his (3) Modern Period
transmission of knowledge about hunting,
gathering, method of food preparation and even The major turning point in the
identification of enemies helped in the expansion population growth came with the Industrial
of agriculture and consequently the growth of Revolution. The modern period of rapid growth
population. The agricultural revolution around began after 1750. The Industrial Revolution
8000 B.C. resulted into the increase in food alongwith the Medical Revolution pushed the
supply which led to better nutrition and decline world population to one billion by 1850. The
of death rate and population began to increase Industrial Revolution in Europe and North
relatively at faster pace. America created a new industrial urban society
At that time the world population was in which agriculture and other primary
not more than 10 million which grew by fits activities began to decline and activities related
and starts depending on food supply, famines, to manufacturing (secondary) and services
pestilence and epidemics "(Singh, L.R., 2003, (tertiary) began to take an increasingly
158). In the beginning of Christian Era, the important role. In this period, the population
estimated world population was about 300
was
tempted to migrate from rural to urban
million of which 20-20 per cent was claimed by areas and the productivity per capita increased
India and China each, 10per cent by Egypt, 10 substantially. The world's population has
percent by Mediterranean Europe and the greatly increased in last three centuries but the
remaining 40 per cent population was sprinkled rate of growth increased sharply only after 190.
in other parts of the world. By 1000 A.D. the It is estimated that the population of the
world population was about 375 million. world, on average, doubled once after every
1500years during the Neolithic Period. During
(2) Medieval Period 1650-1850 the world population was doubled
from 500 million to 1000 million in 200 years. I
During the medieval period of human 1850 to
doubled itself in next 80 years (from itself in
history, in Europe agriculture started taking the 1930). The world population doubled
 Trends of Population Growth 137
next45years (during 1930-1975) and is
to
doubleitself by 2025 in
just 50 years.expected 1930 2 billion 80 years
10.1
Table illustrates that the world's
populatiornin1850 was estimated to
1975 4billiorn 45 years
be 1 billion. 2025 8 billion 50 years
During next 80 years 1 billion
population was added and in 1930 additional
world's
Source: U.N. World Population Projections,
population was estimated 2 World Development Report 2009.
billion. It reached
3billionin 1960, 4 billion in 1975, 5 billion in Table 10.2
1987and16 billion in 1999. Table 7.2 Growth of World Population and Number of
shows that
the number of years to add one billion Years to add one Billion People
word's population was 30 years during people in Year Population Number of Years to add
1960, 15 years during 1960-1975, 12 1930-
years
during 1975-1987 and 12 one billion people
1999. Projected populationsyears during 1987-
for 2012 and 2025 1850 1billion thousands of years
are 7billion and 8billion
respectively taking 13
years each to add one billion
1930 2 billion 80 years
people. Table 7.3 1960 3 billion 30 years
illustrates that the size of world population 1975 4 billion
Table 10.1 15 years
1987 5 billion 12 years
Growth of World Population and Doubling 1999 6 billion
Period 12 years
20127billion* 13 yearS
Year Total Population Doubling Period 2025 8 billion 13 years
1650 500 million * Projected figures
1850 1billion 200 years Source: United Nations Population Reference
Bureau, 1998.
Table 10.3
Growth of World's Population (1650-2018)
Year Population Increase Increase Annual growth rate
(million) (million) in percent (percent)
1650 550
1750 720 170 30.9
1800 930 210 29.2
1850 1330 400 43.0
1900 1660 330 24.8
1950 2510 850 51.2 1.0
1960 3000 490 19.5 2.0
1970 3650 650 21.7 2.1
1980 4400 750 20.5 2.0
1990 5300 900 20.5 1.9
2000 6100 800 15.0 1.6
2004 6358 258 4.2 1.3
2014 7328;!t 880 13.8 1.2
2018 7621 293 4.0 1.2
 Population Geography
138

S000
Population
in
milions

1. North Amerlca
4000 2. South America
3. Oceania

30(«4

2000

World

1000
Asia

Europe
Africa 3

I650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 200) 2023

Years

Fig. 10.1:Trend of Growth in the World Population (1650-2018)

has increased continuously and the rate of The year of1970is
growth rate of 2.1 per cent. fpopulation
increase has also risen stupendously. The considered as a divide in the trend of nexttwo
maximum decadal growth rate (21.7 per cent) growth on the global level. Duringthe annual
was recorded during 1960-1970 with annual decades (1970-80 and 1980-90)
 Trends of Population Growth 139
growth rates were 2.0
and 1.9 per
Bnectively. During 1990-2000 it was cent
which 1.6 2. GROWTH OF POPULATION
per cent reduced to 1.2 ACCORDING TO CONTINENTS
2000.
percent after Table 10.4 shows glaring contrasts in
The growth of world's regionalgrowth patterns of population. Durin8
shown in Table 10.3 and Fig.population
is 1800-2018 the world population has grown
world's population was
10.1. In 1650, from 930 million to 7621 million experiencing
merely 550 million 750per cent increase. During the same periOd
which rose to 1330 million after 200 years
1850, After next 100 years it became 2510in the increase in population was experienced bo
per cent by Asia (597 to 4536 millions), 320 per
million in 1950. After 50 years in 2000 world's cent by Europe (192 to 746 millions), 1210 per
population was recorded 6100 million. In 2018 cent by Africa (90 to 1284 millions), 9200 percent
the total population of the world was 7621 by North America (6 to 544 millions), 300 per
million. cent by South America (19 to 470 millions) arnd
4000 percent by Australia (1 to 41 millions).
Table 10.4
Growth of Population according to Continents (1650-2018)
(Population in Million)
Year Asia
Europe Africa North South Oceania
America America
1650 327 103 100 1 12
1750 475 144 95 1 11 1
1800 597 192 90 6 19 1
1850 741 274 95 26 33 1
1900 915 423 120 81 63 6
1950 1377 572 122 166 166 13
1960 1668 639 279 218 199 16
1970 2102 703 362 286 226 19
1980 2583 750 477 363 252 23
1990 775 642 448 296 26
3112
2018 746 1284 544 470 41
4536
1992.
Source: (1) U.N. World Population Prospects (Estimates &Projections),
Washington, D.C.
(2) World Population Data Sheet, 2018,

rate of population increase was high during

(1)Asia : About 350 years ago (1650) Asia preceding 50 years and it touched the level of
time its
Was most populous continent. At that 4536 in 2018. Rate of average annual increase
POpulation was 327 million accounting for more was 1.9 per cent during 1980-85, 1.6 percent
This
uan 60 per cent population of the world. during 1990-95 and 1.1 percent in 2018. These
ratio is maintained today also. Its population data shows the trend of decreasing growth rate
Ihcreased four times during 300 years (trom since 1980.
The
l650 to 1950) and becamne 1377 millions.
 |Sl60° 30°
30° 60° N
75°
Annual
150 W 150 W

3° 2-3 1-2 Belowgrowth

1

120° rate 120

(per
cent)
90°
90

Fig. 60° 60
10.4
Annual
30° 30
Rate
of
Population

Growth
30° 30

in
the
World 60° 4000 60

Kilometres
90° 90

120* 120

4000

150 150

tapricomnTrapicof Equator CancerTropicof

180°E
180°E

Grography Human 140

 141
Trends of Population Growth
Table 10.5
Continent-wise Annual Growth Rate (1980-2018)
Continent/World Average annual increase (percent)
1980-85 1990-95 2018
Africa 2.9 2.8 2.6
South America 2.1 1.7 1.0
Asia 1.9 1.6 1.1
North America 1.3 14 0.3
Oceania 0.4 0.2 1.0
Europe 1.5 1.5 -0.1
Developing Countries 1.4
Developed Countries 0.0
World 1.7 1.6 1.2

Source : World Population Data Sheet, 2004 and 2018.

Table 10.6 reveals the pattern of Japan -0.3

population growth rate (average annual Indonesia 1.2
increase in percent) as experienced by South Korea 0.1
different (selected) countries in the world in North Korea 0.5
2018. The annual growth rate is found 1.5
Malayasia 1.1
percent or above in some Asian countries like
Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Philippines and Mangolia 1.8
Nepal. It is high in the context of Asia (1.1) Myanmar 1.0
and the world (1.2). Medium growth rate (1.0 Thailand 0.2
1.5) percent) is recorded in Combodia, Philippines 1.5
Malaysia, Bangladesh, Iran, India, Turkey, Vietnam 0.9
Vietnam, Indonesia and Mangolia. The rate of Iran 1.4
annual population growth indicats
Saudi Arabia 1.4
decreasing trend in Japan, the only
industrialized and developed country of Asia. Turkey 1.1
This rate is recorded below 1.0 percent in India 1.4
some countries including Myanmar, Thailand, Pakistan 1.9
China, South and North Korea, Sri Lanka etc. Bangladesh 1.4
Table 10.6 Nepal 1.4
Average Annual Growth of Population of Sri Lanka 0.9
Selected Countries (2018) Africa
Country Average annual Algeria 2.2
growth in per cent Egypt 2.1
Asia Morocco 1.2
Combodia 1.7 Tunisia 1.4
China 0.5 Angola 3.5
142 Population Geography
Ecuador
Botswana 1.2 1.5
Chad 3.1 Peru 1.4
Demo.Rep.of Congo
Republic of Congo
3.3
2.3
Paragnay
Uruguay
1.5
0.5
Venezuela
Ethiopia 2.6 1.4
Ghana 2.2 Oceania
Nigeria 2.6 Austratia 0.6
Kenya 2.6 New Zealand 0.5
Madageskar 2.6 Papua New Guinea 2.2
Namibia 2.0 World 1.2
Rwanda 2.6
Sudan Source: World Population Data Sheet, 2018
2.7
South Africa (2) Africa : Africa is the
1.2
populous continent after Asiasecond most
with 1284
Uganda 3.2
million people (2018) sharing 15.7 per cent of
Zimbabwe 2.4 the world's population. The
Europe highest
rate of population was to be found growt h
on the
Austria continenttof Africa which had
Belarus
0.0 average annual
growth rate of 2.9 percent in 1980-85. )9
-0.2
Denmark percent in 1990-95 and 2.6 percent in 2018
0.2 Most countries of Africa during 1990-95 were
France 0.2 experiencing an average annual growth rate
Germany -0.2 of over 3.0 percent which could be explained
Poland 0.0 only through their high fertility rates and
Greece -0.2 sharply declining mortality rates. Having s0
high growth rate, the population of Africa is
Hungary -0.4
expected to double by 2025. On the basis of
Italy -0.3
prevailing growth rate, it is estimated that
Nether lands 0.1 after a decade there is going to be only a
Belgium 0.1 marginal decline in the growth rate of
population as most, of the African countries
Norway 0.3
are likely to continue with their high growth
U.K 0.3
Romania
rate of over 3.0 percent annually during 2000
-0.4 2010.
Russian Federation -0.1
Anglo America
During 2000-2010 the average annual
rate of population growth experienced by some
USA. 0.3 African countries including Chad (3.0),
Canada 0.3 Democratic Republic of Congo (3.0) and Uganda
Latin America (3.2) was above 3.0 percent. Over a dozen
Mexico 1.3 countries including Republic of Congo (2.3),
1.0
Medagaskar (2.8), Angola (2.9), Rwanda (2.)
Argentina Sudan (2.1) etc. were experiencing an average
Brazil 0.8 annual growth rate of population between 2.0
Chile 0.8 and 3.0 percent. Other countries except ony
Colombia 0.9 few like Zimbabwe (0.8 percent) were growu
 Trends of Population Growth 143

with growth rate above 1.0 percent annually Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Paraguay etc.
during 2000-2010.
(3) Europe : Europe is the third most (5) Anglo America: US.A. and Canada
are the constituents of Anglo America because
nopulous continent with 746 million they are predominantly English speaking
population (2018), accounting for about 10.2 countries. Their annual growth rate came to be
percent of the world's population. It is nearly 0.5 percent during 2000-2010. These are
interesting to note that Europe is the only highly developed countries of the world. Highly
continent that recorded a decline in its industrialised and urbanised these countries
populationnduring22000-2010. It became possible Cover large territories that are well stocked in
hecause its mortalityy rate was higher than the terms of known or potential resources. People
fertility rate. Europe experienced 0.4 percent of both countries in majority are of European
annual growth in its population during 1980 origin. Birth rate and death rate of these
R5 that declined to 0.2 percernt during 1990-95 countries are very low (below 10 per thousand)
and -0.2 percent during 2000-2010. but birth rate is slightly higher than that of
Probably there is no country in Europe death rate. The population growth rates of
which is growing faster than 1.0 percent U.S.A. and Canada are considerably higher than
annually. There are only few countries like those of European countries mainly due to
Norway, Italy, France, Austria, Belgium, Greece, coming immigrants from throughout the world
for employment and other purposes.
Denmark, which experienced annual growth
(6) Oceania : Australia, New Zealand,
rate 0.1 percent or above but below 0.4 percent Papua New Guinea and islands of pacific ocean
in 2014. A number of European countries since
beginning of the present century are namely Macronesia, Micronesia and Polynesia
are grouped together to be called Oceania.
experiencing continuous decline in their Australia is biggest country and continent of
population. Negative annual growth rate of Oceania while major islands include New
population during 2000-2010 is recorded by Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Australia and
Norway (-0.7 percent), Romania (-0.6 percent), New Zealand are considered developed
Russian Federation (-0.5 percent), Belarus (-0.4 countries and are dominated by European
percent), Hungary (-0.2 percent) and Poland people and Western culture. Papua New Guinea
(-0.1 percent). In such countries mortality rates and other islands of Pacific Ocean are less
are not very high but fertility rates are developed.
extremely low even infant mortality rate is also During 2000-2010 Australia and New
very low. Zealand both experienced the growth rate of
(4) Latin America : The area including 1.0 percent per annum in their population.
Mexico and Central America and complete Fertility and mortality of these countries are
South America is known as Latin America low but fertility is somewhat above the
because all most countries of this region use mortality that make possible a slight growth
predominantly Latin languages. Most of the in population.
countries of Latin America recorded a
population growth rate ranging between 1.0 and 3. POPULATION GROWTH IN
40 percent per annum which by and large was DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING
the result of low mortality and low fertility. :COUNTRIES
Among Latin American countries except only If we review the history of population
Oruguay (0.1 percent) most of the countries
experienced annual growth rate of 1.0 percent growth ever since the world started
or above but below 2.0 percent. Such countries experiencing high growth since 1750, we find
include Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Brazil, that the rate of population growth experienced
144 Population Geography
by the developed countries has been higher developing countries were recorded
than
that experienced by developing countries
1950. After Second World War, until
century (1950) emerged asa vitalmid-twentieth
turning point
and 0.6 per cent respectively. But
75 the population of
increased by 1.1 per cent per annum
d0.4Countpercerniets
developedduring 1950-
in the Modern history of
population growth in population of developing countries while the
developed incount
creasSiendce
the world, For by 2.2 per cent during the same period,
example, the average annual 1950 developing or less
growth rate
Countries was 0.6experienced
by developed
percent during 1750-1850 and
0.9 percent during 1850-1950. These figures for
have been recording a massive surge
population. ries
in their
Table 10.7
Growth of Population in Developed and Developing Countries ofthe World
World/Region (1975-2015)
Total Population
(millions)
Annual Population
growth rate (%)
1975 2005 2015 1975-2005
(A) Developed Countries (OECD) 928 1173 1237 0.8
2005-2015
0.5
(B) Central & Eastern
Europe 367 405 399 0.3 -0.2
()Developing Countries 2972 5215 5957 1.9 1.3
Arab States 144 314 380 206 1.9
East Asia & the Pacific 1312 1961 2111 1.3 0.7
Latin America 324 557 627 1.8 1.2
South Asia 835 1587 1842 2.1 1.5
Sub-Saharan Africa 314 723 913 2.8 2.3
World 4076 6515 7295 1.6 1.1
Source :Human Development Report, 2007/2008, UNDP.

(1) Growth of Population in Developed is quite lower than that of developing countries
Countries during last 40 years (1975-2015).
i Table 10.8 reveals the average annual
As has stated above, the population of
developed countries was growing faster than population growth rate in selected developed
those of developing countries until 1950. After countries since 1975. Only some large countries
like Australia, Canada and United States had
1950, the situation has reversed mainly due to
restrictions on international migration experienced average annual population growth
rate 1.0 percent or slight above. Most of he
imposed by most countries of the world and developed countries are grOwing at very slow
considerable decrease in fertility rate. The rates i.e. even below 1.0 percent. The average
average annual growth rate was recorded 1.1
per cent in the population of developed annual population growthrate has1not exceeded
even 0.5 percent in Norway (0.51 percent) France
countries during 1950-75. This growth rate (0.5 percent), Switzerland (O.5 percent), Japa
decreased to 0.8 percent during 1975-2005 and (0.4
(0.5 percent), Finland (0.4 percent), Poland(0.3
is expected to be 0.5 per cent during 2005-2015.
Theover all growth rate in developed countries percent), Sweden (0.3 percent), Austria
percent), United Kingdom (0.2 percent),
 145
Trends of Population Growth
Denmark (0.2 percent), Germany (0.2 percent), (2) Growth of Population In Developing
aly (0.2 percent), Belgium (0.2 percent), Russian Countries
Federation (0.2 percent), and Czeck Republic (0.1
percent). Hungary has experienced -0.1 percent Since 1950 developing countries have
of
growth rate during 1975-2005. been growing more rapidly than those
In 2018, about all the countries experience developed countries. Table 10.9 reveals that the
aslight decrease in their annual population average annual population growth rate of
growth rate. For this year average annual developing contries was recorded 1.9 percent
population growth rate is only 0.1 per cent. during 1975-2005. This figure was only 0.8
percent in the case of developed countries in
Table 10.8 the same period. Almost all the countries of Asia
America
Average Annual Population Growth Rate in (except only Japan), Africa and Latin
Selected Developed Countries. are the constituents of the developing countries.
The average annual population growth rates
Country Annual population growth rate (%) in sub-Saharan Africa (2.8 percent), Arab States
1975-2005 2018 of northern Africa and South-west Asia (2.6
Australia 1.3 0.6 percent) and South Asia (2.1 percent) are higher
than 2.0percent.
Canada 1.1 0.3
Table 10.9
Iceland 1.0 0.5
United States 1.0 0.3
Average Annual Population Growth Rate in
Selected Developing Countries.
New Zealand 0.9 0.5
Country Annual population
Netherlands 0.6 0.1
growth rate (%)
0.5 0.3
Norway 1975-2005 2018
France 0.5 0.2
Switzerland 0.5 0.2 United Arab Emirates 6.8 0.8
0.5 -0.3 4.3 1.5
Japan Diibouti
Finland 0.4 -0.1 3.9 1.4
Saudi Arabia
Poland 0.4 0.0 3.6 2.5
Yemen
Austria 0.3 0.0 3.1
Gambia 3.5
0.3 0.3
Norway Jordon 3.5 2.1
Denmark 0.2 0.2
Oman 3.4 1.8
0.2 0.3
United Kingdom Niger 3.3 3.8
0.2 0.1
Belgium -0.2 Uganda 3.3 3.2
Germany 0.2 3.3 1.3
-0.3 Kuwait
Italy 0.2 1.1
Bahrain 3.3
Russian Federation 0.2 -0.1
Benin 3.2 2.8
0.1 0.0
Czech Republic Kenya 3.2 2.6
-0.1 -0.4
Hungary 0.1
Malavi 3.1 2.6
Developed Countries 0.8 Syria 3.1 1.6
3.1 2.5
Source:(1) Human Development Report 2007/2008, Comoros
3.1 2.5
UNDP. New York, and Togo
Sheet, 2018.
(2) World Population Data
 146
Population Geography
Chad 3.0 3.1 Indonesia 1.7
Dem. Rep. of Congo 3.0 3.3 Myanmar 1.6 1.2
Libya 2.9 1.4 Chile 1.5 1.0
Madagarkar
Tanzania
2.9 2.6 Argentina 1.3 0.8
2.9 3.3 Thailand 1.3 1.0
Angola 2.9 3.5 Lebanon 1.3 0.2
Nigeria 2.8 2.6 China 1.2 0.9
Ethiopia 2.8 2.6 Sri Lanka 1.1 0.5
Pakistan 2.8 1.9 South Korea 0.9
1.0
Botswana 2.7 1.2 0.1
Namibia 2.7 2.0
Developing Countries 1.9
Sudan 1.4
2.6 Source:(1) Human Development
Ghana 2.6
2.7
2.2
UNDP, and Report 2007/2008,
Rwanda 2.5 2.6
(2) World Population Data Sheet, 2018
Mali
2.5 3.5
Costa Rica A
Malaysia
2.5 0.9 considerable decline in the mortality
rate in the
2.5 1.1 developing and less developed
Venézuela 2.5 1.4
countries began in 1950s. By introducine
improved health interventions even in ural
Paraguay
Belize
2.5 1.5 and poor settings, infant
Iran
2.4
2.4
1.8 countries were broughtmortality rates in these
down significantly.
Algeria 2.4
1.4
2.2
Consequently their
improved from 41 to average life
62 until 2000.expectancy
Combodia Thus, as a
2.3 1.7 consequence of sharp
nominal decline or no decline in mortality and
Philippines 2.3 1.5 decline in fertility, most
Nepal 2.3 1.4
of the
developing countries experienced an
Bangladesh 2.2 1.4 unpreçedented
is growth in their populations. It
Turkmenistan 2.2 1.9
noteworthy that fertility continued to remain
at a high level (above
Panama 2.1 of these
35 per thousand) in most
Ecuador
1.4 countries until 1980. In various
Egypt
2.1 1.5 countries of Africa including Kenya, Ethiopia,
2.1 2.1 Nigeria, Zimbabwe etc. the
Dominican Republic 2.0 1.4
demographic
transition could start in 1980s. During 30
Peru 2.0 (1970-2000) the Total Fertility Rate yearS
Cape Verde
1.4
from around 6 to 2.4 in China and declined
while in the case of Mexico and 3.4 in itIndia
2.0 1.4
India
Colombia
2.0
1.9
14 declined from 6.2 to 2.8 and fromBrazil has
6.8 to 3.7.
0.9
respectively. Total
Turkey
Tunisia
1.9 1.1 declined from 5.4 to Fertility rate of Indonesia
2.9 during the same perioa.
1.9 1.4 But in some African
Vietnam 1.9 Zimbabwe, countries like Kenya,
high at moreEthiopia etc. TFR was still ruling
0.9
Morocco 1.9
than 5.0. On
1.2
contrary in some Asian
Mexico 1.8 1.3 countries like South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
Brazil 1.8 etc. the total fertility rate had
0.8 reached almost a
replacement level.
 Trends of Population Growth 147

Table 10.9 reveals average annual after China. This pressure of population on the
population growth rate in selected developing country indicates aheavy pressure on land and
COuntries during 1975-2005 and 2018.
Average
Annual population growth rate in the case of
natural resources, thereby creating various
serious problems including over population,
developing countries for the period of 1975-2005 unemployment, poverty, malnutrition, poor
te recorded 1.9 percent but it varies much health condition, low standard of living, social
between 1.0 and 7.0 percent. United Arab and economic backwardness etc.
Emirates recorded highest growth rate of 6.8
percent per annum followed by Djibouti (4.3
nercent), Saudi Arabia (3.9 percent) Yemen (3.6 (1) Different Perlods of Population Growth
persons), Gambia (3.5 percent), Jordan (3.5
percent) and Oman (3.4 percent). Other As India has had a very chequered
countries having annual growth rate above 3.0 demographic history, the study of the trend of
percent are kuwait, Bahrain, Kenya, Uganda, its population growth may be completed
Syria, Comoros, Togo, Benin, Malavi, Niger, classifying the historical periods into following
Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo etc. Thus, five groups:
however, most of the African countries (i) Period of very slow and indefinite
experienced annual population growth rate growth (before 1891)
above 2.0 percent. (ii) Period of stationary population
The countries in South Asia (except only
(1891-1921)
Sri Lanka (1.1 percent) recorded growth rate
2.0 percent or more while East Asian countries (ii) Period of steady population
like China, South Korea etc. experience growth growth (1921-1951)
rates between 1.0 and 2.0 percent. As compared (iv) Period of rapid population growth
with Latin American countries annual growth (1951-1981)
rate is found below 2.0 percent in Argentina, (v) Period of high growth with
Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia etc., and 2.0 percent signs of slowing down (1981
or more in Paraguay, Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, onward)
Dominican Republic, Ecuador etc.
In 2018, the average annual population () Period of Very Slow and Indefinite
Growth : The first census of India was held in
growth rate of developing countries declined
to 1.4 per cent and the most countries 1972 which recordeda population of 206 million
experience a slight decrease in population for the Indian sub-continent which rose to 236
growth rate. million by 1891. According to Kingsley Davis,
at the beginning of the Christian era, India had
4. TRENDOF POPULATION a population of about 60 million which grew at
GROWTH IN INDIA
snail's pace until 1600 A.D, when it had an
India had been the cradle land of human estimated population of about 100 million.
beings from very early period of human During 250 years (1600-1850) it increased to
habitation on the earth. India today possesses only 150 million because high birth rates
about 2.4 percent of the total land area of the were counter balanced by high death rates
world but it has to support about 17 percent of due to widespread epidemics and famines etc.
the world population. India with its total The population of the country was fluctuating
population of 1028.74 million in 2001 is the much till the end of nineteenth century.
second most populous country in the world According to Census 1891, total population