Calculus for Mechanical Engineering Students

A Solution Manual

Riyadh S. Al-Turaihi

Babylon University, Iraq

Mustafa Abdul Salam Mustafa

Al Rafidain University Collage, Iraq

Hasanen Mohammed Hussain

University of Technology, Iraq

Laith Jaafer Habeeb

University of Technology, Iraq

1
 Chapter One: Vector Analysis

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Finding Direction and Ground Speed
A Boeing® 767® airplane, flying in still air due east at 500 mph, encounters a tail-
wind blowing at 70-mph in the direction 60° north of east. The airplane holds its
compass heading due east but acquires a new ground speed and direction, because of
the wind. What are they?
Answer:
If v = the velocity of the tailwind, and u = the velocity of the airplane, then
ƒ v ƒ = 70, and ƒ u ƒ = 500, (Figure 1.8).
The airplane velocity with respect to the ground is presented by the direction and
magnitude of the resultant vector v+u
If we let the y-axis positive represent north and the x-axis positive represent east, then
the component from of v and u are
𝑢 = (500,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = (70 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° , 70 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° ) = (35,35 √3).
Therefore,
𝑢 + 𝑣 = (535, 35 √3)
2
|𝑢 + 𝑣| = √5352 + (35 √3) ≈ 538.4
35 √3
And 𝜃 = ≈ 6.5°
535

FIGURE 1.8 Vectors representing Problem (1) velocities, (v) tailwind velocity and
(u) the airplane velocity.

The new airplane ground speed is about 538.4 mph, and its new direction is about 6.5°
north of east.
Unit Vectors
A vector v of length 1 is called a unit vector. The standard unit vectors are
i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), and k = (0, 0, 1).

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Any vector v = (v1, v2, v3) can be written as the standard unit a linear combination
vectors as follows:
v = (v1, v2, v3) = (v1, 0, 0) + (0, v2, 0) + (0, 0, v3)
= v1 (1, 0, 0) + v2 (0, 1, 0) + v3 (0, 0, 1)
= v1 (1, 0, 0) + v2 (0, 1, 0) + v3 (0, 0, 1)
the vector from P1(x1, y1, z1) to P2(x2, y2, z2) is
⃑⃑⃑⃑2 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )𝑖 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑗 + (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )𝑘
𝑃1 𝑃

FIGURE 1.9. Whenever 𝑣 ≠ 0 its length |𝑣| is not zero and

1 1
||𝑣| 𝑣| = ||𝑣|| |𝑣| = 1.
𝑣
That is,|𝑣| is a unit vector in the direction of v, called the direction of the nonzero
vector v.

FIGURE 1.9 The vector from P1 to P2

is ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑃1 𝑃2 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )𝑖 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑗 + (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )𝑘

Problem 2: Expressing Speed Times Direction for velocity

If a velocity vector is v = 3i - 4j, express v as a product of its speed times a unit vector
in the motion direction.
Answer:
v magnitude represent the speed
|𝑣| = √(3)2 + (−4)2 = √9 + 16 = 5.
𝑣
The unit vector |𝑣| has the same direction as v:
𝑣 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 3 4
= = 𝑖− 𝑗∙
|𝑣| 5 5 5

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So
3 4
𝑣 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 = 5 ( 𝑖 − 𝑗) ∙
5 5
𝑣
In summary, by writing 𝑣 = |𝑣| |𝑣| ∙
If 𝑣 ≠ 0, then:
𝑣
1. |𝑣| is a (v) direction unit vector.
𝑣
2. The direction and length expressed by v in the 𝑣 = |𝑣| |𝑣| equation.

Problem 3: A Force Vector

Show the force F by of its direction and magnitude applied in the vector direction (v =
2i + 2j - k), the magnitude of force are 6 N.
Answer:
𝑣 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘
𝐹=6 =6 =6
|𝑣| √22 + 22 + (−1)2 3
2 2 1
= 6 ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘) ∙
3 3 3

The line segment joining points for midpoint M are P1(x1, y1, z1) to P2(x2, y2, z2) is the
point
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
( . . )∙
2 2 2
To see why, observe (Figure 1.10) that
1 1
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑂𝑀 = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑂𝑃1 + (𝑃 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑃 ) = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑂𝑃 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑2 − ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
(𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑃1 )
2 1 2 1
2
1
= (𝑂𝑃 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑2 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑂𝑃1 )
2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
=( 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘) ∙
2 2 2

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 FIGURE 1.10 The coordinates of P1 and P2 averages represent the midpoint
coordinates

Problem 4: Finding Scalar Components and Vector Projection

The scalar component of F in the direction of v.
Find the vector projection of force 𝐹 = 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑣 = 𝑖 − 3𝑗
𝐹∙𝑣 5−6 1
|𝐹| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = = =−
|𝑣| √1 + 9 √10

Answer:
If an object moved by a force (F) through a displacement 𝐷 = 𝑃𝑄 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ has some other
direction, the work is achieved in the direction of (D) by the component of (F). if 𝜃 is
the angle amongst F and D (Figure 12.25), then
𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐹
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ( ) (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐷)
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷
= (|𝐹| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )|𝐷|
=𝐹∙𝐷

(Figure 1.17) The work achieved by (F) through (D) is (|𝐹| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )|𝐷|.

Problem 5: Force on a Spacecraft

𝐹 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘i force applied with 𝑣 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 velocity vector to a spacecraft.
Express F as a sum of a vector parallel to v and a vector orthogonal to v.

Answer:
𝐹 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑣 𝐹 + (𝐹 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑣 𝐹)
𝐹∙𝑣 𝐹∙𝑣
=( ) 𝑣 + (𝐹 − ( ) 𝑣)
𝑣∙𝑣 𝑣∙𝑣

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 6−1 6−1
=( ) 𝑣 + (𝐹 − ( ) 𝑣)
9+1 9+1
5 5
= 3𝑖 − 𝑗 + (2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘 − (3𝑖 − 𝑗))
10 10
3 1 1 3
= ( 𝑖 − 𝑗) + ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘)
2 2 2 2
1 3
The force ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘) is orthogonal to v.
2 2
3 1
The force ( 𝑖 − 𝑗)is parallel to v
2 2
Evaluating the dot product to check the orthogonality:
1 3 3 3
( 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘) ∙ (3𝑖 − 𝑗) = − = 0
2 2 2 2

Problem 6: A particle moves with constant angular speed (i.e. rate of change of
angle) 𝜔 around a circle of radius a and center ( 0, 0) and the particle is initially at (a,
0). Show that the position of the particle is 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡).
At time t, evaluate the particle speed and velocity and prove that the particle
acceleration is continuously concentrating to the circle center.

Answer:

Velocity, 𝑣 = 𝑎𝜔(−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑎𝜔.

Problem 7: Three forces, ⃑⃑⃑ 𝐹1 = 2Ni + 3Nj; ⃑⃑⃑⃑

𝐹2 = −10Nj, and ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹3 = 3Ni + 1Nj − 5Nk,
act on a particle. Find the net force on the particle.

Answer:
The net force on the particle is the vector sum of all the forces, i.e.,

⃑⃑⃑1 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =𝐹 𝐹2 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹3
= (2𝑁𝑖 + 3𝑁𝑗) + (−10𝑁𝑗) + (3𝑁𝑖 + 1𝑁𝑗 − 5𝑁𝑘)
= (2𝑁 + 3𝑁)𝑖 + (3𝑁 − 10𝑁 + 1𝑁)𝑗 + (−5𝑁)𝑘
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 5𝑁𝑖 − 6𝑁𝑗 − 5𝑁𝑘

Problem 8: Two forces ⃑⃑⃑

𝐹1 and ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹2 act on a body. The net force on the body is 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
⃑⃑⃑1 =10𝑁𝑖 − 10 𝑁𝑗, find the other force ⃑⃑⃑⃑
=2𝑁𝑖. If 𝐹 𝐹2 .

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Answer:

⃑⃑⃑1 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =𝐹 𝐹2

⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹2 =𝐹 ⃑⃑⃑1 + 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
= (2𝑁𝑖) − (10𝑁𝑖 + 10𝑁𝑗)
= −8𝑁𝑖 − 10𝑁𝑗
∴ ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹2 = −8𝑁𝑖 − 10𝑁𝑗

Problem 9: Establish the amount and the coordinate direction angles of the resultant
force acting on the ring as shown in the upper Figure.

Answer:
Since each force is represented in Cartesian vector form, the
resultant force, shown in lower Figure.

𝐅𝑅 = 𝚺𝐅 = 𝐅1 + 𝐅2 = {60𝐣 + 80𝐤}lb + {50𝐢 − 100𝐣 + 100𝐤}lb

= {50𝐢 − 40𝐣 + 180𝐤}lb
The magnitude of 𝐅𝑅 is
𝐹𝑅 = √(50lb)2 + (−40lb)2 + (180lb)2 = 191.0lb Ans.
= 191lb
The coordinate direction angles a, b, g are determined from
The components of the unit vector acting in the direction of 𝐅𝑅
𝐅𝑅 50 40 180
𝐮 𝐹𝑘 = = 𝐢− 𝐣+ 𝐤
𝐹𝑅 191.0 191.0 191.0
= 0.2617𝐢 − 0.2094𝐣 + 0.9422𝐤
So that
cos 𝛼 = 0.2617𝛼 = 74.8∘
cos 𝛽 = −0.2094𝛽 = 102∘
cos 𝛾 = 0.9422𝛾 = 19.6∘
These angles are shown in lower Figure.
NOTE: In particular, notice that 𝛽 > 90∘ since the j component of 𝐮𝐹𝑥 is negative.
This seems reasonable considering how F1 and F2 according to the parallelogram law.

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Problem 10: The roof is supported by cables as shown in the Figure. If the cables
exert forces FAB = 100 N and FAC = 120 N on the wall hook at A, determine the
resultant force acting at A.
Where: the points are A (0, 0, 4 m), B (4 m, 0, 0) and C (4 m, 2 m, 0).

Answer:
For 𝐹𝐴𝐵 we have,
𝑟𝐴𝐵 = (4𝑚 − 0)𝑖 + (0 − 0)𝑗 + (0 − 4𝑚)𝑘
= {4𝑖 − 4𝑘} 𝑚
|𝑟𝐴𝐵 | = √(4 𝑚)2 + (−4 𝑚)2 = 5.66 m
𝑟𝐴𝐵 4 4
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 ( ) = 100𝑁 ( 𝑖− 𝑘)
|𝑟𝐴𝐵 | 5.66 5.66
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = {70.7𝑖 − 70.7𝑘} 𝑁
For 𝐹𝐴𝐶 we have,
𝑟𝐴𝐶 = (4𝑚 − 0)𝑖 + (2𝑚 − 0)𝑗 + (0 − 4𝑚)𝑘 = {4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 4𝑘} 𝑚
|𝑟𝐴𝐶 | = √(4 𝑚)2 + (2 𝑚)2 + (−4 𝑚)2 = 6 m
𝑟𝐴𝐶 4 2 4
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴𝐶 ( ) = 120𝑁 ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘) = {80𝑖 + 40𝑗 − 80𝑘} 𝑁
|𝑟𝐴𝐶 | 6 6 6

The resultant force 𝐹𝑅 is therefore,

𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = {70.7𝑖 − 70.7𝑘} 𝑁 + {80𝑖 + 40𝑗 − 80𝑘} 𝑁
= {150.7𝑖 + 40𝑗 − 150.7𝑘} 𝑁
The magnitude of 𝐹𝑅 is thus,
|𝐹𝑅 | = √(150.7)2 + (40)2 + (−150.7)2 = 217 N.

Problem 11: Force acting at some point is given as 𝐹 = 5𝑁𝑖 + 3𝑁𝑗 + 2 𝑁𝑘.
1. Find the y-component of 𝐹 𝑦.
2. Find the component of 𝐹 along the vector 𝑟 =3𝑚𝑖 − 4𝑚𝑗.

8
Answer:
1. Fy =𝐹 . (a unit vector along y-axis)
= 𝑗. (5𝑁𝑖 + 3𝑁𝑗 + 2 𝑁𝑘)
= 5𝑁 𝑖.
⏟𝑗 + 3𝑁 𝑗.
⏟𝑗 + 2𝑁 𝑘.
⏟𝑗
0 1 0

Fy = 3N.

2. Component along the 𝑟-direction:

𝑟 3𝑚𝑖 − 4𝑚𝑗
𝑢𝑟 = = = 0.6𝑖 − 0.8𝑗
|𝑟| √32 + 42 𝑚
𝐹𝑟 = 𝐹 . 𝑢𝑟
= (5𝑁𝑖 + 3𝑁𝑗 + 2 𝑁𝑘). ( 0.6𝑖 − 0.8𝑗)
= 3𝑁 + 2.4𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑟 = 5.4𝑁.

Problem 12: The pipe is subjected to the force of F = 80 lb. Determine the angle
𝜃 between F and the pipe segment BA and the projection of F along this segment.
Where A (0, 1, 0) ft., B (2, 3, -1) ft. and C (2, 0, 0) ft.

Answer:
𝑟𝐵𝐴 = {−2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 1𝑘}𝑓𝑡, 𝑟𝐵𝐶 = {−3𝑗 + 1𝑘}𝑓𝑡

|𝑟𝐵𝐴 | = √(−2)2 + (−2)2 + (1)2 = 3𝑓𝑡

|𝑟𝐵𝐶 | = √(−3)2 + (1)2 = √10 𝑓𝑡

𝑟𝐵𝐴 . 𝑟𝐵𝐶 (−2)(0) + (−2)(−3) + (1)(1)

𝜃=( )= → 𝜃 = 42.5°
|𝑟𝐵𝐴 ||𝑟𝐵𝐶 | 3 √10

The component of F along BA is (𝐹𝐵𝐴 )

𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 𝐹 . 𝑢𝐵𝐴

𝑟𝐵𝐶 −3𝑗 + 1𝑘
𝐹 = 80 𝐼𝑏 ( ) = 80𝐼𝑏 ( ) = −75.89𝑗 + 25.30𝑘
|𝑟𝐵𝐶 | √10

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 𝑟𝐵𝐴 (−2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 1𝑘) 2 2 1
𝑢𝐵𝐴 = = =− 𝑖− 𝑗+ 𝑘
|𝑟𝐵𝐴 | 3 3 3 3

2 2 1
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 𝐹 . 𝑢𝐵𝐴 = (−75.89𝑗 + 25.30𝑘) . (− 𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘)
3 3 3

2 2 1
= 0 (− ) + (−75.89) (− ) + (25.30) ( )
3 3 3
∴ 𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 59𝐼𝑏.

Problem 13: The two vectors are 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃑ = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗. The angle between
the two vectors turns out to be𝜃 = (4/5) . Find the cross product of the two vectors:
1. Using the angle𝜃, and
2. Using the components of the vectors.

Answer:
1. Cross product using the angle 𝜃:
𝑎 × 𝑏⃑ = |𝑎||𝑏⃑| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑛
4 4
= |2𝑖 − 𝑗||4𝑖 + 2𝑗| ( ) 𝑘 = (√22 + (−1)2 ) (√42 + 22 ) . 𝑘
5 5
4
= √5. √20. 𝑘
5
𝑎 × 𝑏⃑ = 8𝑘

2. Cross product using components:

𝑎 × 𝑏⃑ = (2𝑖 − 𝑗) × (4𝑖 + 2𝑗)

= 2𝑖 × (4𝑖 + 2𝑗) − 𝑗 × (4𝑖 + 2𝑗)

= 8 𝑖⏟
× 𝑖 + 4 𝑖⏟
× 𝑗 − 4 𝑗⏟
× 𝑖 − 2 𝑗⏟
× 𝑗 = 4𝑘 + 4𝑘
0 𝑘 −𝑘 0

𝑎 × 𝑏⃑ = 8𝑘

Problem 14: Determine the moment produced by the force 𝐹 = 2𝑘𝑁 a about point O.
From the Figure the point A (0, 0, 12) m and B (4, 12, 0) m.

10
Answer:
From the figure, either rA or rB can be used
to determine the moment about point O.
These position vectors are:

𝑟𝐴 = (12𝑘)𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝐵 = (4𝑖 + 12𝑗)𝑚

𝑟𝐴𝐵 = (4𝑖 + 12𝑗 − 12𝑘) 𝑚

|𝑟𝐴𝐵 | = √42 + 122 + (−12)2 = √304

(4𝑖 + 12𝑗 − 12𝑘) 𝑚

𝐹 = 𝐹 𝑢𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑘𝑁 [ ]
√304

𝐹 = (0.4588𝑖 + 1.376𝑗 − 1.376𝑘)𝑘𝑁

Now,
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑟𝐴 𝑥 𝐹 = |𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 0 0 12 0.4588 1.376 − 1.376 |

= [|0 12 1.376 − 1.376 |𝑖 − |0 12 0.4588 − 1.376 |𝑗 + |0 0 0.4588 1.376 |𝑘]

= [0(−1.376) − 12(1.376)]𝑖 − [0(−1.376) − 12(0.4588)]𝑗

+ [0(1.376) − 0(0.4588)]𝑘

𝑀𝑂 = (−16.5𝑖 + 5.51𝑗) 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Or
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑟𝐵 𝑥 𝐹 = |𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 4 12 0 0.4588 1.376 − 1.376 |

= [|12 0 1.376 − 1.376 |𝑖 − |4 0 0.4588 − 1.376 |𝑗 + |4 12 0.4588 1.376 |𝑘]

= [12(−1.376) − 0(1.376)]𝑖 − [4(−1.376) − 0(0.4588)]𝑗

+ [4(1.376) − 12(0.4588)]𝑘

𝑀𝑂 = (−16.5𝑖 + 5.51𝑗) 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Problem 15: Two forces act on the rod𝐹1 = {−60𝑖 + 40𝑗 + 20𝑘}𝐼𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 =
{80𝑖 + 40𝑗 − 30𝑘}𝐼𝑏. Determine the resultant moment they create about the flange at
O, where A (0, 5, 0) ft. and B (4, 5, -2) ft.
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Answer:
𝑟𝐴 = {5𝑗} 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑟𝐵 = {4𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 2𝑘} 𝑓𝑡

The resultant moment about O is therefore:

(𝑀𝑅 )𝑂 = 𝑟𝐴 × 𝐹1 + 𝑟𝐵 × 𝐹2

= |𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 0 5 0 − 60 40 20 | + |𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 4 5 − 2 80 40 − 30 |

= [|5 0 40 20 |𝑖 − |0 0 − 60 20 |𝑗 + |0 5 − 60 40 |𝑘]
+ [|5 − 2 40 − 30 |𝑖 − |4 − 2 80 − 30 |𝑗 + |4 5 80 40 |𝑘]

= {[5(20) − 0(40)]𝑖 − [0(20) − 0(−60)]𝑗 + [0(40) − 5(−60)]𝑘}

+ {[5(−30) − (−2)(40)]𝑖 − [4(−30) − (−2)(80)]𝑗
+ [4(40) − 5(80)]𝑘}

= (100𝑖 + 300𝑘) + (−70𝑖 − 40𝑗 − 240𝑘)

(𝑀𝑅 )𝑂 = (30𝑖 − 40𝑗 + 60𝑘) 𝐼𝑏. 𝑓𝑡

Problem 16: Finding the triangle area

Find the triangle area with vertices R (- 1, 1, 2), Q (2, 1, - 1), and P (1, - 1, 0), (Figure
1.22).
Answer:
The parallelogram area determined by P, Q and R is
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ | == |6𝑖 + 6𝑘| Values from Example 13.
= √(6)2 + (6)2 = √2 ∙ 36 = 6 √2.
The triangle’s area is half of this, or3 √2.

Problem 17: Let 𝑟 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) denote a position vector with length 𝑟 =

√𝑝 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 and c is a constant (vector). Determine

(𝑖)𝑑𝑖𝑣 (𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐 × 𝑟)), (𝑖𝑖)𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐 × 𝑟)).

Answer:

(𝑖) 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐 × 𝑟)) = 0

12
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐 × 𝑟)) = (𝑛 + 2)𝑟 𝑛 𝑐 − 𝑛(𝑟 · 𝑐)𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟.

Problem 18: Evaluating the Angle amid Two Space Vectors

Evaluate the angle amid v = 6 i + 3 j + 2 k and u = i -2 j -2 k.

Answer:
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (1)(6) + (−2)(3) + (−2)(2) = 6 − 6 − 4 = −4
|𝑢| = √(1)2 + (−2)2 + (−2)2 = √9 = 3
|𝑣| = √(6)2 + (3)2 + (2)2 = √49 = 7
𝑢∙𝑣
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
|𝑢||𝑣|
−4
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
(3)(7)

Problem 19: Finding a Plane Normal Unit

Evaluating a plane perpendicular unit vector for the coordinate P (1, - 1, 0), Q (2, 1, -
1), and R (- 1, 1, 2).
Answer:
The plane have perpendicular 𝑃𝑄 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ × 𝑃𝑅 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ leading to
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ × 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ 6𝑖 + 6𝑘 1 1
𝑢= = = 𝑖+ 𝑘
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ | 6 √2 √2 √2

13
 Chapter Two: Differential Calculus

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

𝑦 𝑥 𝑚
Problem 1: 𝐼𝑓 ( ) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) . Prove that
𝑏 𝑚

𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0.

Answer:
𝑦 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥
We have ( ) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑏 𝑚 𝑚
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 )
𝑚
On differentiating we have
𝑥 𝑚2 1
𝑦1 = −𝑏 (𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) ∙ ∙
𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
𝑥
𝑥𝑦1 = −𝑚𝑏 (𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 )
𝑚
then
1
𝑥 1
𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦1 = −𝑚𝑏 (𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 )𝑚 ∙ 𝑥 ∙
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑥
𝑥 (𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ) = −𝑚2 𝑏 (𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) = 𝑚2 𝑦
𝑚
𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
using Leibnitz's theorem we get
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑦𝑛+2 ∙ 𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛+1 ∙ 2𝑥 + ∙ 2𝑦𝑛 + 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 + 𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
2!
𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0. Hence proved.

Problem 2: 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑛 . Prove that

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0.
𝑑𝑛 𝑑 𝑑𝑃𝑛
Hence, if𝑃𝑛 = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑛 . 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 {(1−𝑥 2 ) } + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑃𝑛 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Answer:
Given 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑛
14
then

2 𝑛−1
2𝑛𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑛
𝑦1 = 𝑛(𝑥 − 1) ∙ 2𝑥 =
(𝑥 2 − 1)
(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦1 = 2𝑛𝑥𝑦

then
(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 = 2𝑛𝑥𝑦1 + 2𝑛𝑦
using Leibnitz's theorem for n
2𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 +2𝑛𝑦𝑛
2!
= 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑦𝑛
𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛) + (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 2𝑛2 − 2𝑛)𝑦𝑛 = 0
𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0. Hence proved.
Second part:𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑛
𝑑𝑛
∴ 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Now
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
{(1−𝑥 2 ) 𝑦𝑛 } = {(1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+1 }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 = −[(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 ]
𝑑 𝑑
{(1−𝑥 2 ) 𝑃𝑛 } = −[𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦𝑛 ] [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑃𝑛
𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑥
{(1−𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
} + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0. Hence proved.

1
Problem 3: Find the nth derivative𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = .
2

Answer:
Differentiating
1
𝑦1 = (𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−1−1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑥
(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−1 ∙𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑦1 = + 𝑥𝑦1 = (𝑛 − 1)𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥
Or

15
using Leibnitz's theorem for n
𝑥𝑦𝑛 + 𝑛 − 1𝑐1 𝑦𝑛−1 = (𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑛 − 1!
𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
| 𝑛−1 𝑥 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 2 ∙ 1 = 𝑛 − 1!
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛−1 = (𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑛 − 1!
𝑛 − 1!
𝑥𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛 − 1! 𝑖 ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝑦𝑛 =
𝑥
1
At 𝑥 =
2
1
𝑦𝑛 ( ) = 2𝑛 − 1!
2

Problem 4: 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 . Then prove that

𝑛!
(𝑖)𝑦𝑛+1 = (𝑖𝑖) 𝑦𝑛 = +𝑛𝑦𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)!.
𝑥

Answer:
(i) Has 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
Differentiating w.r. to x, by

𝑛−1
𝑥𝑛
𝑦1 = 𝑛𝑥 ∙𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 ∙𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑛

Differentiating by n times
𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛𝑦𝑛 + 𝑛!
𝑛!
𝑦𝑛+1 = Proved.
𝑥

𝑑𝑛 𝑛
𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑑 𝑛
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛 (𝑥 ∙𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ) = 𝑛−1 ( 𝑥 ∙𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝑛−1 ( + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ∙𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑛−1
=𝑛+ 𝑛−1
∙ 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑛𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑛 − 1!. Proved.

16
 𝑑𝑛 𝑛
𝑑 𝑛−1
{𝐴𝑠 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛 (𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ) ∴ 𝑦𝑛−1 = 𝑛−1
(𝑥 𝑛−1 ∙𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑚
Problem 5: If 𝑦 = [𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2 ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑛 (0).
Answer:
𝑚
Given 𝑦 = [𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2 ]
𝑚−1 𝑥
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑚 [𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2 ] [1 + ]
√1−𝑥 2
𝑚
[𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2 ] 𝑚𝑦
=𝑚 =
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 = √1−𝑥 2 = 𝑚𝑦
Squaring 𝑦1 2 (1−𝑥 2 ) = 𝑚2 𝑦 2 ⋯ (𝑖)
Again differentiating, 𝑦1 2 (2𝑥) + (1−𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 = 𝑚2 ∙ 2𝑦𝑦1
𝑜𝑟 𝑦2 (1−𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
Differentiating n times by Leibnitz's theorem
2𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 − 𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
2!
𝑜𝑟 (1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
When 𝑥 = 0 we get
𝑦𝑛+2 (0) + (𝑛2 − 𝑚2 ) 𝑦𝑛 (0) = 0
𝑦𝑛+2 (0) = −(𝑛2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 (0) ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)
Substitute n by (𝑛 − 2)
𝑦𝑛 (0) = −{(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑚2 }𝑦𝑛−2 (0)
Again substitute n by (𝑛 − 4) in equation (iv), and placing 𝑦𝑛−2 (0) in previous
equation
𝑦𝑛 (0) = (−1)2 {(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑚2 }{(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑚2 }𝑦𝑛−4 (0)

Case I. when n is odd

𝑦𝑛 (0) = −{(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑚2 }{(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑚2 } ⋯ {12 − 𝑚2 }𝑦1 (0)
But
𝑦1 (0) = 𝑚𝑦(0)
17
 𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 (0) = 𝑚 (𝐴𝑠 𝑦(0) = 1)
𝑦𝑛 (0) = −{𝑚2 − (𝑛 − 2)2 }{𝑚2 − (𝑛 − 4)2 } ⋯ {𝑚2 −12 } ∙ 𝑚.

Case II. when n is even,

𝑦𝑛 (0) = {𝑚2 − (𝑛 − 2)2 }{𝑚2 − (𝑛 − 4)2 } ⋯ {𝑚2 −22 }𝑦2 (0)
𝑦𝑛 (0) = {𝑚2 − (𝑛 − 2)2 }{𝑚2 − (𝑛 − 4)2 } ⋯ {𝑚2 −22 } ∙ 𝑚.
(𝐴𝑠 𝑦𝑛 (0) = 𝑚2 ).

Problem 6: Find the nth derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0. (U.p.T.U., 2008)

Answer:
We have 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. 𝑥 2
Using Leibnitz's theorem for n
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛𝑐0 𝐷𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ). 𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑐1 𝐷𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝐷(𝑥 2 )
+ 𝑛𝑐2 𝐷𝑛−2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝐷2 (𝑥 2 ) + 0
𝑛𝜋 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
= 𝑥 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + ) + 2𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝜋) + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝜋)
2 2 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + ) + 2𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + − ) + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + − 𝜋)
2 2 2 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + ) − 2𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + ) − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + )
2 2 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑦𝑛 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑛2 + 𝑛)𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + ) − 2𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + )
2 2
Putting 𝑥 = 0, we obtain
𝑛𝜋
𝑦𝑛 (0) = (𝑛 − 𝑛2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
2

Problem 7: If 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥), prove that

(1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 − 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
Also find nth derivative of 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 (U.P.T.U. (C.O), 2007)

Answer:
18
since 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
Differentiating lead to
𝑎
𝑦1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥). ⋯ (𝑖)
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 √1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
both sides squaring give
𝑦1 2 (1−𝑥 2 ) = 𝑎2 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)]
𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 2 (1−𝑥 2 ) = 𝑎2 (1−𝑦 2 ) ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
Differentiating again, we get
2𝑦1 𝑦2 (1−𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦1 2 = −2 𝑎2 𝑦𝑦1
𝑜𝑟 𝑦2 (1−𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦1 = −𝑎2 𝑦 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Differentiating n times by Leibnitz's theorem
2𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎2 𝑦𝑛
2!
𝑜𝑟 (1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 − 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)
Putting 𝑥 = 0 in relation (iv), We get
𝑦𝑛+2 (0) − (𝑛2 − 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 (0) = 0
𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑛+2 (0) = (𝑛2 − 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 (0) ⋯ (𝑣)
Substitute n by (𝑛 − 2) 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑣), 𝑊𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑦𝑛 (0) = {(𝑛 − 2)2 + 𝑎2 }𝑦𝑛−2 (0)
Again substitute n by (𝑛 − 4) in equation (v), and placing 𝑦𝑛−2 (0) in previous
relation, lead to
𝑦𝑛 (0) = {(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑎2 }{(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑎2 }𝑦𝑛−4 (0)
Case I. If n is odd
𝑦𝑛 (0) = {(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑎2 }{(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑎2 } ⋯ (12 − 𝑎2 )𝑦1 (0) ⋯ (𝑣𝑖)
[The previous term in (vi) found by placing 𝑛 = 1 in equation (v)]
Placing 𝑥 = 0, in equation (i), lead to
𝑦1 (0) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥). 𝑎 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 . 𝑎 𝑦1 (0) = 𝑎

Hence

19
 𝑦𝑛 (0) = {(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑎2 }{(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑎2 } ⋯ (12 − 𝑎2 ). 𝑎
Case II. If n is even:
𝑦𝑛 (0) = {(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑎2 }{(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑎2 } ⋯ (22 − 𝑎2 )𝑦2 (0).
Placing x=0 in (iii), we get
[The previous term evaluate by placing 𝑛 = 2 in equation (v)]
𝑦2 (0) = −𝑎2 𝑦(0) = −𝑎2 𝑥0 = 0 (𝐴𝑠 𝑦(0) = 0
Hence, 𝑦𝑛 (0) = 0.

1
Problem 8: Find the nth derivatives of .
1−5𝑥+6𝑥 2

Answer:
1 1
𝑦= = .
6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 (2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 1)
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(3𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 1)
∴ ≡ + ≡= ,
6𝑥 2 1 − 5𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1 (2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 1)
1 𝐵 1
Putting 𝑥 = , 1 = − , 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐵 = −3; 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = , 𝐴 = 2.
2 3 2
2 3
Hence 𝑦 = + = 2(2𝑥 − 1)−1 − 3(3𝑥 − 1)−1
2𝑥−1 3𝑥−1
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Therefore 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛
[2(2𝑥 − 1)−1 ] − [3(3𝑥 − 1)−1 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Now we apply the formula,

𝐷𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−1 = (−1)𝑛 (𝑛!)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 .
Hence 𝑦𝑛 = 2.2 𝑛 (−1)𝑛 (𝑛!)(2𝑥 − 1)−𝑛−1 − 3.3𝑛 (−1)𝑛 (𝑛!)(3𝑥 − 1)−𝑛−1 .

𝑛 (𝑛!)
2𝑛+1 3𝑛+1
𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑛 = (−1) [ + ].
(2𝑥 − 1)𝑛+1 (3𝑥 − 1)𝑛+1

𝑑2𝑝 𝑎2 𝑏2
Problem 9: If 𝑝2 = 𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 , prove that 𝑝 + ( )= .
𝑑𝜃2 𝑝3

Answer:
Given 𝑝2 = 𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 … … (1)
Differentiating lead to

20
 𝑑𝑝
∴ 2𝑝 + ( ) = 2(𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 … … (2)
𝑑𝜃
Again differentiating both sides of (2) w.r.t θ, we get
𝑑2𝑝 𝑑𝑝 2
𝑝 ( 2 ) + ( ) = (𝑏2 − 𝑎2 )(𝜃 − 𝜃 ) … … (3)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑝
Multiplying (3) by 𝑝2 and substituting the value of form (1) and (3), we get
𝑑𝜃

𝑑2𝑝
𝑝 ( 2 ) + (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )2 𝜃 − 𝜃 = 𝑝2 (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
3
𝑑𝜃

𝑑2𝑝
𝑜𝑟 𝑝 ( 2 ) = (𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 𝜃𝜃 )(𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )(𝜃 − 𝜃 ) − (𝑏2 − 𝑎2 )2 𝜃 − 𝜃
3
𝑑𝜃

4
𝑑2𝑝 3
𝑜𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑝 ( 2 )
𝑑𝜃

= (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )[(𝜃 − 𝜃 )(𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 )(𝑏2 − 𝑎2 )𝜃 − 𝜃 ] + (𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 )2

= (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )[(𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 ) + (𝑎2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 )2 ]

= 𝑏 2 𝑎2 (𝜃 + 𝜃 ) = 𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑑2𝑝 𝑎2 𝑏2
Hence 𝑝 + ( )= .
𝑑𝜃2 𝑝3

Problem 10: If 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥). Prove that (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
and deduce that (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1) 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0.
Answer:
Let 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥).
𝑚
𝑦1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) . .
√(1−𝑥 2 )

𝑜𝑟 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 = 𝑚2 (𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) .

𝑜𝑟 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 = 𝑚2 − 𝑚2 (𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑚2 − 𝑚2 𝑦 2

∴ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 𝑚2 .

Again differentiating both sides, we have

2𝑦1 𝑦2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦1 2 + 2 𝑚2 𝑦𝑦1 = 0. 𝑜𝑟 𝑦2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0.

21
Now differentiating n time by Leibnitz's theorem, we get
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑦𝑛+2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑛 𝑦𝑛+1 (−2𝑥) + 𝑦𝑛 (−2) − 𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0,
2!
𝑜𝑟 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0.

To find the nth Derivative When x = 0

Problem 11: Find (𝑦𝑛 )0 . 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 ) .

Answer:
Let 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 ) . ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑎
∴ 𝑦1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 ) . ,
√(1 − 𝑥 2)

𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑎2 (𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 (𝑎𝑥 )
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑦1 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2
= 0. ⋯ ⋯ (2)

Differentiating (2), we have

2𝑦1 𝑦2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑦1 2 (−2𝑥) + 2 𝑎2 𝑦𝑦1 = 0. 𝑜𝑟 𝑦2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑎2 𝑦1 =
0. ⋯ ⋯ (3)

Differentiating (3) n times, we have

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑦𝑛+2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑛 𝑦𝑛+1 2𝑥 − 𝑦𝑛 . 2 − 𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑎2 𝑦𝑛 = 0.
2!

𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑛+2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 − 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0. ⋯ ⋯ (4)

Placing x = 0 in (1), we get (𝑦)0 = 0.

Placing x = 0 in (2), we get (𝑦1 )0 = 0
Placing x = 0 in (3), we get (𝑦2 )0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Placing x = 0 in (4), we get (𝑦𝑛+2 )0 = (𝑛2 − 𝑎2 )(𝑦𝑛 )0
Now putting n = 2 in (5), (𝑦6 )0 = (22 − 𝑎2 )(𝑦2 )0 = 0.
Putting n = 4 in (5), (𝑦6 )0 = (42 − 𝑎2 )(𝑦4 )0 = 0.
Similarly (𝑦8 )0 = 0.
Thus the derivatives for which n is even are zero

22
Again, putting 𝑛 = 1, (𝑦3 )0 = (12 − 𝑎2 ). (𝑦1 )0 (12 − 𝑎2 )𝑎.
Now when n is odd. (𝑦𝑛+2 )0 = (𝑛2 − 𝑎2 )(𝑦𝑛 )0 .
Putting n is place of (n-2) we obtain
(𝑦𝑛 )0 = [(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑎2 ](𝑦𝑛−2 )0

= [(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑎2 ][(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑎2 ] [(𝑛 − 6)2 − 𝑎2 ] ⋯ ⋯ [32 − 𝑎2 ][𝑦3 ]0

= [(𝑛 − 2)2 − 𝑎2 ][(𝑛 − 4)2 − 𝑎2 ] ⋯ ⋯ [32 − 𝑎2 ][12 − 𝑎2 ]. 𝑎2 .

Problem 12: If 𝑦=𝑥 , prove that (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 = 0 and deduce that

(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑦𝑛+2 + 2(𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0 hence determine (𝑦𝑛 )0
Answer:
Let 𝑦=𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ (1)
1
∴ 𝑦1 = , ⋯ ⋯ (2)
(1 + 𝑥 2 )

𝑜𝑟 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 − 1 = 0. ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Differentiating (3), we get (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ (4)
using Leibnitz's theorem lead to
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑦𝑛+2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑛 𝑦𝑛+1 (2𝑥) + 𝑦𝑛 . 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑛 𝑦𝑛 = 0
2!

𝑜𝑟 (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + 2(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ (5)

Putting x = 0, in (1),(2) and (4), we get

( 𝑦)0 = 0, (𝑦1 )0 = 1, (𝑦2 )0 = 0.

Also putting x = 0 in (5) we get

(𝑦𝑛+2 )0 = −[(𝑛 + 1)𝑛](𝑦𝑛 )0 . ⋯ ⋯ (6)

Putting n-2 in place of n in the formula (6), we get

(𝑦𝑛 )0 = [(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)](𝑦𝑛−2 )0

= [−{(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)}][−{(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 4)}](𝑦𝑛−4 )0

Since from (6), we have (𝑦𝑛−2 )0 = −{(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 4)}](𝑦𝑛−4 )0

23
Case I. When n is even, we have
(𝑦𝑛 )0 = [−{(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)}][−{(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 4)}] … [−(3)(2)](𝑦2 )0
=0, 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑦2 )0 = 0.

Case II. When n is odd, we have

(𝑦𝑛 )0 = [−{(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)}][−{(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 4)}] … [−(4)(3)][−(2)(1)(𝑦1 )0
2
= (−1)(𝑛−1) (𝑛 − 1)! , 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑦1 )0 = 1.

Problem 13: A metal rod, its length was 𝑙 = 1 + 0.00005𝜃 + 0.0000004𝜃 2 , where
𝜃 represent the temperature. Evaluate its length change rate if (a) 𝜃 =100℃ and (b)
𝜃 = 400℃.
Answer:
𝑑𝑙
The length change rate means
𝑑𝜃

Since length 𝑙 = 1 + 0.00005𝜃 + 0.0000004𝜃 2

𝑑𝑙
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 0.00005 + 0.0000008𝜃
𝑑𝜃
(𝑎) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 100℃
𝑑𝑙
= 0.00005 + (0.0000008) (100)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑙
= 0.00013 𝑚/℃ = 0.13 𝑚𝑚/℃.
𝑑𝜃
(𝑏) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 400℃
𝑑𝑙
= 0.00005 + (0.0000008) (400)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑙
= 0.00037 𝑚/℃ = 0.37 𝑚𝑚/℃.
𝑑𝜃

Problem 14: A lamp luminous intensity are 𝐼 = 4 × 10−4 𝑉 2. Knowing that the
voltage changing and rising with 0.6 rate per volt.

Answer:

24
 𝑑𝐼
The light changing rate with respect to voltage is given by
𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝐼
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼 = 4 𝑥 10−4 𝑉 2 , = (4 𝑥 10−4 )(2)𝑉 = 8 𝑥 10−4 𝑉
𝑑𝑉
0.6 rate per volt give that

+0.6 = 8 × 10−4 𝑉, from which, voltage

0.6
𝑉= = 0.075 𝑥 104 = 750 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
8 𝑥 10−4

Problem 15: Newton's law of cooling was evaluated as: = 𝜃𝑂 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 , knowing that at
zero time, the temperature excess is 𝜃𝑂 ℃ and at time 𝑡 seconds is𝜃 ℃. Calculate the
temperature changing rate after 40𝑠, given that 𝜃𝑂 = 16℃ and 𝑘 = −0.03.
Answer:
𝑑𝜃
The temperature changing rate is
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜃
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑂 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = (𝜃𝑂 )(−𝑘)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = −𝑘𝜃𝑂 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃𝑂 = 16, 𝑘 = −0.03 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 40 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
𝑑𝜃
= −(−0.03)(16)𝑒 −(0.03)(40)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
= 0.48 𝑒 1.2 = 1.594 ℃/𝑠.
𝑑𝑡

Problem 16: The displacement 𝑠 𝑐𝑚 of a stiff spring end at time 𝑡 seconds is known
by: 𝑠 = 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 . Calculate the velocity of the spring end after 1𝑠,
𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 2, 𝑘 = 0.9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 = 5.
Answer:
𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Using the product rule,
𝑑𝑠
= (𝑎 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )(2𝜋𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 )(−𝑎𝑘 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 2, 𝑘 = 0.9, 𝑓 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 1,

25
 𝑑𝑠
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡
−(0.9)(1) (2𝜋
𝑣 = (2 𝑒 ) 𝑥 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑥 5 𝑥 1 )
+ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑥 5 𝑥 1 )(−2)(0.9)( 𝑒 −(0.9)(1) )

𝑣 = 25.5455 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 10𝜋 − 0.7318 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 10𝜋

𝑣 = 25.5455 (1) − 0.7318 (0)

𝑣 = 25.55 𝑐𝑚/𝑠.

Problem 17: Car moved through the distance 𝑥 metres during a time 𝑡 seconds is
given by: 𝑥 = 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 1. Calculate the acceleration and velocity when
(𝑎)𝑡 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏)𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠.
Answer:

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 = 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 1 𝑚.
𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣= = 9𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4 𝑚/𝑠.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = 2 = 18𝑡 − 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = 0,

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = 9(0)2 − 4(0) + 4 = 4 𝑚/𝑠

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = 18(0) − 4 = −4 𝑚/𝑠 2 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛).

(𝑏)𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠,

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = 9(1.5)2 − 4(1.5) + 4 = 18.25 𝑚/𝑠

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = 18(1.5) − 4 = 23 𝑚/𝑠 2

Problem 18: A helicopter dropped supplies during 𝑡 seconds. The distance where
1
they fallen is given by: 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑡 2 , where 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Calculate the acceleration
2
and velocity of the supplies after it has dropped for 2 seconds.
Answer:
1 1
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑡 2 = (9.8)𝑡 2 = 4.9 𝑡 2 𝑚.
2 2

26
 𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣= = 9.8𝑡 𝑚/𝑠.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = 2 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = 2 𝑠,
𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣= = (9.8)(2) = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠.
𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 (𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦).

Problem 19: The distance (𝑥) m transported by a vehicle in time (𝑡) s after stopping
5
was known as: 𝑥 = 20𝑡 − 𝑡 2 . Determine: (a) the vehicle speed when using the
3
brakes, and (b) the distance traveled by the vehicle ahead of stopping.
Answer:
5
(𝑎) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 = 20𝑡 − 𝑡 2
3
𝑑𝑥 10
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = = 20 − 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 3
when using the brakes, 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0

Hence
20 𝑥 60 𝑥 60
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = 20 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
1000
When stopping, 𝑣 = 0 𝑚/𝑠,
10
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑣 = 20 − 𝑡 = 0,
3
10
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ, 20 = 𝑡 → 𝑡 = 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
3
then
5 2 5
𝑥 = 20𝑡 − 𝑡 = 20(6) − (6)2 = 120 − 60 = 60 𝑚.
3 3
Problem 20: The angular displacement 𝜃 radian of a flywheel varies with time 𝑡
seconds and follows the equation: 𝜃 = 9𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 3 . Determine (a) the angular velocity

27
and acceleration of the flywheel when time, 𝑡 = 1𝑠, and (b) the time when the
angular acceleration is zero.
Answer:

(𝑎) 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 = 9𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑.

𝑑𝜃
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 = = 18𝑡 − 6𝑡 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.
𝑑𝑡
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = 1 𝑠,

𝜔 = 18(1) − 6(1)2 = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.

𝑑2𝜃
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛼 = 2 = 18 − 12𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 .
𝑑𝑡
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = 1 𝑠, → 𝛼 = 18 − 12 = 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 .

(b) When the angular acceleration is zero,

18 − 12𝑡 = 0, 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ, 18 = 12𝑡 , 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠 .

Problem 21: The displacement 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 of an engine slide valve is known as: 𝑥 = 2.2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜋𝑡 + 3.6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝜋𝑡 . Find the velocity if the time 𝑡 = 30𝑚𝑠.
Answer:

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 = 2.2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜋𝑡 + 3.6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝜋𝑡

𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = = (2.2)(−5𝜋) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝜋𝑡 + (3.6)(5𝜋) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜋𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = −11𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝜋𝑡 + 18𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜋𝑡 𝑐𝑚/𝑠.

When time 𝑡 = 30𝑚𝑠,

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = −11𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5𝜋 𝑥 30 𝑥 10−3 ) + 18𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (5𝜋 𝑥 30 𝑥 10−3 )

= −11𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0.4712 + 18𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.4712

= −11𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 27° + 18𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 27°

= −15.69 + 50.39

∴ 𝑣 = 34.7 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 = 0.347 𝑚/𝑠.

28
Problem 22: Once establishing a liquid surface tension, the curvature radius, 𝜌, is
known as for a surface part:
2 3
√[1 + ( 𝑑𝑦
) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌=
𝑑2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
evalute the curvature radius for a surface part with the parametric equations 𝑥 =
3𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 6𝑡 at the point 𝑡 = 2.

Answer:
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 3𝑡 2 , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 6𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 6𝑡, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =6
𝑑𝑡
Now,
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 6 1
= 𝑑𝑡 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
𝑑2𝑦 ( ) ( ) −
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡2 = − 1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 6𝑡 6𝑡 6𝑡 3
𝑑𝑡
2 3 2 3
√[1+( 𝑑𝑦 ) ] √[1+( 1 ) ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑡
Hence, radius of curvature,𝜌 = 𝑑2 𝑦
= 1
𝑑𝑥2 6𝑡3

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2,

2 3
√[1 + ( 1 ) ]
2 √(1.25)3
𝜌= = =
1 1
− −
6(2)3 48

𝜌 = −48 √(1.25)3 = −67.08

29
Problem 23: Pressure 𝑝 and volume 𝑣 of a gas are related by the law 𝑝𝑣 𝛾 = 𝑘,
where 𝛾 and 𝑘 are constants. Show that the pressure changing rate.
𝑑𝑝 𝑝 𝑑𝑣
= −𝛾
𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

Answer:
𝑘
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑣 𝛾 = 𝑘, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝= 𝛾
= 𝑘𝑣 −𝛾
𝑣
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
By the function of a function rule,
𝑑𝑝 𝑑
= (𝑘𝑣 −𝛾 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
−𝛾𝑘
= −𝛾𝑘𝑣 −𝛾−1 =
𝑣 𝛾+1
𝑑𝑝 −𝛾𝑘 𝑑𝑣
= 𝛾+1 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑝𝑣 𝛾
𝑑𝑝 −𝛾(𝑝𝑣 𝛾 ) 𝑑𝑣 −𝛾𝑝𝑣 𝛾 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑥 = 𝛾 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝛾+1 𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝 𝑝 𝑑𝑣
∴ = −𝛾
𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
Problem 24: 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ), 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 2 𝑦2 +
𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 − 1) 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 + 1)𝑦 = 0.

Answer:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ),
1 1
𝑦1 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ). + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑦1 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ) + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )

Now again differentiating both sides, we get

30
 1 1
𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦1 = −𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ). − 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 = −𝑦

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦 = 0.

Again differentiating both sides in times by Leibnitz's theorem,

𝐷𝑛 (𝑥 2 𝑦2 ) + 𝐷𝑛 (𝑥𝑦1 ) + 𝐷𝑛 (𝑦) = 0.
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 2 𝑛−2
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝐷𝑛 𝑦2 + 𝑛𝐷𝑥 2 𝐷𝑛−1 𝑦2 + 𝐷 𝑥 𝐷 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝐷𝑛 𝑦1 + 𝑛𝐷𝑛+1 𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑛
2
=0

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑛𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0.

Problem 25: If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥, prove that 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 [1 + (−1)𝑛

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑎𝑥 ]1/2 .

Answer:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥, then
1 1
∴ 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋) + 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋)
2 2
2 1/2
𝑛
1 1
= 𝑎 [{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋) +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋) } ]
2 2
1/2
𝑛
1 1
= 𝑎 [1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋) +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋) ]
2 2
= 𝑎𝑛 [1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋) ]1/2
= [1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑎𝑥 ]1/2

𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 [1 + (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑎𝑥 ]1/2 [𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋
= (−1)𝑛 ]

Problem 26: 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 . Show that

(1 − 𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛 + 𝛼𝑥)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑛𝛼𝑦𝑛−1 = 0 ∙

31
Answer:
Given = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥
Differentiating lead to
𝑦1 = 𝛼𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 ∙ 𝛼
1 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 ∙ 𝛼 − [ − 1] = 𝑦𝛼 [ ]
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
= 𝑦1 (1 − 𝑥) = 𝛼𝑥𝑦
using Leibnitz's theorem for differentiating
𝑦𝑛+1 (1 − 𝑥) − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 = 𝛼𝑦𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑛𝛼𝑦𝑛−1
(1 − 𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛 + 𝛼𝑥)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑛𝛼𝑦𝑛−1 = 0 ∙ Hence proved.

𝜋
Problem 27: 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = (1−𝑥 2 )−1/2 𝑥 . 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − < 𝑥 <
2
𝜋
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
2

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+1 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛−1 = 0.

Answer:
Given 𝑦 = (1−𝑥 2 )−1/2 𝑥
Differentiating
1 3
2 )−2 (−2𝑥)𝑥
1
𝑦1 = − (1−𝑥 + (1−𝑥 2 )−1/2 ∙
2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑥(1−𝑥 2 )−1/2 𝑥 1 𝑥𝑦 + 1
𝑦1 = + =
(1−𝑥 2 ) (1−𝑥 2 ) (1−𝑥 2 )
𝑦1 (1−𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥𝑦 + 1
using Leibnitz's theorem for differentiating
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑦𝑛+1 (1−𝑥 2 ) + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 (−2𝑥) + 𝑦𝑛−1 ∙ (−2) = 𝑥𝑦𝑛 +𝑛𝑦𝑛−1
2!
(1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+1 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛 − (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛)𝑦𝑛−1 = 0
(1−𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+1 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛−1 = 0 Hence proved.

32
 Chapter Three: Inverse Functions and its Derivatives

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: A body was positioned in a room that was held at temperature of 30o F.
the temperature of the body was unknown, 10 minutes later, the temperature of the
body was 0oF, 20 minutes from the placing the body in the room, the temperature of
the body was 15oF. Use Newton's law of cooling to evaluate the initial temperature
of the body.

Answer:

𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 𝑡𝑘

When t=10 min and T=0oF

0 − 30 = (𝑇𝑜 − 30)𝑒 10𝑘

−30 = (𝑇0 − 30)𝑒 10𝑘

When t=20 min and T=15oF

15 − 30 = (𝑇𝑜 − 30)𝑒 20𝑘

−15 = (𝑇0 − 30)𝑒 20𝑘

divide equ (2) by equ (1)

1
𝑒 10𝑘 =
2
Substituting (3) in (1)
1
−30 = (𝑇𝑜 − 30)( )
2
30
𝑇𝑜 − 30 =− = −60
1/2
𝑇𝑜 − 60 + 30 = −30F

Problem 2: A warm water pan 46oC was placed in a refrigerator. After 10 minutes,
the temperature of water was 39oC, after another 10 minutes, it was 33oC. Use
Newton's law of cooling to evaluate how cold the refrigerator was?

Answer:

33
 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 𝑡𝑘

𝑇𝑜 = 46∘ C, 𝑡 = 10min, 𝑇 = 39∘ C,we have

39 − 𝑇𝑠 = (46 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 10𝑘
𝑡 = 20min, 𝑇 = 33∘ C,we have
33 − 𝑇𝑠 = (46 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 20𝑘
33 − 𝑇𝑠
= 𝑒 10𝑘
39 − 𝑇𝑠
33 − 𝑇𝑠
39 − 𝑇𝑠 = (46 − 𝑇𝑠 )( )
39 − 𝑇𝑠
(39 − 𝑇𝑠 )(39 − 𝑇𝑠 ) = (46 − 𝑇𝑠 )(33 − 𝑇𝑠 )
1521 − 39𝑇𝑠 − 39 + T𝑠2 = 1518 − 46𝑇𝑠 − 33𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠2
1521 − 78𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠2 − 1518 − 79𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇 2 𝑠 = 0
3 + 𝑇𝑠 = 0 ∴ 𝑇𝑠 = −3

Problem 3: evaluate the given equations for θ values from -180o to 180o
comprehensive:

i) Tan2θ + tan θ = 0 ii) Cot θ= 5 Cos θ

iii) 3 Cos θ + 2 Sec θ + 7 = 0 iv) Cos2θ + Sin θ + 1 = 0

Answer:

(i)

tan2 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ tan 𝜃(tan 𝜃 + 1) = 0

Either

tan 𝜃 = 0 (∴ 𝜃 = −180∘ , 0∘ , 180∘ )

or

tan 𝜃 + 1 = 0
tan 𝜃 = −1 (∴ 𝜃 = −45∘ , 135∘ )

(ii)

34
 cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 = 5cos 𝜃 ⇒ = 5cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃
5 sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
5 cos 𝜃sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − 1)
cos 𝜃 (5sin 𝜃 − 1)

Either

cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 90∘ , −90∘

or
1
5sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝜃 = 1 ∴ sin 𝜃 =
5
𝜃 = 11.54168.46
𝜃 = {90 , 90∘ , 11.54∘ , 168.46∘ }
∘

(iii)
1
3cos 𝜃 + 2 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 3cos 2 𝜃 + 7cos 𝜃 + 2 = 0
cos 𝜃
⇒ (3cos 𝜃 + 1)(cos 𝜃 + 2) = 0

Either cos 𝜃 = −2 ⇒ neglagted as − 1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1

Or
1
3cos 𝜃 + 1 = 0 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = −
3

⇒ 𝜃 = {−109.47∘ , 109.47∘ }

(iv)

1 − sin2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0 ⇒ (sin 𝜃 − 2)(sin 𝜃 + 1) = 0

eithersin 𝜃 = 2neglected𝑎𝑠 − 1 ≤ sin 𝜃 ≤ 1

or
sin 𝜃 = −1 ⇒ 𝜃 = −90∘
𝜃 = {−90∘ }

Problem 4: evaluate the given equations for θ values from 0o to 360o

comprehensive:

i) 3 Cos 2θ – Sin θ + 2 = 0 ii) 3 tan θ = tan 2θ

35
iii) Sin 2θ. Cos θ + Sin2θ = 1 iv) 3 Cot 2θ + Cot θ = 1

Answer:

(i)

3(1 − 2sin2 𝜃) − sin 𝜃 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 6sin2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 − 5 = 0

⇒ (6sin 𝜃 − 5)(sin 𝜃 + 1) = 0
5
⇒ Either sin 𝜃 =
6
⇒ 𝜃 = 56.4, 123.6∘
or sin 𝜃 = −1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 270
∘ ∘ ∘
𝜃 = {56.4 , 123.6 , 270 }

(ii)
2tan 𝜃
3tan 𝜃 = 2
⇒ tan 𝜃(3tan2 − 1) = 0
1 − tan 𝜃
Either tan 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0∘ , 180∘ , 360∘

Or
tan 𝜃 = (1/√3) ⇒= 150∘ , 210∘
Or tan 𝜃 = (−1/√3) ⇒ 𝜃 = 150∘ , 330∘
𝜃 = {0∘ , 30∘ , 150∘ , 180∘ , 210∘ , 330∘ , 360∘ }

(iii)

(2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃)cos 𝜃 + (1 − cos 2 𝜃) − 1 = 0

⇒ cos 2 𝜃(2sin 𝜃 − 1) = 0

Either cos 2 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 90∘ , 270∘

Or
sin 𝜃 = 1/2 ⇒ 𝜃 = 30∘ , 150∘
𝜃 = {30∘ , 90∘ , 150∘ , 270∘ }

(iv)

3cot 2𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 1
3 1
⇒ + =1
tan 2𝜃 tan 𝜃
36
 3
1
⇒ 2 tan 𝜃2 + =1
1 − tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃
3(1 − tan2 𝜃) 1
⇒ + =1
2 tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃

3(1 − tan2 𝜃) 1
⇒ + =1
2 tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃
3 − 3 tan2 𝜃 + 2
⇒ = 1 ⇒ 5 − 3 tan2 𝜃 = 2 tan 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃
⇒ 3tan2 𝜃 + 2tan 𝜃 − 5 = 0
⇒ 3tan2 𝜃 + 2tan 𝜃 − 3tan 𝜃 − 5 = 0
⇒ tan 𝜃(3tan 𝜃 + 5) − 1(3tan 𝜃 + 5) = 0
⇒ (tan 𝜃 − 1)(3tan 𝜃 + 5) = 0

Either

tan 𝜃 − 1 = 0 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 45∘ , 225∘

Or
5
3 tan 𝜃 + 5 = 0 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = − ⇒ 𝜃 = 121∘ , 301∘
3
𝜃 = [45 , 121 , 225∘ , 301∘ ]
∘ ∘

Problem 5: If Sin θ = 3/ 5, establish the following values without using tables.

i) Cos θ ii) tan θ

Answer:
3
Ginen: sin 𝜃 =
5

52 = 𝑥 2 + 32
25 = 𝑥2 + 9
𝑥2 = 25 − 9 = 16
𝑥 =4
4 3
cos 𝜃 = andtan 𝜃 =
5 4
37
Problem 6: establish the values of Cos x and Sin x, without using tables, when Cos
2x is: a) 1/8 , b) 7/25 , c) -119/169

Answer:

1
2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1 = cos 2𝑥 =
8
1 9
2 cos 2 𝑥 = + 1 ⇒ 2 cos 2 𝑥 =
8 8
9
cos 2 𝑥 =
16
3
cos 𝑥 =±
4
3 2 9 7
sin2 𝑥 2
= 1 − cos 𝑥 ⇒ 1 − (± ) = 1 − =
4 16 16
√7
sin 𝑥 =
4

Problem 7: If A and B is acute angles and Sin A = 3/5 and Sin B = 5/13, establish the
following values without using tables.

a) Sin (A+B), b) Cos (A+B), c) Cot (A+B)

Answer:
3 5
sin 𝐴 = , sin 𝐵 =
5 13

(a) as we know that

38
 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin Acos 𝐵 + cos Asin 𝐵
3 12 4 5 56
= × + × =
5 13 3 13 63
(𝑏) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴sin 𝐵
4 12 3 5 33
= × − × =
5 13 5 13 65
33
cos(𝐴+𝐵) 65 33
(𝑐) cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) ⇒ = 56 =
sin(𝐴+𝐵) 56
65

Problem 8: If A is obtuse and B is acute, establish the value of A – B without using

tables , knowing that tan A = -1/7 and tan B = 3/4.

Answer:
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐵
1 3
− −
= 7 4 ⇒ tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1
1 3
1 + (− )( )
7 4
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 135∘

Problem 9: Prove the following identities:

i) Sec 2  Csc 2  Sec 2 .Csc 2

ii ) Sin 2 ( 1  Sec 2 )  Sec 2  Cos 2
1  Sin
iii )  ( Sec  tan )2
1  Sin
tan 2   Cos 2
iv ) Sec  Sin 
Sec  Sin
Cos ( A  B )  Cos ( A  B )
v)  tan B
Sin( A  B )  Sin( A  B )

39
 vi ) CosB  CosA .Cos ( A  B )  SinA .Sin( A  B )
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A.tan B .tan C
vii ) tan( A  B  C ) 
1  tan B .tan C  tan C .tan A  tan A.tan B
If A , B ,C are angles of a triangle , show that :
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A.tan B .tan C
tan x .Sin 2 h
viii )
1
tan( x  h )  tan( x  h )  tan x  2
2 Cos x  Sin 2 h

1  Cos 2 x
ix ) tan x 
1  Cos 2 x
Sin 4 A  Sin 2 A
x)  tan 2 A
Cos 4 A  Cos 2 A  1
1
xi ) Sin 4  Cos 4  ( Cos 4  3 )
4
xii ) 4 Sin A .Cos 3 A  4 Cos 3 A .Sin 3 A  3 Sin 4 A
3

3 tan A  tan 3 A
xiii ) tan 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A

xiv ) Cos 1 (  x )    Cos 1 x


xv ) Cot  1 x 
 tan  1 x
2
xvi ) Cosh( u  v )  Coshu .Coshv  Sinhu .Sinhv
and then verify
Cosh( u  v )  Coshu .Coshv  Sinhu .Sinhv

xvii )
1
Coshu .Sinhv Sinh( u  v )  Sinh( u  v )
2
xviii ) Sinhu .Sinhv  Cosh( u  v )  Cosh( u  v )
1
2
xix ) Cosh 3u  Coshu  4 Sinh 2 u .Coshu  4 Cosh 3 u  3Coshu
xx ) ( Coshx  Sinhx )n  Coshnx  Sinhnx

Answer:

(i)

sec 2 𝜃 + cosec 2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃cosec 2 𝜃

1 1 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃
L.H.S. ⇒ sec 2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = + =
cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃

40
 Assin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
1 1 1
∴ 2 2
= 2
⋅ 2
= sec 2 𝜃cos 2 𝜃 = R ⋅ H ⋅ S
cos 𝜃sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
(ii)

sin2 𝜃(1 + sec 2 𝜃) = sec 2 𝜃 − cos 2 𝜃

L.H.S. ⇒ sin2 𝜃(1 + sec 2 𝜃)

1
⇒ sin2 𝜃(1 + 2
) = sin2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2 𝜃) + (sec 2 𝜃 − 1)
cos 𝜃
= sec 2 𝜃 − cos 2 𝜃
(iii)
1 + sin 𝜃
= (sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)2
1 − sin 𝜃
1 + sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃 (1 + sin 𝜃)2 (1 + sin 𝜃)2
L.H.S. ⇒ × = =
1 − sin 𝜃 1 + sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
1 + sin 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃
=( )=( + )
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= (sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)2 = R. H. S

(iv)

tan2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃
sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
L.H.S. ⇒ (sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) ×
sec 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 (tan2 𝜃 + 1) − (1 − cos 2 𝜃)
2 2
= =
sec 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
2 2
tan 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
= = R. H. S
sec 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
(v)
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
= tan 𝜃
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
L. H. . S. =
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

41
 (cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin Asin 𝐴) − (cos Acos 𝐵 − sin Asin 𝐵)
=
(sin Acos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵) + (sin Acos 𝐵 − cos Asin 𝐵)
cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin Asin 𝐵 − cos Acos 𝐵 + sin Asin 𝐵
=
sin Acos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵 + sin Acos 𝐵 − cos Asin 𝐵
2 sin Asin 𝐵 sin 𝐵
= = = tan 𝐵 = 𝑅 ⋅ 𝐻 ⋅ 𝑆
2 sin Acos 𝐵 cos 𝐵
(vi)

cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin Asin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

L. H. S. = cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴. cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

⇒ cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴(cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴sin 𝐵)
⇒ cos 𝐵 − cos 2 𝐴cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴cos 𝐴sin 𝐵
⇒ cos 𝐵 − (1 − sin2 𝐴)cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴cos 𝐴sin 𝐵
⇒ cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐵(1 − sin2 𝐴) − sin 𝐴cos 𝐴sin 𝐵
cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐵sin2 𝐴 − sin 𝐴c
sin 𝐴(cos 𝐵sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴sin 𝐵] = sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin

(vii)
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐵 ⋅ tan 𝐶
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) =
1 − tan 𝐵 ⋅ tan 𝐶 ⋅ tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴+𝐵)+tan 𝐶
L. H. S ⇒ tan(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) =
1−tan(𝐴+𝐵)⋅tan 𝐶
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
+tan 𝐶
1−tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
1− ⋅tan 𝐶
1−tan Atan 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐵⋅tan 𝐶
= =0
1−tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐵−tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐶−tan Btan 𝐶

Since

𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180∘ ⇒ tan(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) = 0

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan Atan 𝐵⋅tan 𝐶

=0
1−tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐵−tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐶−tan Btan 𝐶
∴ tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐵 ⋅ tan 𝐶

42
(viii)

1 tan 𝑥 sin2 ℎ
[tan(𝑥 + ℎ) + tan(𝑥 − ℎ)] − tan 𝑥 = =0
2 cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 ℎ
1
L.H.S. ⇒ [tan(𝑥 + ℎ) + tan(𝑥 − ℎ) − tan 𝑥] ⇒
2
1 tan 𝑥 + tanh tan 𝑥 − tanh
[ + ] − tan 𝑥
2 1 − tan 𝑥 ⋅ tanh 1 + tan 𝑥 ⋅ tanh
1 (1 + tan 𝑥 ⋅ tan ℎ)(tan 𝑥 + tan ℎ) + (1 − tan xtan ℎ)(tan 𝑥 − tan ℎ)
= [ ] − tan 𝑥
2 1 − tan2 𝑥 tan2 ℎ

tan 𝑥 + tanh + tan2 𝑥tanh + tan 𝑥 tan2 ℎ + tan 𝑥 − tanh − tan2 𝑥tanh + tan2 htan 𝑥
⇒
2(1 − tan2 𝑥 tan2 ℎ)
− tan 𝑥

1 2(tan 𝑥 + 2 tan2 htan 𝑥 − tan ℎ

= [ ] − tan 𝑥
2 1 − tan2 𝑥 tan2 ℎ
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ⋅ tanh2 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥
1 − tan2 𝑥 tan2 ℎ
tan 𝑥(1 + tan2 ℎ𝑥)
⇒ − tan 𝑥
1 − tan2 𝑥 tan2 ℎ
tan 𝑥 sec 2 ℎ
⇒ − tan 𝑥
1 − tan2 𝑥 tan2 ℎ
1
tan 𝑥 ⋅
⇒ cos 2 ℎ − tan 𝑥
sin2 ℎ
cos 2 𝑥 ⋅
cos 2 ℎ
1
tan 𝑥 ⋅
⇒ cos 2 ℎ − tan 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 ℎ − sin2 𝑥 sin2 ℎ
cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 ℎ
1
(tan 𝑥 ⋅ ) ⋅ cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 ℎ
cos 2 ℎ − tan 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 ℎ − sin2 𝑥 sin2 ℎ
tan 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 ℎ

43
 cos 2 𝑥
tan 𝑥 [ 2 − 1]
cos 𝑥 − sin2 ℎ
cos 2 𝑥 − (cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 ℎ)
tan 𝑥 ( )
cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 ℎ

sinh2
⇒ tan 𝑥 ( 2 ) = R. H. S
cos 𝑥 − sin2 ℎ

(ix)

1 − cos 2𝑥
tan 𝑥 = √
1 + cos 2𝑥

1 − cos 2𝑥
2 sin2 𝑥
R. H. S = √ = √ 2 = tan 𝑥 = L. H. S
1 + cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥
2

(x)
sin 4𝐴 + sin 2𝐴 2 sin 2𝐴 ⋅ cos 2𝐴 + sin 2𝐴
=
cos 4𝐴 + cos 2𝐴 + 1 cos 2 2𝐴 − sin2 2𝐴 + cos 2𝐴 + 1
sin 2𝐴(2 cos 2𝐴 + 1)
⇒
cos 2 2𝐴 − 1(1 − cos 2 2𝐴) + cos 2𝐴 + 1
sin 2𝐴(2 cos 2𝐴 + 1)
⇒
cos 2 2𝐴 − 1 + cos 2 2𝐴 + cos 2𝐴 + 1
sin 2𝐴(2 cos 2𝐴 + 1)
= tan 2𝐴 ⇒ R. H. S
cos 2𝐴(2 cos 2𝐴 + 1)

(xi)
1
sin4 𝜃 + cos 4 𝜃 = (cos 4𝜃 + 3)
4
1 1
R. H. S ⇒ (cos 4𝜃 + 3) ⇒ [(1 − 2 sin2 2𝜃) + 3]
4 4
1
= [(4 − 2(2sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)2 ]
4

44
 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 = (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) − 2 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
cos 2 𝜃(1 − sin2 𝜃) + sin2 𝜃(1 − cos 2 𝜃) = cos 4 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃 = R ⋅ H ⋅ S

(xii)

4 sin3 𝐴 ⋅ cos 3𝐴 + 4 cos 3 𝐴 ⋅ cos 3𝐴 ⋅ sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 4𝐴

L. H. S ⇒ 4 sin3 𝐴 cos 3 𝐴 + 4 cos 3 𝐴 ⋅ sin 3𝐴

= 4 sin 3A(cos 2 Acos 𝐴 − sin 2𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐴) + 4 cos 3 𝐴(sin2 cos 𝐴 + cos 2𝐴 sin A)
⇒ 4 sin3 Acos Acos 2𝐴 − 4 sin4 Asin 2𝐴 + 4 cos 4 Asin 2𝐴 + 4 sin 𝐴 cos 3 𝐴 … … . . (1)

Note
sin 4𝐴 = 2 sin 2𝐴 cos 2𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin Acos 𝐴
⇒ 4 sin3 Acos Acos 2𝐴 ⇒ 2 sin2 𝐴 ⋅ 2 sin Acos 𝐴 cos 2 𝐴
⇒ 2 sin 2𝐴 sin2 Acos 2𝐴 … (𝑎)
4 sin 𝐴 cos 3 𝐴 cos 2 𝐴 ⇒ 2 cos 2 𝐴(2 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴) cos 2𝐴
⇒ 2 cos 2 Asin 2𝐴 cos 2𝐴 … (𝑏)
Substituting (a) and (b) in (1)

2sin2 𝐴sin 2𝐴cos 2𝐴 + 4sin 2𝐴(cos4 𝐴 − sin4 𝐴) + 2cos2 𝐴sin 4𝐴

∴ sin2 𝐴sin 4𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴sin 4𝐴 + 4sin 2𝐴(cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴)(cos 2 𝐴 + sin2 𝐴)
(cos 2 𝐴 + sin2 𝐴)
= sin 4𝐴(sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴) + 4sin 2𝐴 ⋅ cos 2𝐴
= sin 4𝐴 + 2sin 4𝐴 = 3sin 4𝐴 ⇒ R. H. S
(xiii)

3 tan 𝐴 − tan3 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 =
1 − 3 tan2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 + tan 𝐴 1 − tan2 𝐴 + tan 𝐴
L. H. S ⇒ tan(2𝐴 + 𝐴) = =
1 − tan 2𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐴 1 − 2 tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐴
1 − tan2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
[As tan2𝐴 = ]
1 − tan2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴 + (1 − tan2 𝐴) tan 𝐴
⇒ 1 − tan2 𝐴
2 tan2 𝐴
1−
1 − tan2 𝐴

45
 2 tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴 − tan3 𝐴 3 tan 𝐴 − tan3 𝐴
⇒ = =R⋅H⋅S
1 − tan2 𝐴 − 2 tan2 𝐴 1 − 3 tan2 𝐴
(xiv)

cos −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1 𝑥

let 𝑦 = 𝜋 − cos −1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = cos(𝜋 − 𝑦)

⇒ 𝑥 = − cos 𝑦
−1 (−𝑥)
𝑦 = cos
∴ cos −1 (−𝑥) =𝜋−𝑦

(xv)
𝜋
cos −1 𝑥 = − tan−1 𝑥
2
𝜋 𝜋
let𝑦 = − tan−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = tan ( − 𝑦)
2 2
−1
∴ = cot 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = cot 𝑥
𝜋
∴ cot −1 𝑥 = − tan−1 𝑥
2
(xvi)

(𝑎)R.H.S = cosh 𝑢. cosh 𝑣 + sinh 𝑢. sinh 𝑣

𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑒 𝑣 + 𝑒 −𝑣 𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑒 𝑣 − 𝑒 −𝑣 𝑒 𝑢+𝑣 + 𝑒 −(𝑢+𝑣)
= ⋅ + ⋅ =
2 2 2 2 2
= cosh(𝑢 + 𝑣) = L. H. S
(b)L.H.S. = cosh(𝑢 + (−𝑣) = cosh 𝑢 . cosh(−𝑣) + sinh 𝑢 . sinh(−𝑣))
= cosh 𝑢 ⋅ cosh 𝑣 − sinh 𝑢 ⋅ sinh 𝑣 = 𝑅 ⋅ 𝐻 ⋅ 𝑆
(xvii)
1
cosh 𝑢 ⋅ sinh 𝑣 =
2[sinh(𝑢 + 𝑣) − sinh(𝑢 − 𝑣)]
1
R. H. S =
2[(sinh 𝑢 . cosh 𝑣 + cosh 𝑢 . sinh 𝑣) − (sinh 𝑢 . cosh 𝑣 − cosh 𝑢 . sinhv)]
1
=
2[sinh 𝑢 . cosh 𝑣 + cosh 𝑢 . sinh 𝑣 − sinh 𝑢 . cosh 𝑣 + cosh 𝑢 − sin 𝑣]
1
=
2[2 cosh 𝑢 . sinh 𝑣]
= cosh 𝑢 . sinh v = L. H. S

46
(xviii)
sinh 𝑢 ⋅ sinh 𝑣 = 1/2(cosh(𝑢 + 𝑣) − cosh(𝑢 − 𝑣))
1
R⋅H⋅S =
2(cosh(𝑢 + 𝑣) − cosh(𝑢 − 𝑣)]
= 1/2(cosh 𝑢 ⋅ cosh 𝑣 + sinh 𝑣 + sinh 𝑣) − (cosh 𝑢, cosh 𝑣 − sinh 𝑢, sinh 𝑣)]
1
∴
2[cosh 𝑢 ⋅ cosh 𝑣 + sinh 𝑢 + sinh v − coshu ⋅ cos 𝑛h𝑣 + sinh 𝑣 ⋅ sinh 𝑣]
1
=
2[2 sinh 𝑢 ⋅ sinh 𝑣]
= sinh 𝑢 ⋅ sinh 𝑣 = L ⋅ H. S
(xix)

cosh 3𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 4sinh2 ⋅ cosh 𝑢 = 4 cosh 3𝑢 − 3 cosh 𝑢

L ⋅ H ⋅ S = cosh 3𝑢 = cos ℎ(2𝑢 + 𝑢)
= cosh 2𝑢 ⋅ cosh 𝑢 + sin 2𝑢 ⋅ sinh 2𝑢
= cos ℎ2 𝑢 + sin ℎ2 𝑢
= (cos ℎ2 𝑢 + sinh2 𝑢) ⋅ cosh 𝑢 + 2(sinh 𝑢 ⋅ cosh 𝑢) sinh 𝑢
= cos ℎ3 𝑢 + sinh2 𝑢 ⋅ cosh 𝑢 + 2 sinh2 𝑢 ⋅ cosh 𝑢
= cos ℎ3 𝑢 + 3 sin ℎ2 𝑢 ⋅ cos ℎ𝑢
= cos ℎ∗ 𝑢 + 3(cos ℎ2 𝑢 − 1) cos ℎ𝑢

= cos ℎ3 𝑢 + 3cosh3 𝑢 − 3cos h𝑢

= 4cos ℎ3 𝑢 − 3cos ℎ𝑢 = R ⋅ H ⋅ S
(xx)

(cos ℎ𝑥 + sin ℎ𝑥)𝑛 = cos ℎ𝑛𝑥 + sin ℎ𝑛𝑥

L. H. S = (cos ℎ𝑥 + sin ℎ𝑥)𝑛
= (𝑒𝑥)𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑛𝑥
𝑛𝑥 =𝑦
𝑒 𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒𝑦
= cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑦
= cosh 𝑛𝑥 + sinh 𝑛𝑥 = R. H. S

47
 1  Sin 1 1  Sin 
u 
Problem 10: If Cos , prove that u Cos and deduce formula for Sinθ,
Cosθ, tanθ in terms of u.

Answer:

1 + sin 𝜃 1 1 − sin 𝜃
𝑢= prove that =
cos 𝜃 𝑢 cos 𝜃
1 + sin 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃 cos(1 − sin 𝜃)
𝑢 = ⇒ = × =
cos 𝜃 𝑢 1 + sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃 1 − sin2 𝜃
1 − sin 𝜃
=
cos 𝜃
2
(1 + sin 𝜃) (1 + sin 𝜃)2 (1 + sin 𝜃)2
𝑢2 = ⇒𝑢 =2
=
cos 2 𝜃 1 − sin2 𝜃 (1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + sin 𝜃)
1 + sin 𝜃
𝑢2 = ⇒ (1 − sin 𝜃)𝑢2 = 1 + sin 𝜃
1 − sin 𝜃

1 + sin 𝜃
𝑢2 = ⇒ (1 − sin 𝜃)𝑢2 = 1 + sin 𝜃
1 − sin 𝜃
𝑢2 − 𝑢2 sin 𝜃 = 1 + sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝑢2 − 1 = sin 𝜃 + 𝑢2 sin 𝜃
𝑢2 − 1 = sin 𝜃(𝑢2 + 1)
(𝑢2 − 1)
sin 𝜃 = 2
(𝑢 + 1)
2𝑢
cos 𝜃 = 2
𝑢 +1
(𝑢2 − 1)
tan 𝜃 = 2
(𝑢 + 1)

2  tan 
tan x 
Problem 11: If Sin( x   )  2Cos ( x   ) ; prove that: 1  2 tan  .

Answer:
48
 sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛼sin 𝛼 = 2(cos 𝛼cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼sin 𝛼)

dividing by cos 𝑥cos 𝛼

⇒
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝛼 = 2 + 2tan 𝑥 ⋅ tan 𝛼
∴ tan 𝑥 + tan 𝛼 = 2 + 2tan 𝑥 ⋅ tan 𝛼
∴
2 − tan 𝛼
tan 𝑥 =
1 − 2tan 𝛼

Problem 12: If Sin( x   )  Cos ( x   ) ; prove that: tan x  1 .

Answer:

(sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 = cos xcos 𝛼 − sin 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝛼)

⇒ tan 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 = cos 𝛼 − tan 𝛼𝑥
∴ tan 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝛼 + tan 𝛼 sin 𝛼 = cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼
∴ tan 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝛼 + tan 𝛼 sin 𝛼 = cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼
∴ tan 𝛼(cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼) = cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼
cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼
∴ tan 𝑥 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 = 1
cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼

Problem 13: If x  Cos  Cos 2 and y  Sin  Sin2 .

Show that:
i ) x 2  y 2  Cos 2  2Cos 3  Cos 4
ii ) 2 xy  Sin 2  2 Sin 3  Sin 4

Answer:

(i)

𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = cos 2 𝜃 + 2cos 3 𝜃 + cos 4 𝜃

L. H. S = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (cos 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃)2 − (sin 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃)2

= cos 2 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 + cos 2 2𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − sin2 2𝜃
= (cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) + (cos2 2𝜃 − sin2 2𝜃)
= sin 2𝜃 + 2 sin 3𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 = R. H. S

49
(ii)

2𝑥𝑦 = sin 2𝜃 + 2 sin 3𝜃 + sin 4𝜃

L.H.S = 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
+𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒

Problem 14: If Cos 2 A .Cos 2 B  Cos 2 , prove that:

Sin 2 A .Cos 2 B  Cos 2 A .Sin 2 B  Sin 2
Answer:

L. H. S = sin2 𝐴 cos 2 𝐵 + cos 2 𝐴 sin2 𝐵

1 − cos 2𝐴 1 + cos 2𝐵 1 + cos 2𝐴 1 − cos 2𝐵
= ⋅ + ⋅
2 2 2 2
1 1
= (1 + cos 2𝐴 − cos 2𝐴 − cos 2𝐴 cos 2𝐵) + (1 + cos 2𝐴 − cos 2𝐵 − cos 2𝐴 cos 2𝐵)
4 4
1 1
= (2 − 2 cos 2𝐴 cos 2𝐵) + (1 − cos 2𝐴 − cos 2𝐵)
4 2
1
= (1 − cos 2𝜃) = sin2 𝜃 = R. H. S
2

Problem 15: If S = Sin θ and C = Cos θ, simplify:

S .C S. 1  S2 C S
i) , ii ) , iii ) 
1  S2 C. 1  C2 S C

Answer:

(i)
𝑆⋅𝐶 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= =
√1 − 𝑆 2 √1 − sin2 𝜃 √cos 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= = sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
(ii)

50
 𝑆 ⋅ √1 − 𝑆 2 sin 𝜃√1 − sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
⇒ = =1
𝐶√1 − 𝐶 2 cos 𝜃√1 − cos 2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

(iii)

𝐶 𝑆 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 1 1

+ → + = = ⋅ = sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑆 𝐶 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Problem 16: find θ using the following equations:

i) x  a .Csc and y  b .Sec
ii ) x  Sin  Cos and y  Sin  Cos
iii ) x  Sin  tan and y  Sin  tan
iv ) x  tan and y  tan 2

Answer:

(i)

𝑥 = acosec 𝜃and = 𝑏 ⋅ sec 𝜃

1
cosec 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
1 𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑎( )⇒𝑥=
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1
𝑦 = 𝑏sec 𝜃 ∴ sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑏( ) ⇒ 𝑦cos 𝜃 = 𝑏 ∴ cos 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 𝑦

⇒
2 2
𝑎 2 𝑏 2
cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 1 ⇒∴ ( ) + ( ) = 1
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎2 𝑏 2
+ =1
𝑥2 𝑦2

(ii)

𝑥 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃

On adding we get

51
 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
𝑦 = sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃
𝑥+𝑦
∴ sin 𝜃 =
2
On subtracting we get
𝑥 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
−𝑦 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜃
𝑥−𝑦
∴ cos 𝜃 =
2

2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 2
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1 → ( )+( ) =1
2 2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
+ =1⇒ = 1 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2
4 4 4
(iii)
𝑥 = sin 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
𝑦 = sin 𝜃 − tan 𝜃

On adding we get
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 ⇒ sin 𝜃 =
2
On subtracting we get

𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 tan 𝜃
𝑥−𝑦
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
2
sin 𝜃 𝑥 − 𝑦
⇒ =
cos 𝜃 2
∴
𝑥+𝑦
2 =𝑥−𝑦
cos 𝜃 2
⇒
𝑥+𝑦
cos 𝜃 =
𝑥−𝑦

Since

52
 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

𝑥+𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦 2
( ) +( ) =1
2 𝑥−𝑦

(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
+ =1
4 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
4 4
⇒ − =1
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2

(iv)

𝑥 = tan 𝜃and𝑦 = tan 2𝜃

2 tan 𝜃 2𝑥
tan 2𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑦 =
1 − tan2 𝜃 1 − 𝑥2

Problem 17: In a triangle OPQ with acute – angled, the altitude OR makes angles A
and B with OP and OQ. Show by means of areas that if OP=q, OQ=p, OR=r:
p.q.Sin (A+B) = q.r.SinA + p.r. SinB.

Answer:
𝑟 𝑟
cos 𝐴 = cos 𝐵 =
𝑞 𝑘

kqsin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = qrsin 𝐴 + krsin 𝐵

kqsin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝑞(sin Acos 𝐵 + cos Asin 𝐵)
𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑘𝑞 (sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵)
𝑘 𝑞
𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
= sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵
𝑘 𝑘
= qrsin 𝐴 + krsin 𝐵 = R ⋅ H ⋅ S

1
  Sin  1
Problem 18: Given that 2 , find Cosα, tanα, Secα, and Cscα.
Answer:

53
 1
since,𝛼 = sin−1 ⇒ 𝛼 = 30∘
2
√3 1
cos 30 = , tan 𝛼 =
2 √3
2
sec 𝛼 = , cosec 𝛼 = 2
√3

Problem 19: find the following expressions:

1
a ) Sin( Cos  1 ) b ) Csc ( Sec  1 2 )
2
1
c ) Cot ( Cos 0 ) d ) Sin  1 1  Sin  1 ( 1 )

e ) Cos( Sin  1 0.8 ) f ) Cos 1 (  Sin )
6
Answer:
1 𝜋
(a) cos −1 = 45∘ =
√2 2
𝜋 1
sin =
4 √2
𝜋 2
(b) cosec(sec −1 2) = cosec =
3 √3
𝜋
(𝑐) cot(cos −1 0) = cot
=0
2
𝜋 𝜋
(𝑑) sin−1 1 − sin−1 (−1) = − (− ) = 𝜋
2 2
6
(𝑒) cos(sin−1 (0.8)) = = 0.6
10
𝜋 √3 2
(𝑓) cos −1 (− sin ) = cos −1 (− ) =
6 2 3

54
Problem 20: evaluate the value of (α) the angle in the below graph (Hint: α+β =
65o):

65o
β
21
50

Answer:

𝛼+𝛽 = 65∘
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
1 − tan 𝛼 ⋅ tan 𝛽
21
tan 𝛽 =
50
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) ⇒ tan 65 =
1 − tan 𝛼 ⋅ tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) ⇒ tan 65 =
1 − tan 𝛼 ⋅ tan 𝛽
21
tan 𝛼 +
tan 65∘ = 50 21 = 0.42
21
1 − tan 𝛼 ⋅ 50
50
tan 65(1 − tan 𝛼(0.42)) = tan 𝛼 + 0.42
tan 65 −0.42 tan 𝛼 tan 65∘ − tan 𝛼 − 0.42
tan 65∘ − 0.42 = 0.42 tan 𝛼 tan 65∘ + tan 𝛼
tan 65∘ − 0.42 = tan 𝛼(0.42 tan 65∘ + 1)
tan 65 − 0.42 2.14 − 0.42
tan 𝛼 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 =
0.42 tan 65 + 1 0.42(2.14) + 1
1.724
tan 𝛼 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 = 0.4079
1.8485

55
Problem 21: when Sech u = 3/5, establish the values of the residual five hyperbolic
functions.
Answer:
1 5
cosh 𝑢 = → cosh 𝑢 =
sec ℎ𝑢 3
9 4
tan ℎ2 𝑢 + sech2 𝑢 = 1 → tanh2 𝑢 + = 1 ⇒ tan hu = ∓
25 5
1 5
cos h𝑢 = → cot h𝑢 = ∓
tanh 𝑢 4
sinh 𝑢 4 sinh 𝑢 4
tan ℎ𝑢 = ⇒∓ = ⇒ sinh 𝑢 ∓
cosh 𝑢 5 5 3
3
1 3
csc ℎ𝑢 = ⇒ sec ℎ𝑢 = ∓
sinh 𝑢 4

Problem 22: modify the expressions showing below in exponentials terms; write the
ultimate product as simply as likely:
1
a ) Sinh( 2.ln x ) b)
Coshx  Sinhx
c ) Cosh 3 x  Sinh 3 x d ) ln( Coshx  Sinhx )  ln( Coshx  Sinhx )

Answer:

2 1
𝑒 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2 ln 𝑥 𝑒 ln 𝑥 − 𝑒 − ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 2
𝑥4 − 1
(𝑎) sin ℎ(2 ln 𝑥) = = = ×𝑥 =
2 2 2 2𝑥 2

1
1 1 3𝑥 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥
(b) ⇒ 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝑒
cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 𝑒 2
2 2
1
−3𝑥 1
= 2𝑒 = −𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
2 𝑒
𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥− − 𝑒 −3𝑥
(𝑐) cosh 3𝑥 − sin ℎ3𝑥 ⇒ −
2 2
3𝑥 −3𝑥 3𝑥 −3𝑥 −3𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑒 +𝑒 2𝑒
= = = 𝑒 −3𝑥
2 2

56
 (𝑑) ln(cos ℎ𝑥 + sin ℎ𝑥) + ln(cos ℎ𝑥 − sin ℎ𝑥)
ln[cos ℎ𝑥 + sin ℎ𝑥) + (cos ℎ𝑥 − sin ℎ𝑥)]
ln[(cos ℎ2 𝑥 − sin ℎ2 𝑥)] = ln 1 = 0

Problem 23: Answer the equation for x; tanh x = 3/5.

Answer:
3 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 3
tan ℎ𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥 =
5 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 5
5(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 3(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
5𝑒 𝑥 − 5𝑒 −𝑥 = 3𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
5𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 = 3𝑒 −𝑥 + 5𝑒 −𝑥
2𝑒 𝑥 = 8𝑒 −𝑥 ÷ 2
𝑒𝑥 = 4𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= 4 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑒 2𝑥 = 4
𝑒 −𝑥
2𝑥 = ln 4
ln 4
𝑥 =
2
Problem 24: Demonstrate on the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 1 that the distance r from the
origin point O to the point P (Coshu, Sinhu) is r  Cosh2 u .
Answer:

(0,0)(cosh 𝑢 , sinh 𝑢)

𝑟 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑟 = √(cosh 𝑢 − 0)2 + (sinh 𝑢 − 0)2
= √cosh2 𝑢 + sinh2 𝑢 = √cosh 2𝑢

 
  
Problem 25: If θ located in the interval Sinh x = tan θ and 2 2 . Express
that:

Cosh x = Sec θ, tanh x =Sin θ, Coth x = Csc θ, Csch x = Cot θ, and Sech x = Cos θ .

Answer:

57
(a)

since sin ℎ𝑥 = tan 𝜃

sin ℎ2 𝑥 = tan2 𝜃

(∵ sin ℎ2 𝑥 = cos ℎ2 𝑥 − 1)

cos ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = tan2 𝜃
cos ℎ2 𝑥 = tan2 𝜃 + 1
(∵ 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃)

cos ℎ2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃
cos ℎ𝑥 = sec 𝜃
(b)
sin 𝜃
sin ℎ𝑥 tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
tan ℎ𝑥 = = = = = sin 𝜃
cox ℎ𝑥 sec 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
(c)
1 1
cot ℎ𝑥 = = = cosec 𝜃
tanh 𝑥 sin 𝜃
(d)
1 1
cosec ℎ𝑥 = = = cot 𝜃
sinh 𝑥 tan 𝜃
(e)
1 1 1
sec ℎ𝑥 = = = = cos 𝜃
cosh 𝑥 sec 𝜃 1
cos 𝜃

1 1 x
tanh  1 x  ln ; x 1
Problem 26: Derive the formula: 2 1 x

Answer:

Let 𝑦 = tan ℎ−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = tan ℎ𝑦

58
 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑦 ×
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦
𝑒 2𝑦 − 1
𝑥 = 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1
𝑒 +1
1+𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 =
1−𝑥
1+𝑥
2𝑦 = ln
1−𝑥
1 1+𝑥
𝑦 = ln
2 1−𝑥
1 1+𝑥
tan ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln
2 1−𝑥

Problem 27: Find:


lim Cosh 1 x  ln x
x 

Answer:

𝑙𝑖𝑚 (cosh−1 𝑥 − ln 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1 − ln 𝑥))

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ln ( )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

𝑥2 − 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 + √ )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2

𝑥2 − 1
= ln 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 + √ 2 )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

= ln(1 + √1 − 0) = ln 2

Problem 28: If 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑝 – 𝑏 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑞 + 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 .Show that:

𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
Answer:
p  a .Sin  b .Cos and q  b .Sin  a .Cos
p  q  ( aSin  bCos )  ( bSin  aCos ) 2
2 2 2

 a 2 ( Sin 2  Cos 2 )  b 2 ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  a 2  b 2

59
Problem 29: Prove the following identities:

a) Sin( A  B )  Sin( A  B )  2.SinA.CosB

Sin( A  B )
b) tan A  tan B 
CosA.CosB
SecA.SecB .CscA.CscB
c) Sec( A  B ) 
CscA.CscB  SecA.SecB
Sin2  Cos2  1
d)  Cot
Sin2  Cos2  1
Answer:
a ) L .H .S .  Sin( A  B )  Sin( A  B )
 SinA.CosB  CosA.SinB  SinA.CosB  CosA.SinB
 2.SinA.CosB  R .H .S .
Sin( A  B ) SinA.CosB  CosA.SinB
b) R .H .S .  
CosA.CosB CosA.CosB
 tan A  tan B  L .H .S .
1 1 1 1
. . .
SecA.SecB .CscA.CscB
c) R .H .S   CosA CosB SinA SinB
CscA.CscB  SecA.SecB 1 1 1 1
.  .
SinA SinB CosA CosB
1 1
 
CosA.CosB  SinA.SinB Cos( A  B )
 Sec( A  B )  L .H .S .
Sin2  Cos2  1 2 Sin .Cos  ( Cos2  Sin2 )  1
d) L .H .S .  
Sin2  Cos2  1 2 Sin .Cos  ( Cos2  Sin2 )  1
2 Sin .Cos  2Cos2 Cos
   Cot  R .H .S .
2 Sin .Cos  2 Sin2 Sin

Problem 30: Evaluate the values of Sin 2θ and Cos 2θ, without using tables when: a)
Sin θ = 3 / 5 , b) Cos θ = 12/13 , c) Sin θ = -√3 / 2 .

Answer:
a)

5 3 5
3
θ θ
4 -4

60
 13

θ
5

θ
12
-5
13

3 4 24
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2. .(  )  
5 5 25
4 2 3 2 7
Cos 2  Cos   Sin   (  )  ( ) 
2 2

5 5 25

b)

5 12 120
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2(  ).( ) 
13 13 169
12 2 5 2 119
Cos 2  Cos   Sin   (
2 2
)  ( ) 
13 13 169
c)

-1 1
θ θ
-√3
-√3
2 2

3 1 3
Sin 2  2 Sin .Cos  2(  ).(  )  
2 2 2
1 3 2 1
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2  (  ) 2  (  ) 
2 2 2
61
Problem 31: Evaluate the following expressions for θ values from 0o to 360o
comprehensive:
a) Cos 2θ + Cos θ + 1 = 0 , b) 4 tan θ. tan 2θ = 1

Answer:

a ) Cos2  Cos  1  0  2Cos 2  1  Cos  1  0

 Cos ( 2.Cos  1 )  0
either Cos  0    90 o ,270 o
1
or Cos      120 o ,240 o
2

  90 ,120 ,240 ,270 o
o o o

2 tan
b) 4. tan . tan 2  1  4. tan . 1
1  tan2 
 9 tan2   1
1
either tan     18.4 o ,198.4 o
3
1
or tan      161.6 o ,341.6 o
3

  18.4 ,161.6 ,198.4 o ,341.6 o
o o


Problem 32: Evaluate the expression for x: Cosh x = Sinh x + 1 / 2.

Answer:
1 1
Coshx  Sinhx   e  x    x  ln 1  ln 2  x  ln 2
2 2

Problem 33: Evaluate 2 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 0 for 𝐴 values for the variety 0° < 𝐴 < 360°.

Answer:
62
We have, 2 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 0
2
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = = 0.5000
4

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒,𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = √0.5000 = ±0.7071

∴ 𝐴 = (±0.7071)

∴ 𝐴 = (±0.7071) = 45°

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐴 = 45°, 135°, 225° 𝑜𝑟 315°.

Cosine was negative in quadrants three and two and positive in quadrant four and
one. Thus there are four solutions for this case, one for each quadrant as illustrated in
figure.

9
Problem 34: If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑋 = calculate the value of the other five trigonometric
41
ratios.

Answer:
9
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑋 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑋𝑌 = 9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑍 = 41.
41
Using Pythagoras’ theorem: (𝑋𝑍)2 = (𝑋𝑌)2 + (𝑌𝑍)2

⇒ (41)2 = (9)2 + (𝑌𝑍)2

𝑌𝑍 = √412 + 92 = 40 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.

Thus,
𝑌𝑍 40 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑋 40
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑋 = = = 0.975. 𝑋= = = 4.444.
𝑋𝑍 41 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑋 9
1 41 1 41
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑋 = = = 1.025. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑋 = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑋 40 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑋 9
= 4.56.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑋 9
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑋 = = = 0.225.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑋 40

63
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
Problem 35: 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥(1+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 )

Answer:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (1 +
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) 1
(𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 )
1
𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 1
= 𝑥
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 ) [1 + ( 𝑥 ) ( 1 )]

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 1

= 𝑥 = 𝑥
1 1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
(𝑥 ) [1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ] ( 𝑥 )

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 1 𝑥
=( )( )=1
𝑥 1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 1 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (1 +
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 )

1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Problem 36: 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: √ =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Answer:

1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )(1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) (1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )2

√ =√ =√
1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )(1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

(1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )2 1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

=√ 2
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= −
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑥
=𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥

64
 1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
∴√ =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝜋
Problem 37: 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦 − 𝜋) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑦 + ) = 0
2
Answer:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦 − 𝜋) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 )(−1) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 )(0) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦

(𝑦 − 𝜋) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 .
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(𝑦 + ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 )(0) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 )(1) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
𝜋
(𝑦 + ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 .
2
𝜋
(𝑦 − 𝜋) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑦 + ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 0. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
2

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)
Problem 38: If 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦), show that = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎
Answer:

We have 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 +

𝑦) … … (1)

Differentiating implicitly lead to

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + 𝑦) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + 𝑦) ] =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
= … … . (2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + 𝑦)

65
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1), 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)

Substituting the value of 𝑥 into (2), we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
(𝑎 + 𝑦)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
(𝑎 + 𝑦)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
∴ = . 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑑.
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎

5
Problem 39: Evaluate (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋)
6

Answer:
First we use the fact that
5 1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋) =
6 6 6 2
5 1
∴ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋) =( )
6 2
We know that(1/6)𝜋 = 1/2 , it follows that(1/2) = 𝜋/6.
5 𝜋
∴ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋) = .
6 6
Problem 40: Differentiate (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )

Answer:

66
Let 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = +
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥/2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥/2) + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥/2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥/2)
= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥/2) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥/2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥/2) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥/2) 1 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥/2)
= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥/2) −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥/2) 1 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥/2)
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋/4) +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥/2)
=
1 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋/4).𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥/2)
𝜋 𝑥
=𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( + )
4 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = [𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( + )]= + [(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ]
4 2 4 2
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = .
𝑑𝑥 2
√1+𝑥 2 −1
Problem 41: Differentiate 𝑦 = ( ) with respect to 𝑥.
𝑥
Answer:
√1+𝑥 2 −1
we have, 𝑦 = ( )
𝑥
√1+𝑥 2 −1
Consider the expression, =𝐸
𝑥

Put 𝑥 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑥

√1 + 𝑥 2 − 1 √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡 − 1 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 − 1

∴𝐸= = = =
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡
1 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
−1 (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡/2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡/2)
= = =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡/2)
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡/2).𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡/2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡/2)
𝑡 𝑡
𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 )= ; 𝑡=𝑥 ⇒
2 2

67
 1
𝑦= 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1
= . 𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2(1 + 𝑥 2 )

Problem 42: Differentiate 𝑦 = (𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − √𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 )

Answer:
We have,
𝑦 = (𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − √𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 )

2
= (𝑥√1 − (√𝑥 ) − √𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 )

Put 𝑥 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √𝑥 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵

∴ 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴

𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐵 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)

= (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴.𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵.𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 ) = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 − 𝐵) ]

𝑦 =𝐴−𝐵

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √𝑥 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = √𝑥

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − √𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑(√𝑥) 1 1 1
= − = − .( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 2√𝑥
√1 − (√𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= − .
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 2√𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Problem 43: Prove that:

(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 )𝑛 =𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑥 .
(M.U. 2001, 2002)
68
Answer:

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 )𝑛

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑛 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑛
=[ − ] =[ ] = (𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 … … (1)
2 2 2
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆. =𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑥
𝑒 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 2𝑒 −𝑛𝑥
=[ − ]= = 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 … . … (2)
2 2 2
From (1) and (2), we have

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆. Proved.

Problem 44: 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝛼 𝛽; 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛽 , show that:

4𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) + 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Answer:
1
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽)
1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝛽 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝛽
1 1 2
= = 𝑥 𝑦 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛽 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛽 +𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2
2
(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = … . . . (1)
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2
(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) = … … (2)
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2 2 4𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) + 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = + = 2 . Proved.
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2

𝜋
Problem 45: 𝐼𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ =
2
𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 .
2
(M.U. 2003, 2005)

69
Answer:
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃, [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 = ]
2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
⇒ =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
2
∴ 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0

∴ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 1 = 0

Solving the quadratic equation in 𝑒 𝑥

𝑥
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ± √4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 4
𝑒 = =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ± √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
2
∴ 𝑒 𝑥 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ±
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 … … (1)

𝑥 𝑒 𝑥/2 − 𝑒 −𝑥/2 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ = 𝑥/2 = 𝑥 … … (2)
2 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥/2 𝑒 +1
Placing the expression of 𝑒 𝑥 from (1) in (2), we get
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − 1
= ; [𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + 1
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑥 1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= =
2 1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 +2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
= 2 2 2 = 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝜃
=𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 . Proved.
2 2

𝑑𝑦
Problem 46: 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ), 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥
Answer:

70
 𝑑 1 𝑑
((𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) ) = . (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 =
√𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 |
𝑑𝑦
∴ = |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 |.
𝑑𝑥

1 1+𝑥
Problem 47: 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 .
2 1−𝑥
Answer:
𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 =𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥= 𝑦
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑦
Applying component and dividend, we obtain
1+𝑥 𝑒𝑦 1+𝑥
= −𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 ⇒ 2𝑦 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1−𝑥 𝑒 1−𝑥
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒
1 1+𝑥
∴ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 . 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
2 1−𝑥

1+√1−𝑥 2
Problem 48: 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 .
𝑥
Answer:
𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦
2 2 𝑒𝑦 2 𝑒𝑦
𝑥= 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑦 ∗ ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 +1
⇒ 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2 𝑒 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0

2 ± √4 − 4𝑥 2 1 ± √1 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = = (𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛)
2𝑥 𝑥

1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑒𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥 𝑥

1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 . 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝑥
71
Problem 49: Prove that:

(𝑖) √1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 (𝑀. 𝑈. 2007)

𝑥
(𝑖𝑖) √1 + 𝑥 2 = ( ) (𝑀. 𝑈. 2002)
√1 + 𝑥 2
Answer:

(𝑖) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 √1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 … … (1)

⇒ √1 + 𝑥 2 =𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 … … (2)

On squaring both sides, we get

1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦

⇒ 𝑥 =𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦 … … (3)

⇒ 𝑦=𝑥

Now from (1), √1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 ⇒

∴ √1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 (𝑖)𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.

(𝑖𝑖)

Dividing (3) by (2), we get

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦 𝑥
=
𝑦 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦=( )
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2

Now from (1), √1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 ⇒

𝑥
∴ √1 + 𝑥 2 = ( ) (𝑖𝑖)𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
√1 + 𝑥 2

72
 Chapter Four: Partial Differentiation

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Finding the Surface Slope in the y-Direction

The parabolic 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 intersects by the plane x = 1 in a parabola. Evaluate the
tangent slope to the parabola at (1, 2, and 5) (Figure 4.3).
Answer:
𝑧
|(1,2) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )|(1,2) = 2𝑦|(1,2) = 2(2) = 4 .
𝑦 𝑦

As a check, we can treat the parabola as the graph of the single-variable function z =
(1)2 + y 2 = 1 + y 2 in the plane x = 1 and ask for the slope at y = 2. The slope,
evaluated now as an ordinary derivative, is
𝑧 𝑑
|𝑦 = 2 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )|𝑦 = 2 = 2𝑦|𝑦 = 2 = 4 .
𝑦 𝑦

FIGURE 4.3 The tangent to the intersection curve at the point (1, 2, and 5) of the
plane x = 1 and surface z = x 2 + y 2 (Problem 1).

Problem 2: A flow field is defined by 𝑢 = 3𝑦, 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑤 = 5𝑧. Derive

expressions for the 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 components of acceleration. Evaluate the amount of
the acceleration and velocity at the point (1, 2, and 1). Specify units in terms of L and
T.
Answer:

73
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 0; = 3; =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑎𝑥 = 0 + 3𝑣 + 0 = 3𝑣 = 3(2𝑥𝑦) = 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑦; = 2𝑥; =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑎𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝑢 + 2𝑥 𝑣 + 0 = 2𝑦(3𝑦) + 2𝑥(2𝑥𝑦) = 6𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= 0; = 0; =5
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑎𝑧 = 0 + 0 + 5𝑤 = 5(5𝑧) = 25𝑧

𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1,2,1):

𝑢 = 3𝑦 = 3(2) = 6; 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 = 2(1)(2) = 4; 𝑤 = 5𝑧 = 5(1) = 5

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = √(6)2 + (4)2 + (5)2 = 8.77 𝐿/𝑇.

𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1,2,1):

𝑎𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 = 6(1)(2) = 12

𝑎𝑦 = 6𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 6(2)2 + 4(1)2 (2) = 32

𝑎𝑧 = 25𝑧 = 25(1) = 25

𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎 = √𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑎𝑧2 = √(12)2 + (32)2 + (25)2 = 42.3𝐿/𝑇 2

Problem 3: The components of the velocities of a certain flow system are

𝑄 𝑥 𝑦
𝑢=− ( 2 ) + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = −𝐴 ( ) + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
2𝜋 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

a) Calculate a value of (A) consistent with continuous flow.

74
b) Sketch the streamlines (𝛹) for this flow system, assuming 𝐵 = 𝐶 = 𝐷 = 𝐸 = 0

Answer:
(a) To satisfy continuity:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝑄 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑥(2𝑥) 𝑄 (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
=− =−
𝜕𝑥 2𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 2𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝜕𝑣 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑦(2𝑦) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
= −𝐴 = −𝐴
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑄 (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
− −𝐴 =0
2𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑄
− (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 0
2𝜋
𝑄 𝑄
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) → 𝐴 =
2𝜋 2𝜋
(b)
𝑄 𝑥 𝑄 𝑦
𝑢=− ; 𝑣 = −
2𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑄 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑄 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛹 = −𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦 = −
2𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Integrating,
𝑄 𝑥 𝑦
𝛹= ( )−( )
2𝜋 𝑦 𝑥

Problem 4: A flow is defined by the stream function:𝛹 = 15𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 30

𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 − (20/𝑟) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 . Sketch this flow field. Calculate the velocities at 𝑟 =
3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 0, 45, 90, 150, 210 𝑎𝑛𝑑 315°.

75
Answer:
Given: 𝛹 = 15𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 30 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 − (20/𝑟)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜕𝛹 30 20
𝑣𝑡 = − = −15 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + −( )
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜕𝛹 20
𝑣𝑟 = = 15 − ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝑟
For case where 𝑟 = 3,

𝑣𝑡 = −15 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 10 − 2.22 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

= 10 − 17.22 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑣𝑟 = 15 − 2.22 = 12.78 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

For 𝜃 = 0°,

𝑣𝑡 = 10 − 17.22 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 10 − 17.22 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0)

= 10 − 0 = 10

𝑣𝑟 = 12.78 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 12.78 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0) = 12.78 ∗ 1 = 12.78

𝜃 45° 90° 150° 210° 315°

𝑣𝑡 −2.17 −7.22 1.389 18.61 22.2
𝑣𝑟 9.04 0 −11.07 −11.07 9.04

Problem 5: Given is the two-dimensional flow described by 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦, 𝑣 =

−2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦. (a) Does this satisfy continuity? (b) Compute the vorticity (𝜉). (c) Plot
the velocity vectors for 0 < 𝑥 < 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑦 < 4 and sketch the general flow
pattern. (d) Find the location of all stagnation points in the entire flow field. (e) Find
the expression for the stream function.

Answer:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
(a) To satisfy continuity → + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑥 + 2; = −2𝑥 − 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ = 2𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
76
(b)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜉= − = −2𝑦 − 4 ≠ 0 → 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

(c)

(d) Stagnation points occur where both 𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 0.

𝑣 = 0 = −2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 → −2𝑦(𝑥 + 2) = 0 → 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1.

1
𝑢 = 0 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = − ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 − 2
4
Thus there are three stagnation points: (0, 0), (−2, 0), (−1, −1/4).

(e) The expression for the stream function:

𝜕𝛹
𝑢= → 𝛹 = ∫ 𝑢𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦

= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦)𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 + 𝑓(𝑥)

𝜕𝛹
𝑣=− → 𝛹 = − ∫ 𝑣𝜕𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥

𝑆𝑜, 𝛹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 .

Problem 6: A circuit voltage works by the law 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 is gradually falling as the

battery charge reducing. Concurrently the resistor heats up, the resistance 𝑅 is
increasing. Use the equation
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝐼 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑅
= +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑅 𝑑𝑡

77
To evaluate the changing of the current at the instant when 𝑅 = 600 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠, 𝐼 =
0.04 𝑎𝑚𝑝, 𝑑𝑅/𝑑𝑡 = 0.5 𝑜ℎ𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡 = −0.01 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

Answer:

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
= 𝑅; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝐼
𝜕𝐼 𝜕𝑅
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝐼 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝑅
∴ = + =𝑅 +𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
−0.01 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐 = (600 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠) + (0.04 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠)(0.5 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
∴ = −0.00005 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑑𝑡

Problem 7: The lengths 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 of a rectangular box edges are varying with time.
At the instant in question, 𝑎 = 1 𝑚, 𝑏 = 2 𝑚, 𝑐 = 3 𝑚, 𝑑𝑎/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑏/𝑑𝑡 =
1 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑐/𝑑𝑡 = −3 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐. at that instant , what is the changing rates for
surface area 𝑆 and volume of box? Are the interior diagonals of the box decreasing in
length or increasing?
Answer:

𝑉 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑎 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑏 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑐
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑏 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑉 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 → = 𝑏𝑐; = 𝑎𝑐; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎𝑏
𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑏 𝜕𝑐
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑐
= (𝑏𝑐) + (𝑎𝑐) + (𝑎𝑏)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑎 = 1 𝑚, 𝑏 = 2 𝑚, 𝑐 =3𝑚
𝑑𝑉 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
= (2𝑚)(3𝑚) (1 ) + (1𝑚)(3𝑚) (1 ) + (1𝑚)(2𝑚)(−3 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑉
= 3𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔.
𝑑𝑡
𝑆 = 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑐
78
 𝑑𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝑑𝑎 𝜕𝑆 𝑑𝑏 𝜕𝑆 𝑑𝑐
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑏 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑆
= 2𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 2(𝑏 + 𝑐); = 2𝑎 + 2𝑐 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑐);
𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑏
𝜕𝑆
= 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝜕𝑐
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑐
= 2(𝑏 + 𝑐) + 2(𝑎 + 𝑐) + 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑎 = 1 𝑚, 𝑏 = 2 𝑚, 𝑐 =3𝑚
𝑑𝑆 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
= 2(2 + 3𝑚)(1 ) + 2(1 + 3𝑚)(1 ) + 2(1 + 2𝑚)(−3 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑆
= 10 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 8 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 18 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
∴ = 0 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔.
𝑑𝑡

𝐷 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑑𝐷 𝜕𝐷 𝑑𝑎 𝜕𝐷 𝑑𝑏 𝜕𝐷 𝑑𝑐
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑏 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝐷 1 2 2
1
2 )− 2
𝑎
= (𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑥2𝑎 =
𝜕𝑎 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝜕𝐷 1 1 𝑏
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )− 2 𝑥2𝑏 =
𝜕𝑏 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝜕𝐷 1 1 𝑐
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )− 2 𝑥2𝑐 =
𝜕𝑐 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
Now,
𝑑𝐷 1 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑐
= (𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 )
𝑑𝑡 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐴𝑡 𝑎 = 1 𝑚, 𝑏 = 2 𝑚, 𝑐 =3𝑚

79
 𝑑𝐷 1
= [(1 𝑚)(1 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐) + (2 𝑚)(1 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝑑𝑡 √(1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2
+ (3 𝑚)(−3 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐)]
𝑑𝐷 6
=− 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 < 0 → 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡 √14

Problem 8: Let 𝑇 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be the temperature at the point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the circle 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ; 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 and suppose that
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
= 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 ; = 8𝑦 − 4𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

a. evaluate where the circle minimum and maximum temperatures happens by

examining the derivatives 𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑇/𝑑𝑡 2 .

b. Suppose that 𝑇 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 . Evaluate the minimum and maximum values

of 𝑇 on the circle.

Answer:
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝒂. = 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 8𝑦 − 4𝑥 →
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑇 𝑑𝑦
= + = (8𝑥 − 4𝑦)(− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ) + (8𝑦 − 4𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= (8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 )(− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
+ (8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑇
= 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑇 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑑
= ( ) = (4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑇
= 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − (−8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 2
= 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= 0 → 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 = 0 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
→ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
80
 𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
∴𝑡= , , , 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
4 4 4 4
𝑑2𝑇 𝜋 𝜋
| 𝜋 = 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 >0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡= 4 4 4

√2 √2
𝑇 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
2 2

𝑑2𝑇 3𝜋 3𝜋
| 3𝜋 = 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 <0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡= 4 4 4

√2 √2
𝑇 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (− , )
2 2

𝑑2𝑇 5𝜋 5𝜋
| 5𝜋 = 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 >0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡= 4 4 4

√2 √2
𝑇 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (− ,− )
2 2

𝑑2𝑇 7𝜋 7𝜋
| 7𝜋 = 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 <0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡= 4 4 4

√2 √2
𝑇 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( ,− )
2 2

b.
𝑇 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
= 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 8𝑦 − 4𝑥 →
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

So the extreme values occur at the four points found in part (a):

√2 √2 √2 √2
𝑇 (− , ) = 𝑇( ,− )
2 2 2 2
2 2
√2 √2 √2 √2
𝑇 = 4 ( ) − 4 (− )( ) + 4( )
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
𝑇 = 4 ( ) − 4 (− ) + 4 ( ) = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚.
2 2 2
81
 √2 √2 √2 √2
𝑇( , ) = 𝑇 (− ,− )
2 2 2 2
2 2
√2 √2 √2 √2
𝑇 = 4( ) − 4( )( ) + 4( )
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
𝑇 = 4 ( ) − 4 ( ) + 4 ( ) = 2 − 2 + 2 = 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚.
2 2 2
Problem 9: A nozzle is designed such that the velocity in the nozzle varies as
𝑢𝑂
𝑢(𝑥) =
1 − 0.5 𝑥/𝐿

Where the velocity 𝑢𝑂 is the entrance velocity and 𝐿 is the nozzle length. The
entrance velocity is10 𝑚/𝑠, and the length is0.5 𝑚. The velocity is uniform across
each section. Find the acceleration at the station halfway through the nozzle (𝑥/𝐿 =
0.5).

Answer:
Assumptions: Flow field is quasi–one-dimensional (negligible velocity normal to
nozzle centerline).

1. Evaluation of terms:

● Convective acceleration
𝑢𝑂
𝑢(𝑥) =
1 − 0.5 𝑥/𝐿
𝜕𝑢 𝑢𝑂 0.5
=− 𝑥 (− )
𝜕𝑥 (1 − 0.5 𝑥/𝐿)2 𝐿
𝜕𝑢 1 0.5 𝑢𝑂
=
𝜕𝑥 𝐿 (1 − 0.5 𝑥/𝐿)2

𝜕𝑢 𝑢𝑂 2 1
𝑢 = 0.5
𝜕𝑥 𝐿 (1 − 0.5 𝑥/𝐿)3

𝑥/𝐿 = 0.5, 𝑢𝑂 = 10 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

82
 𝜕𝑢 102 1
𝑢 = 0.5 𝑥 3
= 237 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝜕𝑥 0.5 (0.75)
● Local acceleration
𝜕𝑢
=0
𝜕𝑡
● Centripetal acceleration
𝑢2
=0
𝑟
2. Acceleration

𝑎𝑥 = 237 𝑚/𝑠 2 + 0 = 237 𝑚/𝑠 2 .

𝑎𝑛 = 0 (𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒).

Problem 10: The expression 𝑉 = 10 𝑥𝑖 − 10 𝑦𝑗 is said to represent the velocity for a

two-dimensional (planar) incompressible flow. Check to see if the continuity
equation is satisfied.
Answer:
𝜕
For two-dimensional flow (𝑤 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0),
𝜕𝑧
Continuity equation for two-dimensional flow:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
𝑢 = 10 𝑥 → = 10
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
𝑣 = −10 𝑦 → = −10
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ = 10 − 10 = 0 , (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Problem 11: A two-dimensional (planar) flow is generated between a fixed and

moving vertical plate as shown in the figure. The left plate is fixed, and the right plate
moves with a velocity𝑈. The distance between the plates is𝛿. The flow is steady and
fully developed; that is, there is no change in the x-direction. The fluid is
incompressible, and the pressure is constant. Use the Navier-Stokes equations to find
the velocity distribution between the plates.
Given:

83
 ● Pressure is constant.
● Flow is steady, 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑡 = 𝜕𝑣/𝜕𝑡 = 0.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
● Flow is fully developed in x-direction, = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
● Boundary conditions are: 𝑢(0) = 0; 𝑢(𝛿) = 𝑈; 𝑣(0) = 𝑣(𝛿) = 0
● Gravitational acceleration is: 𝑔𝑥 = −𝑔.

Answer:

1. Continuity equation
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑥 = 0, 𝑠𝑜 𝜕𝑣/𝜕𝑦 = 0

Which means that 𝑣 does not change with𝑦.

Thus 𝑣 = 𝑣(0) = 0 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒.

2. The Navier-Stokes equation in x-direction

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝜌 + 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 =− + 𝜇 [ 2 + 2 ] − 𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Eliminate terms that are zero:

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜌𝑔
𝜇 = 𝜌𝑔 → =
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜇

Since 𝑢 is only a function of𝑦, the partial derivative can be substitute d by total
derivatives.
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝜌𝑔
=
𝑑𝑦 2 𝜇

3. Integrate and solve for𝑢.

𝑑𝑢 𝜌𝑔
= 𝑦 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑦 𝜇

𝜌𝑔𝑦 2
𝑢= + 𝐶1 𝑦 + 𝐶2
2𝜇

84
Substitute in boundary conditions.
𝑢 𝑦 𝜌𝛿 2 𝑦2
= − (1 − 2 )
𝑈 𝛿 2𝑣𝑈 𝛿

Problem 12: A large, thin concrete slab of thickness 𝐿 is “setting.” Setting is an

exothermic process that releases 𝑞 ̇ 𝑊/𝑚3 .The outside surfaces are kept at the
ambient temperature, so𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇∞ . What is the maximum internal temperature?
Answer:

𝑇 = 𝑇 (𝑥 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝑞̇ 1 𝜕𝑇

+ + ⏟ + = ⏟
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 =0,𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇≠𝑇(𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑧) 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 =0,𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦

Therefore, since𝑇 = 𝑇(𝑥 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦), the equation reduces to the ordinary.

𝜕2𝑇 𝑞̇
= −
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘
Integrate and solve for T
𝑑𝑇 𝑞̇
= − 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑞̇ 2
𝑇=− 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2𝑘
In this case there are two boundary conditions:

𝑇(𝑥 = 0) = 𝑇𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇(𝑥 = 𝐿) = 𝑇𝑤

By evaluating at 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝐿, we get:

𝑇𝑤 = −0 + 0 + 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑤

85
 𝑞̇ 𝐿2 𝑞̇ 𝐿
𝑇𝑤 = − + 𝐶1 𝐿 + 𝐶2 ⏟=𝑇𝑤 → 𝐶1 =
2𝑘 2𝑘
𝑞̇ 2 𝑞̇
∴𝑇=− 𝑥 + 𝐿𝑥 + 𝑇𝑤
2𝑘 2𝑘
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤 1 𝑥 𝑥 2
→ = [ −( ) ]
𝑞̇ 𝐿2 /𝑘 2 𝐿 𝐿

86
 Chapter Five: Application of Differentiation

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: If a position of particle at a given time t equal to s = 180t – 16t2 .

Evaluate the velocity v. When does the velocity vanish ?

Answer:

𝑠 = 180𝑡 − 16𝑡 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑣= = 180 − 32𝑡 ⇒ 180 − 32𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 180 = 32𝑡
𝑑𝑡
180
∴𝑡= = 5.625sec
32

Problem 2: If a ball is thrown with a velocity of 32 ft/sec straight up, it reaches a

distance of s = 32t - 16t2 after t sec. when the ball reaches its maximum point? And
how far will it reach?

Answer:
32𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = , 𝑠 = 32𝑡 − 16𝑡 2
sec
𝑑𝑣
= 32 − 32𝑡 ⇒ 32 − 32𝑡 = 0 ∴ 𝑡 = 1sec
𝑑𝑡
𝑠 = 32𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 = 32(1) − 16(1)2
𝑠 = 32 − 16 = 16𝑓𝑡 the ball with high

Problem 3: A stone is thrown vertically upwards at 35 m./sec. . Its height is: s = 35t
– 4.9t2
in meter above the point of projection where t is time in second later :

a) What is the distance moved, and the average velocity during the 3rd sec. (from t =
2 to t = 3 ) ?

b) Find the average velocity for the intervals t = 2 to t = 2.5 , t = 2 to t = 2.1 ; t = 2

to t = 2 + h .

c) Deduce the actual velocity at the end of the 2nd sec.

87
Answer:

(a)
35m
𝑣= , 𝑠 = 35𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2
sec
Δ𝑠
𝑣𝑎𝑣 = ⇒ Δ𝑠 = 𝑠(3) − 𝑠(2)
Δ𝑡
−(35(2) − 4.9(2)2 ) = (35(3) − 4.9(3)2 )
Δ𝑠 = (105 − 44.1) − (70 − 19.6)
= 60.9 − 50.4 = 10.5m
10.5
𝑣𝑎𝑣 =
3−2
10.5m
=
sec
(b)

Δ𝑠 (35(2.5) − 4.9(2.5)2 − (35(2) − 4.9(2)2 ) 12.95m

= =
Δ𝑡 2.5 − 2 sec
Δ𝑠 (35(2.1) − 4.9(2.1)2 − (35(2) − 4.9(2)2 ) 14.91m
𝑣𝑎𝑣 = = =
Δ𝑡 2.1 − 2 sec
Δ𝑠 (35(2 + ℎ) − 4.9(2 + ℎ) − (35(2) − 4.9(2)2 )
2
𝑣𝑎𝑣 = =
Δ𝑡 2.5 − 2
(70 + 35ℎ − 4.9(ℎ2 + 4ℎ + 4) − (70 − 19.6)
𝑣𝑎𝑣 =
(2 + ℎ) − 2
(70 + 35ℎ − 4.9ℎ − 19.6ℎ − 19.6) − 70 + 19.6) 15.4ℎ − 4.9ℎ2
2
= =
ℎ ℎ
ℎ(15.4 − 4.9ℎ) 4.9ℎm
= = 15.4 −
ℎ sec

(c)

at h=0
15.4m
15.4 − 4.9ℎ = 15.4 − 4.9(0) =
sec

88
Problem 4: A vertically upward thrown stone at velocity of 24.5 m/sec, from a point
on the level with but just beyond a cliff ledge. It reaches to 4.9t ( 5 – t ) m after some
time. differentiate to find velocity in terms of time.

i) At what time is the stone at the level of the ledge?

ii) Evaluate its velocity and height after 1, 2, 3, and 6 sec.

iii) What meaning is attached to negative value of s? A negative value of v ?

iv) At what time is the stone at rest momentarily? find the extreme height reaches?

v) evaluate the total moved distance through the 3rd sec.

Answer:
24.5m
𝑣=
s
𝑠 = 4.9𝑡(𝑠 − 𝑡)
Average change of rate
Δ𝑠 4.9(𝑡 + Δ𝑡)(𝑠 − 𝑡 − Δ𝑡) − 4.9𝑡(𝑠 − 𝑡)
𝑣 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
Δ𝑠→0 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑠→0 Δ𝑡
𝑠 = 4.9𝑡(𝑠 − 𝑡) = 24.5𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2
Δ𝑠 𝑠(𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 𝑠(𝑡)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
Δ𝑠→0 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡
24𝑠(𝑡 − Δ𝑡) − 4.9(𝑡 + Δ𝑡)2 − 24.5𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
Δ𝑠→0 Δ𝑡
24. 𝑠𝑡 + 24. 𝑠Δ𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 − 9.8𝑡Δ𝑡 + 4.9𝑡 2 − 24. 𝑠𝑡
2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
Δ𝑠→0 Δ𝑡
24. 𝑠𝑡 + 24. 𝑠Δ𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 − 9.8𝑡Δ𝑡 + 4.9𝑡 2 − 24. 𝑠𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
Δ𝑠→0 Δ𝑡
24. 𝑠Δ𝑡 − 9.8𝑡Δ𝑡 (24. 𝑠 − 9.8𝑡)Δ𝑡
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
Δ𝑠→0 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡
𝑣 = 24. 𝑠 − 9.8𝑡
(i)

When v=0

89
 𝑣 = 24. 𝑠 − 9.8𝑡 = 0
24. 𝑠 − 9.8𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 24. 𝑠 = 9.8𝑡
𝑡 = 2.5sec
(ii)
𝑠(1) = 4.9(1)(𝑠 − 1) = 19.6m
14.7m
𝑣 = 24. 𝑠 − 9.8(1) =
s
And

𝑠(2) = 4.9(2)(𝑠 − 2) = 29.9m

4.9m
𝑣 = 24. 𝑠 − 9.8(2) =
s
And

𝑠(3) = 4.9(3)(𝑠 − 3) = 29.9m

4.9m
𝑣 = 24. 𝑠 − 9.8(3) =
s
And
𝑠(6) = 4.9(6)(𝑠 − 6) = −29.4m
34.3m
𝑣 = 24. 𝑠 − 9.8(6) = −
s
(iii)

the ergative valve of S is means that the store below ledge and negative valve means
that a store is blowing
(iv)
𝑣 = 0 ⇒ 24. 𝑠 − 9.8(𝑡) = 0
𝑡 = 2. 𝑠
𝑠 = 4.9(2. 𝑠)(𝑠 − 2. 𝑠) = 30.625m

(v)

(30.62𝑠 − 29.4) = 2.4𝑠m

Problem 5: A vertically downward thrown stone with a 10 m/sec velocity, and 9.8
m/sec2 gravity produces acceleration:

a) find the velocity after time equal to 1, 2, 3, t sec.?

90
b) Sketch the graph of the velocity and time.

Answer:
𝑚 9.8m
𝑣 = 10 ;𝑎 = 2
𝑠 s
The velocity after t

𝑣 = 10 + 9.8𝑡

Problem 6: A car velocity in 10 sec accelerates from 5 km/h to 41 km/h. Evaluate

this acceleration in : i) km/h per sec. ii) m/sec2, iii) km/h2 .

Answer:

(i)
(𝑖)
Δ𝑣 41 − 5 km
𝑎= = = 3.6 persec
Δ𝑡 10 h
(ii)
3.6 × 1000 1m
𝑎= = 2
3600 s
(iii)
1296km
𝑎 = 3.6 × 3600 =
h2

91
Problem 7: A car can accelerate at 4 m/sec2. How long does it have to touch 90 km/h
from rest ?

Answer:
4m 90km
𝑎= ,velocity =
sec 2 ℎ
90(1000) 25m
𝑣= =
3600 s
Δ𝑣 25
𝑎= = = 4 ⇒ Δ𝑡 = 6.25sec
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡

Problem 8: Velocity of an express train was reduced to 40 km/h , the brakes was
applied after 50 sec. If the retardation produced is 0.5 m/sec2 , find the initial train
velocity in km/h

Answer:
Δ𝑣 Δ𝑣 25m 25
𝑎 = = 0.5 = = Δ𝑣 = = × 3600
Δ𝑡 50 s 1000
90km
=
ℎ
130km
Δ𝑣 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 90 = 𝑣1 − 40 ⇒
ℎ

Problem 9: An object is moving over O and roaming towards A, alongside the

straight line OA. Knowing the distance s = t ( t – 2 )2 :

i) At what time it reaches O one more time?

ii) Where and when is it temporarily at relaxation?

iii) What is the maximum displacement for the object from O, and during the first 2
sec how remote does it moves?

iv) Determine the average velocity throughout the 3rd sec?

v) Where is the object at the end of the 1st sec, the direction of the object, and is its
speed decreasing or increasing?

vi) Recap (v) for the time when t = -1.

92
Answer:

(i)

t = 0 t =2 sec
At t = 2 the particle at 0 again

(ii)

𝑣 = 𝑡(𝑡 − 2)2 = 𝑡(𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4)

= 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 4𝑡
𝑑𝑣
∴ = 3𝑡 2 − 0𝑡 + 4
𝑑𝑡
(3𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 2) = 0 ⇒∴ either(𝑡 − 2) = 0
∴ =2
Or
2
(3𝑡 − 2) =∴ 𝑡 =
3
∴ At 𝑡 = 2 ⇒ 𝑠 = 𝑡(𝑡 − 2)2 = 2(2 − 2)2 = 0

At
2
2 2 2 32
𝑡 = ⇒ 𝑠 = ( − 2) = m
3 3 3 27
(iii)
32
The particles greatest displacement from 0 is
27

32 64
2× = m
27 27
(iv)

Δ𝑠 𝑠(3) − 𝑠(2) 3(3 − 2)2 − 2(2 − 2)2 3m

𝑉𝑎𝑣 = = = =
Δ𝑡 3−2 1 s
(v)

93
 1m
𝑣 = (3𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 2) = (3(1) − 2)(1 − 2) = −
s
𝑣′ = 3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 4 ∴ 𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 8at𝑡 = 1
8m
=6− 2 ⋅𝑣 <0
s 𝑎
(vi)
15m
𝑣 = (−1 − 2)(3(−1) − 2) =
s
14m
𝑎 = 6(−1) − 8 = − 2
s

Problem 10: An object travels in a straight line so it reaches (s) m after t sec, from an
origin point O on the line, knowing that s = t4 + 3t2 , Evaluate:

i) The acceleration of the object at time equal to 1, 2, and 3.

ii) The average acceleration of the object among time equal to 1 and 3.

Answer:

(i)

𝑠 = 𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑣 = 4𝑡 3 + 6𝑡 ⇒ 𝑎 = 12𝑡 2 + 6
𝑎 = 12𝑡 2 + 6
18m
𝑡 = 1, 𝑎 = 12 + 6 = 2
s
𝑡 = 2, 𝑎 = 12(2) + 6 = 12 × 4 + 6 = 54m/s 2
2

𝑡 = 3, 𝑎 = 12(3)2 + 6 = 114m/s 2

(ii)
Δ𝑣 𝑣(3) − 𝑣(1)
𝑎𝑎𝑣 = =
Δ𝑡 3−1
3
4 × 3 + 6 × 3 − (4 × 1 + 6 × 1) 58m
= = 2
2 s
Problem 11: A particle travels alongside the x-axis reaches a distance x cm from the
original start point after t sec. the distance is given by the formula x = 27t – 2t2 what
are its acceleration and velocity after 6.75 sec? The time required to reduce the
velocity from 15 cm/sec to 9 cm/sec, the traveling distance?

Answer:
94
 𝑥 = 27𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 𝑣? 𝑎? 𝑡 = 6.75sec
𝑣 = 27 − 4𝑡𝑎 = −4
(i)
0cm 4cm
𝑣 = 27 − 4(6.75) = ;𝑎 = − 2
s s
(ii)
𝑣 = 27 − 4𝑡; 15 = 27 − 4𝑡𝑡 = 3sec
9 = 27 − 4𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = 4.5
Δ𝑡 = 4.5 − 3 = 1.5sec
𝑥 = 27 × 1.5 − 2 × (1.5)2 = 36cm

Problem 12: An object travels alongside a straight line OX. Knowing that the
distance is given by the expression.

x = t3 – 6t2 + 9t Find:

i) in what positions and at what times the object reaches a velocity of zero value.

ii) the acceleration of the object.

iii) when its acceleration is zero, find the velocity of the object.

Answer:

𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡find

(i)

𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 9 = 0 ⇒ (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 3) = 0
𝑡 = 1or𝑡 = 3
𝑥(1) = 1 − 6 × 1 + 9 × 1 = 4cmand
𝑥(3) = 27 − 6 × 9 + 9 × 3 = 0cm

(ii)
6cm
𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 12at𝑡 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎 = 6 × 1 − 12 = −
s
6cm
𝑡 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎 = 6 × 3 − 12 =
s
(iii)

95
 𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 2
3cm
𝑣(2) = 3 × 4 − 12 × 2 + 9 = −
s

Problem 13: A point travels in a straightforward line , x = 9t2 - 2t3 is the distance
travelled from the origin pint O. Evaluate the speed of the point at time equal to 3 sec
. then at time equal to 4 sec, evaluate the distance, and show that it is then traveling in
the direction of O.

Answer:

𝑥 = 9𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 3
0cm
𝑣 = 18𝑡 − 6𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑣(3) = 18 × 3 − 6 × 9 =
s
𝑥(4) = 9 × 16 − 2 × 64 = 16cm
24cm
𝑣(4) = 18 × 4 − 6 × 16 = −
s
Since v (4) < 0 hence the particle is moving towards O

Problem 14: Find the following expression limits by using L'Hopital's rule:

5 x2  3x sin t 2
1 ) lim 2 ) lim
x  7 x 2  1 t 0 t
2x   cost  1
3) lim 4) lim
 cos x t 0 t2
x
2
1  sin x sin x  cos x
5 ) lim 6 ) lim
 1  cos 2 x  
x
2
x
4 x
4
2x2  ( 3x  1 ) x  2 x(cos x  1 )
7 ) lim 8 ) lim
x 1 x1 x 0 sin x  x
sin x 2
9 ) lim x . csc 2 2 x 10 ) lim
x 0 x 0 x . sin x

Answer:

(1)

5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⇒ Use𝐿 − Hospital's rule
𝑥→∞ 7𝑥 2 + 1

10𝑥 − 3 10 5
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝑥→∞ 14𝑥 𝑥→∞ 14 7
96
(2)

sin 𝑡 2 0 cos 𝑡 2 ⋅ 2𝑡
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 − 0 1
= cos(0) . 2(0) = 1 × 0 = 0

(3)
𝜋
2𝑥 − 𝜋 2 2 − 𝜋 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 = 𝜋 =0
𝑥→ cos 𝑥 cos
2 2
2 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 = 𝜋 = −2
𝑥→ − sin 𝑥 − sin
2 2
(4)
cos 𝑡 − 1 − sin 𝑡 0 − cos 𝑡 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = −
𝑡→0 𝑡2 𝑡→0 𝑡 → 0 𝑡→𝑡→0 𝑡 → 0 2 2
(5)
𝜋
1 − sin−0 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 = 2 =1
𝑥→ 1 + cos 2𝑥 𝑥→ −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑥→ −4 cos 2𝑥 −4 cos 𝜋 4
2 2 2

(6)
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 1 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝜋 = + = √2
0 √2 √2
𝑥→
2 𝑥 − 𝑥 →
2 2 2
(7)

2𝑥 2 − (3𝑥 + 1)√𝑥 + 2 2(1)2 − (3 + 1)√1 + 2

𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 1−1

2−4+2 0
= =
1−1 0

97
 1 1
4𝑥 − (3𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 −2 − √𝑥. 3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2
𝑥→1 1
3𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 − [3√𝑥 + ]
2 √𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→1 1
3(1) + 1
4(1) − [(3√1) + ]
2√1
=
1
4
4 − (3 + )
= 2
1
4−5
= = −1
1
(8)
𝑥(cos 𝑥 − 1) 0 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = =
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 0 − 0 0
𝑥(− sin 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥 − 1)(1) 0(− sin 0) + (cos 0 − 1) 0
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = =
𝑥→0 cos 𝑥 − 1 cos 0 − 1 0
𝑥(− cos 𝑥) + (− sin 𝑥)(1) − sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 × −1
𝑥→0 − sin 𝑥
xcos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 0 cos 0 + sin 0 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = =
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 sin 0 0
𝑥(− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 0(− sin 0) + cos 0 + 2 cos 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝑥→0 cos 𝑥 cos 0
0+1+2
= =3
1
(9)

𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 csc 2 √2𝑥 = 0 csc 2 √2 × 0 = 0 × ∞

𝑥→0

𝑥 0 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = ∴ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 sin2 √2𝑥 0 𝑥→0 2 sin 2𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 ⋅ 2
√ √
2√2𝑥

√2𝑥 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = [∵ 2 sin √2𝑥 ⋅ cos √2𝑥 = sin 2√2𝑥]
𝑥→0 sin 2√2𝑥 0

98
 2
2√2𝑥 1 1 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = =
𝑥→0 2×2 𝑥→0 2 cos 2√2𝑥 2 cos 0 2
cos 2√2𝑥 ×
2√2𝑥
(10)

sin 𝑥 2 sin2 (0) 0

𝑙𝑖𝑚 = =
𝑥→0 xsin 𝑥 0 sin 0 0
cos 𝑥 2 ⋅ 2𝑥 0
∴ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝑥→0 𝑥(cos 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 ⋅ 1 0
2 2
(−2𝑥 sin 𝑥 ) + cos 𝑥 ⋅ 2 0+2 2
∴ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = =1
𝑥→0 (− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 0+1+1 2

Problem 15: Evaluate any local minimum and local maximum values, and afterward
use the first derivative to sketch every curve:

1 ) f(x)  x 3 - 4x 2  4x  5 ( ans . : max .( 0.7 ,6.2 ); min .( 2 ,5 ))

2
2) f(x)  x2 - 1 ( ans . : min .( 0 ,1 ))
x 1
3) f(x)  x 5  5 x  6 ( ans . : max .( 1 ,2 ); min .( 1 ,10 ))
4 1
4 ) f(x)  x  x
3 3
( ans . : min .( 0.25 ,0.47 ))

Answer:

(1)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4 = 0
2
⇒ (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⇒∴ 𝑥 = , 2
3

99
(2)

𝑥2 − 1 ′ (𝑥)
(𝑥 2 + 1) ⋅ (2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ⇒𝑓 =
𝑥 +1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4𝑥
= = =0⇒𝑥=0
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

(3)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 − 6 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 − 5 = 5(𝑥 4 − 1) = 0

⇒ 5(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 1, −1

100
The function has local max at x = – 1 and local min at x = 1

(4)
4 1 1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −3 = 0
3 3
1 1
⇒ 2
(4𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
4
3𝑥 3

101
Problem 16: Find the x-values interval on which the curve is concave down and
concave up, then sketch the curve:
x3
1 ) f(x)   x2  3x ( ans . : up( 1 ,  ); down( ,1 ))
3
2 ) f(x)  x 2  5 x  6 ( ans . : up( ,  ))
2 2
3 ) f(x)  x 3 - 2x 2  1 (ans. : up( ,  ); down( , ))
3 3
1 1 1 1
4 ) f(x)  x 4  2 x 2 ( ans . : up( , ), ( ,  ); down(  , ))
3 3 3 3
Answer:

(1)

𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
3
3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
3
𝑥 = −3,1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 inflection point
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 2 + 2 = 4 > 0 concave up
𝑓 ′′ (2) = −6 + 2 = 4 < 0 concave down

concave down at (– ∞, –1), and concave up at (–1,∞)

(2)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2.5

𝑓 2 (𝑥) = 2 > 0 ⇒ Concave up the curve

x has concave up the value up

102
(3)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0
4
⇒ 𝑥(3𝑥 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0,
3
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = inflection point
3
4
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0 − 4 < 0 ⇒ and𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 8 − 4 > 0 concave up
3
2 2
Concave up at ( , ∞) and concave down at (−∞, )
3 3

(4)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0
⇒ 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, −1,1

103
 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ± inflection points
√3
𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 12 − 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0 − 4 < 0 ⇒ mal
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 12 − 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 1 1 1
concave up (−∞, ) and ( , ∞) concave down (− , )
√3 √3 √3 √3

Problem 17: Use the second derivative to sketch the following curve:
1) y  x 2 (ans. : max.(1,0.5); min.(-1,-0.5))
1 x
2) y  -x(x - 7)2 (ans. : max.(7,0); min.(2.3,-50.8))
3) y  (x  2)2 ( x  3 ) (ans. : max.(-2,0); min.(1.3,-18.5))
4 ) y  x2( 5  x ) (ans. : max.(3.3,18.5); min.(0,0))

Answer:
(1)
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 ⋅ (2𝑥)
𝑦 = ⇒ =
1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
1 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥2
= = = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±1
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑2𝑦 (1+𝑥 2 )2 (−2𝑥)−(1−𝑥 2 )2(1+𝑥 2 )⋅2𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 )2 (−2𝑥)−(1−𝑥 2 )2(1+𝑥 2 )⋅4𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2 )4 (1+𝑥 2 )4
−2𝑥−2𝑥 3 −4𝑥+4𝑥 3 −6𝑥+2𝑥 3 2𝑥(𝑥 2 −3)
= (1+𝑥 2 )3
= (1+𝑥 2 )3
= (1+𝑥 2 )3

At
𝑑 2 𝑦 −2(1 − 3)
𝑥 = −1 → 2 = > 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 1)3
104
(2)
𝑦 = −𝑥(𝑥 − 7)2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥(𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49)
𝑦′ = −𝑥(2𝑥 − 14) + (𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49)(−1)
= −2𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 49 = −3𝑥 2 + 28𝑥 − 49 = 0
7
⇒ −(𝑥 − 7)(3𝑥 − 7) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = , 7
3
′′
𝑦 = −6𝑥 + 28
7 7
At 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = −9( ) + 28 > 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 3
′′
At 𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 𝑦 = −6(7) + 28 < 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑎𝑥

(3)
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 3)
𝑦′ = (𝑥 + 2)2 (1) + (𝑥 − 3)2(𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + (2𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 12
= 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8
⇒ (𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 − 4) = 0
105
 4
𝑥 = −2,
3
𝑦 ′′ = (6𝑥 + 2) ⇒ At𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 ′′ = 6(−2) + 2 < 0
4 4
At 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 6 ( ) + 2 > 0
3 3

(4)
𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(10 − 3𝑥) = 0
10
𝑥 = 0,
3
𝑦 ′′ ′′
= 10 − 6𝑥 ⇒ at𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 10 − 0 > 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
10 10
𝑦 ′′ = 10 − 6𝑥 ⇒ at𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 10 − 6( ) < 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
3 3

Problem 18: Determine the minimum possible rectangle perimeter having 16 in2
area?

Answer:

let L is the length of the rectangle

w is the width of the rectangle
16
𝐴 = 𝐿 × 𝑤 = 16 ⇒ 𝐿 =
𝑤
106
 16
𝑃 = 2(𝐿 + 𝑤) = 2 ( + 𝑤)
𝑤
𝑑𝑝 −16 16
= 2 ( 2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑊 = ±4 and𝐿 = = ±4
𝑑𝑤 𝑤 ±4
𝑑 2 𝑝 64 𝑑2𝑝 64
= 3 ⇒ At 𝑊 = = = 1 > 0 Mini.
𝑑𝑤 𝑤 𝑑𝑤 3 (4)3
𝑑 2 𝑝 64 𝑑2𝑝 64
= 3 ⇒ at 𝑊 = −4 ⇒ = = −1 < 0 ⇒ Max.
𝑑𝑤 𝑤 𝑑𝑤 3 (−4)3
The smallest perimeter is
𝑃 = 2(𝐿 + 𝑤) = 2(4 + 4) = 16in

Problem 19: Find the biggest rectangle area with lower base located on the x-axis
and upper vertices located on the parabola y = 12 – x2.

Answer:
Let the length of therectangle is 2L.
The width is W .then the area of ⇒ A=2L * W
The parabola is W = 12 – L2

𝐴 = 2𝐿(12 − 𝐿2 ) = 24𝐿 − 2𝐿3

𝑑𝐴
= 24 − 6𝐿2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐿 = ±2
𝑑𝐿
𝑊 = 12 − (±2)2 = 8
𝑑2𝐴 𝑑2𝐴
= −12𝐿 ⇒ at𝐿 = 2 ⇒ = −12 × 2 = −24 < 0 ⇒ Max.
𝑑𝐿2 𝑑𝐿2
𝑑2𝐴 𝐿2
= −12𝐿 ⇒ at𝐿 = −2 ⇒ = −12 × (−2) = 24 > 0 ⇒ Mini
𝑑𝐿2 16
The area of the largest rectangle is A = 2 × 2 × 8 = 32

Problem 20: A rectangular plot is to be enclosed on three sides by a fence and

bounded on one side by a straight river. If you have fence of 800 m. What is the
biggest that can be surround?
Answer:

Let W is the width of the plot

107
and L is the length of the plot
The length of the fence

2𝑊 + 𝐿 = 800
𝐿 = 800 − 2𝑊
𝐴 = 𝐿 × 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑤(800 − 2𝑤)
= 800𝑤 − 2𝑤 2
𝑑𝐴
= 800 − 4𝑤 = 0 ⇒ 𝑤 = 200and𝐿 = 800 − 400 = 40
𝑑𝑤
𝑑2𝐴
= −4 < 0Max
𝑑𝑤 2
The largest area is A = 200 * 400 = 80000 m2

Problem 21: Show that the rectangle that has maximum area for a given perimeter is
a square.

Answer:
The L is length and w is the width of the rectangle
𝑃
𝑃 = 2(𝐿 + 𝑤) ⇒ 𝐿 = − 𝑤
2
𝑃
𝐴 = L × 𝑤 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑤 − 𝑤2
2
𝑑𝐴 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
= − 2𝑤 = 0 ⇒ 𝑤 = and𝐿 = − =
𝑑𝑤 2 4 2 4 4
2
𝑑 𝐴
= −2 < 0 ⇒ Max.
𝑑𝑤 2
The maximum area of the eectangle of a given perimeter P is a square
𝑃
𝐿=𝑤=
4

Problem 22: A wire of length L is presented for creating a square and a circle. How
the wire should be split among the two shapes to enlarge the bounded areas sum?

Answer:

x is the length of the square

108
 1
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑟 + 4𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = (𝐿 − 2𝜋𝑟)
4
1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + (𝐿 − 2𝜋𝑟)2
16
𝑑𝐴 𝜋 𝐿
= 2𝜋𝑟 − (𝐿 − 2𝜋𝑟) = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 =
𝑑𝑟 4 8 + 2𝜋
2 2
𝑑 𝐴 𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝜋 − (−2𝜋) = 2𝜋 + > 0 ⇒ Mini
𝑑𝑟 2 4 2
Hence the maximum value of A on endpoints of the internal
𝐿
0 ≤ 2𝜋𝑟 ≤ 𝐿 ⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤
2𝜋
𝐿 𝐿2
𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝐴1 =
4 16
𝐿 𝐿2
𝑟= ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴2 =
2𝜋 4𝜋
2 2
𝐿 𝐿
𝐴2 = > 𝐴1 =
4𝜋 16
Hence the wire should be bent to make a circle rather than cut.

Problem 23: A right circular cylinder was used to make a closed container. The
cylinder has a height h and radius r with a hemispherical dome on top. For maximum
surface area (s) volume maximizes, Find the relationship amongst r and h.
Answer:

2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝑟 3 𝜋
3
2
𝑠 − 6𝑟 𝜋 2 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × + 𝑟 𝜋
2𝑟𝜋 3
1 2
𝑉 = 𝑠𝑟 − 3𝑟 3 𝜋 + 𝑟 3 𝜋
2 3

109
 1 1
𝑉 ′ = 𝑠 + 𝑟𝑠 ′ − 9𝑟 2 𝜋 + 2𝑟 2 𝜋
2 2
1 1
𝑉 ′ = 𝑠 + 𝑟𝑠 ′ − 7𝑟 2 𝜋
2 2
1 1
𝑉 ′ = 𝑠 + 𝑟 × 18𝑟𝜋 − 7𝑟 2 𝜋
2 2
1
0 = 𝑠 + 9𝑟 2 𝜋 − 7𝑟 2 𝜋
2
0 = 3𝑟 2 𝜋 + 2𝑟ℎ + 2𝑟 2 𝜋
0 = 3𝑟 + 2ℎ + 2𝑟
5𝑟 + 2ℎ =0
𝑠 = 4𝑟 2 𝜋
𝑠
= 𝑟2
4𝜋
√3
𝑟 =
2 √𝜋
2 𝑠
𝑠 − 4𝑟 2 𝜋 𝑠 − (4) × 𝜋 × 𝜋
ℎ = =
2𝑟𝜋 √𝑠
2× ×𝜋
2 √𝜋
𝑠 − 2𝑠 −𝑠
ℎ= =
√𝑠 ∗ √𝜋 √𝑠 ∗ √𝜋
− √𝑠
ℎ=
√𝜋

Problem 24: A cardboard piece with 15 in long and 8 in wide was used to make a
rectangular open box by cutting from the corners square shape and folding it to the
sides. Evaluate the box dimensions to make the biggest volume.

Answer:

Let L is the length and W is the width and H the height of the rectangular box
The length of the cutting a square is x
The length = 8 – 2x
The width is = 15 - 2x
The height is = x

𝑉 =𝐿×𝑤×ℎ
𝑉 = (8 − 2𝑥)(15 − 2𝑥)𝑥
𝑉 = (120 − 16𝑥 − 30𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑥
𝑉 = (120 − 46𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑥
𝑉 = 120𝑥 − 46𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3

110
 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
= 120 − 92𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 ⇒ = 0 ⇒ [0 = 120 − 92𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 ] ÷ 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
30 − 23𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 = 0
3𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 30 = 0
(3𝑥 − 15)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
15
3𝑥 − 15 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 15 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⇒𝑥=5
3
𝑥−2=0⇒𝑥 =2
𝑉 = (8 − 2(2))(15 − 2(2))2
𝑉 = 4 × 11 × 2 = 88m3

Problem 25: A wire of length L is split into two parts, one being fold to shape a
square and the other to shape an equilateral triangle. In what way the wire should be
split:

a) if the summation of the two areas is minimum.

b) if the summation of the two areas is maximum.

Answer:

x = square length.

x x 2y h 2y

y y
x

p  4x  6 y  L x  1 ( L  6 y )
The perimeter is 4 .

( 2 y )2  y 2  h 2  h  3 y from triangle .
The total area is A  x 2  yh  1 ( L  6 y )2  y 3 y
16
 A 1 ( L  6 y )2  3 y 2
16

dA   3 ( L  6 y )  2 3 y  0  y  3L
dy 4 18  8 3
2
d A  9  2 3  0  min .
dy 2 2

111
 6y 9L
a) To minimized total areas cut for triangle 94 3

L 9L  4 3L
And for square 94 3 94 3 .

b) To enlarge A value on the interval endpoints

0  4x  L 0  x  L
4
2
at x  0  y  L and h  L  A1  L
6 2 3 12 3
2
L
at x   y  0  A2  L
4 16
2 2
Since A2  L  A1  L
16 12 3

Problem 26: Determine the point where the function

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 12 has a maxima or minima.

Answer:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢

= 2𝑥 + 6; = 2𝑦; 𝑟 = 2 = 2; 𝑠 = = 0; 𝑡 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
= 2.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Now for maxima or minima, we must have =0 , =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 2𝑥 + 6 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 2𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦=0
𝜕𝑦

Also at x = -3, y = 0, r = 2, s = 0, t = 2

∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 = 2(2)– (0)2 = 4 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 2 > 0

Hence, there is a minimum at 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = 0.

112
Problem 27: Evaluate the following surface for high and low points 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 +
𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5.

Answer:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
6 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3; =𝑥+2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑆 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
𝑟 = 2 = 2; 𝑠 = = 1; 𝑡 = 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

For the maximum or minimum we must have

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 0, = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
From (ii), we get x = – 2 and ∴ from (i) y = – 3 + 4 = 1.

Hence, the solution is x = – 2, y = 1 and for these values we have r = 2, s = 1, t = 0.

∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠2 = (2) (0) – (1)2 = – 1 < 0.

∴ There is neither maximum nor minimum at x = – 2, y = 1.

1
Problem 28: Investigate the minimum and maximum values of 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝑦) +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) .
2

Answer:
1 1
Let 𝑢 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦) (𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)
2 2

=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦) ; =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝑟 = 2 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦); = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) ;
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑢
𝑡 = 2 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
113
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
For maximum or minimum, we must have = 0, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
=0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

Solving (i) and (ii), we get 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 which gives

𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝑦, Where n is any integer. In particular x = y.

When x = y, from (i), we get cos x – sin 2x = 0

1
or cos x (1 – 2 sin x) = 0 which gives cos x = 0, sin 𝑥 =
2

1 1
If sin 𝑥 = , then 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)2 . 𝜋 = 𝑦, ∵ 𝑥 = 𝑦
2 6
and for these value of x and y, we have
1 1
𝑟 = − −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [2𝑛𝜋 + (−1)2 . 𝜋] < 0. (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒)
2 3
Similarly, t < 0 and s < 0 and r > s, t > s.

∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 > 0. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟 < 0.

1
Hence, there is a maximum when 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)2 . 𝜋 = 𝑦.
6
1
If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ∓ 𝜋 = 𝑦, ∵ 𝑥 = 𝑦
2
1 3 5
Form here, we get 𝑥 = 𝑦 = ∓ 𝜋, ( ) 𝜋, ( ) 𝜋 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
2 2 2
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 𝜋 = 𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = −1 + 1 = 0, 𝑠 = 1, 𝑡 = 0
2
1
∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 > 0. Hence, there is neither maximum nor minimum at 𝑥 = 𝜋 = 𝑦.
2
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝜋 = 𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 1 + 1 = 2 = 𝑡, 𝑠 = 1
2
∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 = (2 × 2) − 1 = 3 > 0. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟 > 0
1
Hence, there is minimum at 𝑥 = − 𝜋 = 𝑦. In a similar way we can discuss other
2
values too.

114
Problem 29: Display the distance from any point (x, y, z) to the origin for the plane
2x + 3y – z = 12, is known as

𝑙 = √[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 12)2 ].

also evaluate the origin nearest point on the plane.

Answer:

l = distance from (x, y, z) to (0, 0, 0)

= √[(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 + (𝑧 − 0)2 ] = √[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ]

= √[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 12)2 ], 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 12

𝑜𝑟 𝑙 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 12)2 = 𝑢(𝑠𝑎𝑦)

𝑜𝑟 𝑙 2 = 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 10𝑦 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 48𝑥 − 72𝑦 + 144 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∴ = 10𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 48; = 20𝑦 + 12𝑥 − 72
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢

𝑟 = 2 = 10; 𝑠 = = −12; 𝑡 = 2 = 20
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

∴ 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (10)(20) − (12)2 = 56 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 > 0,

𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙
𝜕𝑢
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 = 0 ⇒ 10𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 48 = 0 𝑜𝑟 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 24 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 20𝑦 + 12𝑥 − 72 = 0 𝑜𝑟 5𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 18 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑦
12 18
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get 𝑥 = ( ) , 𝑦 = ( )
7 7
12 18
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 12 𝑜𝑟 2 ( ) , +3 ( ) − 𝑧 = 12
7 7
6
𝑜𝑟 24 + 54 − 7𝑧 = 84 𝑜𝑟 7𝑧 = 24 + 54 − 84 = −6 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = −
7

12 18 6
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 ( , , ).
7 7 7

115
Problem 30: Evaluate the lines shortest connecting distance
𝑥−3 𝑦−5 𝑧−7 𝑦+1 𝑦+1 𝑧+1
= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = .
1 −2 1 7 −6 1
Answer:
𝑥−3 𝑦−5 𝑧−7
Let = = = 𝜆 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝜆 + 3, 𝑦 = 5 − 2𝜆, 𝑧 = 7 + 𝜆
1 −2 1

Thus any point P on line is (3 + 𝜆, 5 − 𝜆, 7 + 𝜆)

𝑥+1 𝑦+1 𝑧+1
And let = = = 𝜇 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 + 7𝜇, 𝑦 = −1 − 6𝜇, 𝑧 = −1 + 𝜇
7 −6 1

The point Q is = (−1 + 7𝜇, −1 − 6𝜇, −1 + 𝜇)

∴ Distance is

𝐷 = √(3 + 𝜆 + 1 − 7𝜇)2 + (5 − 2𝜆 + 1𝜇 + 6)2 (7𝜆 + 1 − 𝜇)2

𝐷2 = 𝑢(𝑠𝑎𝑦) = 6𝜆2 + 86𝜇2 − 402𝜇 + 105.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∴ = 12𝜆 − 40𝜇, = 172𝜇 − 40𝜆.
𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜇
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝐵𝑢𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 12𝜆 − 40𝜇 = 0,172𝜇 − 40𝜆 = 0.
𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜇

Solving these equations, we get 𝜆 = 0, 𝜇 = 0

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢

𝑟 = 2 = 12; 𝑡 = 2 = 172, = = 𝑠 = −40
𝜕𝜆 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜆𝜕𝜇

𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (12). (172) − (−40)2 = 464 > 0

⇒ 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 > 0

Hence u occurs minimum value at λ = 0 and 𝜇 = 0.

The shortest distance is given by

𝐷 = √4 2 + 6 2 + 8 2

Problem 31: Find the local minima or local maxima of the function

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 – 15.

Answer:
116
 We have 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 – 15
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 8𝑥 − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑦 + 6.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
For stationary point = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1
∴ 8𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
2
Now, the given function can be written as

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 – 25 ⋯ (𝑖)

Since(2𝑥 − 1)2 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 + 3)2 ≥ 0.

From (i), we get

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ – 25 for all values of x and y. Hence 𝑓(1/2, – 3) = – 25 is a local

minimum.

Problem 32: evaluate the local maxima or local minima of the function

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 16.

Answer:
𝜕𝑓
= −2𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒𝑥=1
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= −2𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
𝜕𝑦

𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 18 − {(𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑦 − 1)2 } ⋯ (𝑖)

Since (𝑥 − 1)2 ≥ 0 and (𝑦 − 1)2 ≥ 0, from (i) we get 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 18 for all values of
x and y.

Hence 𝑓(1, 1) = 18 is a local maximum.

Problem 33: Find the minimum value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 when 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑎2 .

Answer:

Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ⋯ (𝑖)

Given 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑎2 . ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

117
For maximum or minimum From (i), we have

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Also from (ii), (𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑦) + (𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑧) + (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥) = 0

(𝑧 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑧 = 0. ... (iv)
Multiplying equation (iv), by λ and adding in (iii), we get

[𝑥 + 𝜆 (𝑧 + 𝑦)] 𝑑𝑥 + [𝑦 + 𝜆 (𝑥 + 𝑧)] 𝑑𝑦 + [𝑧 + 𝜆 (𝑦 + 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑧 = 0

Equating the coefficients of dx, dy, dz to zero, we get

𝑥 + 𝜆 (𝑧 + 𝑦) = 0, 𝑦 + 𝜆 (𝑥 + 𝑧) = 0, 𝑧 + 𝜆 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0 ... (v)
These are Lagrange’s equations

Multiplying these by x, y, z respectively and adding, we get

[𝑥 2 + 𝜆𝑥 (𝑧 + 𝑦)] + [𝑦 2 + 𝜆𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑧)] + [𝑧 2 + 𝜆𝑧 (𝑦 + 𝑥)] = 0

or (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + 2𝜆 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥) = 0
𝑢
or 𝑢 + 2𝜆 (3𝑎2 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝜆 = − .
6𝑎2

𝑢(𝑧+𝑦) 𝑢(𝑥+𝑧) 𝑢(𝑦+𝑥)

∴ From (v), we get 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 =
6𝑎2 6𝑎2 6𝑎2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑢
or = = =
𝑧+ 𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑧 𝑥+𝑦 6𝑎2

or −6𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧 = 0, 𝑢𝑥 − 6𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧 = 0, 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 − 6𝑎2 𝑧 = 0

Eliminating x, y, z, we get

|−6𝑎2 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 − 6𝑎2 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 − 6𝑎2 | = 0, which gives the max. and min. values of u.

or |−6𝑎2 𝑢 + 6𝑎2 𝑢 + 6𝑎2 𝑢 − 6𝑎2 − 𝑢 0 𝑢 0 − 6𝑎2 − 𝑢 | = 0, 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 −

𝐶1 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1

or (𝑢 + 6𝑎2 )2 |−6𝑎2 1 1 𝑢 − 1 0 𝑢 0 − 1 | = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑢 + 6𝑎2 )2 |−6𝑎2 1 1 𝑢 −

1 0 0 1 − 1 | = 0, 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2

or (𝑢 + 6𝑎2 )2 [−6𝑎2 − 𝑢(−1 − 1)] = 0 |Expand with respect to first column

or (𝑢 + 6𝑎2 )2 [−6𝑎2 + 2𝑢] = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = −6𝑎2 , 3𝑎2 . But u cannot be equal to

−6𝑎2 , since sum of three squares (𝑣𝑖𝑧. 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2 , 𝑧 2 ) from (i), cannot be negative.
Hence 𝑢 = 3𝑎2 gives max. or min. Value of u.

118
Problem 34: Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be
engraved in a sphere is a cube. (U.P.T.U.,
2003)

Answer:

Let the height, breadth, and length of solid are

h = 2z

b = 2y

l = 2x

∴ The solid volume V = lbh = 2x·2y·2z

⇒ V = 8xyz ...(i)

Equation of the sphere

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑅2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑅2 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

For maximum differentiating (i), (ii), we get

𝑑𝑉 = 8𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0 ...

(iii)

and 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0 ...(iv)

Multiplying (iv) by λ and adding in (iii), we get

8𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜆 (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧) = 0

⇒ (2𝜆𝑥 + 8𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝜆𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 + (2𝜆𝑧 + 8𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑧 = 0

Equating the coefficient of dx, dy and dz to zero, we get

⇒ 𝜆𝑥 = – 4𝑦𝑧 , 𝜆𝑦 = – 4𝑥𝑧, 𝜆𝑧 = – 4𝑥𝑦 ... (v)

These are Lagrange’s equations

Multiplying equation (v) by x, y, z respectively, we get

𝜆𝑥 2 = −4𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝜆𝑦 2 = −4𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝜆𝑧 2 = −4𝑥𝑦𝑧

From these, we get

119
 𝜆𝑥 2 = 𝜆𝑦 2 = 𝜆𝑧 2

⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑦2 = 𝑧2
⇒ 𝑥=𝑦=𝑧
Thus, the rectangular solid is a cube. Proved.

Problem 35: Find the closest point to the point (3, – 6, 4) on the parabolic z = x2 +
y2 .

Answer:

Let (x, y, z) be any point

𝐷 = √(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 + ( 𝑧 − 4)2

⇒ 𝐷2 = (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 + ( 𝑧 − 4)2

Let 𝑢 = (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 + ( 𝑧 − 4)2 ⋯ (𝑖)

2 2
Subject to 𝑥 + 𝑦 –𝑧 = 0 . . . (𝑖𝑖)

For minimum distance, differentiating (i) and (ii), we get

𝑑𝑢 = 2(𝑥 – 3)𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑦 + 6)𝑑𝑦 + 2(𝑧 – 4)𝑑𝑧 = 0 . . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

and 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 – 𝑑𝑧 = 0 . . . (𝑖𝑣)

Now, equation (iii) + λ × (iv), we get

{2x (1 + λ) – 6} dx + {2y (1 + λ) + 12} dy + {2z – λ – 8) dz = 0

⇒ x (1 + l) – 3 = 0, y (1 + l) + 6 = 0, 2z – (l + 8) = 0
3 6 (𝜆+8)
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 = − ,𝑧 = ⋯ (𝑣)
1+ 𝜆 1+ 𝜆 2

Putting the values of x, y, z in equation (ii), we get

9 36 (𝜆 + 8)
+ − =0
(1 + 𝜆)2 (1 + 𝜆)2 2
45 (𝜆 + 8)
𝑜𝑟 − =0
(1 + 𝜆)2 2

⇒ 90 − (1 + 𝜆)2 (𝜆 + 8) = 0

120
⇒ 𝜆3 + 10𝜆2 + 17𝜆 − 82 = 0

⇒ 𝜆 =2
Hence 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = 5

Problem 36: A wire of length b is spilt into two pieces which are bent in the form of
a square and circle respectively. Find the least value of the sum of the areas so
found.

Answer:

Let part of square = x

And part of circle = y ⇒ x + y = b

𝑥
∴ side of square = ,
4
𝑦
radius of circle = |𝐴𝑠 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑦
2𝜋

𝑥2
area of square =
16

𝜋𝑦 2 𝑦2
area of circle = =
4𝜋2 4𝜋

𝑥2 𝑦2
Herr, let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 = + ⋯ (𝑖)
16 4𝜋

Subject to 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

For minimum from (i) and (ii), we get

𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
8 2𝜋
And 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)

Now, (iii) + λ × (iv), we get

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦
+ + 𝜆 (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = 0
8 2𝜋
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ (8 + 𝜆) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝜋 + 𝜆) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + 𝜆 = 0, +𝜆 =0
8 2𝜋

121
⇒ 𝑥 = −8𝜆, 𝑦 = −2𝜆𝜋

Putting x and y in equation (ii), we get

𝑏
= −8𝜆 − 2𝜆𝜋 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝜆 = −
8 + 2𝜋
8𝑏 2𝜋𝑏
Thus 𝑥 = −8𝜆 = − , 𝑦 = −2𝜆𝜋 =
8+2𝜋 8+2𝜋

∴ The least value of areas is, from (i)

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑢= +
16 4𝜋
64𝑏 2 4𝜋 2 𝑏 2
= +
16(8 + 2𝜋)2 4𝜋(8 + 2𝜋)2

𝑏 2 (𝜋 + 4) 𝑏2
= +
4(𝜋 + 4)2 4(𝜋 + 4)

Problem 37: If 𝑥 = √𝑣𝑤 , 𝑦 = √𝑤𝑢 , 𝑧 = √𝑢𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ ,

𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅, 𝑤 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 .
𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃, ∅)

Answer:

Here 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are functions 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 and 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are functions or 𝑟, 𝜃, ∅ so we apply IInd

property.

𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

= . ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃, ∅) 𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) 𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃, ∅)
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 =| |
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤

=
1 𝑤 1 𝑣 1 𝑤 1 𝑢 1 𝑣 1 𝑢
|0 2 √ 𝑣 √ √ 0 2 √ 𝑤 2 √𝑢 2 √ 𝑣 0 |
2 𝑤 2 𝑢

1 𝑤𝑣𝑢 𝑣𝑤𝑢 1 2 1
= [√ +√ ] = [√1 + √1] = =
8 𝑣𝑢𝑤 𝑤𝑢𝑣 8 8 4
122
 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
⇒ = ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 )
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑡 =| |
𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃, ∅) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅

= |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅

− 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
− 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0 |

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅(𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅) − 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅(−𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅)
+ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅

= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅

𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 )
⇒ = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅
𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃, ∅)
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Using (ii) and (iii) in equation (i), we get

𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 1 2
𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= × 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = .
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) 4 4
Problem 38: Verify the chain rule for Jacobians if x = u, y = u tan v, z = w.
(U.P.T.U., 2008
Answer:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
We have 𝑥 = 𝑢 ⇒ =1, = =0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 , = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣, =0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑧=𝑤 ⇒ = = 0, =1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤

𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝐽= = |1 0 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 0 0 0 1 | = 𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 )
Solving for u, v, w in terms of x, y, z, we have
𝑢=𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑢 𝑥

123
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
∴ = 1, = 0, =− 2 , = , = 0, =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤
= 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =1
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 1
𝐽′ = = |1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 | = =
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑥 (1 + )
𝑥2
1
= ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣
Hence from (i) and (ii), we get
1
𝐽. 𝐽′ = 𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣. = 1.
𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣

Problem 39: If 𝑢 = 2𝑎𝑥𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟

𝜕 (𝑢,𝑣 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , then prove that = −4 𝑎2 𝑟 3 .
𝜕 (𝑥,𝑦)

Answer:

We have 𝑢 = 2𝑎𝑥𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑁𝑜𝑤, = | | = |2𝑎𝑦 2𝑎𝑥 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 | = −4 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=| | = |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 |
𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
=𝑟
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = . = (−4 𝑎2 𝑟 2 ). 𝑟 = −4 𝑎2 𝑟 3 . Hence proved.
𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 (𝑟, 𝜃)

Problem 40: If 𝑢3 + 𝑣 3 + 𝑤 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 , then

show that
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
=
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) (𝑢 − 𝑣)(𝑣 − 𝑤)(𝑤 − 𝑢)

Answer:

Let

124
 𝑓1 ≡ 𝑢3 + 𝑣 3 + 𝑤 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0

𝑓2 ≡ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑧 3 = 0

𝑓3 ≡ 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 0
𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 𝑓3 , ) 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3
𝑁𝑜𝑤, =| |
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= |−1 − 1 − 1 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑧 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 |

= |−1 0 0 − 3𝑥 2 − 3(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 3(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ) − 2𝑥 2(𝑥 − 𝑦) 2(𝑥 − 𝑧) | |𝐶2

→ 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1

= −6 [(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 − 𝑧) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑦)]

= −6 (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 − 𝑧)[(𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑧)]
𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 𝑓3 , )
⇒ = 6 (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑦 − 𝑧) (𝑧 − 𝑥)
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 𝑓3 , ) 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 =| |
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= |3𝑢2 3𝑣 2 3𝑤 2 2𝑢 2𝑣 2𝑤 1 1 1 |

= |3𝑢2 3(𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 ) 3(𝑤 2 − 𝑢2 ) 2𝑢 2(𝑣 − 𝑢) 2(𝑤 − 𝑢) 1 0 0 | |𝐶2 → 𝐶2 −

𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1

Expand it with respect to third row, we get

= 6 [(𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 ) (𝑤 − 𝑢) − (𝑤 2 − 𝑢2 ) (𝑣 − 𝑢)]

= 6 (𝑣 − 𝑢) (𝑤 − 𝑢)[(𝑣 − 𝑢) − (𝑤 + 𝑢)]
𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 𝑓3 , )
⇒ = − 6 (𝑢 − 𝑣) (𝑣 − 𝑤) (𝑤 − 𝑢)
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 )
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 6 (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑦 − 𝑧) (𝑧 − 𝑥)
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (−1)3 =+
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 ) 6 (𝑢 − 𝑣) (𝑣 − 𝑤) (𝑤 − 𝑢)
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
(𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑦 − 𝑧) (𝑧 − 𝑥)
= . Hence proved.
(𝑢 − 𝑣) (𝑣 − 𝑤) (𝑤 − 𝑢)

125
Problem 41: A rectangular box was constructed with an open top. 32 cm3 volume of
the box. Find the box dimensions demanding least construction material.

(U.P.T.U., 2005)

Answer:

V=32 cm3

Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h

Total surface area

𝑆 = 2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑏ℎ . . . (𝑖)

𝑆 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)ℎ + 𝑙𝑏

Now volume
32
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑏ℎ = 32 ⇒ 𝑏 = . . . (𝑖𝑖)
𝑙ℎ
Putting the value of 'b' in equation (i)
32 32
𝑆 = 2 (𝑙 + )ℎ + 𝑙( )
𝑙ℎ 𝑙ℎ
64 32
𝑆 = 2𝑙ℎ + + … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑙 ℎ
𝜕𝑆 64 𝜕𝑆 32
∴ = 2ℎ − 2 , = 2𝑙 − 2
𝜕𝑙 𝑙 𝜕ℎ ℎ
For minimum S, we get
𝜕𝑆 64 32
= 0 ⇒ 2ℎ − 2 ℎ = 0 ⇒ ℎ = 2 ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)
𝜕𝑙 𝑙 ℎ
𝜕𝑆 32 16
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑙 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = 2 ⋯ (𝑣)
𝜕ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑣) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑣), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

32 × ℎ2
ℎ= ⇒ ℎ3 = 8 ⇒ ℎ = 2
256

126
 16
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ = 2, 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑣), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑙 = =4
4
32
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑏= =4
4×2
𝜕 2 𝑆 128 128
𝑁𝑜𝑤, = 3 = =2 ⇒𝑟=2>0
𝜕𝑙 2 𝑙 64
𝜕2𝑆 𝜕 2 𝑆 64 64
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 ⇒ 𝑠 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = ⇒𝑡=8
𝜕𝑙𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ2 ℎ3 8
∴ 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 > 0

Hence, S is minimum, for least material

𝑙 = 4, 𝑏 = 4, ℎ = 2.

Problem 42: The temperature 𝑇 at any point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in space is 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =

𝐾𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 where 𝐾 is constant. Find the sphere surface highest temperature, 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 .
(U.P.T.U., 2008)

Answer:

𝑇 = 𝐾𝑥𝑦𝑧 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) 𝑇 = 𝐾𝑥𝑦 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

𝜕𝑇
∴ = 𝐾𝑦 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 2 𝐾𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐾𝑦 (𝑎2 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, = 𝐾𝑦 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥
For maximum and minimum value
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
= 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

127
 𝑎
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥=𝑦=±
2
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 2 2 2
𝜕2𝑇
𝑟 = 2 = −6 𝐾𝑥𝑦; 𝑠 = = 𝐾 (𝑎 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 ); 𝑡 = 2 = −6 𝐾𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝐴𝑡 (0,0) 𝑟 = 0, 𝑠 = 𝐾𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0

∴ 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0.0 − 𝐾𝑎2 = −𝐾𝑎2 < 0

So, there is neither maximum nor minimum at x = 0 and y = 0

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐴𝑡 𝑥= , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = − , 𝑦 = −
2 2 2 2
6 2
3 2 3 𝑎2 𝐾
𝑟 = − 𝐾𝑎 = − 𝐾𝑎 < 0, 𝑡 = − 𝐾𝑥𝑦, 𝑠 = −
4 2 2 2

2
9 2 4 𝑎4 𝐾 2
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 𝐾 𝑎 − = 2𝐾 2 𝑎4 > 0
4 4
∴ 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟<0

Hence, 𝑇 has a maximum value at 𝑥 = + 𝑎/2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ± 𝑎/2

𝑎2 𝑎2 𝐾𝑎4
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 = 𝐾. ( ) = .
2 2 8

Problem 43: Express that a cone radius is equal to greatest curved surface right
circular cylinder diameter.
(R.G.P.V. Bhopal, April 2010)

Answer:

Let 𝑅 be the radius of the cone 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝐻 be the height of the cone.

A cylinder 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 of radius 𝑟 and height ℎ is inscribed in the cone.

In ∆ 𝐴𝑃𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆ 𝑃𝐵𝑄

𝐴𝑇 𝑃𝑇
= ⇒
𝑃𝑄 𝐵𝑄
𝐻−ℎ 𝑟 𝐻 𝑟
= ⇒ ( − 1) = ⇒
ℎ 𝑅−𝑟 ℎ 𝑅−𝑟
128
 𝐻 𝑟 𝑟+𝑅−𝑟 𝑅
= +1= =
ℎ 𝑅−𝑟 𝑅−𝑟 𝑅−𝑟
𝑅−𝑟
∴ℎ= 𝐻 … … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑅
Let the curved surface of the cylinder be S,

𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑟 ℎ … … … … … … … … … … . (2)

Putting the value of h from eq. (1) in (2), we get,

𝑅−𝑟
𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑟 𝐻
𝑅
2𝜋 𝐻
𝑆= (𝑟𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) … … … … … … (3)
𝑅
Differentiation eq. (3) w.r.t. ' r ', we get,
𝜕𝑆 2𝜋 𝐻
= (𝑅 − 2𝑟)
𝜕𝑟 𝑅
𝜕 2 𝑆 2𝜋 𝐻 4𝜋 𝐻
= (−2) = − = −𝑉𝑒
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑅 𝑅
𝜕𝑆
For maximum curved surface area =0
𝜕𝑟

2𝜋 𝐻
⇒ (𝑅 − 2𝑟) = 0 ⇒
𝑅
𝜕2𝑆
⇒ 𝑅 − 2𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅 = 2𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = −𝑉𝑒
𝜕𝑟 2
Hence, for maximum ' S ',

Diameter of the cylinder = Radius of the cone (Proved)

Problem 44: A square sheet of cardboard with each side 𝑎 𝑐𝑚 is to be used to make
an open top box by cutting a small square of cardboard from each of the corners and
bending up the sides. What is the side length of the small squares if the box is to have
as large a volume as possible?

129
Answer:

Let the side length of the small squares be 𝑥 𝑐𝑚.

The side length of the open box is (𝑎 − 2𝑥) 𝑐𝑚,
and the height is 𝑥 𝑐𝑚. Here 𝑎 is a constant,
and 𝑥 is the variable we will work with.
We must have,
𝑎
0≤𝑥≤
2
The volume V cm3, of the box is given by,

𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑥

We have,
𝜕𝑉
= 12𝑥 2 − 8𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 = (2𝑥 − 𝑎)(6𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑉 𝑎 𝑎
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 = 0 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 2 6
𝑎 𝑎
We note that 𝑥 = is an endpoint and that 𝑉 ( ) = 0. We will use the second
2 2
𝑎
derivative test for 𝑥 = . we have,
6

𝜕2𝑉
= 24𝑥 − 8𝑎 = 8(3𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
6
𝜕2𝑉 𝑎
= 8 (3 ∗ − 𝑎) = −4𝑎 < 0.
𝜕𝑥 2 6
𝑎
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑚.
6
𝑎 𝑎
The maximum value of the function is at 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠 𝑉(0) = 𝑉 ( ) = 0.
6 2

The maximum volume is,

𝑎 2𝑎3
𝑉( ) =
6 27
The following diagram shows the graph of V against x.

130
Problem 45: A cylindrical can is to be made to hold 1 𝐿 of oil. Find the dimensions
that will minimize the cost of the metal to manufacture the can.

Answer:

Draw the diagram as in the figure below, where 𝑟 is the radius and ℎ is the height
(both in cm). In order to minimize the cost of the metal, we minimize the total surface
area of the cylinder (top, bottom, and sides).

From figure, we see that that the sides are made from a rectangular sheet with
dimensions 2𝜋 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ. So the surface area is,

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

To eliminate ℎ we use the fact that the volume is given as1 𝐿, which we take to
be 1000𝑐𝑚3 . Thus,

𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 1000

which gives ℎ = 1000/(𝜋𝑟 2 ). Substitution of this into the expression for 𝐴 gives,
1000 2000
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 ( ) = 2𝜋𝑟 2
+
𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟
Therefore, the function that we want to minimize is,
131
 2000
𝐴(𝑟) = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝑟>0
𝑟
To find the critical numbers, we differentiate:

𝜕𝐴 2000 4(𝜋𝑟 3 − 500)

= 4𝜋𝑟 − 2 =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟2
𝜕𝐴
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜋𝑟 3 = 500, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠,
𝜕𝑟
3
𝑟 = √500/𝜋

So 𝐴 is decreasing for all 𝑟 to the left of the critical number and increasing for all 𝑟 to
3
the right. Thus, 𝑟 = √500/𝜋 must give rise to an absolute minimum.
3
The value ℎ of corresponding to 𝑟 = √500/𝜋

1000 1000
ℎ= =
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋(500/𝜋)2/3

5003
ℎ=2√ = 2𝑟
𝜋

3
Thus, to minimize the cost of the can, the radius should be √500/𝜋 cm and the
height should be equal to twice the radius, namely, the diameter.

Problem 46: The shape of a hole posed by a drill is a cone surmounted by cylinder.
If the semi-vertical angle of the cone be 𝛼 and the cylinder be of radius 𝑟 and height
ℎ, where 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = ℎ/𝑟 illustrate that for a total height 𝐻 of the hole, the volume
removed is maximum if ℎ = 𝐻(√7 + 1)/6.
(R.G.P.V., Bhopal I sem. 2003)

Answer:

Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 be the given cylinder of height ′ ℎ ′ and radius ′ 𝑟 ′ and 𝐷𝑃𝐶 be the cone of
course, of radius 𝑟.

132
Now, since 𝛼 is the semi-vertical angle of the cone.
𝑃𝐶 𝑟
∴𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = = … (1)
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑃
ℎ
But, given that 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = … (2)
𝑟

ℎ 𝑟
From (1) and (2), we have =
𝑟 𝑂𝑃

𝑟2
∴ 𝑂𝑃 = … (3)
ℎ
Total height of the hole = H

⇒ 𝐻 = ℎ + 𝑂𝑃 ⇒ 𝑂𝑃 = 𝐻 − ℎ … (4)

From (3) and (4),

𝑟2
=𝐻−ℎ … (5)
ℎ
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑡, 𝜙 = 𝐻 − ℎ − … (6)

In drilling a hole, the volume of the removed portion

𝜕𝜙 2𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑟2
=− , = −1 + 2
𝜕𝑟 ℎ 𝜕ℎ ℎ
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒.

2
1 2 (𝑂𝑃) 2
1 2
𝑟2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 ∗ (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞. (3))
3 3 ℎ

2
𝜋𝑟 4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ +
3ℎ
𝜕𝑉 4𝜋𝑟 3
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + … (7)
𝜕𝑟 3ℎ
By Lagrange method

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝜙 4𝜋𝑟 3 −2𝑟
+𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + +𝜆( )=0 … (8)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 3ℎ ℎ

133
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝜙 2
𝜋𝑟 4 𝑟2
+𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 − + 𝜆 (−1 + 2 ) = 0. . . . (9)
𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ 3ℎ2 ℎ

Multiplying (8) by r and (9) by 2h, we get,

2
4𝜋𝑟 4 −2𝑟 2 2
2𝜋𝑟 4 𝑟2
2𝜋𝑟 ℎ + +𝜆( )=0 ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 ℎ − + 2𝜆 (−ℎ + ) = 0
3ℎ ℎ 3ℎ ℎ

On subtracting, we get,

6𝜋𝑟 4 −2𝑟 2 2𝑟 2 6𝜋𝑟 4 −4𝑟 2

+𝜆( + 2ℎ − )=0 ⇒ +𝜆( + 2ℎ) = 0
3ℎ ℎ ℎ 3ℎ ℎ

2𝜋𝑟 4 + 𝜆(−4𝑟 2 + 2ℎ2 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 4 + 𝜆(−2𝑟 2 + ℎ2 ) = 0

𝜋𝑟 4
∴𝜆=
−ℎ2 + 2𝑟 2
Putting the value of 𝜆 in (8) we get,

4𝜋𝑟 3 𝜋𝑟 4 −2𝑟
2𝜋𝑟ℎ + +( 2 ) ( )=0
3ℎ −ℎ + 2𝑟 2 ℎ

2𝑟 2 𝑟4 𝑟2
⇒ℎ+ + =0 ( = 𝐻 − ℎ)
3ℎ ℎ(ℎ2 − 2𝑟 2 ) ℎ

2 ℎ2 (𝐻 − ℎ)2
⇒ℎ+ (𝐻 − ℎ) + =0
3 ℎ[ℎ2 − 2ℎ(𝐻 − ℎ)]

2 (𝐻2 + ℎ2 − 2ℎ𝐻)
⇒ℎ+ (𝐻 − ℎ) + =0
3 ℎ − 2𝐻 + 2ℎ
2 𝐻2 + ℎ2 − 2ℎ𝐻
⇒ ℎ + (𝐻 − ℎ) + =0
3 3ℎ − 2𝐻
2
3ℎ2 − 2𝐻ℎ + (𝐻 − ℎ)(3ℎ − 2𝐻) + 𝐻2 + ℎ2 − 2ℎ𝐻 = 0
3
9ℎ2 − 6𝐻ℎ + 6𝐻ℎ − 4𝐻2 − 6ℎ2 + 4𝐻ℎ + 3𝐻2 + 3ℎ2 − 6ℎ𝐻 = 0

6ℎ2 − 2ℎ𝐻 − 𝐻2 = 0

2𝐻 ± √4𝐻2 + 24𝐻2
ℎ=
12

134
 𝐻 ± 𝐻 √7 ( √7 + 1
ℎ= =𝐻 (−𝑉𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
6 6
Problem 47: The pressure 𝑃 at any point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in space is 𝑃 = 400 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 . Find the
highest pressure at the surface of a unit sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1. (Gujarat, I
Semester, Jan. 2009)
Answer:
We have 𝑃 = 400 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1, 𝜙 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜙
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 400 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝜆(2 𝑥) = 0 … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜙
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 400 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝜆(2 𝑦) = 0 … (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜙
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 800 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(2 𝑧) = 0 … (3)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Multiplying (1) by x, (2) by y and (3) by z and adding, we get

1600 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0

1600 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝜆(1) = 0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 1
∴ 𝜆 = −800 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
Putting the value of 𝜆 in (1) we get,
1
400 𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝑥(−800 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 ) = 0 ⇒ 1 − 4𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥=±
2
1
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑦=±
2
On putting the value of 𝜆 in (3) we get,
1
800 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 1600 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 = 0 ⇒ 1 − 2𝑧 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧=±
√2
On putting the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in P we get,
𝑃 = 400 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
1 1 1 2
𝑃 = 400 ( ) ( ) ( ) = 50.
2 2 √2

Problem 48: A scope probe in the shape of ellipsoid 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 = 16 enters

the earth atmosphere and its surface begins to heat. After one hour the temperature at
the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on the surface is 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 8𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑧 − 16𝑧 + 600. Find the
hottest point on the probe surface.

135
Answer:
Given temperature on the surface (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is,
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 8𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑧 − 16𝑧 + 600 . . . (1)

And ellipsoid is, 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 = 16

Let 𝜙 = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 − 16 = 0 … (2)
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜙
= 16 𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =8𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜙
= 4 𝑧, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜙
= 4𝑦 − 16, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =8𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
By Lagrange's method
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜙
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 16 𝑥 + 8 𝜆 𝑥 = 0 … (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜙
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 4𝑧+2𝜆𝑦 =0 … (4)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜙
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 4 𝑦 − 16 + 8 𝜆 𝑧 = 0 … (5)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
From (3), 𝜆 = −2
Putting the value of 𝜆 in (4) and (5) we get,
4 𝑧 + 2(−2)𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑦 … (6)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑦 − 16 + 8(−2)𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 4 … (7)

Adding (6) and (7), we get

4
−3𝑧 = 4 ⇒ 𝑧 = −
3
4
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (6) , ⇒𝑦=𝑧=−
3
On putting the values of 𝑦 and z in (2) we get,

2
4 2 4 2 16 4
4𝑥 + (− ) + 4 (− ) − 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=±
3 3 9 3
136
 4 −4 −4
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 (± , , )
3 3 3
Problem 49: A torpedo has a cylinder shape with conical ends. For specific surface
2
area, illustrate that the maximum volume dimensions are, 𝑙 = ℎ = 𝑟, where ℎ the
√5
altitude of the cone, 𝑟 its radius, and 𝑙 is the length of the cylinder.
Answer:
Let V be the volume enclosed by the torpedo and S its surface. Then,

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠

1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙 + 2 ∗ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 + 2(𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒)

= (𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∗ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

1
+ 2 ( 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∗ 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
2

𝜙 = 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟√(𝑟 2 + ℎ2 ) … (1)

2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑙, ℎ, 𝑟) = 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ … (2)
3
By Lagrange's method
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝜙 𝑟
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋 𝑟 𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = − … (3)
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑙 2
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝜙 2 2𝜋 𝑟 ℎ 𝜆
+𝜆 =0 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 + =0 … (4)
𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ 3 √(𝑟 2 + ℎ2 )

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝜙 4 2 2
2𝜋𝑟 2
+𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜆 [2𝜋𝑙 + 2𝜋√(𝑟 + ℎ ) + ]
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 3 √(𝑟 2 + ℎ2 )
= 0 … . (5)
137
 Putting the value of 𝜆 in (4) we get,
2 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑟 2 ℎ
𝜋𝑟 2 + (− ) = 0 ⇒ − =0
3 √(𝑟 2 + ℎ2 ) 2 3 √𝑟 2 + ℎ2

2 ℎ 4 ℎ2
⇒ = ⇒ = 2 2
⇒ 9ℎ2 = 4𝑟 2 + 4ℎ2 ⇒ 5ℎ2 = 4𝑟 2
3 2
√𝑟 + ℎ 2 9 𝑟 + ℎ
2
∴ℎ= 𝑟
√5
𝑟 2𝑟
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜆 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 𝑖𝑛 (5)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡,
2 √5

4 2 𝑟 4 2 2𝑟 2
2𝑟𝑙 + 𝑟 ( 𝑟) − 2𝑙 + 2√𝑟 + 𝑟 +
2 =0
3 √5 2 5 4
√𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2
[ 5 ]
8𝑟 9 𝑟2 5
2𝑙+ −𝑙− √ − 𝑟2√ 2 = 0
3√5 5 9𝑟
−8 𝑟 √5 3𝑟 −8 3 √5
𝑙= + 𝑟=( + + + )𝑟
3√5 √5 3 3√5 √5 3
2𝑟
∴𝑙=
√5
2𝑟
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑙 = ℎ = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
√5
Problem 50: What value of a makes the function:

f( x) x  a2

x , have:
i) A local minimum at x = 2 ?

ii) a local minimum at x = -3 ?

iii) a point of inflection at x = 1 ?

iv) Show that the function can’t have a local maximum for any value of a .

Answer:

a df a d2y 2a
f(x) x    2x   0  a  2 x and  2
2 3
x dx x2 dx 2 x3

138
 d2 f
i ) at x  2  a  2 * 8  16 and 2
 2  2 * 316  6  0 Mini.
dx 2
2
d f 2( 54 )
ii ) at x  -3  a  2(-3)3  54 and 2  6  0 Mini.
dx 2
( 3 ) 3
d2 f
iii ) at x  1  2
 2  2 a  0  a  1
dx 1
2
d f 2( 2 x 3 )
iv ) a  2 x 3
2 60
dx 2 x3
d2 f
Since 2
 0 for all value of x in a  2x 3 .
dx
Hence the functions don’t have a local maximum.

𝑎3
Problem 51: Show that minimum value of 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + +
𝑥
𝑎3
𝑖𝑠 3𝑎2 .
𝑦
Answer:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑦 − 𝑎3 𝑥 −2 ; = 𝑥 − 𝑎3 𝑦 −2 ; 𝑟 = = 2𝑎3 𝑥 −3 ; 𝑠 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= 1; 𝑡 = = 2𝑎3 𝑦 −2 .
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Now for maximum or minimum we must have =0 , =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢
𝑆𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎3 𝑥 −2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑎3 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎3 𝑦 −2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑎3 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑦

Solving (i) and (ii). We get 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑦.

From (i) and (ii), we find that x = 0 and y = 0 do not hold as it gives a = 0, which is
against hypothesis.

∴ We have x = y and from (i) we get 𝑥 3 = 𝑎3 or x = a and therefore, we have x =

a = y. This satisfies (ii) also. Hence it is a solution.

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 = 𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑟 = 2𝑎3 𝑎−3 = 2, 𝑠 = 1, 𝑡 = 2

∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 = (2) (2) – 12 = 3 > 0

139
 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟 = 2 > 0. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 = 𝑦

𝑎3 𝑎3
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + ( ) + ( )
𝑥 𝑦

𝑎𝑡 𝑥=𝑎=𝑦

𝑎3 𝑎3
= 𝑎. 𝑎 + ( ) + ( ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = 3𝑎2 . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝑎 𝑎

Problem 52: Investigate the maximum and minimum values of

𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 .

Answer:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Then = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥; = 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑦;
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
∴ 𝑟 = 2 = 12𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2; 𝑠 = = 4𝑥; 𝑡 = 2 = 6
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
For maximum and minimum, we must have = 0, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 2𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 − 1) = 0 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑦
1
Solving (i) and (ii), we get 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −
4

3 1
∴ From (ii), we get 𝑥 2 = −3𝑦 = ( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ± √3
4 2

1 1 1 1
∴ The solution are 𝑥 = √3, 𝑦 = − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = − 2 √3, 𝑦 = − 4
2

1 1
When 𝑥 = √3 , 𝑦 = − 4, we get
2

3 1 1
𝑟 = 12 ( ) + 4 (− ) − 2 = 6, 𝑠 = 4 ( √3) = 2√3, 𝑡 = 6
4 4 2
2
∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 = 6 × 6 − (2√3) > 0. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟 > 0.

140
 1 1
∴ There is a maximum when 𝑥 = √3, 𝑦 = − .
2 4

1 1
Agin when 𝑥 = − √3, 𝑦 = − , we have 𝑟 = 6, 𝑠 = −2√3, 𝑡 = 6
2 4

2
∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 = (6)(6) − (−2√3) > 0. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟 > 0.

Hence as before there is a minimum when

1 1
𝑥 = √3 , 𝑦 = − .
2 4

Problem 53: Evaluate the function maximum and minimum standards

z = sin x sin y sin (x + y).

Answer:
Given z = sin x sin y sin (x + y)
1
= [2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ](𝑥 + 𝑦)
2
1
= [(𝑥 − 𝑦) −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
2
1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝑦) −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
2
1
= [2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝑦) − 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 𝑦) ]
4
1
𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) ]
4
𝜕𝑧 1
∴ = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) ]
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑧 1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) ]
𝜕𝑦 2

141
 𝜕2𝑧
𝑟 = 2 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) ⋯ (𝐴)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑧
𝑠= =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) ⋯ (𝐵)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑧
𝑡 = 2 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) ⋯ (𝐶)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
For maximum and minimum, we must have = 0, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑦

Solving (i) and (ii), we get 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 which gives

2𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 2𝑦. 𝐼𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑦

When 𝑥 = 𝑦, from (i) we get 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 = 0

𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 − 1) = 0 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1

𝑜𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 1 = 0

1 ± √1 + 8 1 ± 3 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = = = 1, −
4 4 2
2𝜋
𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 0, 2𝑚𝜋 ± , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚, 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
3
𝜋
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋±, 𝑚𝜋 ±
3
𝜋
𝐼𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑥 =
3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 =
3 3
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝐴)
3 3

√3 √3
=− − = −√3;
2 2

142
 4𝜋
𝑠 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝐵)
3

√3
𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = −
2
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝐶)
3 3

√3 √3
=− − = −√3
2 2
2
2 √3 3 9
∴ 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = (−√3)(−√3) − (− ) = 3 − =
2 4 4
𝜋
Thus at 𝑥 = = 𝑦, 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0, 𝑟 < 0, so there is a maximum at
3

𝜋
𝑥= = 𝑦.
3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Hence, maximum value= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + )
3 3 3 3

√3 √3 √3 3 √3
= . = .
2 2 2 8
𝜋 𝜋
If we take 𝑥 = − , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 = −
3 3

1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = √3, 𝑠 = √3, 𝑡 = √3
2
9
∴ 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = > 0, 𝑟 > 0
4
𝜋
There is a minimum at 𝑥 = − = 𝑦.
3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Hence, minimum value= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 {(− ) + (− )}
3 3 3 3

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 3

√3 √3 √3 3 √3
=− . . =− .
2 2 2 8

143
 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑥2
Problem 54: Find the maximum and minimum values of 4
+ 4
+ where +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐4 𝑎2
𝑦2 𝑧2
2
+ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0.
𝑏 𝑐2

Answer:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Let 𝑢= 4
+ 4
+ ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐4

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Given 2
+ 2
+ =1 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐2

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
( 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ( 4 ) 𝑑𝑦 + ( 4 ) 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
(𝑎2) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑐 2) 𝑑𝑧 = 0 ⋯ (𝑣)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛 𝑑𝑧 = 0 ⋯ (𝑣𝑖)

Multiplying (v) and (vi) by 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 and adding, we get

𝑥 𝜆1 𝑥 𝑦 𝜆1 𝑦 𝑧 𝜆1 𝑧
( + + 𝜆 2 𝑙) 𝑑𝑥 + ( + + 𝜆 2 𝑚) 𝑑𝑦 + ( + + 𝜆2 𝑛) 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑎4 𝑎2 𝑏4 𝑏2 𝑐4 𝑐2
Equating to zero the coefficients of dx, dy and dz, we get
𝑥 𝜆1 𝑥 𝑦 𝜆1 𝑦 𝑧 𝜆1 𝑧
+ + 𝜆 2 𝑙 = 0, + + 𝜆 2 𝑚 = 0, + + 𝜆2 𝑛 = 0
𝑎4 𝑎2 𝑏4 𝑏2 𝑐4 𝑐2
These are Lagrange’s equations.

Multiplying these by x, y, z and adding, we get

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
( 4 + 4 + 4 ) + 𝜆1 ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + 𝜆2 (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧) = 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝑜𝑟 𝑢 + 𝜆1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝜆1 = −𝑢

∴ From (vii), we have

𝑥 𝑢𝑥 𝑦 𝑢𝑦 𝑧 𝑢𝑧
+ + 𝜆 2 𝑙 = 0, + + 𝜆 2 𝑚 = 0, + + 𝜆2 𝑛 = 0
𝑎4 𝑎2 𝑏4 𝑏2 𝑐4 𝑐2

144
 𝑜𝑟 𝑥(1 − 𝑎2 𝑢) = −𝑙𝑎4 𝜆2 , 𝑦(1 − 𝑏 2 𝑢) = −𝑚𝑏 4 𝜆2 , 𝑧(1 − 𝑐 2 𝑢) = −𝑛𝑐 4 𝜆2

−𝑙𝑎4 𝜆2 −𝑚𝑏 4 𝜆2 −𝑛𝑐 4 𝜆2

𝑜𝑟 𝑥= ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 =
1 − 𝑎2 𝑢 1 − 𝑏2𝑢 1 − 𝑐2𝑢
Substituting these values in (iii), we get

𝑙 2 𝑎4 𝑚2 𝑏 4 𝑛2 𝑐 4
+ + =0
1 − 𝑎2 𝑢 1 − 𝑏 2 𝑢 1 − 𝑐 2 𝑢

or ∑ 𝑙 2 𝑎4 (1 − 𝑏 2 𝑢)(1 − 𝑐 2 𝑢) = 0

or ∑ 𝑙 2 𝑎4 {𝑏 2 𝑐 2 𝑢2 − (𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )𝑢 + 1} = 0

or 𝑢2 (∑ 𝑙 2 𝑎4 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 ) − 𝑢{∑ 𝑙 2 𝑎4 (𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )} + ∑ 𝑙 2 𝑎4 = 0
1 1
or 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 (𝑙2 𝑎2 + 𝑚2 𝑏 2 + 𝑛2 𝑐 2 )𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 {∑ 𝑙 2 𝑎2 ( 2 + )} 𝑢 + ∑ 𝑙 2 𝑎4 = 0
𝑐 𝑏2

𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑙2 𝑏 2 𝑚2 𝑛2 𝑐 2
or (𝑙 2 𝑎2 + 𝑚2 𝑏 2 + 𝑛2 𝑐 2 )𝑢2 − {∑ 𝑙 2 ( 2
+ )} 𝑢 + (𝑏2𝑐 2 + + ) = 0,
𝑐 𝑏2 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2

which gives the max. and min. values of u.

Problem 55: Find the minimum distance from the point (1, 2, 0) to the cone𝑧 2 =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2.
(U.P.T.U.,2006)

Answer:

Let (x, y, z) be any point on the cone then distance from the point (1, 2, 0) is

𝐷2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 + (𝑧 − 1)2

Let 𝑢 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 + 𝑧 2 ⋯ (𝑖)

Subject to 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

For minimum, from (i) and (ii), we get

𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥 – 1) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 – 2) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0 . . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 – 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0 . . . (𝑖𝑣)

Multiplying equation (iv) by λ and adding in (iii), we get

(𝑥 – 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 – 2)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜆 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 – 𝑧 𝑑𝑧) = 0

145
 ⇒ {𝑥 (1 + 𝜆) – 1} 𝑑𝑥 + {𝑦 (1 + 𝜆) – 2} 𝑑𝑦 + {𝑧 (1 – 𝜆)} 𝑑𝑧 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 (1 + 𝜆)– 1 = 0, 𝑦 ( 1 + 𝜆)– 2 = 0, 𝑧 (1 – 𝜆) = 0
1 2
⇒ 𝑥= ,𝑦 = ,𝑦 = 1 ⋯ (𝑣)
1+ 𝜆 1+ 𝜆
1 1 2
∴ 𝑥= = ,𝑦 = =1
1+ 1 2 1+1
Putting the value of x and y in equation (ii), we get

1 5 √5
+ 1 − 𝑧2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧2 = ⇒ 𝑧=±
4 4 2

Hence, the minimum distance from the point (1, 2, 0) is

2 2
1 √5 1 5 10
𝐷 = ( − 1) + (1 − 2)2 + ( ) = + 1 + =
2
2 2 4 4 4

5 5
Or 𝐷2 = ⇒ 𝐷=√ .
2 2

Problem 56: Find the dimension of maximum capacity rectangular box whose
surface area is given when (a) box is open at the top (b) box is closed.

(U.P.T.U., 2008)

Answer:

Let the length, breadth and height of box are x, y, z respectively.

So volume 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 . . . (𝑖)

There will be two surface area one for open and one for closed box

∴ 𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 𝑆 (𝑠𝑎𝑦) . . . (𝑖𝑖)

or 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≡ 𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 – 𝑆 = 0 . . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Here n = 1, when the box is open on the top

n = 2, when the box is closed.

The Lagrange’s equations are

146
 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑔
+𝜆 = 𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑧) = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑔
+𝜆 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑧) = 0 ⋯ (𝑣)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑔
+𝜆 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝜆(2𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 0 ⋯ (𝑣𝑖)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Multiplying (iv), (v), (vi) by x, y, z respectively and adding, we get

3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆 [2(𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥)] = 0

3𝑉
or 3𝑉 + 𝜆[2𝑆] = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = − ⋯ (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
2𝑆

Putting value of λ from (vii) in (iv), (v) and (vi), we get

3𝑉 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦𝑧 − (𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑧 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑧 = (𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑧 ) = 0
2𝑆 2𝑆
2𝑆
𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 = ⋯ (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)
3

2𝑆
Similarly 𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 = ⋯ (𝑖𝑥)
3

2𝑆
2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = ⋯ (𝑥)
3

From (viii) and (ix), we get

𝑥=𝑦 ⋯ (𝑥𝑖)

And from (ix), (x), we get

𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑥
𝑛𝑦 = 2𝑧 ⇒ 𝑧 = = ⋯ (𝑥𝑖𝑖)
2 2
Putting (xi) and (xii) in equation (ii), we have
𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑥
𝑛𝑥 . 𝑥 + 2 . 𝑥 . +2. . 𝑥 = 𝑆 ⇒ 3𝑛𝑥 2 = 𝑆
2 2
𝑆
𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 =
3𝑛
(a) When box is open n = 1

147
 𝑆 𝑆
∴ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=√
3 3

𝑆 1 𝑆
Hence, the dimensions of the open box are 𝑥 = 𝑦 = √ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = √
3 2 3

𝑆 𝑆
(b) When box is closed n = 2 ∴ 𝑥2 = ⇒ 𝑥=√
6 6

𝑆 𝑆
𝑥=𝑦=√ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧=√ .
6 6

Problem 57: If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 find 𝐽(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

(U.P.T.U, 2002)

Answer:

Here we calculate 𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) as follows:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) = | | = |𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 1 1 1 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 𝑦𝑧(2𝑦 − 2𝑧) − 𝑧𝑥(2𝑥 − 2𝑧) + 𝑥𝑦(2𝑥 − 2𝑦)

= 2[𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑧𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦)]

= 2[−𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦)]

= 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)[−𝑧𝑥 − 𝑧𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦] |𝐴𝑠 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)

= 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)[𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑥) − 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)]

= 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑧 − 𝑦)(𝑧 − 𝑥)

= −2(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐽(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). 𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) = 1

∴ 𝐽(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =

Problem 58: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 (1 − 𝑟 2 )−1/2 , 𝑣 = 𝑦 (1 − 𝑟 2 )−1/2 , 𝑤 = 𝑧 (1 − 𝑟 2 )−1/2

𝜕 (𝑢,𝑣,𝑤 )
Where 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝜕 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

148
Answer:
Since 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
∴ = , = , =
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

Differentiating partially 𝑢 = 𝑥 (1 − 𝑟 2 )−1/2 w.r.t. x, we get

𝜕𝑢 1 1 3 𝜕𝑟
= (1 − 𝑟 2 )−2 + 𝑥(− )(−2𝑟) (1 − 𝑟 2 )−2 ∙
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
1 3 𝑥 1 𝑥2
= (1 − 𝑟 2 )−2 + 𝑟𝑥 (1 − 𝑟 2 )−2 ∙ = + 3
𝑟 √1 − 𝑟 2
(1 − 𝑟 2 )2

𝜕𝑢 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2
⇒ = 3
𝜕𝑥
(1 − 𝑟 2 )2

Differentiating partially u w.r.t. y, we get

𝜕𝑢 1 3
2 )−2 (−2𝑟)
𝜕𝑟 𝑥𝑟 𝑦
= 𝑥 (− ) (1 −𝑟 ∙ = ∙
3 𝑟
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
(1 − 𝑟 2 )2
𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑦
⇒ = 3
𝜕𝑦
(1 − 𝑟 2 )2
𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑧
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3
𝜕𝑧
(1 − 𝑟 2 )2

𝜕𝑣 𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝑣 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 𝑦𝑧
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, = ,
3 𝜕𝑦 = 3 , = 3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
(1 − 𝑟 2 )2 (1 − 𝑟 2 )2 (1 − 𝑟 2 )2

𝜕𝑤 𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑧𝑦 𝜕𝑤 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2
= 3 , = 3 , 𝜕𝑧 = 3 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(1 − 𝑟 2 )2 2
(1 − 𝑟 )2 2
(1 − 𝑟 )2
𝜕 (𝑢,𝑣,𝑤 )
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, =
𝜕 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
1−𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦 1−𝑟 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑧𝑦 1−𝑟 2 +𝑧 2
| 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 |
(1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2 (1−𝑟 2 )2

1
= 9
|1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑥 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑧𝑦 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 |
(1 − 𝑟 2 ) 2

149
 −9
= (1 − 𝑟 2 ) 2 [(1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 ) {(1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )(1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 ) − 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 }
− 𝑥𝑦 {𝑥𝑦 (1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 } + 𝑥𝑧 {𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 (1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )}]
−9
= (1 − 𝑟 2 ) 2 [(1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑦 2 )(1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ]
−9
= (1 − 𝑟 2 ) 2 [(1 − 𝑟 2 )3 + (1 − 𝑟 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )]
−9
= (1 − 𝑟 2 ) 2 [(1 − 𝑟 2 )3 + (1 − 𝑟 2 )2 𝑟 2 ]
−9 −5
= (1 − 𝑟 2 ) 2 ∙ (1 − 𝑟 2 )2 [ 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 ] = (1 − 𝑟 2 ) 2 .

Problem 59: If 𝑢3 + 𝑣 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 , show that

𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
= .
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦) 2𝑢𝑣 (𝑢 − 𝑣)

Answer:
Let
𝑓1 ≡ 𝑢3 + 𝑣 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝜕 (𝑓1 ,𝑓2 ) 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2
𝑓2 ≡ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑤, =| |=
𝜕 (𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
|−1 − 1 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 | = 3(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )

𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2

𝑎𝑛𝑑 =| | = |3 𝑢2 3 𝑣 2 2𝑢 2𝑣 | = 6 𝑢𝑣 (𝑢 − 𝑣)
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 (𝑓1 ,𝑓2 )
𝜕 (𝑢,𝑣) 2 𝜕 (𝑥,𝑦) 3(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 ) (𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 )
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, (𝑥,𝑦)
= (−1) 𝜕 (𝑓1 ,𝑓2 ) = = Hence Proved.
𝜕 6𝑢𝑣 (𝑢−𝑣) 2𝑢𝑣 (𝑢−𝑣)
𝜕 (𝑢,𝑣)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Problem 60: If 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, are the roots of the equation in k, + + = 1, prove
𝑎+𝑘 𝑏+𝑘 𝑐+𝑘
𝜕 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) (𝑢−𝑣)(𝑣−𝑤)(𝑤−𝑢)
that (𝑢,𝑣,𝑤 )
=− (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑏−𝑐)(𝑐−𝑎)
.
𝜕

Answer:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
We have + + =1
𝑎+𝑘 𝑏+𝑘 𝑐+𝑘

𝑜𝑟 𝑥(𝑏 + 𝑘)(𝑐 + 𝑘) + 𝑦(𝑎 + 𝑘)(𝑐 + 𝑘) + 𝑧(𝑎 + 𝑘)(𝑐 + 𝑘)

= (𝑎 + 𝑘)(𝑏 + 𝑘)(𝑐 + 𝑘)

150
 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 3 + 𝑘 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)
+ 𝑘{𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 − 9𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 − (𝑐 + 𝑎) 𝑦 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑧}
+ (𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏𝑧) = 0

Since its roots are given to be u, v, w, so we have

𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = – (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 – 𝑥 – 𝑦 – 𝑧)

𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑤𝑢 = 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 – (𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 – (𝑐 + 𝑎)𝑦 – (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑧 𝑢𝑣𝑤

= – (𝑎𝑏𝑐 – 𝑏𝑐𝑥 – 𝑐𝑎𝑦 – 𝑎𝑏𝑧)

Let

𝑓1 ≡ 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 – 𝑥 – 𝑦 – 𝑧 = 0

𝑓2 ≡ 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑤𝑢 – 𝑏𝑐 – 𝑐𝑎 – 𝑎𝑏 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑥 + (𝑐 + 𝑎) 𝑦 + (𝑎
+ 𝑏)𝑧 = 0

𝑓3 ≡ 𝑢𝑣𝑤 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 – 𝑏𝑐𝑥 – 𝑐𝑎𝑦 – 𝑎𝑏𝑧 = 0

𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 𝑓3 , ) 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3
𝑁𝑜𝑤, =| |
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= |−1 − 1 − 1 (𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑐 + 𝑎) (𝑎 + 𝑏) − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 |

= |0 0 0 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑐) | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑐)

𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 𝑓3 , ) 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 =| |
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= |1 1 1 (𝑣 + 𝑤) (𝑤 + 𝑢) (𝑢 + 𝑣) 𝑣𝑤 𝑤𝑢 𝑢𝑣 |

|1 0 0 𝑣 + 𝑤 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑤 𝑣 𝑤 𝑤(𝑢 − 𝑣) 𝑣(𝑢 − 𝑤) | (𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3

→ 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 )

= (𝑢 − 𝑣)(𝑢 − 𝑤)(𝑣 − 𝑤)
𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 )
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑐)
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, = (−1)3 =−
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 ) (𝑢 − 𝑣)(𝑢 − 𝑤)(𝑣 − 𝑤)
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) (𝑢 − 𝑣)(𝑢 − 𝑤)(𝑣 − 𝑤)
∴ =− . Hence proved
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ) (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑐)

151
 1
y ( x  6x  9x  6 )
3 2

Problem 61: Sketch the curve: 6 .

Answer:
1 2 3
y'  x  2 x   0  x  4 x  3  0  ( x  1 )( x  3 )  0  x  1 ,3
2
2 2
y"  x  2  at x  1  y"  1 - 2  -1  0 concave down .
 at x  3  y"  3 - 2  0 concave up .
 at y"  0  x - 2  0  x  2 point of inflection .

x 0 1 2 3 4

y 1 1.7 1.3 1 1.7

y
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 x
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Problem 62: Discuss the maximum or minimum values of u when 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 +

𝑦 3 – 3𝑎𝑥𝑦. (U.P.T.U., 2004)
Answer:

𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
= 3𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦; = 3𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥; 𝑟 = 2 = 6𝑥; 𝑠 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕 𝑢
= −3𝑎; 𝑡 = = 6𝑦.
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Now for maximum or minimum, we must have =0 , =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢
𝑆𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥

152
 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑦

Solving (i) and (ii). We get (𝑦 2 /𝑎)2 − 𝑎𝑦 = 0

𝑜𝑟 𝑦 4 − 𝑎3 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦(𝑦 3 − 𝑎3 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎 .

Now from (i), we have when y=0, x=0, and when 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = ∓ 𝑎.

But x = – a, y = a, do not satisfy (ii), here are not solutions.

Hence the solutions are x = 0, y = 0; x = a, y = a;

At x = 0, y = 0, we have r = 0, s = – 3a, t = 0.

∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 = 0 – (– 3𝑎)2 = negative and there is neither maximum nor

minimum at

x = 0, y = 0.

At x = a, y = a, we get r = 6a, s = – 3a, t = 6a

∴ 𝑟𝑡 – 𝑠 2 = (6𝑎)(6𝑎) – (– 3𝑎)2 = 36𝑎2 – 9𝑎2 > 0

Also r = 6a > 0 if a > 0 and r < 0 if a < 0.

Hence there is maximum or minimum according as a < 0

or a > 0. The maximum or minimum value of u = – a3 according

as a < 0 or a > 0.

Problem 63: Determine the maxima and minima of x2 + y2 + z2 when ax2 + by2 +
cz2 = 1.

Answer:

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑧 2 − 1 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) = 2𝑥, = 2𝑦, = 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖) = 2𝑎𝑥, 2𝑏𝑦, = 2𝑐𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Now from Lagrange's equations, we get

153
 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
+𝜆 = 2𝑥 + 𝜆. 2𝑎𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥(1 + 𝜆𝑎) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥(1 + 𝜆𝑎) = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
+𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 + 𝜆. 2𝑏𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦(1 + 𝜆𝑏) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦(1 + 𝜆𝑏)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
𝑎𝑛𝑑 +𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑧 + 𝜆. 2𝑐𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑧(1 + 𝜆𝑐) = 0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⇒ 𝑧(1 + 𝜆𝑏) ⋯ (𝑣)

Multiplying these equations by x, y, z respectively and adding, we get

𝑥 2 (1 + 𝜆𝑎) + 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝜆𝑏) + 𝑧 2 (1 + 𝜆𝑐) = 0

𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
=0 ⋯ (𝑣𝑖)

Using (i) and (ii) in above equation, we get

𝑓 + 𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = −𝑓

Putting λ = – f in equations (iii), (iv) and (v), we get

𝑥(1 − 𝑓𝑎) = 0, 𝑦(1 − 𝑓𝑏) = 0, 𝑧(1 − 𝑓𝑐) = 0

⇒ 1 − 𝑓𝑎 = 0, 1 − 𝑓𝑏 = 0, 1 − 𝑓𝑐 = 0
1 1 1
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓 = , , . These give the max. and min. values of f.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

154
 Chapter Six: Integrals of Functions

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Evaluate the following integrals:

 x  1  4  x 2  dx
5 3 1 5
1) 2
(ans. : x  x  4 x  c)
3 5
2)  ex  sin e x dx (ans. :  cosex  c)

1
3)  tan(3x  5) dx (ans. :  ln cos( 3x  5)  c)
3
cot(lnx)
4)  x
dx (ans. : ln sin(lnx)  c)
sinx  cosx
5)  dx (ans. :  ln cosx  x  c)
cosx
dx
6)  (ans. :  cotx  cscx  c)
1  cosx
1
 cot(2x  1)  csc (2x  1) dx (ans. :  cot 2 (2 x  1)  c)
2
7)
4
dx 1 1
8)  1  9x 2
(ans. :
3
sin (3x)  c)

dx x
9)  2  x2
(ans. : sin 1
2
 c)

1
 e  coshe dx sinh e 2 x  c)
2x 2x
10 ) (ans. :
2
11)  esinx  cosx dx (ans. : esinx  c)
dx 1
12 ) e 3x
(ans. :  e  3 x  c)
3
e x
1
  2 x  c)
x
13) dx (ans. : 2e
x
14 )  
 x a  b 3x dx where a, b constants (ans. :
1
10
5
(5ax 2  4 3bx 2 )  c)
dx
15 )  1 x 2
(ans. :  tan 1x  c)
cos θ dθ
16 )  1  sin 2

(ans. : tan 1 (sin  )  c)

155
 1 1 1 1
17 )  x 2 x x dx
csc cot (ans. : csc
x
 c)

3x  1 33
18)  3
3x 2  2 x  1
dx (ans. :
4
(3 x 2  2 x  1) 2  c)

19)  sin(tan  )  sec2  d (ans. :  cos(tan )  c)

1
20 )  x 2  x 4 dx (ans. : 
3
(1  x 2 )3  c)

sec 2 2 x dx
21)  (ans. : tan 2 x  c)
tan 2 x

 sin   cos   d
2
22 ) (ans. :   cos 2  c)

y 1 1 2
23)  y  1 dy 4
(ans. :
2
tan y  c)

dx
24)  x ( x  1)
(ans. : 2tan 1 x  c)

9 53
 t 3 (t 3  1) 3 dt
2 5 2 5
25 ) (ans. : (t  1) 3  c)
25

dx 5

4
26) (ans. : 1  x 5  c)
x5 1 x5
1 4
2

cos 1
4x  2
1
 

3
27 ) dx (ans. :  cos 1 4 x  c)
1  16 x 2 12
dx
28) x 4x  1 2
(ans. : sec1 (2 x)  c)

dx 1
29 )  e x
e x 2

(ans. :
4
tanh x  c)

dx 1 ln x 2
3  c)
2
ln x
30 ) (ans. : 3
x 2ln3

cot x dx
31)  ln(sin x) (ans. : ln ln(sin x)  c)
156
 (ln x)2 1
32)  dx (ans. : (ln x)3  c)
x 3

sin x  esec x
33)  dx (ans. : esec x  c)
cos2 x
dx
34 )  x  ln x (ans. : ln ln x  c)

d
35 )  cosh   sinh  (ans. :  e   c)

2 x  82 x 1 5x
36)  4x
dx (ans. : x 
5 ln 2
2  c)

1
e tan 2t 1 tan 1 2t
37)  dt (ans. : e  c)
1  4t 2 2

cot x
38 )  csc x dx (ans. : sinx  c)

1 1
 sec x  tan 3 x dx tan 6 x  tan 4 x  c)
4
39 ) (ans. :
6 4
1 1
 csc (ans. :  cot 3 3 x  cot 3x  c)
4
40 ) 3x dx
9 3
cos3 t
41)  2 dt (ans. :  csct  sint  c)
sin t

sec4 x 1
42)  4 dx (ans. :  cot 3 x  cotx  c)
tan x 3
1
 tan 4 d tan 4    c)
2
43) (ans. :
4

ex
44)  dx (ans. : ln(1  e x )  c)
1  ex

157
 1 1
 tan 2 x dx tan 2 2 x  ln cos 2 x  c)
3
45 ) (ans. :
4 2
sec2 x
46)  dx (ans. : ln( 2  tan x)  c)
2  tan x
1 1
 sec 3x dx tan 3 3x  tan 3x  c)
4
47 ) (ans. :
9 3
et
48)  dt (ans. : tan 1et  c)
1  e 2t

cos x
49)  x dx (ans. : 2sin x  c)

dx
50 )  sin x  cos x (ans. :  ln csc2x  cot2x  c)

51)  1  sin y dy (ans. :  2 1  sin y  c)

dx
52)  (x 2
 1)( 2  tan 1 x)
(ans. : ln (2  tan 1 x)  c)

53)  sin 1 (cosh x) 

sinh x dx
(ans. :
1
 
2
sinh 1 (cosh x)  c)
1  cosh x
2 2
cos  d
54 )  1  sin 2  (ans. : ln sec  tan  c)

dx
55)  x 1  (ln x)2
  (ans. : tan 1 (ln x)  c)

 e 
9 5 x 4 94 x 8 54 x x
 2e 4  e 4 dx e  e  4e 4  c)
x x
56 ) 4
(ans. :
9 5

e x dx 1
57)  2 x (ans. :   c)
e  2e x  1 e 1
x

1 1 3x 
 e  sinh 2 x dx e  e  x   c)
x
58) (ans. : 
2 3 

158
 sec3 x  esin x
59)  dx (ans. : tanx  esin x  c)
sec x

3 x 2 3 1 3
x 1
60 )  dx (ans. : tan  c)
2  9 x1 2 ln 3 2

cos x dx
61)  sin x  1  sin x
(ans. : 2sin 1 sin x  c)

1
 tan x sec4 x  sec2 x  ln cos x  c)
5
62 ) dx (ans. :
4
dx 1
63)  eln sin
1
x
 2
(ans. : (sin 1 x) 2  c)
1 x 2

1 x 2 1
 x e
x 2 1
64 ) dx (ans. : e  c)
2

65 )  cosh(ln cosx) dx (ans. :

1
2
sinx  ln secx  tanx   c)
cos x
66 )  sin 2
x
dx (ans. :  cscx  c)

67)  cosh
1
(sinx)
cosx dx
(ans. :
1

cosh 1 (sinx) 
2
 c)
sin 2 x  1 2

Problem 2: A wedge curved is split from a 3 radius cylinder by 2 planes. One of the
planes is perpendicular to the cylinder axis. The second plane crosses the first plane
at a 45° angle at the cylinder center. Find the wedge volume.

Answer:
The cross-section at x is a rectangle of area
𝐴(𝑥) = (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)

159
 𝐴 = (𝑥) (2√9 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥√9 − 𝑥 2 .

The rectangles run from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 3, so we have:

𝑏 3
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 0

2 3 2
=− (9 − 𝑥 2 )2 ]30 = 0 + (9)3/2
3 3
𝑉 = 18.

Problem 3: The 10 𝑚 long rod (as shown in figure) thickens from left to right, it is
density 𝛿(𝑥) = 1 + (𝑥/10) 𝑘𝑔/𝑚, rather than having constant density. Determine
the mass center for the rod.
Answer:
The rod’s moment about the origin is:
10
𝑀𝑂 = ∫ 𝑥 𝛿(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0

10
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 10
10 10
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥3 100 250
𝑀𝑂 = ∫ (𝑥 + ) = [ + ] = 50 + = 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚.
0 10 2 30 0 3 3

The rod’s mass is:

10 10 10
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑀 = ∫ 𝛿(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 + ] = 10 + 5 = 15 𝑘𝑔.
0 0 10 20 0

160
The mass center is located at the point:
𝑀𝑂 250 1 50
𝑥= = ∗ = = 5.56 𝑚.
𝑀 3 15 9

Problem 4: Evaluate the cycloid 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) one
arch length, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. Point P located on the circle circumference used to trace out
the cycloid curve.
Answer:
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ⇒ = 𝑎(1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2
⇒ ( ) = 𝑎2 (1 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 )
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎(1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ⇒ = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ ( ) = 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃

2𝜋
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= ∫ √(𝑎2 (1 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ) + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0

2𝜋 2𝜋
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
=∫ √2𝑎2 (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎√2 ∫ √2 √ 𝑑𝜃
0 0 2

2𝜋
𝜃 2𝜋
𝜃 𝜃 2𝜋
= 2𝑎 ∫ |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 | 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝜃 = −4𝑎 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
0 2 0 2 2 0

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 8 𝑎.

Problem 5: Express that the region area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = (1/𝑎)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑥 , the coordinate axes, in the first quadrant, and the line 𝑥 = 𝑏 is the
same as a rectangle area of length 𝑠 and height 1/𝑎, where 𝑠 is the curve length
from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝑏.

161
Answer:
To find the length of the curve:
𝑦 = (1/𝑎) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑏
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒
0

𝑏 𝑏
1 1
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑥 ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑏 .
0 𝑎 0 𝑎

Then the area under the curve is:

𝑏 𝑏
1 1 1
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑥 ] = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑏
0 𝑎 𝑎 0 𝑎
1 1
𝐴=( ) ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑏 )
𝑎 𝑎
1
Which is the area of the rectangle of height and length L as claimed.
𝑎

Problem 6: Calculate the surface area swept out by revolving about the x-axis the
curve 𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑥/4), − 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 16 ≤ 𝑥 ≤𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 81.
It can be revealed that, all of continuously differentiable curves joining points 𝐴 and
𝐵 in the figure; the least area surface generated by the curve 𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑥/4).
If you made a rigid wire frame of the end-circles through 𝐴 and 𝐵 and dipped them in
a soap-film solution, the surface spanning the circles would be the one generated by
the curve.

Answer:
𝑥
𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ⇒
4
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥
1 + ( ) = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 4 4
The surface area is,

162
 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 81
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆=∫ 2𝜋𝑦√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 16 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 81 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 81
2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑆 = 8𝜋 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋 ∫ (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 16 4 −𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 16 2

𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 81
𝑆 = 4𝜋 [𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ]
2 −𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 16
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 81
= 4𝜋 [(𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 81 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( ) )
2
− 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 16
− (16 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( ) )]
2
= 4𝜋[𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (81 ∗ 16) + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 9 ) + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 4 ) ]

= 4𝜋[𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (9 ∗ 4)2 + (𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 9 − 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 9 ) + (𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 4 − 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 4 ) ]

1 1 80 15
= 4𝜋 [2 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 36 + (9 − ) + (4 − )] = 4𝜋 (4 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 6 + + )
9 4 9 4
320 + 135
= 4𝜋 (4 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 6 + )⇒
36
455𝜋
𝑆 = 16𝜋 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 6 + .
9
Problem 7: Evaluate the triangular region area which is constrained from above and
below by the curves 𝑦 =𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝜋/6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋/2 , and on the
left by the line 𝑥 = 𝜋/6.

Answer:
𝜋/2
𝐴=∫ (𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋/6

𝜋/2
= [− 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 | +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ]𝜋/6

= [(− 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝜋/2) +𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝜋/2) | +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋/2) )
− (− 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝜋/6) +𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝜋/6) | +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋/6) )]

√3
= − 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |1 + 0| +𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |2 + √3 | −
2
163
 √3
𝐴 =𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (2 + √3 ) −
2

Problem 8: A sinusoidal voltage with a highest volt of 100𝑉. Evaluate its r.m.s.
amount. A sinusoidal voltage 𝑣 having a highest volt of 100𝑉 known as 𝑣 =
100𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. Over the range 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋.
Answer:
𝜋
1
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = √ ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝜃
𝜋−0 0

1 𝜋 2
10000 𝜋 2
= √ ∫ (100 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃 = √ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 0 𝜋 0

1
Rearranging 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 )
2

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒,

10000 𝜋 2 10000 𝜋 1
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = √ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = √ ∫ (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 2

10000 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝜋

=√ [𝜃 − ]
𝜋 2 2 0

10000 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 10000 1

=√ [(𝜋 − ) − (0 − )] = √ [𝜋]
𝜋 2 2 2 𝜋 2

10000 100
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = √ = = 70.71 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠.
2 √2

Problem 9: Evaluate the work completed in transforming a particle around the xy-
plane on ellipse C. knowing that the force field is
⃑
⃑⃑⃑ = (3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑖⃑ + (4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 2 )𝑗⃑ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑦 2 +𝑧 3 )𝑘
𝐹
When the ellipse has semi-minor axis 3, semi-major axis 4, and center on the origin.
Answer:

164
 𝑥2 𝑦2
Here path of integration 𝐶 is the ellipse whose equation is 2 + 2 = 1 and its
4 3
parametric equations are 𝑥 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡. Also 𝑡 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋 since 𝐶
is a curve in the xy-plane, we have 𝑧 = 0

∴ ⃑⃑⃑
𝐹 = (3𝑥 − 4𝑦)𝑖⃑ + (4𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑗⃑

𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗

⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑ = [(3𝑥 − 4𝑦)𝑖 + (4𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑗]. [𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗]

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟

⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑ = (3𝑥 − 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟

𝑥 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∴ 𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = ∫ ⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋
= ∫ {(12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 )(−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
0
+ (16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 )(3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡}
2𝜋
= ∫ (48 − 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 , (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
= )
2
2𝜋 2𝜋
15
= ∫ (48 − 15 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = [48𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 ]
0 2 0

15 15
= [(48 ∗ 2𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋 ) − (48 ∗ 0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 )]
2 2
15 15
= 48 ∗ 2𝜋 + ∗1−0− ∗1
2 2
∴ 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 96 𝜋

Problem 10: A force 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 acts on an initially still cart of mass 𝑚 in
a particular direction. Find the speed and the distance travelled by the cart as
functions of time. Plot the acceleration, the speed and the displacement of the cart

165
against time for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 𝑠, assuming 𝜆 = 1/𝑠. What are the speed and the
displacement of the cart at 𝑡 = 𝜋 𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝐹0 = 1𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 1𝑘𝑔?
Answer:
We are given the applied force and the mass of the cart. Therefore, we know the
acceleration (𝑎 = 𝐹/𝑚). 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑑𝑣 𝐹0
𝑎= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎0 = 𝐹0 /𝑚)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑣(𝑡) 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⇒
0 0

𝑎0 𝑎0
𝑣(𝑡) = − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡 − 1 ) = (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡 )
𝜆 𝜆
𝑑𝑥
Since the speed 𝑣 = , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒,
𝑑𝑡
𝑎0
𝑑𝑥 = (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝜆
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑡
𝑎0 𝑎0 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 ]
0 0 𝜆 𝜆 𝜆 0

𝑎0 1
⇒ 𝑥(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 )
𝜆 𝜆
𝐹0 /𝑚 𝐹0 /𝑚 1
𝑣(𝑡) = (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡 ), 𝑥(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 )
𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
Substituting 𝑎0 = 𝐹0 /𝑚 = 1𝑁/1𝑘𝑔 = 1𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆 = 1/𝑠 in the expressions for 𝑣
and 𝑥 above, we find the speed and the displacement (distance travelled by the cart)
at 𝑡 = 𝜋 seconds as follows.
1𝑚/𝑠 2 1
𝑣(𝑡 = 𝜋 𝑠) = (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ∗ 𝜋 𝑠) ) = 2 𝑚/𝑠.
1/𝑠 𝑠

1𝑚/𝑠 2 1 1
𝑥(𝑡 = 𝜋 𝑠) = (𝜋 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ∗ 𝜋 𝑠) ) = 𝜋 𝑚.
1/𝑠 1/𝑠 𝑠

The graph 𝑎(𝑡), 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥(𝑡) for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 𝑠,

166
Problem 11: Consider the response of a damped harmonic oscillator to a periodic
forcing. Find the work done on the system by the periodic force during a single cycle
of the force and show how this work varies with the forcing frequency and the
damping ratio.

Answer:
Let us consider the damped harmonic oscillator shown in figure with𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡) . The equation of motion of the system is, 𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝑐𝑥̇ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐹
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡) and the response of the system may be expressed as, 𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡 −
∅) ,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑋 = (𝐹/𝑘)/√(2𝜉𝑟)2 + (1 − 𝑟 2 )2 , ∅ = (2𝜉𝑟/(1 − 𝑟 2 )) ,
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟 = 𝑝/𝜆𝑛 , 𝜆𝑛 = √𝑘/𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜉 = 𝑐/(2√𝑘𝑚).
We can compute the work done by the applied force on the system in one cycle by
evaluating the integral,

𝑊=∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡 − ∅) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑋𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑡 − ∅) 𝑑𝑡. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,

167
 2𝜋/𝑝
𝑊=∫ 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡) . 𝑋𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑡 − ∅) 𝑑𝑡
0

2𝜋/𝑝
= 𝐹𝑋𝑝 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡) .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑡 − ∅) 𝑑𝑡
0

2𝜋/𝑝
= 𝐹𝑋𝑝 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡) . (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ )𝑑𝑡
0

1 2𝜋/𝑝
= 𝐹𝑋𝑝 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑝𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 +
2 0
1 2𝜋/𝑝
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅. ∫ (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑝𝑡) )𝑑𝑡 ]
2 0

𝐹𝑋𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑝𝑡) 2𝜋/𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑝𝑡) 2𝜋/𝑝

= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ (− ) |0 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ (𝑡 − ) |0 ]
2 2𝑝 2𝑝

𝐹𝑋𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 2𝜋 𝐹𝑋𝑝 2𝜋

= [ (−1 + 1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ + 0 ] = . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅
2 2𝑝 𝑝 2 𝑝

𝑊 = 𝐹𝜋𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅.

Problem 12: A particle acceleration at time 𝑡 is given by ⃑⃑⃑ 𝑎 = 18 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 𝑖 − 8

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑗 + 6𝑡 𝑘 . If the displacement 𝑟⃑⃑ and velocity 𝑣
⃑⃑⃑ be zero at 𝑡 = 0. Find 𝑟⃑⃑
and 𝑣
⃑⃑⃑ at any point 𝑡.
Answer:
𝑑 2 ⃑⃑𝑟
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, ⃑⃑⃑
𝑎 = 2 = 18 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 𝑖 − 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑗 + 6𝑡 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
On integrating, we have
⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑑𝑟
⃑⃑⃑ =
𝑣 = 𝑖 ∫ 18 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑗 ∫ −8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑘 ∫ 6𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⇒
𝑑𝑡

⃑⃑⃑ = 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑖 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝑗 + 3𝑡 2 𝑘 + 𝑐 … … … … … … … . . (1)

𝑣

𝐴𝑡 𝑡=0 ⇒𝑣
⃑⃑⃑ = 0

⃑⃑⃑ = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣

⃑⃑⃑ = 4 𝑗 + 𝑐⃑⃑
0 ⇒ 𝑐⃑⃑ = −4 𝑗
168
 ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑑𝑟
∴ 𝑣
⃑⃑⃑ = = 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑖 + 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − 1 ) 𝑗 + 3𝑡 2 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
Again integrating, we have

𝑟⃑⃑ = 𝑖 ∫ 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑗 ∫ 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑘 ∫ 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 ⇒

𝑟⃑⃑ = −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 𝑖 + (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 − 4𝑡 ) 𝑗 + 𝑡 3 𝑘 + 𝑐⃑⃑ 1 … … … … (2)

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟⃑⃑ = 0

𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃑⃑ = 0 𝑖𝑛 (2), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

⃑⃑⃑
0 = −2𝑖 + 𝑐⃑⃑ 1 ⇒ 𝑐⃑⃑ 1 = 2𝑖
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, ⃑⃑𝑟 = 2(1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 )𝑖 + 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 )𝑗 + 𝑡 3 𝑘

Problem 13: A vector field is given by ⃑⃑⃑ 𝐹 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 )𝑖 + 𝑥(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 )𝑗.
Evalate the line integral over a circular path 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑧 = 0.
(Nagpur University, Winter 2001)
Answer:
We have,

⃑⃑⃑⃑ = ∫ [(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 )𝑖 + 𝑥(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 )𝑗]. [𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗]

⃑⃑⃑ . 𝑑𝑟
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = ∫ 𝐹
𝑐 𝑐

= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

𝑐

= ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 )

𝑐

= ∫ 𝑑(𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ) + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑐 𝑐

the differential operator represented by d

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃,

Where 𝜃 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋

169
 2𝜋
∴ ∫ ⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑ = ∫ 𝑑[𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ]
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟
𝑐 0
2𝜋
+ ∫ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃. 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
2𝜋 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑑[𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ] + ∫ 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0

2𝜋 2𝜋
2
1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑[𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ] + 𝑎 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
0 0 2

𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 2𝜋
= [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ]2𝜋
0 + [𝜃 + ]
2 2 0

= [(𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋) ) ) − (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0) ) )]
𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(2𝜋) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(0)
+ [(2𝜋 + ) − (0 + )]
2 2 2
𝑎2 𝑎2
= [(0 − 0) + (2𝜋 − 0)] = ∗ 2𝜋
2 2

∴ 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋 𝑎2 .

Problem 14: A sinusoidal voltage is known as 𝑣 = 100 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 volts. Calculate
the voltage mean volt using integration over ½ a cycle.
Answer:
Half cycle means the limits are 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋 radians.
𝜋
1
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋−0 0

1 𝜋 100
= ∫ 100 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 ]𝜋0
𝜋 0 𝜋
100 100
= [(− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 ) − (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 )] = [(+1) − (−1)]
𝜋 𝜋
200
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑣 = = 63.66 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠.
𝜋

170
 Chapter Seven: Methods of Integration

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Find the following integrals:

x3 1 3 1 2
1)  dx (ans. : x  x  x  ln( x  1)  c)
x 1 3 2
3x  2
2)  3x  1 dx (ans. : x  ln(3x - 1)  c)

3)  x 2  e x dx (ans. :  e x ( x2  2x  2)  c)
1
 x  sin x (ans. :  cos x 2  c)
2
4) dx
2
x 1
5)  x 2  1 dx (ans. :
2
x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1  c)
2
3x  13 4 5
6)  (5x  1)(7 x  2) dx (ans. :
5
ln 5 x  1  ln 7 x  2  c)
7
2x  3 1 1 9
7)  dx (ans. : ln x  1  ln x  2  ln x  3  c)
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) 4 5 20
dx 1 x 1 1
8) x 4
1
(ans. : ln  tan 1 x  c)
4 x 1 2
9)  ln x dx (ans. : x  lnx  x  c)
1
 tan
1
10 ) x dx (ans. : x  tan 1x  ln( 1  x 2 )  c)
2
x2 x2
11)  x  ln x dx (ans. : ln x   c)
2 4
x2 1
12)  x  tan 1x dx (ans. : tan 1 x  ( x  tan 1 x)  c)
2 2
x2 2x 2
13)  x 2  cosax dx (ans. : sin ax  2 cos ax  3 sin ax  c)
a a a
x
14 )  sin(lnx) dx (ans. :
2
(sin(ln x)  cos(ln x))  c)
x
 ln( a  x 2 )dx (ans. : x  ln(a 2  x 2 )  2 x  2a tan 1  c)
2
15 )
a

171
 x 2 1 1 1 x
16)  x  sin x dx 1
(ans. : sin x  sin x  1  x 2  c)
2 4 4
3x 1 1
 cos x dx  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  c)
4
17 ) (ans. :
8 4 32
2 5 11 17
3 6 3
 cos x  sin x dx (ans. :  cos 3 x  cos 3 x  cos 3 x  c)
3 5
18)
5 11 17
19)  x  sin x dx (ans. :  x  cosx  sinx  c)

(1  x)3 15 x 2  12 x  8  c)
2
x 1  x dx (ans. : 
2
20 )
105
21)  sin
2
x  cos 2 x dx (ans. :
1
4 x  sin 4 x   c)
32

1 3 1
22)  sec3 x  tan 2 x dx (ans. : sec x  tan x  sec x  tan x
4 8
1
 ln sec x  tan x  c)
8

 xcos  1 1 1
23) 3
x 2  sin 3 x 2 dx (ans. : sin x 2  sin 3 x 2  cos x 2
2 6 2
1
 cos3 x 2  c)
6
dx
24)  x 1 x
(ans. : 2 sin 1 x  c)

dx
25)  x  (1  x)
(ans. : 2ln(1  x )  c)

dx 2 3
26) x 2  3 ln 2 x
(ans. :
3
sin 1 (
2
ln x)  c)

e 2x dx 3 x 3 9
27)  3
1 ex
(ans. :
2
 e  (1  e x ) 2  3 (1  e x )5  c)
10
dy 1 2 y3 2 y3
28 )  y (2 y 3  1) 2
(ans. : ln( 3 ) 
3 2 y  1 3(2 y 3  1)
 c)

x dx 2 3
29)  1 x (ans. :
3
x  x  2 x  2 ln( x  1)  c)

dt
30 ) e t
1
(ans. : ln( et  1)  t  c)
172
 d 1 1
31)  1  tan 2  (ans. :
2
  ln sec 2  tan 2  c)
4

ex 2
32)  e  cos 2 x dx
x
(ans. : cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x  c)
5 5
cot d sin 
33)  1  sin 2

(ans. : ln
1  sin 2
 c)

1 3
e 4t 3 9
34 )  2
dt (ans. : e 2t (1  e 2t ) 3  (1  e 2t ) 4  c)
2 8
(1  e )2t 3

x3  x 2 x2 4 2
35)  2 dx (ans. :  ln( x  2)  ln( x  1)  c)
x  x2 2 3 3
2e 2 x  e x 1
36)  3e 2 x  6e x  1
dx (ans. :
3
(2 3e 2 x  6e x  1 

3 ln 3 (e x  1)  3e 2 x  6e x  1  c)
dy
37)  (2 y  1) y y
2
(ans. : sec1 (2 y  1)  c)

3
ex 2
 (1  x ) 2 dx cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x  c)
2
38) (ans. :
5 5

tan 1 x tan 1 x
x
39)  dx (ans. : ln   c)
x2 x 1
2 x

x2 x 1
40)  x  sin x dx 2
(ans. :  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  c)
4 4 8
dt 1 1 1 t
41)  t 4  4t 2  3 (ans. :
2
tan t 
2 3
tan 1
3
 c)

8dx x 2 2
42 ) x 4
 2x3
(ans. : ln   2  c)
x2 x x

173
 cos x dx x x x
43)  1  cos x
(ans. : 2 (2 sin
2
 ln sec  tan )  c)
2 2
x dx 4 2 x 1
44)  x x 1
(ans. : x  2 x 
3
tan 1
3
 c)

dt
45 )  (ans. : 2 tan 1 ( 2 tan t )  t  c)
sec 2 t  tan 2 t

dx 1 1
46)  1  cos2 x (ans. :
2
tan 1 ( tan x)  c)
2

x2  x
47)  ln( x  1  x ) dx (ans. : xln ( x  1  x ) 
2
1
 ln 2 x  1  2 x 2  x  c)
4
x2 3 1
48)  x ln( x  x) dx 3
(ans. : ln( x3  x)  x 2  ln( x 2  1)  c)
2 4 2
cosx dx 3  sin 2 x sin x
49)  4  cos2 x
(ans. : ln
3

3
 c)

sec2 x dx 1
50)  4  sec2 x
(ans. : sin 1 (
3
tan x)  c)

dt 1 1
51) t 1 t 2
(ans. :
2
ln( t  1  t 2 )  sin 1 t  c)
2
1
e
x
52 )  tan 1 e x dx (ans. :  e  x  tan 1 e x  x  ln( 1  e 2 x )  c)
2
1 1
 sin
1
53) x dx (ans. : x sin 1 x  sin 1 x  x  x 2  c)
2 2
cos2x  1
54 )  cos2x  1 dx (ans. : x  tanx  c)

Problem 2: Prove the following expressions:

du u du 1 1 u
1)  a2  u2
 sin 1  c
a
2)  a 2  u 2 a tan a  c


Answer:

174
1) let u  a sin   du  a cos  d
du a cos  d u
 a2  u2

a 2  a 2 sin 2 
  d    c  sin 1
a
c

2) let u  a tan  du  a sec 2  d

du a sec 2  d 1 1 1 1 u
 a 2  u 2  a 2  a 2 tan 2  a 
  d 
a
  c 
a
tan
a
c

Problem 3: Find the region area constrained by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 and the x-axis
from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 4.

Answer:
4
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥

Then,

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢. 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣. 𝑑𝑢

4 4 4
−𝑥 −𝑥 (−𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 −𝑥
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −∫ = −𝑥𝑒 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0

= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 |40 = [−4 𝑒 −4 − 𝑒 −4 ] − [(0)𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 ]

= −5 𝑒 −4 − 0 + 1 = 1 − 5 𝑒 −4 ≈ 0.91.

Problem 4: Evaluate the region area surrounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and
the x-axis for: (𝑎). 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, (𝑏). 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, (𝑐). 2𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋

Answer:

(𝑎). 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

175
 𝜋
𝑆1 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢. 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
0
𝜋
= −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − ∫ (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 |𝜋0
0

= [−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 ] − [(0) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 ] = 𝜋.

(𝑏).
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑆2 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − [−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − ∫ (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝜋

= −[[−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ]2𝜋 2𝜋

𝜋 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ]𝜋 ]

= −[(−2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 − (−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 ) ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 )]

𝑆2 = −[(−2𝜋 − 𝜋) + 0] = 3𝜋.

(𝑐).
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑆3 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − [−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − ∫ (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ]
2𝜋 2𝜋

= [−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ]3𝜋 3𝜋

2𝜋 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ]2𝜋

= [(−3𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜋 − (−2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 ) ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜋 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 )]

𝑆3 = [(3𝜋 + 2𝜋) + 0] = 5𝜋.

Problem 5: Calculate the solid volume produced by rotating the area in the first
quadrant constrained by the curve 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋/2 and the coordinate
axes, about (𝑎). 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, (𝑏). 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 𝜋/2.

Answer:

(𝑎).
𝜋/2
𝑉=∫ 2𝜋 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

176
 𝜋/2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢. 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣. 𝑑𝑢

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
= 2𝜋([𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ]0 − [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ]0 )

𝜋
= 2𝜋 ([ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋/2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 ] − [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋/2 − (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 ) ])
2
𝜋 𝜋−2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ( − 0 + 0 − 1) = 2𝜋 ( ) = 𝜋(𝜋 − 2).
2 2
𝜋/2
𝜋
(𝑏) 𝑉 = ∫ 2𝜋 ( − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝜋
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝜋
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 [( − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
0 2 0

𝜋/2 𝜋
𝜋
= 2𝜋 ([( − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ] − [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ]02 =)
2 0

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝜋 ([( − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − ( − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 ] − [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 ])
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑉 = 2𝜋(0 − 0 − 0 + 1) = 2𝜋.

Problem 6: Evaluate the solid volume produced by rotating about the x-axis the area
circumscribed by the lines 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2, the x-axis, and the curve 𝑦 =
4/(𝑥 2 + 4).

Answer:
2 2
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋 [𝑅(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 16𝜋 ∫ (𝑅(𝑥) = )
0 0 (𝑥 2 + 4)2 𝑥2 + 4
177
To evaluate the integral,

𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝜃 = 𝑥/2,

𝑥 2 + 4 = 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 4 = 4(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1) = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

2
𝑑𝑥
𝑉 = 16𝜋 ∫
0 (𝑥 2 + 4)2

𝜃 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝜃 = 𝜋/4 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2.

𝜋/4
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑉 = 16𝜋 ∫
0 (4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)2
𝜋/4 𝜋/4
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 16𝜋 ∫ 4
= 𝜋 ∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 16 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 0

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃

𝜋/4
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝜋/4
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋 [𝜃 + ]
0 2 0

𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 𝜋 1

𝑉 = 𝜋 [( + ) − (0 + )] = 𝜋 ( + ) ≈ 4.04.
4 2 2 4 2

Problem 7: Express the region area in the first quadrant which is surrounded by the
curve 𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 /3 and the coordinate axes.

Answer:

178
 3
√9 − 𝑥 2
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 3

𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

√9 − 𝑥 2 = √9 − 9 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ;

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃. 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐴= ∫ = 3 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 3 0
𝜋
3
= [𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ]02
2
3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [( +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) − (0 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0.𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 )]
2 2 2 2
3 𝜋 3𝜋
𝐴= [ + 0 − 0 − 0] = .
2 2 4

Problem 8: Calculate the solid volume produced by rotating about the x-axis the area
in the first quadrant surrounded by the line 𝑥 = 1, the curve 𝑦 = 2/(1 + 𝑥 2 ), and the
coordinate axes.

Answer:

1 2 1
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋 ∫
0 1 + 𝑥2 2
0 (𝑥 + 1)
2

𝑥 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃,

𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃;

179
 𝜋/4 𝜋/4
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑉 = 4𝜋 ∫ = 4𝜋 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃 0

𝜋/4
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝜋/4
= 2𝜋 ∫ (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 )𝑑𝜃 = 2𝜋 [𝜃 + ]
0 2 0

𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 𝜋 1 𝜋

𝑉 = 2𝜋 [( + ) − (0 + )] = 2𝜋 [ + ] = 𝜋 ( + 1).
4 2 2 4 2 2

Problem 9: Calculate the solid volume produced by rotating the shaded region over
the indicate axis.

Answer:
1
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0

1
2𝑥
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (𝑥 + 1)(2 − 𝑥)
1
𝑥
𝑉 = 4𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (𝑥 + 1)(2 − 𝑥)

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 1)(2 − 𝑥) (𝑥 + 1) (2 − 𝑥)

𝑥 = 𝐴(2 − 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 ⇒ −1 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −
3
2
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 2 = 3𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
3
1 2
1
𝑥 1 −
𝑉 = 4𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋 ∫ ( 3 + 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 (𝑥 + 1)(2 − 𝑥) 0 (𝑥 + 1) (2 − 𝑥)

4𝜋 1 1 2 4𝜋
=− ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥 = − [𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + 1| + 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |2 − 𝑥| ]10
3 0 (𝑥 + 1) (2 − 𝑥) 3
180
 4𝜋
=− [(𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |1 + 1| + 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |2 − 1| ) − (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |0 + 1| + 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |2 − 0| )]
3
4𝜋 4𝜋
=− [𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 + 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 1 −𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 1 − 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 ] = − [− 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 +𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 1 ]
3 3
4𝜋
𝑉= (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 ) ≈ 2.9.
3

181
 Chapter Eight: Multiple Integrals and Applications

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Evaluate the region area surrounded by the given lines and curves for the
following problems.

1. The line x  y  a and the coordinate axes

and the curve y  e
x
2. The lines x  0 , x  1 and the x-axis

The line y  x  2 and the curve y  x  0

2
3.
The curves x  y and x  2 y  y
2 2
4.
the parabola x  y  y
2
5. The line x  y  0 and

Answer:

(1)

(0, 𝑎), (𝑎, 0)

𝑥2 = 𝑎
∞
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 =0

𝑥1 = 0Δ𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 = 𝑎
𝑦1 = 0
}⇒
𝑦2 = 𝑎
𝑥+𝑦 =𝑎
𝑦 =𝑎−𝑥
182
 𝑎−𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦
0
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝐴=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4)𝑎−𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0

𝑥2 𝑎
⇒ = (𝑎𝑥 − )0
2
2
2
𝑎 𝑎2
= (𝑎 − ) − 0 =
2 2

(2)

1 𝑒 𝑥 1 1
𝑥
𝐴= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑦0𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 0) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0 0
= 𝑒 𝑥 ]10 1
=𝑒 −𝑒 =𝑒 −1=𝑒−1 0 1

(3)

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 at 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −1 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 ⇒ at 𝑥 = −4
𝑦 = −4 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2
(−1,1), (−4, −2) ∴

183
(4)

𝑥 = 𝑦2 … … … … . . (1)
𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 … … … … . (2)
2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑦2
2𝑦 = 2𝑦 2

𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
∴𝑥 = 𝑦2
at 𝑦 =0⇒𝑥=0
at 𝑦 =1⇒𝑥=1

1 2𝑦−𝑦 2
𝐴= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 𝑦2
1 1 1
2𝑦−𝑦 2 2 2)
= ∫ 𝑥] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑦 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑦2 0
3 1
𝑦2 𝑦 1 1 1
= [ − ] = 2 ( − − 0) =
2 3 0 2 3 3

(5)

184
 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑦2
𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝑥 = −𝑦
−𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑦2
−2𝑦 = −𝑦 2
2𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑦=0
𝑦=2

𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 at𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0at𝑦 = 2, 𝑥 = −2
(0,0)(−2, +2) ∴
𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑦2

2 𝑦−𝑦 2 2 2
𝑦−𝑦 2
𝐴=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥]−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0 −𝑦 0 0
3
𝑦 2 8 4
= 𝑦2 − ]0 = 4 − − 0 =
3 3 3

Problem 2: Evaluate with integration order retreated for each integrals, the double
integrals equivalent. Express your answer by sketching the region and evaluating both
double integrals.

185
 2 ex e2 2
1.   dy dx
0 1
(ans. :   dx dy
1 lny
; e2  3 )

1 1 1 x2
1
2. 
0
 dx dy (ans. : 
0
 dy dx ;
0
3
)
y

4 x2
2 4  2y 2 2 2
8
3. 
0  4  2y 2
 y dx dy (ans. :  
2 0
y dy dx ;
3
)

Answer:

(1)

2 𝑒𝑥 2
𝑥
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦|1𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0 1 0

2
= ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0

= (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥)20 ⇒ (𝑒 2 − 2) = (𝑒 0 − 0)
= 𝑒2 − 2 − 𝑒0 − 0 = 𝑒2 − 2 − 1 = 𝑒2 − 3
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

186
 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑒 2 = 7.389
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑒 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝑒2 2 𝑒2 𝑒2 𝑒2
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2 − ln 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑑𝑦 − ∫ ln 𝑦𝑑𝑦
1 ln 𝑦 1 1 1

𝑒2
To find ∫1 ln 𝑦𝑑𝑦 use integration by part

1
let 𝑢 = ln 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑦

ln ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = yln 𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = yln 𝑦 − 𝑦

𝑒2

𝑒2 𝑒2
∫ 2𝑑𝑦 = yln 𝑦 − ∫ ln 𝑦𝑑𝑦
1 1
2
⇒ [2𝑦 − yln 𝑦 + 𝑦]1𝑒 = (2𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 ln 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 ) − (2 − ln 1 + 1)

= (3𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 ln 𝑒 2 ) − (3 − ln 1)
= 3𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 ln 𝑒 2 − 3
= 3𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2 − 3
= 𝑒2 − 3

187
(2)
1 1
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 √𝑦

1
∫ √𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
1 3
(𝑦)2+1 𝑦 2 √𝑦 3 2
= = = √𝑦
1 3 3 3
+1
2 2 2
1
∫ (1 − √𝑦)𝑑𝑦
0
1
1 2 2 1
= |𝑦 − √𝑦 3 | = 1 − − 0 =
0 3 0 3 3

𝑥 = √𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

188
 1 𝑦=𝑥 2
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

1 𝑦=𝑥 2 1
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0

𝑥3 1 1 1
= |0 = (1 − 0) =
3 3 3

(3)

√2 √4−2𝑦 2
∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 −√4−2𝑦 2

√2
∫ 𝑦 [√4 − 2𝑦 2 − (−√4 − 2𝑦 2 )] 𝑑𝑦
0
√2 1 1
∫ 𝑦 [(4 − 2𝑦 2 )2 + (4 − 2𝑦 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0

√2 1
=∫ 𝑦 (2(4 − 2𝑦 2 )2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
√2 1
=∫ 2𝑦(4 − 2𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦
0

189
 3
1 √2 1 1 (4 − 2𝑦 2 )2 √2
= − ∫ −4𝑦(4 − 2𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ − |0
2 0 2 3
2
1 8
= − (0 − 8) =
3 3
√2 √4−2𝑦 2
∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 −√4−2𝑦 2

𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √2
𝑥 = ∓√4 − 2𝑦 2

√4 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 = ∓√4 − 2𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = ∓
2

√4 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 =
2
2 √4−𝑥 2⁄
2
=∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
−2 0

2
𝑦 2 √4−𝑥 2
=∫ |
−2 0 0
2
1 4 − 𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑦( − 0) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
−2

190
 2
1 𝑥3
= [4𝑥 − ]
4 3 −2
1 8 8 8
= [8 − − (−8 + )] =
4 3 3 3

x y z
  1
Problem 3: Find the tetrahedron volume surrounded by the plane a b c and
the coordinate planes.

Answer:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+ + =1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 𝑏(1− )(1− − )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
𝑉=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑥
𝑎 𝑏(1− ) 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 𝑐(1− − )
𝑎 𝑏
=∫ ∫ 𝑧|0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎
𝑥 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏(1− ) 2 𝑏(1−𝑎 )
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
=∫ ∫ 𝑐 (1 − − ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ [(1 − ) 𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 2𝑏 0
0
𝑎
2 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑏 (1 − ) 𝑏𝑐 𝑎 𝑥 2
= 𝑐 ∫ [(1 − ) 𝑏 (1 − ) − 𝑎 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 2𝑏 2 0 𝑎
0

191
 𝑥 3
(1 −
=
−𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎) |𝑎0 =
−𝑎𝑏𝑐 1
(0 − 1) = |𝑎𝑏𝑐|
2 3 2 6

Problem 4: Find the volume constrained by the plane z  0 above by the plane

z  x  2 and laterally by the elliptic cylinder x2  4 y2  4 .

Answer:

𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 =4
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2 ⇒= 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 4𝑦 2
2
= 4, 𝑥 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑥 = ±2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 =4
4𝑦 2 = 4 − 𝑥2

2
4 − 𝑥2
𝑦 =
4
4 − 𝑥2 1
𝑦 = ±√ = ± √4 − 𝑥 2
4 2

1
√4 − 𝑥 2
2
𝑧=𝑥+2
∫ =∫
1
− √4−𝑥 2 𝑧=2
2

1
2 √4−𝑥 2 𝑥+2
2
𝑉=∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1
−2 − 4−𝑥 2 0
2

1
2 √4−𝑥 2
2
=∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1
−2 −
2

192
 2
2 1
√4−𝑥 2 4 − 𝑥2 4 − 𝑥2
=∫ (𝑥 + 2)𝑦|2 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 2)[√ + √ ]𝑑𝑥
−2 − √4−𝑥 2
2
4 4
−2

2
=∫ (𝑥 + 2)√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = let 𝑥 = 2sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
−2

𝑥 𝜋
𝜃 = sin−1 at 𝑥 = 2𝜃 = at 𝑥=2
2 2
𝜋
𝑎𝑡𝑥 = 2 𝜃=−
2
𝜋
2
𝑉 = ∫ (2sin 𝜃 + 2)√4 − 4sin2 𝜃 ⋅ 2cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 8 ∫ sin 𝜃cos 2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2 1 + cos 𝜃
= 8 ∫ sin 𝜃cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑑𝜃
−
𝜋 2
2
𝜋
− cos 3 𝜃 1 1 2
= 8[ + 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃]
3 2 4 −
𝜋
2
1 1 𝜋 𝜋 1
= 8 [− (0 − 0) + ( + ) + (0 − 0)] = 4𝜋
3 2 2 2 4

Problem 5: Evaluate the lengths of the following curves:-

3 8
1. y  x 2 from (0,0) to (4,8) (ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27
x3 1 53
2. y   from x  1 to x  3 (ans. : )
3 4x 6

y4 1 123
3. x   2 from y  1 to y  2 (ans. : )
4 8y 32

193
 4
4. (y  1)2  4x 3 from x  0 to x  1 (ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27
Answer:

(1)
3
𝑦 = 𝑥2

from (0, 0) to (4, 8)

𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2

where ds : differential of arc length

3 𝑑𝑦 3 1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 ⇒ = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 2
3 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
9
𝑑𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
4
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2
9
= 𝑑𝑥 2 + ( 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 )
4
9
𝑑𝑠 2 = (1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 )
4
9
𝐿 =∴ 𝑑𝑠 = √1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4

The position of the curve between the origin and point (4, 8)

194
 4

9
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4
0

4
9 1
= ∫ (1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0 4
4
4 + 9𝑥 1
=∫ ( )2 𝑑𝑥
0 4
4
4 + 9𝑥 1
=∫ ( )2 𝑑𝑥
0 √4
4
4 + 9𝑥 1
=∫ ( )2 𝑑𝑥
0 2

1 4 1
= ∫ (4 + 9𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
2 0
4
1 1
= ∫ (4 + 9𝑥)2 ⋅ 9𝑑𝑥
2×9 0
1 4 1
= ∫ (4 + 9𝑥)2 9𝑑𝑥
18 0
3
1 (4 + 9𝑥)2 4 1 3
= [ ]0 = [(4 + 9𝑥)2 ]40
18 3 27
2
1 3 3 1
= (4 + 9𝑥)2 − 2 ⇒ (√403 − √43 )
27 4 27
1
= (80√10 − 8)
27
8
= (10√10 − 1)
27
(2)

𝑥3 1
𝑦= + from𝑥 = 1to𝑥 = 3
3 4𝑥

195
 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= ⋅ 3𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥 3 4𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 2 )𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 2
2

1 2 2 1 2
= 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑥 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = [1 + (𝑥 2
− ) ]𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2 4𝑥 2
3

1 2
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + (𝑥 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2
1
3

1 1
= ∫ √1 + (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + )𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2 16𝑥 4
1

16𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 4 + 1
=∫ √ 𝑑𝑥
16𝑥 4
1
3

16𝑥 8 + 8𝑥 4 + 1
𝐿=∫ √ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 4
1
3

1 16𝑥 8 + 8𝑥 4 + 1
𝐿= ∫ √ 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥2
1

1 (4𝑥 4 + 1)2
= ∫ √
4 𝑥2
1
3
1 (4𝑥 4 + 1)2
= ∫
4 𝑥2
1

196
 1 3 2
1 1 4 3 13
= ∫ (4𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 − ]
4 1 𝑥 4 3 𝑥1
= 16𝑥 8 + 8𝑥 4 + 1
= (4𝑥 4 + 1)2
1 1 4 53
= [36 − − + 1] =
4 3 3 6
(3)

𝑦4 1
𝑥= + 2 from 𝑦=1 to 𝑦=2
4 8𝑦
𝑑𝑦 4 1
= 𝑦3 − 3
𝑑𝑥 4 4𝑦
1 2 2
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 − ) 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2
4𝑦 3

1 1
𝐿 = √1 + (𝑦 6 − 2𝑦 3 − + )𝑑𝑦
4𝑦 3 16𝑦 6
2

1 1
= ∫ √1 + (𝑦 6 − 2𝑦 3 − + )𝑑𝑦
4𝑦 3 16𝑦 6
1

1 1
= ∫ √𝑦 6 + + 𝑑𝑦
2 16𝑦 6
1
2

16𝑦12 + 8𝑦 6 + 1
=∫ √ 𝑑𝑦
16𝑦 6
1

197
 2

16𝑦12 + 8𝑦 6 + 1
=∫ √ 𝑑𝑦
16𝑦 6
1
2

16𝑦12 + 8𝑦 6 + 1
=∫ √ 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 3 )2
1

2 2

1 16𝑦12 + 8𝑦 6 + 1 1 (4𝑦 6 + 1)2

= ∫ √ 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ ∫ √ 𝑑𝑦
4 (𝑦 3 )2 4 (𝑦 3 )2
1 1

2
2
1 4𝑦 6 + 1 3
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (4𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑦
4 𝑦3 1 𝑦 3
1

1 1
= [𝑦 4 − 2 ]12
4 2𝑦
1 1 1 123
= [16 − −1+ ]=
4 18 2 32
(4)

(𝑦 + 1)2 = 4𝑥 3 from x = 0 to x = 1.

𝑦+1 = 2 √𝑥 3
3
𝑦 = ∓2√𝑥 3 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 3 1
= 2 × 𝑥 2 = 3 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 = 3√𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 = 9𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2
= 𝑑𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 2 = (1 + 9𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 =𝐿

198
 1
𝐿 = 2 ∫ √1 + 9𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
1
2 1
= ∫ (1 + 9𝑥)2 ⋅ 9𝑑𝑥
9 0
3
2 (1 + 9𝑥)2
=
9 3
2
4
= √(1 + 9𝑥)3 |10
27
4
= [10√10 − 1]
27

Problem 6: The particle P(x,y) moved through a distance, knowing that its location at
t2 1 3
x ; y ( 2t  1 )2
time t is given by: 2 3

Show the distance moved from t=0 to t=4,

Answer:

𝑡2 1 3
𝑥 = , 𝑦 = (2𝑡 + 1)2
2 3
𝑑𝑥 1
= ⋅ 2𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
1 3 𝑑𝑦 1 3 1
𝑦 = (2𝑡 + 1)2 ⇒ = ⋅ (2𝑡 + 1)2 ⋅ 2
3 𝑑𝑡 3 2
1
= (2𝑡 + 1)2 = √2𝑡 + 1
4
𝐿 = ∫ √𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 = √2𝑡 + 1𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 2 = (2𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑡
4 4
𝐿 =∫ √(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑡 2 = ∫ √𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1𝑑𝑡
0 0
4 4
= ∫ √(𝑡 + 1)2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑡 + 1)2 𝑑𝑡
0 0

199
 𝑡2
= + 𝑡|40 = 8 + 4 − 0 = 12
2

Problem 7: A particle located at the point P(x,y), knowing that

1 3 t2
x  (2t  3) 2 ; y  t
3 2 . Evaluate the moving distance amid t=0 and t=3.

Answer:

1 3 𝑡2
𝑥 = (2𝑡 + 3)2 , 𝑦 = + 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = 3
3 2
1 3 𝑑𝑥 1 3 1
𝑥 = (2𝑡 + 3) ⇒
2 = × (2𝑡 + 3)2 × 2 = √2𝑡 + 3
3 𝑑𝑡 3 2
𝑡2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = +𝑡 ⇒ =𝑡+1
2 𝑑𝑡
3
𝑙 = ∫ √(2𝑡 + 3) + (𝑡 + 1)2 𝑑𝑡
0
3
= ∫ √(2𝑡 + 3) + (𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑡
0

3
∫ √2𝑡 + 3 + 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1𝑑𝑡 = √𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4𝑑𝑡
0
3 3
∫ √(𝑡 + 2)2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑡 + 2)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑡2 9 21
= + 2𝑡|30 = + 6 − 0 =
2 2 2

Problem 8: Find the surface area produced by revolving the arc of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
about the x-axis amid x=0 and x=1.

Answer:

200
 𝑦 = 𝑥 3𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥3 ⇒ = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑏

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑠 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1
= 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 3 √1 + (3𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
0

1
3√
2𝜋 1 1
= 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 1+ 9𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 36𝑥 3 (1 + 9𝑥 4 )2 𝑑𝑥
0 36 0
𝜋 1 1
= ∫ 36𝑥 3 (1 + 9𝑥 4 )2 𝑑𝑥
18 0

3 1
4 )2
𝜋 (1 + 9𝑥
= [ ]
18 3
2 0
𝜋
= (10√10 − 1)
27

Problem 9: Evaluate the surface area produced by revolving of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

about the y-axis between (0,0) and (2,4).

Answer:

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (0,0)(2,4)
𝑥2 =𝑦

𝑥 = ∓√𝑦since𝑦 = √𝑦

0≤𝑥≤2
𝑑𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑦

201
 𝑑

𝑑𝑥 2
𝑠 = ∫ 2𝜋√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑐
4
4
1 1 1
= ∫ 2𝜋√𝑦√1 + 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ √𝑦(1 + )2 𝑑𝑦
4𝑦 0 4𝑦
0

4
4
√4𝑦 + 1 1
= 2𝜋 ∫ √𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝜋 ∫ (4𝑦 + 1)2 𝑑𝑦
2 √𝑦 0
0
𝜋 4 1
= ∫ (4𝑦 + 1)2 𝑑𝑦
4 0
3 4
𝜋 (4𝑦 + 1)2
= [ ]
4 3
2 0
𝜋
= (17√17 − 1)
6

Problem 10: Evaluate the surface area created by rotating the curve
x2 1
y  ; 0 x1
2 2 around the y-axis.

Answer:

𝑥2 1
𝑦= + 0≤𝑥≤1
2 2
𝑥2 + 1
𝑦= ⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 2𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 2
2

𝑥 = ∓√2𝑦 − 1 since 0≤𝑥≤1 ∴ 𝑥 = √2𝑦 − 1

𝑑𝑥 1 −1 1
= (2𝑦 − 1) 2 × 2 =
𝑑𝑦 2 √2𝑦 − 1
1
at 𝑥=0⇒𝑦= 𝑥2 1
2⇒ +
at 𝑥=1⇒𝑦=1 2 2
202
 1

1
𝑆 = ∫ 2𝜋√2𝑦 − 1 × √1 + 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 − 1
1
2

2𝑦 − 1 + 1
= 2𝜋 ∫ √2𝑦 − 1 × √ 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 − 1
1
2
1
= 2𝜋 ∫ √2𝑦𝑑𝑦
1
2

1 1
= 2√2𝜋 ∫ (𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
1
2

3
𝑦2 4√2 1
= 2√2𝜋[ ]11 = 𝜋(1 − )
3 2 3 2 √3
2
2
= 𝜋(2√2 − 1)
3

Problem 11: Evaluate the surface area created by the curve rotating around the y-axis
𝑡2
from t = 0 to t = 4 . If P(x,y) was expressed by x = t + 1, 𝑦 = +𝑡
2

Answer:
𝑡2
P(x, y), x = t + 1, 𝑦 = +𝑡
2

between t = 0 to t = 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =𝑡+1⇒ =1
𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = +𝑡 ⇒ =𝑡+1
2 𝑑𝑡

203
 4

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0
4
= 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑡 + 1)√(1 + (𝑡 + 1)2 𝑑𝑡
0

4 1
= 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑡 + 1)(1 + (𝑡 + 1)2 )2
0
4
2𝜋 1
= ∫ 2(𝑡 + 1)(1 + (𝑡 + 1)2 )2 𝑑𝑡
2 0
3
2 2
(1 + (𝑡 + 1) )
= 𝜋[ ]4
3
2
2
= 𝜋(26√26 − 2√2)
3
2√2
= 𝜋(13√13 − 1)
3

Problem 12: Evaluate the triangular region area in the first quadrant surrounded by
the curve y  sin x , y  cos x . and the y-axis. y
Answer:
1
y=sinx

y=cosx
x

204
y  sin x .....(1) 
  sin x  cos x x 
y  cos x .....(2) 4

The area 
  
4 cosx 4 4
A   dy dx   y dx   cos x  sin x dx
cos x
sin x
0 sinx 0 0


4 1 1
 sin x  cos x    ( 0  1 )  2  1  0.414
0 2 2

1 1
sin x
 x
dx dy
y
Problem 13: Calculate 0 y
x=1
y=x

1
y=1
Answer:

The integration is unsolvable

x
1 1 1
sin x
 x
dx dy
0 y , hence the integration order was reverse as follow:-

x1 and y1

x y y0

1 x 1 1
sinx sinx x sinx
A   dy dx   y 0 dx   ( x  0 )dx
0 0
x 0
x 0
x
1
  sin x dx   cos x 0  (cos 1  cos 0 )  1  cos 1
1

205
Problem 14: Calculate the volume constrained by the ellipse paraboloids
z  x 2  9 y 2 and z  18  x 2  9y 2 .

Answer:

z  18  x 2  9y 2 ..(1) 1
  9 x 9y  0  y   9  x2
2 2

z  x  9y .........(2) 
2 2
3

1 1
9 x2 9 x2
18  x 2  9y 2

 18  x 
3 3 3 3
V    dz dy dx    9y 2  ( x 2  9y 2 ) dy dx
2

3 1 x 9 y
2 2 3 1
 9 x2  9 x2
3 3

206
 1
9 x 2
3
3
V  2  ( 9  x2 ) y  3 y3  dx
3   1 9 x 2
3

    ( 9  x 2 )3 2 ( 9  x 2 )3 2  
2  9 x 9  x2
3 2

 2  (9 x )  3   dx
  3 3   27 27 

3
    
3
8 3
  ( 9  x 2 ) 2 dx
9 3

at x  3   
x 2
let x  3sin  dx  3cos d ,   sin 1  
3 
at x  3    
2
  

8 2 3 2 2
1  cos2 2

9  ( 9  9 sin2  ) 2 3cos d  72  cos 4 d  72  (
2
) d
  
  
2 2 2
 
2 2
cos 4
 18  (1  2cos2  cos 2 2 ) d  18  (1.5  2cos2  ) d
  2
 
2 2


 2
2
1
9  ( 3  4cos2  cos4 ) d  9  3  2 sin 2  4 sin 4   
 2
2

   1 
 9  3(  )  2(sin   sin(  ))  (sin 2  sin( 2 ))  27 
 2 2 4 


t
Problem 15: an object P(x,y) moved among t  0 and 2 , Find the traveling
distance, knowing that the location at time t is given by:-
x  a cos t  a  t sin t and y  a sin t  a  t cos t where a is a positive constant.

Answer:

207
 dx
x  a cos t  a  t sin t   a  t cos t
dt
dy
y  a sin t  a  t cos t   a  t sin t
dt

b 2
dx 2 dy 2
L ( )  ( ) dt   a 2  t 2 cos 2 t  a 2  t 2 sin2 t dt
a
dt dt 0
 

a  2  a
2 2
a 2
 a  t dt  t    0   2
0
2 0 2 4  8

x3 1
y 
Problem 16: The arc of the curve 3 4x
among x=1 to x=3 is traveling
around the line y= -1. Evaluate the area of the surface created.

Answer:

x3 1 dy 1 4 x4  1
y   x 
2

3 4x dx 4 x2 4 x2

( 4 x 4  1 )2
3
x3 1
S  2  (   1) 1 4
dx
1
3 4 x 16 x
4 x 4  12 x  3 ( 4 x 4  1 )2
3
 2  4
dx
1
12 x 16 x
 3

24 
 ( 16 x 5
 48 x 2  16 x  12 x  2  3 x  3 )dx
1

 8
3
12 3 
 x  6
16 x  8 x 
3
 2

24  3 x 2 x 2  1
 8 1 3 1 
  ( 729  1 )  16 ( 27  1 )  8 ( 9  1 )  12 (  1 )  (  1 )
24  3 3 2 9 
1823
 
18

208
Problem 17: Evaluate all the point P(2, π / 6) polar coordinates.

Answer:

The coordinate system initial ray was sketched, start from the origin and spot the point
(2, π / 6) (Figure 8.4). The additional coordinate angles was found later, pairs of P in
which r = 2 and r = - 2.

FIGURE 8.4 The point P(2, π / 6) with large number of polar coordinate pairs
(Problem 17).

For r = 2, the angles complete list

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
, ± 2𝜋, ± 4𝜋, ± 6𝜋,
6 6 6 6
For r = - 2, the angles are
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
− , − ± 2𝜋, − ± 4𝜋, − ± 6𝜋,
6 6 6 6
The corresponding coordinate pairs of P are
𝜋
(2, + 2𝑛𝜋) , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2,
6
And
5𝜋
(−2, − + 2𝑛𝜋) , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2,
6
When n = 0, the formulas give (2, π / 6) and (-2,-5 π / 6).When n = 1, they give (2, 13
π / 6) and (-2,7π / 6), and so on.

Problem 18: Evaluate the area with in the Limaçon smaller loop

𝑟 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 .
209
Answer:

(Figure 8.16) shows the curve sketched, as θ rises from θ = 2π / 3 to θ =4π / 3, it

shows that the point (r, θ) trace the smaller loop. Since the curve is symmetric about
the x-axis:
𝜋 𝜋
1 2
𝐴=∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃.
2𝜋/3 2 2𝜋/3

Since
𝑟 2 = (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 )2 = 4𝜃 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1
𝜃
= 4. + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1
2
= 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1

= 3 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ,

We have
𝜋
𝐴=∫ (3 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋/3

= [3 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ]𝜋2𝜋/3

√3 √3
= 3𝜋 − (2𝜋 − + 4. )
2 2

3 √3
=𝜋− .
2

FIGURE 8.16 The Limaçon in Problem 18.

210
To find the region area like the one in Figure 8.17, which lies between two polar
curves r1 = r1(θ) and r2 = r2(θ) from θ = α to θ = β , we subtract the integral of (1/2)
r12 dθ from the integral of (1/2) r22 dθ. This leads to the following formula.

Area of the Region 0 ≤ 𝑟1 (𝜃) ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟2 (𝜃), 𝛼≤𝜃≤𝜃

𝛽 𝛽 𝛽
1 2 1 2 1
𝐴=∫ 𝑟2 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑟1 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (𝑟2 2 − 𝑟1 2 )𝑑𝜃 (1)
𝛼 2 𝛼 2 𝛼 2

FIGURE 8.17 Shaded region area

Problem 19: Finding a Cardioid Length

Evaluate the cardioid length 𝑟 = 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 .

Answer:

Figure (8.19) shows the sketch of the cardioid. from 0 to 2π

𝑑𝑟
𝑟 = 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ,
𝑑𝜃
we have

𝑑𝑟 2
𝑟 + ( ) = (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )2
2
𝑑𝜃
= 1 − 𝜃 + 𝜃 + 𝜃 = 2 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝜃 +𝜃 =1

and

𝛽 2 2𝜋
𝑑𝑟
√ 2
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑟 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √2 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝛼 𝑑𝜃 0
211
 2𝜋
= ∫ √2 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

2𝜋
𝜃 𝜃
=∫ √4 𝑑𝜃 , 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2
0 2 2

2𝜋
𝜃
=∫ 2 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 | 𝑑𝜃
0 2
2𝜋
𝜃 𝜃
=∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝜃 ,𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
0 2 2

𝜃 2𝜋
= [−4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] = 4 + 4 = 8 .
2 0

FIGURE 8.19 Calculating the length of a cardioid (Problem 19).

3𝑥
Problem 20: Evaluate the region area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
𝑥 2 +2

Answer:
3𝑥
We have 𝑦= ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑥 2 +2

4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

212
 Fig. 8.24

𝑥2 3𝑥
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) = 2
4 𝑥 +2
⇒ 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 12 = 0

𝑥(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 12) = 0

𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 2 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

Using the values of x in (i), we get

3
𝑦 = 0,
4
3
So the curves interaction points are (0, 0) and (2, ).
4

Hense, the requisite shaded region area.

2 3𝑥/(𝑥 2 +2) 2 2 +2)
3𝑥/(𝑥
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑦]𝑥 2/4 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥 2 /4 0

2
3𝑥 𝑥2
=∫ ( 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 +2 4
2
3 2
𝑥3 3 8
= [ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 + 2) − ] = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 6 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 )−=
2 12 0 2 12

3 6 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 −
2 2 3
3 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 − .
2 3
213
Problem 21: Calculate by double integration the area enclosed by the circle r = a sin
θ inside and the cardioid r = a (1 – cos θ) outside.

Answer:

Eliminating r between the equations of two curves,

sin θ = 1 – cos θ or sin θ + cos θ = 1

Squaring 1+ sin 2θ = 1 or sin 2θ = 0

2θ = 0 or π ⇒ θ = 0 or π / 2
∴

For the required area, r varies from 0 to π / 2.

𝜋
𝜃
2
∴ 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 2(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)

𝜋 𝜃
𝑟2 2
= 2∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃
0 2 𝑎(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )

𝜋
1 2
= ∫ 𝑎2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 ]𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋
𝑎2 2
= ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋
𝑎2 2 𝜋
= ∫ (−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 (1 − ) .
2 0 4

214
 Fig. 8.27

Problem 22: Calculate by double integration the area bounded the cardioid r = 1+ cos
θ inside and the parabola 𝑟(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) = 1 outside.

Fig. 8.28

Answer:

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐶𝐴𝐹𝐵𝐸𝐷𝐶

= 2 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐶𝐴𝐹𝐵𝐸𝐷𝐶)
𝜋
𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑑
2
= 2∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2 1
2
= 2∫ [ 𝑟 ] 𝑑𝜃
0 2 1/1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝜋
2
= ∫ [(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 − {(1/1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )}2 ]𝑑𝜃
0

215
 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 1
= ∫ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃 ⋯ (𝑖)
0 0 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑁𝑜𝑤, ∫ (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋
2 1
= ∫ [(1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )] 𝑑𝜃
0 2
𝜋
3 2 1
= ∫ ( + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
0 2 2
𝜋
3 1 2
= [ 𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2]
2 4 0

3 1 1 1
= ( 𝜋) + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋) + +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 − 0
2 2 2 4
3 1
= 𝜋 + 2 = (2𝜋 + 8) ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
21 1 2 𝜃
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 2
𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
0 (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 4 0 2
1
|𝐴𝑠 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2 ( 𝜃)
2
𝜋
1 4 1
= ∫ ∅ 𝑑∅ , 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜃=∅
2 0 2
𝜋
1 4
= ∫ (1 + ∅ )∅ 𝑑∅ , [∵ ∅ = 1 + ∅ ]
2 0

1 1
= ∫ (1 + 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅
2 0

1 1 3 1 1 1 2
= (𝑡 + 𝑡 ) = (𝑡 + ) = ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
2 3 0 2 3 3

∴ From (i) with the help of (ii) and (iii), we get the required area

216
 1 2
= (3𝜋 + 8) −
4 3
3 2 3 4
= 𝜋+2− = 𝜋+ .
4 3 4 3

Problem 23: Express that the entire area among the curve 𝑦 2 = (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 and
its asymptote is3 𝜋𝑎2 .

Answer: 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑂𝐴𝐵

3
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑥2
= 2 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 0 √(2𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝜋 3
2 (2𝑎𝜃 )2 4𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 2∫ 𝑑𝜃
0 √2𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜋
3 1 𝜋
= 16𝑎2 ∫02 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 == 16𝑎2 . . = 3 𝜋𝑎2 . Hence proved.
4 2 2

Problem 24: Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) over the area between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Answer:

217
the area is bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥.

When 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑓2 (𝑥),

𝑥 2 = 𝑥, 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0

Or 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

Fig 8.35

𝑖. 𝑒., The area of integration is bounded by

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

∴ = ∬𝐴 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
−1 𝑦=𝑥
=∫ [∫ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥 2

1 𝑥
= ∫ [∫ (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2

1 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 3
=∫ [ + ] 𝑑𝑥
0 2 3 𝑥2
1
5𝑥 4 𝑥 6 𝑥 7
=∫ [ − − ] 𝑑𝑥
0 6 2 3
1
𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥8 1 1 1 3
=[ − − ] =[ − − ]= .
6 14 24 0 6 14 24 56

Problem 25: Find∫ ∫𝐷 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where D is the area in the first quadrant

surrounded by the hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 8.

(U.P.T.U., 2002)

Answer:
218
We have

𝑥𝑦 = 16 . . . (𝑖)

𝑦 = 𝑥 . . . (𝑖𝑖)

𝑦 = 0 . . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

𝑥 = 8 . . . (𝑖𝑣)

From eqns. (i) and (ii), we get x = 4, y = 4

i.e., the line y = x = (4, 4) and the curve intersection point. Similarly intersection
point of (i) and (iv) = (8, 2), the area OABEO was divided in to two parts by AG to
calculate the set integral as illustrated in the Figure 8.36.

Fig.8.36
16
𝑥=4 𝑦=𝑥 𝑥=8 𝑦=
𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=4 𝑦=0

16
4 𝑥 8 4 8 16
𝑥
2 2 2 (𝑦)𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦) 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 +∫ 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥
0 0 4 0 0 4

4 8 4
𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 16𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] + [8𝑥 2 ]84
3
0 4 4 0

= 64 + 8(64 − 16) = 64 + 348 = 448.

Problem 26: Find ∫ ∫𝐷 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where D is region surrounded by the ellipse

2
𝑥2 𝑦
= 1 in the first quadrant.
𝑎2 𝑏2

219
Answer:
𝑏 2 2
𝑎 √𝑎 −𝑥
𝑎
∫ ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 0 𝑦=0

𝑏 2 2
𝑎 3 2 𝑎√𝑎 −𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
=∫ [ ] ] 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0

𝑏2 𝑎 2 3
= 2 ∫ (𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥 5 ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 0
𝑎
𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑥 4 𝑥 6 𝑏 2 𝑎2
= 2[ − ] = .
2𝑎 4 6 0 24

Fig 8.40

𝜋
𝑎
Problem 27: Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑎𝜃 ) 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
2

Answer:
𝜋 𝜋 𝑎
𝑎
2
2
𝑟3 2
∫ 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 [ ]
0 𝑎𝜃 ) 0 3 𝑎𝜃 )
𝜋
2𝑎 3 𝜃 )3
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 ( − )
0 3 3
𝜋
𝑎3 2
= ∫ [1 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)3 ]𝑑𝜃
3 0

220
 𝜋
𝑎3 2
= ∫ [1 − (1 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 3𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)]𝑑𝜃
3 0
𝜋
𝑎3 2
= ∫ (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 3𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
3 0
𝜋
𝑎3 1𝜋 2
= [[3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ]02 − 3 + ]
3 2 2 3.1

𝑎3 3𝜋 2
= [3 − + ]
3 2 3
𝑎3
= [44 − 9𝜋].
3

𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 3
Problem 28: Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 .

Answer:

We have
𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 [∫ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 ] 𝑑𝜃
0 0

𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝑟4
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 [ ] 𝑑𝜃
0 4 0

𝑎4 𝜋
= ∫ (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 0

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑎4 0 4
= ∫ 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1)(−𝑑𝑡)
4 2

𝑎4 2 5 16 4
= ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡 4 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 .
4 0 15

221
Problem 29: Evaluate a polar coordinates expression for the curve 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡; −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞.
Answer:

𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ⇒

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝑒 4𝑡 .

𝑦 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, = 2𝑡 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡 ⇒
𝑥 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑦
𝑡=( )⇒
𝑥

𝑦
4( )
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑥 is the Cartesian equation.
𝑦
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = ( )
𝑥
The polar equation is 𝑟 2 = 𝑒 4𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑒 2𝜃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 > 0.

Problem 30: Find the Cartesian coordinates of the point (−3, 5𝜋/6) (given in polar
coordinates).
Answer:

5𝜋 3√3
𝑥 = −3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =
6 2
5𝜋 3
𝑦 = −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 =−
6 2
3 √3 3
∴ 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ( ,− )
2 2

Problem 31: Substitute the polar equation of 𝑟 2 = 4𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 by equivalent

Cartesian equation.
Answer:

𝑟 2 = 4𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑦

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4

circle with center 𝐶 = (0, 2) and radius 2.

222
Problem 32: Find the slope of the curve (𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟 = −1 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) at the
given points 𝜃 = 0, 𝜋. Then sketch the curve along with their tangents at the points.

Answer:

𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = −1 ⇒ (−1, 0)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 = −1 ⇒ (−1, 𝜋)
𝑑𝑟
𝑟= =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = =
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
−𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 + (−1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (−1, 0) = = −1.
−(−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 + (−1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (−1, 𝜋) = = 1.
−(−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋
Problem 33: Calculate the region area inside the circle 𝑟 = 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and
outside the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ), 𝑎 > 0.
Answer:

𝑟 = 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )

⇒ 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑎(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )

⇒ 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

1 𝜋 𝜋
⇒𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟 −
2 3 3
The graph also gives the point of
Intersection (0, 0); therefore:
𝜋/3
1
𝐴 = 2∫ [(3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2 − 𝑎2 (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2 ] 𝑑𝜃
0 2

223
 𝜋/3
=∫ (9𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋/3
=∫ (8𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋/3
=∫ [4𝑎2 (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 ) − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑎2 ] 𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋/3
=∫ (3𝑎2 + 4𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋/3
= [3𝑎2 𝜃 + 2𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 − 2𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ]0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [3𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ∗ − 2𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
3 3 3
2 2 2
− [3𝑎 (0) + 2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 − 2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 ]

1 √3
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 ( ) − 2𝑎2 ( ) = 𝑎2 (𝜋 + 1 − √3 ).
2 2

Problem 34: Sketch in the polar coordinate plane, the regions surrounded by the
curves 𝑟 = 2𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃/2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃/2), 𝑎 > 0, and evaluate the plane
area common partition.

Answer:
The region in question is the figure eight in the middle.
1
The arc of 𝑟 = 2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃/2) in the first quadrant gives of that region.
4
Therefore the area is,
𝜋/2
1 2
𝐴 = 4∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 2
𝜋/2
1
= 4∫ [2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃/2)]2 𝑑𝜃
0 2
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
2 4 (𝜃/2)𝑑𝜃 2
= 8𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 8𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃/2)[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃/2)]𝑑𝜃
0 0

224
 𝜋/2
2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃/2) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃/2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃/2)] 𝑑𝜃
= 8𝑎 ∫
0

𝜋/2
2
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 8𝑎 ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝜃
0 2 4
𝜋/2
2
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
= 2𝑎 ∫ (2 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − ( ) ) 𝑑𝜃
0 2
𝜋/2
2 (3 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
=𝑎 ∫
0
𝜋/2
2
1
= 𝑎 [3𝜃 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 ]
2 0

𝜋 𝜋 1 1
= 𝑎2 [(3 ∗ − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 ) − (3 ∗ 0 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 )]
2 2 2 2
3𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑎2 [ − 4]
2

𝑒𝜃
Problem 35: Find the length of the spiral 𝑟 = , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
√2
Answer:

𝑒𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑒𝜃
𝑟= , 0≤𝜃≤𝜋 ⇒ =
√2 𝑑𝜃 √2

Therefore, the Length

2 2
𝛽
𝑑𝑟 2 𝜋
𝑒𝜃 𝑒𝜃
𝐿=∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝛼 𝑑𝜃 0 √2 √2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑒 2𝜃 𝜋
=∫ √2 ( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑒 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = [𝑒 𝜃 ]0 = 𝑒 𝜋 − 𝑒 0
0 2 0

𝐿 = 𝑒 𝜋 − 1.

Problem 36: Evaluate the region area surrounded above by 𝑦 = √𝑥 and below by
the x-axis and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 in the first guardant.
225
Answer:

The limits of integration for region A are 𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 2. The left-hand limit for
region B is 𝑎 = 2. To find the right-hand limit, we solve the equations 𝑦 =
√𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 simultaneously for x:

√𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒
𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0

⇒𝑥=1 , 𝑥=4

Only the value 𝑥 = 4 satisfies the equation √𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2. The value 𝑥 = 1 is an

extraneous root introduced by squaring. The right-hand limit is 𝑏 = 4.

𝐹𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2: 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 0 = √𝑥 .

𝐹𝑜𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4: 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − (𝑥 − 2) = √𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2.

We add the area of sub regions A and B to find the total area:
2 4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (√𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
4
2 3/2 2 2 3/2 𝑥 2
= [ 𝑥 ] + [ 𝑥 − + 2𝑥]
3 0 3 2 2

2 2 2
= [ (2)3/2 − 0] + [( (4)3/2 − 8 + 8) − ( (2)3/2 − 2 + 4)]
3 3 3
2 10
= (8) − 2 = .
3 3

226
Problem 37: Evaluate the triangular region area in the first guardant constrained on
the right by the curves 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 and on the other side by the
y-axis.
Answer:

Limits of integration:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝜋/4.

⇒ 𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝜋/4

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 .

𝜋/4
𝐴=∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋/4
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ]0
𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] − [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 ]
4 4

√2 √2
= + − 0 − 1 = √2 − 1.
2 2

Problem 38: OA is the diameter of semicircular disc, the density at any point varies
its distance from O. Find the position of entire of gravity given that OA=a.
Answer:

𝜌 ∝ 𝑟 ⇒ 𝜌 = 𝑘𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 =
2

If (𝑥, 𝑦) are the coordinates of centre of

Gravity, then
𝜋/2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
∬ 𝑥𝜌 𝑑𝐴 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )(𝑘𝑟)(𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟)
𝑥 = = 𝜋/2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
∬ 𝜌 𝑑𝐴 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑘𝑟)(𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟)

227
 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜋/2 𝑟4
𝜋/2
∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫0
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 [ ]
4 0
= 𝜋/2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
∫0 𝑑𝜃 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝜋/2 𝑟3
∫0 𝑑𝜃 [ 3 ]
0

1 𝜋/2 4 ∫𝜋/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃(𝑎4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃) 3𝑎
= 4
0
= 3 0𝜋/2
1 𝜋/2 4𝑎 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃(𝑎3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)
3 ∫0 0

4∗2
3𝑎 5 ∗ 3 3𝑎 4 3𝑎
𝑥 = [ ]= ( )= .
4 2 4 5 5
3
𝜋/2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
∬ 𝑦𝜌 𝑑𝐴 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )(𝑘𝑟)(𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟)
𝑦 = = 𝜋/2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
∬ 𝜌 𝑑𝐴 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑘𝑟)(𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟)

𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜋/2 𝑟4
𝜋/2
𝑘 ∫0
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 ∫0 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 [ 4 ]
0
= 𝜋/2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑟 3
𝑘 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝜋/2
∫0 𝑑𝜃 [ ]
3 0

1 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
4 ∫0 𝑑𝜃(𝑎4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃) 3𝑎4 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 )
= = 3
1 𝜋/2 3 3 4𝑎 𝜋/2
∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝜃(𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
3 0
𝜋/2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃
[− ]
3𝑎 5 0 3𝑎 3 1 9𝑎
𝑥 = = ∗ [−0 + ] = .
4 2 4 2 5 40
3
3𝑎 9𝑎
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶. 𝐺. 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 ( , ).
5 40

Problem 39: Evaluate a lamina mass in the form of the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 +
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) whose density at any point varies as the square of its distance from the
initial line.
Answer:
228
Let the required mass be M which is twice the mass above the initial line.
Since the distance of any point (𝑟, 𝜃) from the initial line is 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , the density
at (𝑟, 𝜃) is given by 𝑟 = 𝑚(𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )2 = 𝜇 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃.
For the region above initial line, 𝜃 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋 and r varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎(1 +
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ).
𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝑀 = 2∫ ∫ 𝜌𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0

𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
= 2∫ ∫ 𝜇 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0

𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝑟4 2
= 2 ∫ 𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 [ ] 𝑑𝜃
0 4 0

𝜇𝑎4 𝜋 𝜃 𝜃 2 2
𝜃 4
= ∫ (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) . (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑑𝜃
2 0 2 2 2
𝜋
𝜃 𝜃
= 32𝜇𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠10 𝑑𝜃
0 2 2

𝜃 𝜋
𝑃𝑢𝑡 = 𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑑𝑡; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 0, 𝑡 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝜋, 𝑡 =
2 2
𝜋
∴ 𝑀 = 32𝜇𝑎 ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠10 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4
0

1 .9 .7 .5 .3 .1 𝜋 21
𝑀 = 64 𝜇𝑎4 . . = 𝜇𝜋𝑎4 .
12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 2 32

𝑥 2/3
Problem 40: Calculate the mass of a plate in the shape of the curve ( ) +
𝑎
𝑦 2/3
(𝑏) = 1, the density being given by 𝜌 = 𝜇𝑥𝑦.
Answer:

Let the required mass be M which is four times the mass in the first quadrant.
From the equation of the curve:

229
 𝑦 2/3 𝑥 2/3
( ) =1−( ) ⇒
𝑏 𝑎
3/2
𝑥 2/3
𝑦 = 𝑏 [1 − ( ) ] = 𝑦1
𝑎

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝐴𝐵, 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚

0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦1 .

𝑎 𝑦1
∴ 𝑀 = 4 ∫ ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎 𝑦1
= 4 ∫ ∫ 𝜇 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑎 3
𝑦2 1 2 2
𝑥 2/3
= 4 ∫ 𝜇𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜇 ∫ 𝑥𝑦1 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜇 ∫ 𝑥𝑏 [1 − ( ) ] 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0 0 0 𝑎

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝜃

𝜋
= 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝜃 =
2
𝜋/2
2
𝑀 = 2𝜇𝑏 ∫ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)3 . 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋/2
2 2
= 6𝜇𝑎 𝑏 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

4 .2 .6 .4 .2
2 2
𝜇𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑀 = 6𝜇𝑎 𝑏 . = .
12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 20

Problem 41: A rectangular plate is constrained by the 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 axes and the lines 𝑥 =
6 and 𝑦 = 4. The thickness 𝑡 of the plate at any point is proportional to the square of
the distance of the point from the origin. Calculate the plate total volume.
Answer:

Thickness t of plate at P is,

𝑡 = 𝑘𝑂𝑃2 = 𝑘(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑥

230
∴ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑘(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑥
6 4
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 = ∫ ∫ 𝑘(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

6 6 4
𝑦3 2 2
43
𝑉 = 𝑘 ∫ [𝑥 𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ [(4𝑥 + ) − 0] 𝑑𝑥
0 3 0 0 3

6 6
2
64 4𝑥 3 64𝑥
= 𝑘 ∫ (4𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 [ + ]
0 3 3 3 0

4(6)3 64(6) 864 384

𝑉 = 𝑘 [( + ) − 0] = 𝑘 ( + ) = 416 𝑘.
3 3 3 3

Problem 42: the triangular region covered by a thin plate, the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 =
2𝑥 and the x-axis in the first quadrant constrained the triangle. The plate's density at
the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝛿(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6. Evaluate the mass of the plate, center of
mass about the coordinate axes, and first moments.

Answer:
1 2𝑥
𝑀 = ∫ ∫ 𝛿(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

1 2𝑥
𝑀 = ∫ ∫ (6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

1
= ∫ [6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑦]2𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
0

1
= ∫ (24𝑥 2 + 12𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0

𝑀 = [8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 ]10 = 14.

The first moments about x-axis is,

1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑀𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝛿(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ (6𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 + 6𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0

231
 1 1
=∫ [3𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 3
3𝑦 2 ]2𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (28𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝑀𝑥 = [7𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 ]10 = 11.

The first moments about y-axis is,

1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝛿(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ (6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0

1 1
=∫ [6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2
6𝑥𝑦]2𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (24𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝑀𝑦 = [6𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 ]10 = 10.

The coordinates of the center of mass are therefore:

𝑀𝑦 10 5 𝑀𝑥 11
𝑥 = = = , 𝑦 = = .
𝑀 14 7 𝑀 14

Problem 43: Discover the region centroid that is bounded above by the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
and below by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 in the first quadrant.
Answer:
1 𝑥 1
𝑀 = ∫ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑦]𝑥𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 0

1 1
2
𝑥2 𝑥3
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = [ − ]
0 2 3 0

1 1 1
𝑀=[ − ]= .
2 3 6
1 𝑥 1 1 𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥4
𝑀𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 0 2 𝑥2 0 2 2
1
𝑥3 𝑥5 1 1 1
𝑀𝑥 = [ − ] = [ − ]= .
6 10 0 6 10 15
1 𝑥 1 1
𝑀𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥𝑦]𝑥𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 0 0

232
 1
𝑥3 𝑥4 1 1 1
𝑀𝑦 = [ − ] = [ − ] = .
3 4 0 3 4 12

From these values of 𝑀, 𝑀𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑦 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑

𝑀𝑦 1/12 1 𝑀𝑥 1/15 2
𝑥 = = = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = = = .
𝑀 1/6 2 𝑀 1/6 5
1 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ( , ).
2 5

Problem 44: Calculate a solid mass center of constant density 𝛿 constrained below
by the disk 𝑅: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4 in the plane 𝑧 = 0 and above by the paraboloid𝑧 = 4 −
𝑥 2 − 𝑦2.
Answer:

By symmetry 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, to find 𝑧 we first calculate:

4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑀𝑥𝑦 = ∬𝑅 ∫ 𝑧 𝛿 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑧2
= 𝛿∬𝑅 [ ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝛿 2𝜋 2
= ∫ ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0 0

𝛿 2𝜋 2
= ∫ ∫ (4 − 𝑟 2 )2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 (𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠)
2 0 0
2
𝛿 2𝜋 1 𝛿 2𝜋 1 1
= ∫ [− (4 − 𝑟 ) ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 [− (4 − 4)3 + (4 − 0)3 ]
2 3
2 0 6 0 2 0 6 6
16𝛿 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
3 0

16𝛿 2𝜋 16𝛿 32𝜋𝛿

𝑀𝑥𝑦 = [𝜃]0 = (2𝜋 − 0) = .
3 3 3
4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑀 = ∬𝑅 ∫ 𝛿 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿∬𝑅 [𝑧]0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

233
 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2
2 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
= 𝛿∫ ∫ (4 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝛿∫ ∫ (4 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0 0 0

2𝜋 2 2𝜋 22𝜋
𝑟4
= 𝛿∫ ∫ (4𝑟 − 𝑟 3 ) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝛿 ∫ 2
[2𝑟 − ] 𝑑𝜃 = 4𝛿 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0 4 0 0

𝑀 = 4𝛿[𝜃]2𝜋
0 = 4𝛿(2𝜋 − 0) = 8𝜋𝛿.

32𝜋𝛿
𝑀𝑥𝑦 4
𝑧 = = 3 = .
𝑀 8𝜋𝛿 3

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) = (0, 0, 4/3).

Problem 45: Find the volume of the "ice cream cone" D cut from the solid sphere
𝜌 ≤ 1 by the cone 𝜙 = 𝜋/3.
Answer:

The volume is V,

𝑉 = ∭𝐷 𝜌2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃

The integral of 𝑓(𝜌, 𝜙, 𝜃) = 1 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐷

The 𝜌 limits of integration, ray M enters D at 𝜌 = 0 and leaves at 𝜌 = 1. The 𝜙 limits

of integration, the cone 𝜙 = 𝜋/3 makes an angle of 𝜋/3 with the positive z-axis. For
any given 𝜃, the angle 𝜙 can run from 𝜙 = 0 to 𝜙 = 𝜋/3. The 𝜃 limits of integration,
the ray L sweeps over R as 𝜃 runs from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋. The volume is,
2𝜋 𝜋/3 1
2
𝑉 = ∭𝐷 𝜌 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝜌2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0

2𝜋 𝜋/3 1 2𝜋 𝜋/3
𝜌3 1
=∫ ∫ [ ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
0 0 3 0 0 0 3

2𝜋 𝜋/3 2𝜋
1 1 𝜋 1
=∫ [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 ] 𝑑𝜃
0 3 0 0 3 3 3

234
 2𝜋
1 1 2𝜋
1 1 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑉=∫ (− + ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = [ 𝜃] = = .
0 6 3 0 6 6 0 6 3

Problem 46: Calculate the magnitude of inertia and radius of gyration of a thick
hollow sphere about a diameter as axis. Inner radius = b, outer radius = a, density of
material = c. It is convenient to deal with one-eighth of the sphere in the first octane.
Answer:
1
Total mass of the solid 𝑀1 = 𝑀
8

1 4
𝑀1 = ∗ 𝜋(𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 )𝑐
8 3
𝜋 3
𝑀1 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 3 )𝑐
6
The element of volume,

𝛿𝑣 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜙

Also the element of mass 𝑚 = 𝑐 𝛿𝑣

Second moment of mass of the element about OZ,

= 𝑚𝜌2 = 𝑚(𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )2 = 𝑐𝑟 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜙 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= 𝑐𝑟 4 𝜃 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜙

∴ Total second moment for the solid,

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝑎
𝐼1 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑟 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
0 0 𝑏

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝑎
𝑟5
=∫ ∫ [𝑐 ] 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
0 0 5 𝑏
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝑐 5
=∫ ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑏 5 )𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
0 0 5
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝑐 5
= (𝑎 − 𝑏 ) ∫ ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
5
5 0 0

235
 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝑐 5 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
= (𝑎 − 𝑏 ) ∫ [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + ]
5 0 3 0

𝜋/2
𝑐 5 5
1
= (𝑎 − 𝑏 ) ∫ [1 − ]
5 0 3
2𝑐 5 2𝑐 5 𝜋 𝜋
𝐼1 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 5 )[𝜙]𝜋/2
0 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 5)
( ) = (𝑎5 − 𝑏 5 )𝑐.
15 15 2 15
The moment of inertia for the whole sphere (I) is,
8𝜋 5
𝐼 = 8𝐼1 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 5 )𝑐.
15
Radius of gyration (k),
4 8𝜋 5
𝑀𝑘 2 = 𝐼 ⇒ [ 𝜋(𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 )𝑐 ] 𝑘 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 5 )𝑐
3 15

2
2 𝑎5 − 𝑏 5
𝑘 = ( 3 )⇒
5 𝑎 − 𝑏3

2 𝑎5 − 𝑏 5
𝑘=√ ( ).
5 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3

Problem 47: The planes 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑎 was used to form a triangular
prism. Evaluate the prism volume amid the planes 𝑧 = 0 and surface 𝑧 = 𝑐 + 𝑥𝑦.
(M.U. II Semester 2000; U.P. 1st Semester, 2009 (C.O) 2003)

Answer:
𝑏𝑥
𝑎 𝑐+𝑥𝑦
𝑎
𝑉=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0

𝑏𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
𝑐+𝑥𝑦
= ∫ ∫ [𝑧]0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝑏𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
= ∫ ∫ (𝑐 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

236
 𝑏𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑎 𝑐𝑏𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑏 2
= ∫ [𝑐𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0 0 𝑎 2𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏𝑐 𝑥 2 𝑏2 𝑥 4 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 𝑎4 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎2 𝑏 2
= [ ] + 2[ ] = + = +
𝑎 2 0 2𝑎 4 0 2𝑎 8𝑎2 2 8

𝑎𝑏
𝑉= (4𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏).
8

Problem 48: Calculate a solid volume surrounded by the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑦 =

0 and the spherical surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4𝑎2 .
Answer:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4𝑎2

⇒ 𝑧 2 = 4𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 ⇒ 𝑧 = √4𝑎2 − 𝑟 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 2 − 2𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 0

𝑟 2 = 2𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 .

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜋
2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 √4𝑎2 −𝑟 2
2
𝑉=∫ ∫ ∫ 4𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2 2 −𝑟 2 2
= 4∫ ∫ [𝑧]√4𝑎
0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 4 ∫ ∫ √4𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0 0
𝜋 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
12
2 2 3/2
= 4 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 [− (4𝑎 − 𝑟 ) ]
0 3 0

𝜋
4 2
= ∫ [−(4𝑎2 − 4𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)3/2 + 8𝑎3 ] 𝑑𝜃
3 0
𝜋 𝜋
4 2 3 3 3)
8 ∗ 4𝑎3 2
= ∫ (−8𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 8𝑎 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
3 0 3 0
𝜋
32𝑎3 2 1 3
= ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
3 0 4 4

237
 𝜋
32𝑎3 1 3 2 32𝑎3 𝜋 3
= [𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ] = ( +− )
3 12 4 0 3 2 4

32𝑎3 𝜋 2
𝑉= ( − ).
3 2 3

Problem 49: A cylindrical hole of radius 𝑏 is bored through 𝑎 sphere of radius 𝑎.

Find the volume of the remaining solid.
(M.U. II Semester 2004)

Answer:

Let the equation of the sphere be,

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2

Now, we will solve this problem using

Cylindrical coordinates.

𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑧=𝑧

𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 𝑎𝑟𝑒 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √𝑎2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑖. 𝑒. √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2

𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.

𝜋 𝜋
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑟 2 𝑎
2 2 2 −𝑟 2
𝑉 = 8∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧 = 8 ∫ ∫ [𝑧]√𝑎
0 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑏 0 0 𝑏
𝜋 𝜋 𝑎
𝑎 (𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 )3/2
2 2 1
= 8 ∫ ∫ (𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 )1/2 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 8 ∫ [ . (− )] 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑏 0 3/2 2 𝑏
𝜋
8 2 8 𝜋/2
= − ∫ −(𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 )3/2 𝑑𝜃 = (𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 )3/2 [𝜃]0
3 0 3

8 2 𝜋 4𝜋 2
𝑉= (𝑎 − 𝑟 2 )3/2 ( ) = (𝑎 − 𝑟 2 )3/2 .
3 2 3

238
Problem 50: Evaluate the surface area produced by rotating the curve 𝑦 = 2√𝑥 , 1 ≤
𝑥 ≤ 2, about the x-axis.
Answer:

𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 √𝑥 , =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥

2 2
√1 + (𝑑𝑦) = √1 + ( 1
)
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥

1 𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 + 1
= √1 + =√ =
𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥
2
√𝑥 + 1
𝑆 = ∫ 2𝜋. 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 √𝑥
2 2
= 4𝜋√𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋. [(𝑥 + 1)3/2 ]1
3
8𝜋
𝑆= (3√3 − 2√2 ).
3

Problem 51: The line segment 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, is rotated about the y-axis to

produce the cone. Evaluate the area of the lateral surface (which excludes the base
area).
Answer:
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝜋√2
2
𝑑𝑦
𝑐 = 0, 𝑑 = 1, 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦, = −1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 2
√1 + ( ) = √1 + (−1)2 = √2
𝑑𝑦

𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥

239
 1 1
𝑦2
= ∫ 2𝜋(1 − 𝑦) √2 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 √2 [𝑦 − ]
0 2 0

1 1
𝑆 = 2𝜋 √2 (1 − ) = 2𝜋 √2 ( ) = 𝜋 √2 .
2 2

240
 Chapter Nine: Matrices

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Find the rank of following matrix:

𝑨 = [𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔𝟕 𝟒𝟓𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟔 ].

Answer: Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 and then again 𝑅1 → − 𝑅1

𝐴 ~ [1 1 1 11 456 78 567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 16 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 10𝑅1 , 𝑅5 → 𝑅5 − 15𝑅1

~ [1 1 1 11 012 34 012 34 012 34 012 34 ]

Applying 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅5 → 𝑅5 − 𝑅2 , we get

𝐴 ~ [1 1 1 11 012 34 000 00 000 00 000 00 ]

Here number of non-zero rows = 2

Therefore 𝜌(𝐴) = 2.

Problem 2: Reduce the matrix A its normal from, where

𝐴 = [0 1 1 0 −3 −111 3111 0 2 − 2 0 ] and hence find the

rank of A

Answer: Applying 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2, we have

𝐴 ~ [1 0 0 1 11 −3 −1 3111 02 −20 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1

~ [1 0 0 1 11 −3 −1 0101 −3 −1 −3 −1 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2

~ [1 0 0 1 11 −3 −1 0001 0000 ]

𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶4 → 𝐶4 − 𝐶1

𝐴 ~ [1 0 0 1 00 −3 −1 0000 0000 ]

𝐶3 → 𝐶3 + 3𝐶2 , 𝐶4 → 𝐶4 + 𝐶2 , we get

𝐴 ~ [1 0 0 1 0000 0000 0 0 0 0 ] = [𝐼2 0 0 0 ]

241
Hence 𝜌(𝐴) = 2.

Problem 3: Find non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is the normal form
where

𝐴 = [1 − 1 2 4 2 − 1 2 2 − 2 − 1 2 0 ]3×4 .

Answer:

Here we consider

𝐴3×4 = 𝐼3×3 . 𝐴3×4 . 𝐼4×4 |𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 = 𝐼𝑚×𝑚 . 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 . 𝐼𝑛×𝑛

[1 4 2 −122 2 −1 −2 −120]
= [1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ]𝐴[1 0 0 1 0000 0000 1001 ]

Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 (𝑝𝑟𝑒), we get

[1 0 0 −164 2 −9 −6 −162]
= [1 0 0 − 4 1 0 − 2 0 1 ]𝐴[1 0 0 1 0000 0000 1001 ]

Applying 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 2𝐶1 , 𝐶4 → 𝐶4 + 𝐶1 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡)

[1 0 0 0 6 − 9 0 4 − 6 0 6 2 ]
= [ 1 0 0 − 4 1 0 − 2 0 1 ]𝐴[1 − 3 0 1
−6100 0000 1001 ]

𝐶3 → 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 , 𝐶4 → 𝐶4 − 2𝐶2 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡)

[1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ]
= [1 0 0 − 1 1 0 1 − 2 1 ] × 𝐴[1 1 − 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ]
1 1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 (𝑝𝑟𝑒)
3 2
[1 0 0 0 2 − 3 0 2 − 3 0 2 1 ]
= [1 0 0 − 4/3 1/3 0 − 1 0 1/2 ]𝐴[1 1
−21 0100 0010 0001 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 (𝑝𝑟𝑒)

[1 0 0 0 2 − 3 0 0 0 0 2 − 1 ]
= [1 0 0 − 4/3 1/3 0 1/3 − 1/3 1/2 ]𝐴[1 1
−21 0100 0010 0001 ]

242
 𝐶3 ↔ 𝐶4 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡)

[1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 − 1 0 − 3 0 ]
= [1 0 0 − 4/3 1/3 0 1/3 − 1/3 1/2 ]𝐴[1 1 1
−2 0100 0001 0010 ]
3
𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶2 , 𝐶4 → 𝐶4 + 𝐶2 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡)
2
[1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 − 1 0 0 0 ]
= [1 0 0 − 4/3 1/3 0 1/3 − 1/3 1/2 ]𝐴[1 1 0 − 1/2 0 1
− 1 3/2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ]
1
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → (−1)𝑅3 (𝑝𝑟𝑒)
2

[1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ]
= [1 0 0 − 2/3 1/6 0 − 1/3 1/3 − 1/2 ]𝐴[1 1 0 − 1/2 0 1
− 1 3/2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ]

⇒ 𝐼3 = 𝑃𝐴𝑄

Therefore, 𝑃 = [1 0 0 − 2/3 1/6 0 − 1/3 1/3 − 1/2 ], 𝑄 = [1 1 0 −

1/2 0 1 − 1 3/2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ]

and 𝜌 (𝐴) = 3.

Problem 4: Find the rank of

𝐴 = [6 1 3 8 16 4 12 15 5 3 3 8 4 2 6 − 1 ]

Answer:
1
Applying 𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3
3

𝐴 ~ [1 6 1 8 4 16 4 15 3 5 1 8 2 4 2 − 1 ]

By 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 2𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 , we have

~[1 4 0 8 4 8 0 15 3 − 1 − 2 4 2 0 0 − 1 ]

By 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1

~[1 4 0 8 2 0 0 − 1 3 − 1 − 2 4 2 0 0 − 1 ]
243
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2 , we get

~[1 4 0 8 2 0 0 − 1 1 − 1 − 2 5 0 0 0 0 ]

⇒ |𝐴| = 0 𝑖. 𝑒, minor of order 4 = 0

Next, we consider a minor of order 3

∴ |1 4 0 2 0 0 1 − 1 − 2 | = 1(0 − 0) − 4(−4 − 0) + 0 = 16 ≠ 0

∴ 𝜌 (𝐴) = 3.
Problem 5: Find the value of a such that the rank of A is 3, where

𝐴 = [1 1 − 1 0 4 4 − 3 1 𝑎 2 2 2 9 9 𝑎 3 ]

Answer:

𝐴 = [1 1 − 1 0 4 4 − 3 1 𝑎 2 2 2 9 9 𝑎 3 ]

Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 9𝑅1 , we get

𝐴 ~ [1 1 − 1 0 0 0 1 1 𝑎 − 2 0 4 2 0 0 𝑎 + 9 3 ]

Again 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 3𝑅2

~ [1 1 − 1 0 0 0 1 1 𝑎 − 2 0 0 − 2 0 0 𝑎 + 6 0 ]

𝑅4 ↔ 𝑅3

~ [1 1 − 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 𝑎 + 6 0 𝑎 − 2 0 0 − 2 ]

Cases: (𝑖)𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 2, |𝐴| = 1.0.8. (−2) = 0, 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 3.

(𝑖𝑖) 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = −6, 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑖𝑠 3, 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 3.

Problem 6: If the points (k, 4), (5, 4), and (2, -6) formed 35 sq. units triangle,
evaluate k.

Answer:

Let the vertices of triangle be 𝐴 (2, −6), 𝐵 (5, 4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (𝑘, 4). Since the area of the
triangle ABC is 35 sq. units, we have

244
 1
[ 2 − 6 1 5 4 1 𝑘 4 1 ] = ±35
2
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1
⇒ [2 − 6 1 3 10 0 𝑘 − 2 10 0 ] = ±35 ⇒ [3 10 𝑘 − 2 10 ] = ±35
2 2
1
⇒ [30 − 10(𝑘 − 2)] = ±35
2
⇒ 30 − 10𝑘 + 20 = ±70

⇒ 10𝑘 = 50 ± 70 ⇒ 𝑘 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −2.

Problem 7: Show that the points of 𝐴 (𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), 𝐵 (𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏) are
collinear.

Answer:

The area of the triangle formed by given points:

1
= [𝑎𝑏+𝑐1 𝑏𝑐+𝑎1 𝑐𝑎+𝑏1 ]
2
Operate 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 ⇒
1
= [𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 1 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏 0 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑐 0 ]
2
1
= [1[(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑎 − 𝑐) − (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎)]]
2
1 1
= [𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏] = [0] = 0.
2 2
Hence, the given points are collinear. Proved.

Problem 8: Evaluate the triangle area by using determinants, the vertices for the
triangle are (1, 4), (2, 3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−5, −3). Are the points given collinear?
Answer:

Area of the required triangle:

245
 1
[ 1 41 2 31 −5 −31 ]
2
1
= [1(3 ∗ 1 − 1 ∗ (−3)) − 4(2 ∗ 1 − 1 ∗ (−5))
2
+ 1(2 ∗ (−3) − 3 ∗ (−5))]

1 1
= [1(3 + 3) − 4(2 + 5) + 1(−6 + 15)] = [6 − 28 + 9]
2 2
1 13
= [−13] = − ≠ 0.
2 2
Hence, the given points are not collinear.

Problem 9: Find the equation of line joining 𝐴 (1, 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (3, 6) using
determinants.
Answer:

Let 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on 𝐴𝐵. Then, area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝑃 is zero. So,
1
[121 361 𝑥𝑦1 ]=0
2
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1
⇒ [1 2 1 2 4 0 𝑥 − 1 𝑦 − 2 0 ] = 0
2
1
⇒ [1[(2)(𝑦 − 2) − (4)(𝑥 − 1)]] = 0
2
1 1
⇒ [1[2𝑦 − 4 − 4𝑥 + 4]] = 0 ⇒ [2𝑦 − 4𝑥] = 0
2 2
1
⇒ [2(𝑦 − 2𝑥)] = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥.
2
Problem 10: A car velocity is given by 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡, where 𝑡 is the time used to travel
amid the two points and 𝑢 is the velocity of travelling. If 𝑣 = 21 𝑚/𝑠 when 𝑡 = 3.5 𝑠
and 𝑣 = 33 𝑚/𝑠 when 𝑡 = 6.1 𝑠, evaluate 𝑢 and 𝑎 using determinants.
Answer:

Substituting the given values in 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 gives:

21 = 𝑢 + 3.5 𝑎 (1)

33 = 𝑢 + 6.1 𝑎 (2)
246
(𝑖) The equations are written in the form,

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0,

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑢 + 3.5 𝑎 − 21 = 0

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 + 6.1 𝑎 − 33 = 0

(𝑖𝑖) The solution is given by,

𝑢 −𝑎 1
= =
𝐷𝑢 𝐷𝑎 𝐷

where 𝐷𝑢 is the determinant of coefficients left when the 𝑢 column is covered up,

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐷𝑢 = [3.5 − 21 6.1 − 33 ] = [(3.5)(−33) − (−21)(6.1)] = 12.6.

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝐷𝑎 = [1 − 21 1 − 33 ] = [(1)(−33) − (−21)(1)] = −12.

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = [1 3.5 1 6.1 ] = [(1)(6.1) − (3.5)(1)] = 2.6.

𝑢 −𝑎 1
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, = =
12.6 −12 2.6
𝑢 1 12.6
∴ = ⇒𝑢= ⇒ 𝑢 = 4.846 𝑚/𝑠.
12.6 2.6 2.6
−𝑎 1 12
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = ⇒𝑎= ⇒ 𝑢 = 4.615 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
−12 2.6 2.6
Problem 11: The following equations gives the current of closed loops according to
the law of Kirchhoff.
2𝐼1 + 3𝐼2 − 4𝐼3 = 26

𝐼1 − 5𝐼2 − 3𝐼3 = −87

−7𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 + 6𝐼3 = 12

Use determinants to solve for 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝐼3 .

Answer:

(𝑖) Writing the equations in the,

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠:

2𝐼1 + 3𝐼2 − 4𝐼3 − 26 = 0

247
 𝐼1 − 5𝐼2 − 3𝐼3 + 87 = 0

−7𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 + 6𝐼3 − 12 = 0

(𝑖𝑖) The solution is given by,

𝐼1 −𝐼2 𝐼3 −1
= = =
𝐷𝐼1 𝐷𝐼2 𝐷𝐼3 𝐷

where 𝐷𝐼1 is the determinant of coefficients obtained by covering up the 𝐼1 column,

i.e.

𝐷𝐼1 = [ 3 − 4 − 26 − 5 − 3 87 2 6 − 12 ]

= (3)[−3 87 6 − 12 ] − (−4)[−5 87 2 − 12 ] + (−26)[−5 − 3 2 6 ]

= 3(36 − 522) + 4(60 − 174) − 26(−30 + 6) = −1458 − 456 + 624

𝐷𝐼1 = −1290.

𝐷𝐼2 = [ 2 − 4 − 26 1 − 3 87 − 7 6 − 12 ]

= (2)[−3 87 6 − 12 ] − (−4)[ 1 87 − 7 − 12 ]
+ (−26)[ 1 − 3 − 7 6 ]

= 2(36 − 522) + 4(−12 + 609) − 26(6 − 21) = −972 + 2388 + 390

𝐷𝐼2 = 1806.

𝐷𝐼3 = [ 2 3 − 26 1 − 5 87 − 7 2 − 12 ]

= (2)[−5 87 2 − 12 ] − (3)[ 1 87 − 7 − 12 ]
+ (−26)[ 1 − 5 − 7 2 ]

= 2(60 − 174) − 3(−12 + 609) − 26(2 − 35) = −228 − 1791 + 858

𝐷𝐼3 = −1161.

𝐷 =[ 2 3 −4 1 −5 −3 −7 2 6]

= (2)[−5 − 3 2 6 ] − (3)[ 1 − 3 − 7 6 ] + (−4)[ 1 − 5 − 7 2 ]

= 2(−30 + 6) − 3(6 − 21) − 4(2 − 35) = −48 + 45 + 132

𝐷 = 129.

Thus,
248
 𝐼1 −𝐼2 𝐼3 −1
= = =
𝐷𝐼1 𝐷𝐼2 𝐷𝐼3 𝐷

𝐼1 −𝐼2 𝐼3 −1
= = =
−1290 1806 −1161 129
−1290
𝐼1 = = 10 𝑚𝐴.
−129
1806
𝐼2 = = 14 𝑚𝐴.
129
1161
𝐼3 = = 9 𝑚𝐴.
129

249
 Chapter Ten: Complex Numbers

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

3
 1 i 3 
Problem 1: Show that    1 for all combination of signs.

 2 

Answer:

 
3
 1 i 3  1
L.H .S .     ( 1 )3  3( 1 )2 (  i 3 )  3( 1 )(  i 3 )2  (  i 3 )3
 8
 2 


1
8
 
 1  i 3 3  9  i 3 3  1  R .H .S .

Problem 2: Evaluate the equation four solutions:- z4  2z 2  4  0

Answer:

2  4  4  1 4
z4  2z2  4  0  z2   1  3i  z   1  i 3
21

  b  b 2  4 ac 

 for ax 2  bx  c  0  x 

 2a 

y 3 
for 1  i 3  r  1  3  2 and   tan 1  tan 1 
x 1 3
i  
( ) i    6 2
1st root  w0  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos  i sin    i
 6 6 2 2
i 
 7 
7
(  2 ) i  7
2nd root  w1  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos   i sin  
 6 6 
6 2
  i
2 2
y  3 
for 1  i 3  r  1  3  2 and   tan 1  tan 1 
x 1 3

250
  
i
( ) i(  )    
3rd root  w 2  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos(  )  i sin(  ) 
 6 6 
6 2
  i
2 2

 5 
i 5
(   2 ) i  5
4th root  w 3  2 e 2 3
 2e 6
 2  cos   i sin  
 6 6 
6 2
  i
2 2

Problem 3: For the parallel circuit shown in the figure, find the current 𝐼 value, and
its phase relative to the 240𝑉 supply, using complex numbers.
Answer:
𝑉
Current 𝐼 = . Impedance Z for the three-branch parallel circuit is given by:
𝑍

𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
= + +
𝑍 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍3

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,

𝑧1 = 4 + 𝑗3, 𝑧2 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧3 = 12 − 𝑗5
1 1
𝐴𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑌1 = =
𝑍1 4 + 𝑗3
1 4 − 𝑗3 4 − 𝑗3
𝑌1 = 𝑥 = 2 = 0.160 − 𝑗0.120 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
4 + 𝑗3 4 − 𝑗3 4 + 32
1 1
𝐴𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑌2 = = = 0.10 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑍2 10
1 1
𝐴𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑌3 = =
𝑍3 12 − 𝑗5
1 12 + 𝑗5 12 + 𝑗5
𝑌3 = 𝑥 = 2 = 0.0710 + 𝑗0.0296 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
12 − 𝑗5 12 + 𝑗5 12 + 52

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑌 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 + 𝑌3

= (0.160 − 𝑗0.120) + (0.10) + (0.0710 + 𝑗0.0296)

251
 𝑌 == 0.331 − 𝑗0.0904 = 0.343 ∠ − 15.28° 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠.
𝑉
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 = = 𝑉𝑌 = (240 ∠0°)(0.343 ∠ − 15.28°)
𝑍
𝐼 = 82.32 ∠ − 15.28° 𝐴.

Problem 4: The three coplanar forces applying at a different angles. Evaluate the
direction and amount of their resultant, if it applied at a point:
15N Force C, from the positive horizontal axis acting at 210°.

8N Force B, from the positive horizontal axis applying at 120°.

10N Force A, from the positive horizontal axis applying at 45°.

The figure shows the space diagram. The forces may be written as complex numbers.

Answer:

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴, 𝑓𝐴 = 10 ∠45°, 𝐵, 𝑓𝐵 = 8 ∠120°𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶, 𝑓𝐶 = 15 ∠210°.

The resultant force

𝐹 = 𝑓𝐴 + 𝑓𝐵 + 𝑓𝐶

= 10 ∠45° + 8 ∠120° + 15 ∠210°

= 10(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° ) + 8(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 120° + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 120° )
+ 15(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 210° + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 210° )

= (+𝑗7.071 ) + (+𝑗6.928 ) + (−𝑗7.50 )

= −9.919 + 𝑗6.499

Magnitude of resultant force,

= √(−9.919)2 + (6.499)2 = 11.86 𝑁.

Direction of resultant force,

252
 6.499
=( ) = 146.77°.
−9.919
(since −9.919+j6.499 lies in the second quadrant).

Problem 5: Determine the image of the point 𝑃, 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗2, on the w-plane under the
transformation 𝑤 = 3𝑧 + 2 − 𝑗.

Answer:

𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑧 + 2 − 𝑗 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) + 2 − 𝑗

So that, for this Problem,

𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑣 = 3𝑦 − 1.

Then the point 𝑃(𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗2) transforms onto,

𝑤 = 11 + 𝑗5.

Because,

𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦=2

⇒ 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2 = 11, 𝑣 = 3𝑦 − 1 = 5 ⇒∴ 𝑤 = 11 + 𝑗5

We can illustrate the transformation thus:

Problem 6: Map the points 𝐴 (𝑧 = −2 + 𝑗) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗4) onto the w-plane

under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑗2𝑧 + 3 and show the transformation on a diagram.
Answer:

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑗2𝑧 + 3 = 𝑗2(𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) + 3 = (3 − 2𝑦) + 𝑗2𝑥

𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 ⇒ 𝑢 = 3 − 2𝑦; 𝑣 = 2𝑥

253
 𝐴: 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 ̷ : 𝑢 = 3 − 2 = 1; 𝑣 = −4

∴ 𝐴 ̷ : 𝑤 = 1 − 𝑗4.

𝐵: 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝐵 ̷ : 𝑢 = 3 − 8 = −5; 𝑣 = 6

∴ 𝐵 ̷ : 𝑤 = −5 + 𝑗6

Problem 7: If 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 , find the path traced out by 𝑤 as 𝑧 moves along the straight
line joining 𝐴 (2 + 𝑗0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (0 + 𝑗2).
Answer:

First we transform the two end points

A and B onto 𝐴 ̷ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ̷ in the w-plane,

𝑤 = 𝑧2

𝐴: 𝑧 = 2 ⇒ 𝐴 ̷ : 𝑤 = 22 = 4

𝐵: 𝑧 = 𝑗2 ⇒ 𝐵 ̷ : 𝑤 = (𝑗2)2 = −4

∴ 𝐴 ̷ : 𝑤 = 4 + 𝑗0; 𝐵 ̷ : 𝑤 = −4 + 𝑗0

Now we have to find the path from 𝐴 ̷ 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 ̷ .

The Cartesian equation of AB in the z-plane is 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥.

𝑤 = 𝑧 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑗2𝑥𝑦

∴ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦.
Substituting 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 in these results we can express 𝑢 and 𝑣 in terms of 𝑥.

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − (2 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 − (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

∴ 𝑢 = 4𝑥 − 4; 𝑣 = 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
254
 𝑢+4
𝑆𝑜, 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒, 𝑥 =
4
𝑢+4 𝑢+4 2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 4 ( )− 2( )
4 4
1 2 1
=𝑢+4− (𝑢 + 8𝑢 + 16) = − (𝑢2 − 16)
8 8
1
Therefore the path is 𝑣 = − (𝑢2 − 16) which a parabola is for which at 𝑢 = 0,
8
𝑣 = 2.

Problem 8: A circle in the z-plane has a radius of 2 units and its center at 𝑧 = 3
1
units. Find the image of the circle in the w-plane when transformed by 𝑤 = .
𝑧
Answer:

Equation of the circle is,

(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 4

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0.
1
Using 𝑤 = , we can obtain
𝑧
x and y in terms of u and v.
1 1
𝑤= ⇒ 𝑧=
𝑧 𝑤
1 𝑢 − 𝑗𝑣
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑗𝑣
𝑢 − 𝑗𝑣
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 = ⇒
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

255
 𝑢 −𝑣
∴𝑥= ; 𝑦 =
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
Substituting the circle equations, a relationship between 𝑢 and 𝑣 will be created,
which is

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0

𝑢2 𝑣2 6𝑢
2 2 2
+ 2 2 2
− 2 +5=0
(𝑢 + 𝑣 ) (𝑢 + 𝑣 ) 𝑢 + 𝑣2
1 6𝑢
2 2
− 2 2
+ 5 = 0 ⇒ 5(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) − 6𝑢 + 1 = 0
𝑢 +𝑣 𝑢 +𝑣
This is of the form 𝐴(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) + 𝐷𝑢 + 𝐸𝑣 + 𝐹 = 0

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐴 = 5; 𝐷 = −6; 𝐸 = 0, 𝐹 = 1
𝐷 𝐸 6 3
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 (− , − ) = ( , 0) = ( , 0).
2𝐴 2𝐴 10 5
1 1 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = √𝐷2 + 𝐸 2 − 4𝐴𝐹 = √36 + 0 − 20 = .
√2𝐴 √10 5

Problem 9: Consider a semi-infinite strip on BC as base, the arrows at A and D

indicating that the ordinate boundaries extend to infinity in the positive y-direction
and that progression round the boundary is to be taken in the direction indicated.
Answer:
𝜋𝑧
Let us apply the transformation 𝑤 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 to the shaded region.
𝑎
𝜋𝑧
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑎

𝜋(𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑎

256
 𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑦 𝜋𝑥 𝑗𝜋𝑦
= − {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 }
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑁𝑜𝑤,𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑗𝜃 =𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜃 =𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝜃

𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦
∴ 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑦 𝜋𝑦
∴𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ; 𝑣 =𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
So B and C map onto 𝐵 ̷ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 ̷ where,

𝑎𝑡 𝐵: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 = −(1)(1) = −1; 𝑣 = (0)(0) = 0.

𝑎𝑡 𝐶: 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 = −(−1)(1) = 1; 𝑣 = (0)(0) = 0.

∴ 𝐵 ̷ : 𝑢 = −1, 𝑣 = 0; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 ̷ : 𝑢 = 1, 𝑣 = 0.

So we have,

Problem 10: If 𝑎 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 prove that 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2 = (1 + 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
Answer:

Here we have 𝑎 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2 = 1 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )2

= 1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) + (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )

= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )(1 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) Proved

257
 3+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Problem 11: Solve for 𝜃 such that the expression is imaginary.
1−2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Answer:
3 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (3 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) (1 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
= 𝑥
1 − 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (1 − 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) (1 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )

3 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 8𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

=
1 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

2
3 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 8𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐼𝑓 3 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦.
1 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

3 √3 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = .
4 2 3
Problem 12: Find the principal argument and modulus of the complex number:
1 + 2𝑖
1 − (1 − 𝑖)2
Answer:
1 + 2𝑖 1 + 2𝑖 1 + 2𝑖
= =
1 − (1 − 𝑖)2 1 − (1 − 1 − 2𝑖) 1 − 1 + 1 + 2𝑖
1 + 2𝑖
= = 1 = 1 + 0𝑖
1 + 2𝑖
1 + 2𝑖
∴| | = |1 + 0𝑖| = √12 = 1
1 − (1 − 𝑖)2
1+2𝑖
Principal argument of = Principal argument of 1 + 0𝑖
1−(1−𝑖)2

0
=
0 = 0°.
1
𝜋 2𝜋
Problem 13: Find the complex number 𝑧 if (𝑧 + 1) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑧 − 1) = .
6 3
(M.U. 2009, 2000, 01, 02, 03)

Answer:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 … … … … … … . (1)

∴ 𝑧 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦

We also given that,

258
 𝑦 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑔 (𝑧 + 1) = ( )=
𝑥+1 6
𝑦 1
∴ =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 30° =
𝑥+1 √3

∴ √3 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 … … … … … … … … … … . (2)

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑧 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦 [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 1]
𝑦 2𝜋 𝑦
( )= ⇒ =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 120°
𝑥−1 3 𝑥−1
𝑦
⇒ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 30° = −√3
𝑥−1

∴ −𝑦 = √3 𝑥 − √3

⇒ −√3 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 3 … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3)

Adding (2) and (3) we get,

1
0 = 4𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 4𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥=
2
1
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 (2) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡,
2
1 3 √3
√3 𝑦 = + 1 ⇒ √3 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦=
2 2 2
Putting the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (1) we get,

1 √3
𝑧= + 𝑖
2 2
Problem 14: Find the square root of the complex number 5 + 12𝑖.

Answer:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 √5 + 12𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 … … … … … … … … … … . … … (1)

Squaring both sides of (1), we get

5 + 12𝑖 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑦 … … … … … (2)

Equating real and imaginary parts of (2), we get

259
 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 5 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥𝑦 = 12 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . … … . (4)

𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = √(5)2 + (12)2 = 13

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 13 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … (5)

Adding (3) and (5), we get

18
2𝑥 2 = 5 + 13 = 18 ⇒ 𝑥 = √ = √9 = ±3.
2

Subtracting (3) from (5), we get

8
2𝑦 2 = 13 − 5 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = √ = √4 = ±2.
2

Since 𝑥𝑦 is positive, so 𝑥 and 𝑦 are of same sign. Hence,𝑥 = ±3, 𝑦 = ±2.

∴ √5 + 12𝑖 = ±3 ± 2 𝑖. 𝑒. (3 + 2𝑖) 𝑜𝑟 (3 − 2𝑖)

Problem 15: Express that if the result of a two complex numbers produced and sum
are real then the two numbers must be either conjugate or real.
(M.U. 2008)
Answer:

Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be the two complex numbers.

Given that 𝑧1 + 𝑧1 = 𝑎 (real)

And 𝑧1 . 𝑧1 = 𝑏 (real)

Then

𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0

𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0

𝑎 ± √𝑎2 − 4𝑏
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 𝑥 =
2
Case I. 𝑖𝑓 𝑎2 > 4𝑏 ⇒ Then both the roots are real.

260
Case II. 𝑖𝑓 𝑎2 < 4𝑏 ⇒

𝑎 √4𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑎 √4𝑏 − 𝑎2
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 = + 𝑖 ; 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 = − 𝑖
2 2 2 2
These roots are conjugate to each other. Proved

Problem 16: 𝐼𝑓 𝛼, 𝛼 2 , 𝛼 3 , 𝛼 4 , are the roots of 𝑥 5 − 1 = 0 find them and show that
(1 − 𝛼)(1 − 𝛼 2 )(1 − 𝛼 3 )(1 − 𝛼 4 ) = 5.
(M.U. 2007)

Answer:

Here, we have 𝑥5 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 5 = 1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0

⇒ 𝑥 5 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑘𝜋)

2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑘𝜋 )1/5 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
5 5
Putting 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, we get the five roots as below
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥0 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 ; 𝑥1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
5 5
4𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 6𝜋
𝑥2 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑥3 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
5 5 5 5
8𝜋 8𝜋
𝑥4 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
5 5
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝛼, 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
5 5
4𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2
𝑥2 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝛼2.
5 5 5 5
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑥3 = 𝛼 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥4 = 𝛼 4 .

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1, 𝛼, 𝛼 2 , 𝛼 3 , 𝛼 4

Hence, 𝑥 5 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛼 2 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 3 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 4 )

𝑥5 − 1
⇒ = (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛼 2 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 3 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 4 )
𝑥−1
261
On dividing 𝑥 5 − 1 by 𝑥 − 1, we get

𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛼 2 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 3 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 4 )

∴ (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛼 2 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 3 )(𝑥 − 𝛼 4 ) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 1, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

(1 − 𝛼)(1 − 𝛼 2 )(1 − 𝛼 3 )(1 − 𝛼 4 ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.

Problem 17: If 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝛽, 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛽, show that
4𝑥
(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) + (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Answer:
1 1
We know that: (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = (𝛼+𝑖𝛽) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝛽+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝛽

1 1 2
= = 𝑥 𝑦 = … … . . (1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛽 +𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2
2
(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) = … … … … … … … … … . … … (2)
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2 2
(𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) + (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = +
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
4𝑥
∴ (𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽) + (𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Problem 18: If 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑖, where 𝑥 and 𝑦 real, prove that 𝑥 is
indeterminate and 𝑦 is infinite.
Answer:

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = −𝑖

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
=
1 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
𝑖−𝑖 𝑖−𝑖 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 = = = , 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒.
1 − 𝑖 (−𝑖 ) 1 − 1 0
262
Also,

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑖𝑦 ==
1 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
𝑖 − (−𝑖) 2𝑖 2𝑖
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑖𝑦 = = = =𝑖 ⇒
1 + 𝑖 (−𝑖) 1 + 1 2

𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 2𝑦 = 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 2𝑦 = 1

1 1+1
⇒ 2𝑦 = (1) = = ∞.
2 1−1
∴ 𝑦 is infinite. Proved.

Problem 19: Evaluate w and the graphical representation of the value, for (a) 𝑧 =
−2 + 𝑖 and (b) 𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑖

Knowing that 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 .

Answer:
(a) 𝑤 = 𝑓(−2 + 𝑖) = (−2 + 𝑖)2 = 4 − 4𝑖 + 𝑖 2 = 3 − 4𝑖
(b) 𝑤 = 𝑓(1 − 3𝑖) = (1 − 3𝑖)2 = 1 − 6𝑖 + 9𝑖 2 = −8 − 6𝑖

Fig. (10.6) Fig. (10.7)

The point 𝑧 = −2 + 𝑖 , represented by point P in the z plane of Fig. (10.6), has the
image point 𝑤 = 3 − 4𝑖 represented by P' in the w plane of Fig. (10.7). We say that P
is mapped into P' by means of the mapping function or transformation𝑤 = 𝑧 2 .
Similarly, 𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑖 [point Q of Fig. (10.6)] is mapped into 𝑤 = 8 − 6𝑖 [point Q' of
Fig. (10.7)]. To each point in the z plane, there corresponds one and only one point
(image) in the w plane, so that w is a single - valued function of z.

Problem 20: Illustrate that the line connection the points P and Q of Problem 19 in
the z plane is mapped by 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 into curve union the points P' Q' and evaluate the
curve equation.
263
Answer:
Points P and Q have coordinates (-2, 1) and (1,-3). Then, the equations become
𝑥 − (−2) 𝑦−1
= = 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3𝑡 − 2, 𝑦 = 1 − 4𝑡
1 − (−2) −3 − 1

The equation of the line PQ can be represented by 𝑧 = 3𝑡 − 2 + 𝑖(1 − 4𝑡). The curve
in the w plane into which this line is mapped has the equation
𝑤 = 𝑧 2 = [3𝑡 − 2 + 𝑖(1 − 4𝑡)]2 = (3𝑡 − 2)2 − (1 − 4𝑡)2 + 2(3𝑡 − 2)(1 − 4𝑡)𝑖

= 3 − 4𝑡 − 7𝑡 2 + (−4 + 22𝑡 − 24𝑡 2 )𝑖

Then, since 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, the parametric equations of the image curve are given by
𝑢 = 3 − 4𝑡 − 7𝑡 2 , 𝑣 = −4 + 22𝑡 − 24𝑡 2
This curve may be graphed by passing on several values to the parameter t.

Problem 21: A point P travels in a counterclockwise direction about a circle in the z

plane having radius 1 and center at the origin. If the mapping function is 𝑤 = 𝑧 3 ,
express that when P makes one complete revolution, the image P' of P in the w plane
makes three complete revolutions in a counterclockwise direction on a circle having
center at the origin and radius 1.

Answer:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 . Then, on the circle |𝑧| = 1 [Fig. (10.8)], 𝑟 = 1 and 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 . Hence,
𝑤 = 𝑧 3 = (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )3 = 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 . Letting
(𝜌, 𝜙) denote polar coordinates in the w plane, we have 𝑤 = 𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 so that 𝜌 =
1, 𝜙 = 3𝜃.

Fig. (10.8) Fig. (10.9)

Since 𝜌 = 1, it follows that the image point P' moves on a circle in the w plane of
radius 1 and center at the origin [Fig. (10.9)]. Also, P' moves counterclockwise
through an angle 3θ when P moves counterclockwise through an angle θ. Thus, P'
makes three complete revolutions when P makes one complete revolution. In terms of
vectors, it means that vector O' P' is rotating three times as fast as vector OP.

264
Problem 22: Suppose 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are a constants values and real. find the z plane
points which map the lines (a) 𝑢 = 𝑐1 , (b) 𝑣 = 𝑐2 in the w plane by means of the
mapping function 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 . Show by taking in the account that the cases 𝑐1 =
2, 4, −2, −4 and 𝑐2 = 2, 4, −2, −4.

Answer:

We have 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑧 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 so that𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 =

2𝑥𝑦. Then lines 𝑢 = 𝑐1 and 𝑣 = 𝑐2 in the w plane correspond, respectively, to
hyperbolas 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐1 and 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐2 in the z plane as indicated in Figs. (10.10)
and (10.11).

Fig. (10.10) Fig. (10.11)

Problem 23: Back to Problem 22, evaluate: (a) the region image in the first
quadrant surrounded by 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = −2, 𝑥𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = −4; and 𝑥𝑦 = 2; (b) the
region image in the z plane surrounded by all the branches of 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2,
𝑥𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = −2, and 𝑥𝑦 = 1; (c) the point curvilinear coordinates in the 𝑥𝑦
plane whose rectangular coordinates are (2, −1).
Answer:

(a) The shaded portion PQRS of Fig. (10.10) represent the z plane region. P' Q' R'
S' shown shaded in Fig. (10.11) mapped as an image from PQRS. Both curves
traversed in a counterclockwise direction
(b) The shaded portion PTUVWXYZ of Fig. (10.10) represent the z plane region. P'
T' U' V' shown shaded in Fig. (10.11) mapped as an image from PTUVWXYZ.

It is of interest to note that when the boundary of the region PTUVWXYZ is traversed
only once, the boundary of the image region P' T' U' V' is traversed twice. This is due

265
to the fact that the eight points P and W, T and X, U and Y, V and Z of the z plane map
into the four points P' or W' , T' or X' , U' or Y' , V' or Z' , respectively.
However, when the boundary of region PQRS is traversed only once, the boundary of
the image region is also traversed only once. The difference is due to the fact that in
traversing the curve PTUVWXYZP, we are encircling the origin𝑧 = 0, whereas when
we are traversing the curve PQRSP, we are not encircling the origin.
(c) 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (2)2 − (−1)2 = 3, 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 = 2(2)(−1) = 4. Then the
curvilinear coordinates are𝑢 = 3, 𝑣 = −4.

Problem 24: Let 𝑤 5 = 𝑧 which corresponding to the value = 𝑧1 , we have 𝑤 = 𝑤1 .

(a) Show that w on returning to 𝑧1 is 𝑤1 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖/5 starting in the z plane at 𝑧1 point and
form a counterclockwise complete circuit about the origin. (b) show w on returning to
𝑧1 , after 2, 3, … complete circuits about the origin? (c) Discuss parts (a) and (b) if
the paths do not surround the origin.

Fig. (10.12) Fig. (10.13)

Answer:

(a) We have = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , so that 𝑤 = 𝑧1/5 = 𝑟 1/5 𝑒 𝑖𝜃/5 . If 𝑟 = 𝑟1 and 𝜃 = 𝜃1 , then

1/5
𝑤1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1/5 .
As 𝜃 increases from 𝜃1 to 𝜃1 + 2𝜋, which is what happens when one complete
circuit counterclockwise
around the origin is made, we find
1/5 𝑖(𝜃1 +2𝜋)/5 1/5 𝑖𝜃1 /5
𝑤 = 𝑟1 𝑒 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑒 𝑖𝜋/5 = 𝑤1 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖/5

(b) After two complete circuits around the origin, we find

1/5 𝑖(𝜃1 +4𝜋)/5 1/5 𝑖𝜃1 /5
𝑤 = 𝑟1 𝑒 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑒 4𝑖𝜋/5 = 𝑤1 𝑒 4𝜋𝑖/5

Similarly, after three and four complete circuits around the origin, we find
𝑤 = 𝑤1 𝑒 6𝜋𝑖/5 and 𝑤 = 𝑤1 𝑒 8𝜋𝑖/5
After five complete circuits, the value of w is 𝑤1 𝑒 10𝜋𝑖/5 == 𝑤1 , so that the original
value of w is obtained after five revolutions about the origin. Thereafter, the cycle is
repeated [see Fig. (10.13)].
266
Another Method. Since𝑤 5 = 𝑧, we have arg 𝑧 = 5 arg w from which
1
Change in arg 𝑤 = (Change in arg z) then, if arg z increases by 2ð, 4ð, 6ð, 8ð,
5
10ð, … , arg w increases by 2ð/5, 4ð/5, 6ð/5,
8ð/5, 2ð, ... leading to the same results obtained in (a) and (b).
(c) If the path does not enclose the origin, then the increase in arg z is zero and so
the increase in arg w is also zero. In this case, the value of w is 𝑤1 , regardless of the
number of circuits made.
(d)

Problem 25: (a) In the previous problem, clarify why w can be deliberate as a five
single-valued collection functions of z.
(b) Geometrically clarify the association among these functions single-valued.
(c) Geometrically illustrate in what way it can be restricted to a particular single-
valued function.

Answer:
(a) Since 𝑤 5 = 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑒𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋) where k is an integer, we have
(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋) (𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋)
𝑤 = 𝑟 1/5 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋)/5 = 𝑟 1/5 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 }
5 5

and so w is a five-valued function of z, the five values being given by k =0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

Equivalently, we can consider was a collection of five single-valued functions, called
branches of the multiple-valued function, by properly restricting θ. Thus, for
example, we can write
𝜃 𝜃
𝑤 = 𝑟1/5 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
5 5
Where we take the five possible intervals for θ given by 0 ≤ θ, 2ð, 2ð ≤ θ < 4ð, .. . ,
8ð ≤ θ < 10ð, all other such intervals producing repetitions of these.

The first interval, 0 ≤ θ < 2ð, is sometimes called the principal range of θ and
corresponds to the Principal branch of the multiple-valued function.
Other intervals for θ of length 2ð can also be taken; for example, -ð ≤ θ < ð, ð ≤ θ <
3ð etc., the first of these being taken as the principal range.
(b) We start with the (principal) branch
𝜃 𝜃
𝑤 = 𝑟1/5 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
5 5
Where 0 ≤ θ < 2ð.

267
After one complete circuit about the origin in the z plane, θ increases by 2ð to give
another branch of the function. After another complete circuit about the origin, still
another branch of the function is obtained until all five branches have been found,
after which we return to the original (principal) branch.
Because different values of f (z) are obtained by successively encircling𝑧 = 0, we
call 𝑧 = 0a branch point.
(c) We can restrict ourselves to a particular single-valued function, usually
the principal branch, by insuring that not more than one complete circuit about
the branch point is made, i.e., by suitably restricting θ.

In the case of the principal range 0 ≤ θ < 2ð, this is accomplished by constructing a
cut, indicated by OA in Fig. (10.14), called a branch out or branch line, on the
positive real axis, the purpose being that we do not allow ourselves to cross this cut
(if we do cross the cut, another branch of the function is obtained).
If another interval for θ is chosen, the branch line or cut is taken to be some other line
in the z plane emanating from the branch point.

For some purposes, as we shall see later, it is useful to consider the curve of Fig.
(10.15) of which Fig. (10.14) is a limiting case.

Fig. (10.14) Fig. (10.15)

The Elementary Functions

Problem 26: Prove that (a) 𝑒 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑒 𝑧2 = 𝑒 𝑧1+𝑧2 , (b) |𝑒 𝑧 | = 𝑒 𝑥 , (c) 𝑒 𝑧+2𝑘𝜋𝑖 =

𝑒 𝑧 , 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, ….

Answer:

(a) By definition 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ) where 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦. Then, if

𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ,
𝑒 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑒 𝑧2 = 𝑒 𝑥1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦1 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦1 ) ∙ 𝑒 𝑥2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦2 )
= 𝑒 𝑥1 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦1 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦1 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦2 )

= 𝑒 𝑥1+𝑥2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) } = 𝑒 𝑧1+𝑧2

268
(b) |𝑒 𝑧 | = |𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 )| = |𝑒 𝑥 ||𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 | = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙
1 = 𝑒𝑥
(c) By part (a),
𝑒 𝑧+2𝑘𝜋𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑧 𝑒 2𝑘𝜋𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑘𝜋 ) = 𝑒 𝑧

This shows that the function 𝑒 𝑧 has period2𝑘𝜋𝑖. In particular, it has period2𝜋𝑖.

Problem 27: Prove:

(a) 𝑧 +𝑧 =1

(b) 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧, 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧

(c) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧2

(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧2

Answer:
𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
By definition, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = ,𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = . then
2𝑖 2

2 2
𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
(a) 𝑧 +𝑧 =( ) +( )
2𝑖 2

𝑒 2𝑖𝑧 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑧 𝑒 2𝑖𝑧 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑧

= −( )+( )=1
4 4

(b) 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 (1)

𝑒 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 (2)

Adding (1) and (2):

2𝑒 𝑖𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧

Subtracting (1) from (2):

2𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 − 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
𝑒 𝑖(𝑧1+𝑧2) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑧1 +𝑧2 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝑧1 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧2 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧1 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧2
(c) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) = =
2𝑖 2𝑖
(𝑧1 )(𝑧2 ) − (𝑧1 )(𝑧2 )
=
2𝑖
=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧2

269
 𝑒 𝑖(𝑧1+𝑧2 ) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑧1 +𝑧2) 𝑒 𝑖𝑧1 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝑧2 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑧1 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧2
(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) = =
2 2
(𝑧1 )(𝑧2 ) + (𝑧1 )(𝑧2 )
=
2
= 𝑧1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧2

Problem 28: Prove that the zeros of (a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 and (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 are all real and find
them.
Answer:
𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
(a) If 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = = 0 then 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 or 𝑒 2𝑖𝑧 = 1 = 𝑒 2𝑘𝜋𝑖 , 𝑘 =
2𝑖
0, ±1, ±2, ….
Hence, 2𝑖𝑧 = 2𝑘𝜋𝑖 and 𝑧 = 𝑘𝜋. i.e., 𝑧 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, ±3𝜋, … are the zeros.
𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
(b) If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = = 0 then 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 = −𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 or 𝑒 2𝑖𝑧 = −1 = 𝑒 (2𝑘+1)𝜋𝑖 , 𝑘 =
2
0, ±1, ±2, ….
1
Hence, 2𝑖𝑧 = (2𝑘 + 1)𝜋𝑖 and 𝑧 = (𝑘 + ) 𝜋. i.e., 𝑧 = ±𝜋/2, ±3𝜋/2, ±5𝜋/2, … are
2
the zeros.

Problem 29: Prove that (a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−𝑧) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 , (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝑧) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 ,
(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (−𝑧) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧 .

Answer:
𝑒 𝑖(−𝑧)− 𝑒 −𝑖(−𝑧) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−𝑧) = = = −( ) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
2𝑖 2𝑖 2𝑖
𝑒 𝑖(−𝑧) + 𝑒 −𝑖(−𝑧) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝑧) = = =( ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
2 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−𝑧) −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (−𝑧) = = = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧 , using (a) and (b).
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝑧) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
Functions of z having the property that 𝑓(−𝑧) = −𝑓(𝑧) are called odd functions,
while those for which 𝑓(−𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧) are called even functions. Thus 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
are odd functions, while 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 is an even function.

Problem 30: Prove: (a) 1 − 𝑧 = 𝑧

(b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑧
(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑧
(d) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦

Answer:
𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
(a) By definition, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑧 = ,𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑧 = . Then
2 2
𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 2 𝑒𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 2
𝑒 2𝑧 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑒 2𝑧 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑧
𝑧 −𝑧 =( ) −( ) = − =1
2 2 4 4
270
 𝑧 − 𝑧 1
𝑧, = 𝑜𝑟 1 − 𝑧 = 𝑧
𝑧 𝑧
𝑒 𝑖(𝑖𝑧) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑖𝑧) 𝑒 −𝑧− 𝑒 𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
(b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑧 = = = 𝑖( ) = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑧
2𝑖 2𝑖 2
𝑒 𝑖(𝑖𝑧) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑖𝑧) 𝑒 + 𝑒𝑧
−𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑧 = = = =𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑧
2 2 2
(d) From Problem 29(c) and parts (b) and (c), we have
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑦
=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦

Problem 31: (a) Suppose 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑤 where 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) and 𝑤 =
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣. Show that 𝑢 =𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 and 𝑣 = 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, … so that 𝑤 =
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 =𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋). (b) Evaluate 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (1 − 𝑖) . find the principal value?

Answer:
(a) Since 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) = 𝑒 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 + 𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 ), we have on equating real and imaginary parts,
𝑒 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑒 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Squaring (1) and (2) and adding, we find 𝑒 2𝑢 = 𝑟 2 or 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑟 and 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟. Then,

from (1) and (2),
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 from which 𝑣 = 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋. Hence, 𝑤 = 𝑢 +
𝑖𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋).
If = 𝑒 𝑤 , we say that 𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑧. We thus see that 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋). An
equivalent way of saying the same thing is to write 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃 where 𝜃 can
assume infinitely many values which differ by 2𝜋.
Note that formally 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃 using laws of real logarithms
familiar from elementary mathematics
7𝜋𝑖
+2𝑘𝜋𝑖 7𝜋𝑖
(b) Since 1 − 𝑖 = √2 𝑒 4 , we have 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑖 =𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 √2 + ( +
4
1 7𝜋𝑖 1 7𝜋𝑖
2𝑘𝜋𝑖) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 + + 2𝑘𝜋𝑖. the principal value is 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 + obtained by
2 4 2 4
letting𝑘 = 0.

Problem 32: Prove that 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 has a branch point at 𝑧 = 0.

Answer:
We have𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃. Suppose that we start at some point 𝑧1 ≠ 0 in the
complex plane for which 𝑟 = 𝑟1 , 𝜃 = 𝜃1 so that 𝑙𝑛 𝑧1 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟1 + 𝑖𝜃1 [see Fig.
(10.16)]. Then, after making one complete circuit about the origin in the positive or
271
counterclockwise direction, we find on returning to 𝑧1 that 𝑟 = 𝑟1 , 𝜃 = 𝜃1 + 2𝜋 so
that 𝑙𝑛 𝑧1 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟1 + 𝑖(𝜃1 + 2𝜋). Thus, we are on another branch of the function, and
so 𝑧 = 0 is a branch point.

Fig. (10.16)

Further complete circuits about the origin lead to other branches and (unlike the case
1 1
of functions such as 𝑧 2 or 𝑧 5 ), we never return to the same branch. It follows that ln
z is an infinitely many-valued function of z with infinitely many branches. That
particular branch of ln z which is real when z is real and positive is called the
principal branch. To obtain this branch, we require that 𝜃 = 0 when𝑧 > 0. To
accomplish this, we can take 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃 where 𝜃 is chosen so that
0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋 𝑜𝑟 − 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 < 𝜋, etc. As a generalization, we note that ln(𝑧 − 𝑎) has a
branch point at 𝑧 = 𝑎.

Problem 33: Consider the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑧. Illustrate the results graphically

and express that (a) 𝑣 axis parallel lines in the w plane are mapped by an origin center
circles in the z plane. (b) 𝑢 axis parallel lines in the w plane are mapped by origin
emanating rays or lines in the z plane. (c) 2𝜋 width strip in the w plane mapped by
the z plane.

Answer:

We have 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃 so that 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟, 𝑣 = 𝜃. Choose the

principal branch as 𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 , < 2𝜋.

(a) Circles with center at the origin and radius 𝛼 have the equation|𝑧| = 𝑟 =∝.
These are mapped into lines in the 𝑤 plane whose equations are 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎. In Figs.
1 3
(10.17) and (10.18), the circles and lines corresponding to 𝛼 = , 1, , 2, are
2 2
indicated.

272
 Fig. (10.17) Fig. (10.18)

(b) Lines or rays emanating from the origin in the z plane (dashed in Fig. (10.17)
have the equation 𝜃 = 𝛼.

These are mapped into lines in the 𝑤 plane (dashed in Fig. (10.18) whose equations
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
are 𝑣 = 𝛼. We have shown the corresponding lines for 𝛼 = 0, , , and .
6 3 2

(c) Corresponding to any given point P in the z plane defined by 𝑧 ≠ 0 and having
polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃) where 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋, 𝑟 > 0 [as in Fig. (10.19)], there is a
point P' in the strip of width 2𝜋 shown shaded in Fig. (10.20). Thus, the z plane is
mapped into this strip. The point 𝑧 = 0 is mapped into a point of this strip sometimes
called the point at infinity.

If 𝜃 is such that 2𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 < 4𝜋, the z plane is mapped into the strip 2𝜋 ≤ 𝑣 < 4𝜋 of
Fig. (10.20). similarly, we obtain the other strips shown in Fig. (10.20).

It follows that given any point 𝑧 ≠ 0 in the z plane, there are infinitely many image
points in the𝑤 Plane corresponding to it.

Fig. (10.19) Fig. (10.20)

273
It should be noted that if we had taken 𝜃 such that −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 < 𝜋, 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 < 3𝜋 etc.,
the strips of Fig. (10.20) would be shifted vertically a distance 𝜋.

Problem 34: If 𝑧 branch principal was chosen to be 0 = 0. Express that

1
𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (𝑖𝑧 + √1 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑖
Answer:
𝑒 𝑖𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
If 𝑤 = 𝑧 , then 𝑧 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤 = from which
2𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 − 2𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 = 0 or 𝑒 2𝑖𝑤 − 2𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑤 − 1 = 0

Solving

2𝑖𝑧 ± √4 − 4𝑧 2
𝑒 𝑖𝑤 = = 𝑖𝑧 ± √1 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑖𝑧 + √1 + 𝑧 2
2
Since ±√1 + 𝑧 2 is implied by √1 + 𝑧 2 . Now, 𝑒 𝑖𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑖(𝑤−2𝑘𝜋) , 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, … so
that
1
𝑒 𝑖(𝑤−2𝑘𝜋) = 𝑖𝑧 + √1 + 𝑧 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑤 = 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (𝑖𝑧 + √1 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑖

The branch for which 𝑤 = 0 when 𝑧 = 0 is obtained by taking 𝑘 = 0 from which we

find, as required,
1
𝑤=𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (𝑖𝑧 + √1 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑖
Problem 35: If 𝑧 branch principal was chosen to be 0 = 0. Express that
1 1+𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 1−𝑧
Answer:
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑤 𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑤
If 𝑤 = 𝑧 , then 𝑧 =𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑤 = = from which
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑤 𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑤

(1+𝑧)
(1 − 𝑧)𝑒 𝑤 = (1 + 𝑧)𝑒 −𝑤 or 𝑒 2𝑤 =
(1−𝑧)

Since 𝑒 2𝑤 = 𝑒 2(𝑤−𝑘𝜋𝑖) , we have

1+𝑧 1 1+𝑧
𝑒 2(𝑤−𝑘𝜋𝑖) = 𝑜𝑟 𝑤 = 𝑘𝜋𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 ( )
1−𝑧 2 1−𝑧

274
The principal branch is the one for which 𝑘 = 0 and leads to the required result.

Problem 36: (a) Assume = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 . Prove that 𝑧 𝑖 = 𝑒 −(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋) {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ) + 𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ) } where 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, . . ..

(b) Assume z point, unit circle located and origin center. Prove that 𝑧 𝑖 are an ∞ real
values representation and find the principal value.

(c) Evaluate the principal value for 𝑖 𝑖 .

Answer:

(a) By definition,

𝑧 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖{𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 𝑟+𝑖(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋) }

= 𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 𝑟−(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋) = 𝑒 −(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋) {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ) }

The principal branch of the many-valued function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝑖 is obtained by taking

𝑘 = 0 and is given by

𝑒 −𝜃 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ) } Where we can choose 𝜃 such that0 ≤
𝜃 < 2𝜋.

(b) If z is any point on the unit circle with center at the origin, then|𝑧| = 𝑟 = 1.
Hence, by part (a), since𝑙𝑛 𝑟 = 0, we have 𝑧 𝑖 = 𝑒 −(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋) which represents
infinitely many real numbers. The principal value is 𝑒 −𝜃 where we choose 𝜃 such
that0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑖{𝑖( +2𝑘𝜋)} −( +2𝑘𝜋) 𝑖( +2𝑘𝜋)
(c) By definition, 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑒 2 =𝑒 2 since 𝑖 = 𝑒 2

𝜋
and 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑖 ( + 2𝑘𝜋).
2
𝜋
The principal value is given by 𝑒 −2 .

Another method, by part (b), since 𝑧 = 𝑖 lies on the unit circle with center at the
origin and since
𝜋
𝜋
𝜃 = , the principal value is 𝑒 −2 .
2

275
 Chapter Eleven: Solution of System of Equations

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Find the value of λ such that the following equations have unique
solution. 𝜆𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 2𝑧 – 1 = 0, 4𝑥 + 2𝜆𝑦 – 𝑧 – 2 = 0, 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 – 3 =
0 (U.P.T.U., 2003)

Answer:

We have
𝜆𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 2𝑧 = 1

4𝑥 + 2𝜆𝑦 – 𝑧 = 2

6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 3

The coefficient matrix A is

𝐴 = [𝜆 2 − 2 4 2𝜆 − 1 6 6 𝜆 ]

For unique solution | A | ≠ 0

∴ [𝜆 2 − 2 4 2𝜆 − 1 6 6 𝜆 ] = 𝜆3 + 11𝜆 − 30 ≠ 0

⇒ (𝜆 − 2)(𝜆2 + 2𝜆 + 15) ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝜆 ≠ 2.

Problem 2: Solve

2𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 − 3𝑥4 = 9

𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 6

2𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 3

𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 = 2

Answer:

The augmented matrix is

[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [2 − 2 4 3 ⋮ 9 1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 2 − 2 1 2 ⋮ 3 1 − 1 0 1 ⋮ 2 ]

𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2

276
 ~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 2 − 2 4 3 ⋮ 9 2 − 2 1 2 ⋮
3 1 −10 1 ⋮ 2 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1

~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 0 0 0 − 1 ⋮ −3 0 0 − 3 − 2 ⋮
−9 0 0 − 2 − 1 ⋮ −4 ]

𝑅2 → (−1)𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → (−1)𝑅3 , 𝑅4 → (−1)𝑅4

~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 0 0 0 1 ⋮ 3 0 0 3 2 ⋮ 9 0 0 2 1 ⋮
4 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅4

~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 0 0 0 1 ⋮ 3 0 0 1 1 ⋮ 5 0 0 2 1 ⋮
4 ]

𝑅3 ↔ 𝑅2

~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 0 0 1 1 ⋮ 5 0 0 0 1 ⋮ 3 0 0 2 1 ⋮
4 ]

𝑅4 ↔ 𝑅3

~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 0 0 1 1 ⋮ 5 0 0 2 1 ⋮ 4 0 0 0 1 ⋮
3 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2

~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 0 0 1 1 ⋮ 5 0 0 0 − 1 ⋮ −6 0 0 0 1 ⋮ 3 ] ~ [1 − 1 2 2
⋮ 6 0 0 1 1 ⋮ 5 0 0 0 1 ⋮ 6 0 0 0 1 ⋮ 3 ](𝑅3 → −𝑅3 )

𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅4 → (−1)𝑅4

~ [1 − 1 2 2 ⋮ 6 0 0 1 1 ⋮ 5 0 0 0 1 ⋮ 6 0 0 0 0 ⋮
3 ]

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜌 (𝐴) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = 4 ⇒ 𝜌 (𝐴) ≠ 𝜌 [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵].

So the given system is consistent and therefore it has no solution.

Problem 3: Investigate for what values of λ, 𝜇 the equations

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇
277
Have (i) solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinity of solutions.

Answer:

The augmented matrix

[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [1 1 1 ⋮ 6 1 2 3 ⋮ 10 1 2 𝜆 ⋮ 𝜇 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1

~ [1 1 1 ⋮ 6 0 1 2 ⋮ 4 0 1 𝜆 − 1 ⋮ 𝜇 − 6 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1

~ [1 1 1 ⋮ 6 0 1 2 ⋮ 4 0 0 𝜆 − 3 ⋮ 𝜇 − 10 ]

(i) For no solution 𝜌 (𝐴) ≠ 𝜌 [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] it is only possible when 𝜆 = 3.

(ii) For unique solution 𝜌 (𝐴) = 𝜌 [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] it is only possible when 𝜆 = 3 ≠

0 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝜆 ≠ 3 and 𝜇 ≠ 10.

(iii) For infinite number of solution 𝜌 (𝐴) = 𝜌 [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = 𝑟 < 𝑛 it is only

possible when 𝜆 = 3 and 𝜇 ≠ 10.

Problem 4: Show that the equations

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 14

𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 30

Answer:

The augmented matrix is

[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [1 1 1 ⋮ 6 0 2 3 ⋮ 14 1 4 7 ⋮ 30 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1

~[1 1 1 ⋮ 6 0 1 2 ⋮ 8 0 3 6 ⋮ 24 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2

~[1 1 1 ⋮ 6 0 1 2 ⋮ 8 0 0 0 ⋮ 0 ]

Hence,𝜌 (𝐴) = 𝜌 [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = 2

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑟 = 2 < 3 (𝑛 = 3)
278
∴ 𝑛 − 𝑟 = 3 − 2 = 1 (one variable independent solution).

The system is consistent and have infinitely solutions.

Now 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

∴ [1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 ][𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ] = [6 8 0 ]

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

Let 𝑧=𝑘

Putting 𝑧 = 𝑘 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖), we get

𝑦 + 2𝑘 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 8 − 2𝑘

From (i) 𝑥 + 8 − 2𝑘 + 𝑘 = 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑘 − 2

Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑘 − 2, 𝑦 = 8 − 2𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑘. Ans.

Problem 5: Solve

3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4

2 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5

Answer:

The augmented matrix is

[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [3 3 2 ⋮ 1 1 2 0 ⋮ 4 0 10 3 ⋮ −2 2 − 3 − 1 ⋮
5 ]

𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3

~[1 2 0 ⋮ 4 3 3 2 ⋮ 1 0 10 3 ⋮ −2 2 − 3 − 1 ⋮
5 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 2𝑅1

~[1 2 0 ⋮ 4 0 − 3 2 ⋮ −11 0 10 3 ⋮ −2 2 − 7 −
1 ⋮ −3 ]

279
 10 7
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2
3 3
29 116 17 68
~ [1 2 0 ⋮ 4 0 − 3 2 ⋮ −11 0 0 ⋮ − 00 − ⋮ ]
3 3 3 3

3 3
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅
29 17 4
~[1 2 0 ⋮ 4 0 − 3 2 ⋮ −11 0 0 1 ⋮ −4 0 0 − 1 ⋮ 4 ]

𝑅4 → 𝑅4 + 𝑅3

~[1 2 0 ⋮ 4 0 − 3 2 ⋮ −11 0 0 1 ⋮ −4 0 0 0 ⋮ 0 ]

⇒ 𝜌 (𝐴) = 𝜌 [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = 3

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑟 = 3 = 𝑛 = number of variables.

Hence,The system is consistent and has unique solution.

Now 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

⇒ [1 2 0 0 − 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 ][𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ] = [4 − 11 − 4 0 ]

⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ⋯ (𝑖)

−3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −11 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝑧 = −4 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

On solving (i) and (ii), we get 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −4.

Problem 6: Show that the vectors [0, 1, – 2], [1, – 1, 1] [1, 2, 1] form a linearly
independent

Answer:

Let X1 = [0, 1, – 2], X2 = [1, – 1, 1] X3 = [1, 2, 1] Also suppose 𝑎1 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 𝑋2 + 𝑎3 𝑋3 =

𝑂

⇒ 𝑎1 [0,1, −2] + 𝑎2 [1, −1,1] + 𝑎3 [1,2,1] = 𝑂

⇒ [𝑎2 + 𝑎3 , 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 2𝑎3 , −2𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 ] = [0,0,0]

⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0

𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎3 = 0

280
 −2𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0

Now |𝐴| = [0 1 1 1 − 1 2 − 2 1 1 ]

𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2

𝐴~[1 − 1 2 0 1 1 − 2 1 1 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅1

~[1 − 1 2 0 1 1 0 − 1 5 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅1

~[1 − 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 6 ] = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3

Now [1 − 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 6 ][𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 ] = [0 0 0 ]

⇒ 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 2𝑎3 = 0

𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0

𝑎3 = 0

⇒ 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = 0

All 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 and 𝑎3 are zero. Therefore, they are linearly independent.

Problem 7: Show that the homogeneous system of equations:

𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 0; 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
= 0; 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑧 = 0

has non-trivial solution of 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0.

(Q. Bank U.P.T.U. 2001)

Answer:

If the system has only non-trivial solution, then

[1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 1 ] = 0

⇒ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ) +

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ) = 0

281
 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 − 𝛾 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 = 0

⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 − 𝛾 + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 0

⇒ −(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼) − 𝛾 + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 0

⇒ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽 − 𝛼) − 𝛾 + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 0

𝐼𝑓 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0

⇒ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝛾) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽 − 𝛼) − 𝛾 + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 0

⇒ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽 − 𝛼) +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 ] + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 0

⇒ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽 − 𝛼) +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽 + 𝛼) ] + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾
=0

⇒ − + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 0

which is true

Hence, the given homogeneous system of equations has non-trivial solution if 𝛼 + 𝛽 +

𝛾 = 0. Proved.

Problem 8: Evaluate the values of 𝜆 for which the following system of equations is
consistent and has non-trivial solution. Solve equations for all such values of 𝜆.
(𝜆 − 1) 𝑥 + (3𝜆 + 1) 𝑦 + 2𝜆 𝑧 = 0

(𝜆 − 1) 𝑥 + (4𝜆 − 2) 𝑦 + (𝜆 + 3) 𝑧 = 0

2𝑥 + (3𝜆 + 1) 𝑦 + 3(𝜆 − 1) 𝑧 = 0

(A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2010, 2001)

Answer:

[(𝜆 − 1) (3𝜆 + 1) 2𝜆 (𝜆 − 1) (4𝜆 − 2) (𝜆 + 3) 2 (3𝜆 + 1) (3𝜆 − 3) ][𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ]

= [0 0 0 ] … … … … … … … … . (1)

𝐴𝑋 = 0

For infinite solutions |𝐴| = 0

⇒ | 𝜆 − 1 3𝜆 + 1 2𝜆 𝜆 − 1 4𝜆 − 2 𝜆 + 3 2 3𝜆 + 1 3𝜆 − 3 | = 0

𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2

282
 ⇒ | 0 − 𝜆 + 3 𝜆 − 3 𝜆 − 1 4𝜆 − 2 𝜆 + 3 2 3𝜆 + 1 3𝜆 − 3 | = 0

𝐶2 → 𝐶2 + 𝐶3

⇒ | 0 0 𝜆 − 3 𝜆 − 1 5𝜆 + 1 𝜆 + 3 2 6𝜆 − 2 3𝜆 − 3 | = 0

⇒ (𝜆 − 3)[(𝜆 − 1)(6𝜆 − 2) − 2(5𝜆 + 1)] = 0

⇒ [6𝜆2 − 8𝜆 + 2 − 10𝜆 − 2] = 0 𝑜𝑟 6𝜆2 − 18𝜆 = 0 𝑜𝑟 6𝜆(𝜆 − 3) = 0

⇒ 𝜆 = 3.

On putting 𝜆 = 3 in (1), we get

[2 10 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 ][𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ] = [0 0 0 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1

⇒ [ 2 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ] = [0 0 0 ]

⇒ 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
−𝑘1 5𝑘2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑘1 , 𝑦 = 𝑘2 , 3𝑧 = −𝑘1 − 5𝑘2 ⇒ 𝑧 = − .
3 3

Problem 9: Evaluate the value of k such that the system of equations

𝑥 + += 0; 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0

has non-trivial solution.

Answer:

The set of equations is written in the form of matrices

𝐴 = [ 1 𝑘 3 4 3 𝑘 2 1 2 ][𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ] = [0 0 0 ], 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

𝐶 = |𝐴 ∶ 𝐵| = | 1 𝑘 3 ∶ 0 4 3 𝑘 ∶ 0 2 1 2 ∶ 0 |

Applying 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3 , we get

= |212 ∶0 43𝑘 ∶0 1𝑘3 ∶0 |

1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅
2 1
1
=|21 2 ∶0 01 𝑘−4 ∶0 0𝑘− 2 ∶0 |
2

283
 1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − (𝑘 − )𝑅
2 2

=|21 2 ∶0 01 𝑘−4
1
∶ 0 0 0 2 − (𝑘 − ) (𝑘 − 4) ∶0 |
2
For a non-trivial solution or for infinite solution, 𝑅(𝐴) = 𝑅(𝐶) = 2
1 𝑘
𝑆𝑜, 2 − (𝑘 − ) (𝑘 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 2 − 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + −2=0
2 2
9 9
⇒ −𝑘 2 + 𝑘=0 ⇒ 𝑘 (−𝑘 + )=0
2 2
9
⇒ 𝑘= , 𝑘 = 0.
2
Problem 10: Test the consistency and hence solve the following set of equations.
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2

3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 1

4𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 3

2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 4

(U.P., I Semester, Compartment 2002)

Answer:

The given set of equations is written in the matrices form

[1 2 1 3 1 − 2 4 − 3 − 1 2 4 2 ][𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 ] = [2 1 3 4 ]

𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

Here we have augmented matrix 𝐶 = [𝐴: 𝐵] = [1 2 1 ∶2 31 −2 ∶

1 4 −3 −1 ∶3 2 4 2 ∶4]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅1 ; 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 2𝑅1

=[1 2 1 ∶2 0 −5 −5 ∶ −5 0 − 11 −5
∶ −5 0 0 0 ∶ 0]
1
𝑅2 → − 𝑅
5 2
284
 =[1 2 1 ∶2 0 1 1 ∶ 1 0 − 11 −5
∶ −5 0 0 0 ∶ 0]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 11𝑅2
1
= [121 ∶2011 ∶1001 ∶1 000 ∶0 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3
6

Number of non-zero rows = Rank of matrix

⇒ 𝑅(𝐶) = 𝑅(𝐴) = 3

Hence, the given system is consistent and possesses a unique solution. In matrix form the
system reduces to

[ 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ][𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 ] = [2 1 1 0 ]

⇒ 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2 … … … (1)

⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 1 … … … (2)

⇒ 𝑥3 = 1

Putting 𝑥3 in (2), we get

𝑥2 + 1 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥2 = 0

Putting 𝑥3 and 𝑥2 in (1), we get

𝑥1 + 0 + 1 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 1

Hence, 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 = 1.

Problem 11: Express the consistency of the following system of equations

2𝑥 + += 11; 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 15; 3𝑥 + 11𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 25

If found consistent, solve it.

(A.M.I.E.T.E., Winter 2001)

Answer:

The augmented matrix 𝐶 = [𝐴: 𝐵]

= [ 2 3 4: 11 1 5 7: 15 3 11 13: 25 ]

𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2

285
 = [ 1 5 7: 15 2 3 4: 11 3 11 13: 25 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1

=[1 57 ∶ 15 0 − 7 − 10 ∶ −19 0 − 4 − 8 ∶ −20 ]

1 1
𝑅2 → − 𝑅 ; 𝑅3 → − 𝑅
7 2 4 3
10 19
=[1 5 7 ∶ 15 0 1 ∶ 012 ∶5 ]
7 7
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 ;
10 19 4 16
=[1 5 7 ∶ 15 0 1 ∶ 00 ∶ ]
7 7 7 7
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = 3 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐴

Hence, the system of equations is consistent with unique solution.

10 4 19 16
𝑁𝑜𝑤, [1 5 7 0 1 00 ] [𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ] = [15 ]
7 7 7 7
⇒ 𝑥 + += 15 … … … … . . (1)
19
⇒ += … … … … . (2)
7
16
⇒= ⇒ 𝑧=4
7
From (2) ⇒
19 40 −21
+= ⇒= − ⇒= ⇒= −3
7 7 7
From (1) ⇒

𝑥 + += 15 ⇒ 𝑥 = 15 + 15 − 28 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2

∴𝑥 =2, 𝑦 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4.

Problem 12: Evaluate for what values of k the set of equations 2𝑥 − + − 5𝑡 = 3; 𝑦−

4𝑧 + 𝑡 = 1; 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 9𝑡 = 𝑘
has (i) no solution (ii) infinite number of solutions.

(A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2004)

286
Answer:

The augmented matrix 𝐶 = [𝐴: 𝐵]

[2 − 3 6 0 1 − 4 4 − 5 8 −5 ∶3 1 ∶1 −9 ∶𝑘 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1

= [2 − 3 6 0 1 − 4 0 1 − 4 −5 ∶3 1 ∶1 1∶𝑘−6 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2

= [2 − 3 6 0 1 − 4 0 0 0 −5 ∶3 1 ∶1 0∶𝑘−7]

(i) There is no solution if 𝑅(𝐴) ≠ 𝑅(𝐶)

𝑘 − 7 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 ≠ 7, 𝑅(𝐴) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅(𝐶) = 3

(ii) There are infinite solutions if 𝑅(𝐴) = 𝑅(𝐶) = 2

𝑘−7=0 ⇒ 𝑘 =7

⇒ [2 − 3 6 0 1 − 4 −5 1 ][𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑡 ] = [3 1 ]

⇒ 2𝑥 − + − 5𝑡 = 3 … … … … . . (1)

⇒ − + 𝑡 = 1 … … … … … . . (2)

𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑡 = 𝑘1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑘2 ,

From (2), − + 𝑘1 = 1 𝑜𝑟 = 1 + −𝑘1

From (1), 2𝑥 − + − 5𝑘1 = 3

⇒ 2𝑥 − + − 5𝑘1 = 3

⇒ 2𝑥 − 2𝑘1 = 6 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑘1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑘1

∴ 𝑥 + 𝑘1 ; = 1 + −𝑘1 ; 𝑧 = 𝑘2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑘1 .

Problem 13: Examine the linear dependence for the following vectors and Evaluate
the exists relation.
𝑋1 = (1, 2, 4), 𝑋2 = (2, −1, 3), 𝑋3 = (0, 1, 2), 𝑋4 = (−3, 7, 2)

(U.P., I Sem. Winter 2002)

Answer:

Consider the matrix equation

287
 𝜆1 𝑋1 + 𝜆2 𝑋2 + 𝜆3 𝑋3 + 𝜆4 𝑋4 = 0

⇒ 𝜆1 (1, 2, 4) + 𝜆2 (2, −1, 3) + 𝜆3 (0, 1, 2) + 𝜆4 (−3, 7, 2) = (0, 0, 0)

𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 + 0𝜆3 − 3𝜆4 = 0

2𝜆1 − 𝜆2 + 𝜆3 + 7𝜆4 = 0

4𝜆1 + 3𝜆2 + 2𝜆3 + 2𝜆4 = 0

This is the homogeneous system

[1 2 0 2 − 1 1 4 3 2 − 3 7 2 ][𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 𝜆4 ] = [0 0 0 ] 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 𝜆 = 0

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅1

[1 2 00 −5 10 −5 2 − 3 13 14 ][𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 𝜆4 ] = [0 0 0 ]

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2

[1 2 0 0 − 5 1 0 0 1 − 3 13 1 ][𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 𝜆4 ] = [0 0 0 ]

𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 − 3𝜆4 = 0

−5𝜆2 + 𝜆3 + 13𝜆4 = 0

𝜆3 + 𝜆4 = 0

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜆4 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝜆3 + 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆3 = −𝑡

𝑁𝑜𝑤, − 5𝜆2 + 𝜆3 + 13𝜆4 = 0 ⇒ −5𝜆2 − 𝑡 + 13 𝑡 = 0

12 𝑡
⇒ −5𝜆2 = −12 𝑡 ⇒ 𝜆2 =
5
24 𝑡 9𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 − 3𝜆4 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆1 + − 3 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆1 = −
5 5
9𝑡 12 𝑡
∴ 𝜆1 = − ; 𝜆2 = ; 𝜆3 = −𝑡; 𝜆4 = 𝑡
5 5
Problem 14: Using a matrix Show the linearly independent for the vectors set:
[2, 5, 2, −3], [3, 6, 5, 2], [4, 5, 14, 14], [5, 10, 8, 4].
Answer:

form a matrix from the vectors:

288
 [2 5 2 3 6 5 4 5 14 − 3 2 14 5 10 8 4 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 ; 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅3

[ 2 5 21 1 31 −1 9 −3 5 12 1 5 −6 − 10 ]

𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2 ; 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅1

[ 1 1 32 5 21 −1 9 5 −3 12 1 5 −6 − 10 ]

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 ; 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1

[1 1 3 0 3 − 4 0 − 2 6 5 − 13 7 0 4 − 9 − 15 ]
2 4
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅 ; 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅
3 2 3 2
10 −5 −11 7
[1 1 3 0 3 − 4 0 0 5 − 13 00 ]
3 3 3 3
11
𝑅4 → 𝑅4 + 𝑅
10 3
10 −5 1
[1 1 3 0 3 − 4 0 0 5 − 13 0 0 0 ]
3 3 2
Here, the rank of the matrix = 4 = Number of vectors.

Hence, the vectors are linearly independent. Proved.

289
 Chapter Twelve: Euler’s Theorem

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

√𝑥−√𝑦
Problem 1: If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ), show by Euler's theorem that
√𝑥+√𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
=− .
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Answer:
√𝑥−√𝑦 √𝑥−√𝑦
We have 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 =
√𝑥+√𝑦 √𝑥+√𝑦

√𝑥−√𝑦
Let 𝑓 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 =
√𝑥+√𝑦

Here, f is a homogeneous function in x and y

1 1
Where, degree 𝑛 = − = 0
2 2

∴ By Euler’s theorem, we have

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 +𝑦 = 0. 𝑓 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) + 𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) = 0 |𝐴𝑠 𝑓 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 . + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
⇒ =− . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Problem 2: If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑢 and
𝑥−𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
evaluate

2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 .
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

290
Answer:

We have

−1
𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 =
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑦

𝑥3 + 𝑦3
∴ 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 =
𝑥−𝑦

Since f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree

𝑛 =3−1=2

By Euler ’s theorem, we have

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓 ⇒ 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ) + 𝑦 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⇒ 𝑥 . 𝑢 + 𝑦 . 𝑢 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 +𝑦 =2 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑢 . 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑢

Differentiating (i) partially w.r.t. x , we get

𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 + + 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 .
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑦 = ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 − 1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Multiplying by x, we obtain

2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 − 1) ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Again differentiating equation (i) partially w.r.t. y, we get

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 2+ = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 2+𝑥 = ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 − 1)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

291
 𝜕2𝑢
2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 − 1) (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑦) ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Adding (ii) and (iii), we get

𝜕2𝑢
2
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 − 1) (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

= ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 − 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑢, (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) )

= ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑢 )

=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑢 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑢

4𝑢 + 2𝑢 4𝑢 − 2𝑢
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ).
2 2
𝜕2𝑢
2
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑢 .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 .
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑥
Problem 3: If 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑚 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑥 𝑛 𝑔 ( ) , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑥 𝑦

𝜕2𝑧
2
𝜕2𝑧 2
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛𝑧 = (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1) (𝑥 + 𝑦 ).
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Answer:

Let
𝑦 𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥𝑚 𝑓 ( ) , 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑔 ( )
𝑥 𝑦

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 =𝑢+𝑣 ⋯ (𝑖)

Now, u is homogeneous function of degree m.

𝜕2𝑢2
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝑢 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑔 ( ) , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑦

𝜕2𝑣
2
𝜕2𝑣 2
𝜕2𝑣
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑣 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

Adding (ii) and (iii), we get

292
 2
𝜕2 𝜕2 2
𝜕2
𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑣) + 2𝑥𝑦 (𝑢 + 𝑣) + 𝑦 (𝑢 + 𝑣)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

= 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝑢 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑣

𝜕2𝑧
2
𝜕2𝑧 2
𝜕2
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

= 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝑢 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑣 (𝐴𝑠 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣). ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)

Again from Euler ’s theorem, we get

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑛𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑣) + 𝑦 (𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑚 𝑢 + 𝑛 𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑚𝑢 +𝑛𝑣 ⋯ (𝑣)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) 𝑢 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑣 = (𝑚2 𝑢 + 𝑛2 𝑣) − (𝑚𝑢 + 𝑛𝑣)

= 𝑚( 𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑢 + 𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑣 − 𝑚𝑛(𝑢 + 𝑣) − (𝑚𝑢 + 𝑛𝑣)

= (𝑚𝑢 + 𝑛𝑣)(𝑚 + 𝑛) − (𝑚𝑢 + 𝑛𝑣) − 𝑚𝑛𝑧

= (𝑚𝑢 + 𝑛𝑣)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1) − 𝑚𝑛𝑧

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1) ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑚𝑛𝑧, 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑣)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Putting this value in equation (iv), we get

𝜕2𝑧
2
𝜕2𝑧 2
𝜕2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = ( 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1 ) ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑚𝑛𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑧
2
𝜕2𝑧 2
𝜕2
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1) ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 ) . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥+2𝑦+3𝑧
Problem 4: If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ] , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
√𝑥 8 +𝑦 8 +𝑧 8

293
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 + 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 = 0 . (𝑈. 𝑃. 𝑇. 𝑈. , 2003)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Answer:

We have

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ]
√𝑥 8 + 𝑦 8 + 𝑧 8

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 = [ ] , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
√𝑥 8 + 𝑦 8 + 𝑧 8

∴ Degree of homogeneous function f, n = 1 – 4 = – 3, from Euler’s theorem, we have

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
+𝑦 𝑥 +𝑧 = −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒ 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) + 𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) + 𝑧 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) = −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 +𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 = −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 + 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 = 0. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
1
𝜋(2𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧𝑥)2
Problem 5: If 𝑉 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 { 1 } , find the value of
2(𝑥 2 ++𝑥𝑦+2𝑦𝑧+𝑧 2 )3

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Answer:

We have
1
𝜋(2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑥)2
𝑉 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 { 1}
2(𝑥 2 + +𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2
𝑧 )3
1
𝜋(2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑥)2
∴ 𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 { 1}
2(𝑥 2 + +𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2
𝑧 )3

294
 1
𝜋(2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑥)2
𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑉 ) = { 1}
2(𝑥 2 + +𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2
𝑧 )3
1
𝜋(2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑥)2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑉 ) = { 1}
2(𝑥 2 + +𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2
𝑧 )3
2 1
Since f is a homogeneous function ∴ 𝑛 = 1 – =
3 3

By Euler ’s theorem, we get

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 3
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1
⇒ 𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑉 )𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑉 ) + 𝑧 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑉 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 3

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 1 × 𝑒𝑉 1
⇒ (𝑥 +𝑦 + 𝑧 )( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 √1 − 𝑒 2𝑉 3

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 √1 − 𝑒 2𝑉 1
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑉
× 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑒 3
𝜋 1 1
𝑁𝑜𝑤, ( 𝑒 𝑉 )𝑥=0 𝑦=1 𝑧=2 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 { }= , 𝑒𝑉 =
2×2 √2 2
𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑉 )𝑥=0 𝑦=1 𝑧=2 =
4
Putting all these values in equation (i), we get

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 √1 − 1/2 1 𝜋 √1/2 𝜋
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = × × = ×
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 1 3 4 √1/2 12
√2
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 12
𝑦
Problem 6: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 5𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 20𝑢 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
295
Answer:
𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥

𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦
= 𝑥 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑥 𝐹 ( ) |𝐹 ( ) = ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
5 −1 5
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 5 i.e., n = 5
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
By Euler ’s theorem, we get 𝑥 +𝑦 = 5𝑢. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Next, we know that (from Corollary 1, on page 36)

𝜕2𝑢
2
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢 = 5(5 − 1)𝑢
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 20 𝑢. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
2
−1 (𝑥 3 3 )5
Problem 7: If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑦 , 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒

2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
Answer:

Given
2
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )5
2/5
2 𝑦3
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 = (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 )5
= 𝑥 6/5
(1 + 3 )
𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢

2/5
6/5
𝑦3
𝑓= 𝑥 (1 + 3 ) ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑥
6
which is homogeneous of degree n = . By Euler’s theorem
5

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 6
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 5

296
 𝜕 𝜕 6
⇒ 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) + 𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ) = 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 5
𝜕 𝜕 6
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 ) + 𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 ) = 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 5
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 6
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 5

Differentiating (ii) w.r. to 'x', we get

𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 6 𝜕𝑢
+𝑥 2+𝑦 = 𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 5 𝜕𝑥

Multiplying by x

𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 6 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢 . 𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 5 𝜕𝑥

Differentiating (ii) w.r. to 'y', we get

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 6 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 + +𝑦 2 = 𝑢.
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 5 𝜕𝑦

Multiplying by y

𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 6 𝜕𝑢
𝑦 +𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢 . 𝑦 ⋯ (𝑖𝑣)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 5 𝜕𝑦

Adding (iii) and (iv), we get

𝜕2𝑢
2
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 6
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) ( 𝑢 − 1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 5

𝜕2𝑢
2
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 6 6
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ( 𝑢 − 1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 5 5
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 6
𝐴𝑠 |𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 5
𝑦 𝑦
Problem 8: If 𝑢 = 3 𝑥 4 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( ) + 16𝑦 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑥 𝑥

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 12 𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

297
Answer:

The given function is homogeneous function of degree 4. By Euler’s theorem, we

have
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 4𝑢 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Differentiating (i) w.r. to x, we get

𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+𝑥 2+𝑦 2 =4
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 +𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥

Differentiating (i) w.r. to y, we get

𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 + +𝑦 2 =4
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦 = 4𝑦 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦

Adding (ii) and (iii), we get

2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 3 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 3 × 4𝑢 = 12𝑢 . Hence proved.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

Problem 9: Use Euler’s method to calculate the first three approximations to the
given initial value problem for the specified increment size.
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦(0) = 2

Starting at 𝑥𝑜 = 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑥 = 0.5.

Answer:

We have 𝑥𝑜 = 0, 𝑦𝑜 = 2, 𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0.5, 𝑥2 = 𝑥𝑜 + 2𝑑𝑥 = 1,

𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡: 𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + (𝑦0 𝑒 𝑥0 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 + (2 . 𝑒 0 )(0.5) = 3,

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑: 𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + (𝑦1 𝑒 𝑥1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 + (3 . 𝑒 0.5 )(0.5) = 5.47308,

298
 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑: 𝑦3 = 𝑦2 + (𝑦2 𝑒 𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥 = 5.47308 + (5.47308 . 𝑒 1 )(0.5) = 12.9118.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, ⇒ 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 = 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 2 − 1
𝑥 −1 1.5 −1
⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑦(1.5) = 2𝑒 𝑒 ≈ 65.0292.

Problem 10: Use the Euler method with 𝑑𝑥 = 1/3 to estimate 𝑦(2) if 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑦
and 𝑦(0) = 1. What is the exact value of 𝑦(2)?
Answer:

We have
1 2 3
𝑥𝑜 = 0, 𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑥2 = 𝑥𝑜 + 2𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑥3 = 𝑥𝑜 + 3𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑥4
3 3 3
4 5
= 𝑥𝑜 + 4𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑥5 = 𝑥𝑜 + 5𝑑𝑥 = ,
3 3
1
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + (𝑥0 𝑦0 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + (0 .1 ) ( ) = 1.
3
1 1
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + (𝑥1 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + ( .1 ) ( ) = 1.09350.
3 3
2 1
𝑦3 = 𝑦2 + (𝑥2 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1.09350 + ( .𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1.09350 ) ( ) = 1.29089.
3 3
3 1
𝑦4 = 𝑦3 + (𝑥3 𝑦3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1.29089 + ( .𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1.29089 ) ( ) = 1.61125.
3 3
4 1
𝑦5 = 𝑦4 + (𝑥4 𝑦4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1.61125 + ( .𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1.61125 ) ( ) = 2.05533.
3 3
5 1
𝑦6 = 𝑦5 + (𝑥5 𝑦5 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2.05533 + ( .𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2.05533 ) ( ) = 2.54694.
3 3
1 2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑦 +𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦 | = 𝑥 +𝐶
2
1 2 1 2
⇒ = 𝑒 −2𝑥 +𝐶
= 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 1 2 𝑦 1 2
⇒ = 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⇒𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) = 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 2

299
 1 𝑦 1 1 2
𝑦(0) = 1; ⇒𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) = 𝐶 𝑒 0 = 𝐶 ⇒𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) =𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) 𝑒 −2𝑥
2 2 2
1 1 2
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
2
1
∴ 𝑦(2) = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) 𝑒 −2 ) = 2.65591.
2
𝑑𝑦
Problem 11: Given that = 2(1 + 𝑥) − 𝑦 with the initial condition that at 𝑥 = 2,
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 5, we can find an approximate value of 𝑦 at 𝑥 = 2.2, as follows.
Answer:

We have 𝑦 ′ = 2(1 + 𝑥) − 𝑦 with 𝑥𝑜 = 2, 𝑦𝑜 = 5

⇒ (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 = 2(1 + 𝑥𝑜 ) − 𝑦𝑜 = 2(1 + 2) − 5

∴ (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 = 1

So we have 𝑥𝑜 = 2; 𝑦𝑜 = 5; (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 = 1; 𝑥1 = 2.2; ℎ = 0.2.

By Euler's relationship:

𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 + ℎ(𝑦 ′ )𝑜 = 5 + 0.2(1) ⇒ 𝑦1 = 5.2

𝐴𝑡 𝐵,

𝑥1 = 2.2; 𝑦1 = 5.2;

⇒ (𝑦 ′ )1 = 2(1 + 𝑥1 ) − 𝑦1

= 2(1 + 2.2) − 5.2

∴ (𝑦 ′ )1 = 1.2

300
If we take the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ that we have just found for the point B and treat
these as new starter values 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 , we can repeat the process and find
values corresponding to the point C.

𝐴𝑡 𝐵, 𝑥𝑜 = 2.2; 𝑦𝑜 = 5.2; (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 = 1.2; 𝑥1 = 2.4.

Then that C:

𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 + ℎ(𝑦 ′ )𝑜 = 5.2 + 0.2(1.2) ⇒ 𝑦1 = 5.44.

(𝑦 ′ )1 = 2(1 + 𝑥1 ) − 𝑦1 = 2(1 + 2.4) − 5.44 ⇒ (𝑦 ′ )1 = 1.36.

So we could continue in a step-by-step method. At each stage, the determined values

of 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 ′ )1 become the new starter values 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 for the next
stage.

Our results so far can be tabulated thus

𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑜 (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 𝑥1 𝑦1 (𝑦 ′ )1
2.0 5.0 1.0 2.2 5.2 1.2
2.2 5.2 1.2 2.4 5.44 1.36
2.4 5.44 1.36

Continue the table with a constant interval of ℎ = 0.2. The third row can be
completed to give

𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑜 + ℎ = 2.4 + 0.2 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 2.6.

𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 + ℎ(𝑦 ′ )𝑜 = 5.44 + 0.2(1.36) ⇒ 𝑦1 = 5.712.

(𝑦 ′ )1 = 2(1 + 𝑥1 ) − 𝑦1 = 2(1 + 2.6) − 5.712 ⇒ (𝑦 ′ )1 = 1.488.

Now you can continue in the same way and complete the table for

𝑥 = 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0

Finish it off and compare results with the next frame.

Here is the result.

𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑜 (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 𝑥1 𝑦1 (𝑦 ′ )1
2.0 5.0 1.0 2.2 5.2 1.2
2.2 5.2 1.2 2.4 5.44 1.36

301
 2.4 5.44 1.36 2.6 5.712 1.488
2.6 5.712 1.488 2.8 6.0096 1.5904
2.8 6.0096 1.5904 3.0 6.32768 1.67232
3.0 6.32768 1.67232

In practice, we do not, in fact, enter the values in the right-hand half of the table, but
write them in directly as new starter values in the left-hand section of the table.

𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑜 (𝑦 ′ )𝑜
2.0 5.0 1.0
2.2 5.2 1.2
2.4 5.44 1.36
2.6 5.712 1.488
2.8 6.0096 1.5904
6.3276
3.0 1.67232
8

The particular solution is given by the values of y against x and a graph of the
function can be drawn.
𝑑𝑦
Graph of the solution of = 2(1 + 𝑥) − 𝑦 with 𝑦 = 5 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝑥

Problem 12: Solve the equation 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 with the initial condition that at 𝑥 =
1, 𝑦 = 1, for the range 𝑥 = 1.0(0.1)1.7. Use the Euler-Cauchy method and work to 6
places of decimals.

Answer:

The initial conditions are entered as,

302
 ❖ Enter 1 in cell B2 (that is 𝑥𝑜 = 1); enter 1 in cell C2 (that is 𝑦𝑜 = 1). Enter 0.1
in cell H1 (this is the 𝑥 step length).

❖ The equation to be solved is 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦, so

Enter the formula = 𝐶22 + 𝐵2 ∗ 𝐶2 in cell D2 and copy the contents of D2 into cells
D3 to D9.

❖ The Euler-Cauchy method tell as that,

1
𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 + ℎ{(𝑦 ′ )𝑜 + 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )}
2
1
Where 𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 + ℎ (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 so that,
2

2
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 𝑦1 = (𝑦𝑜 + ℎ (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 )2 + 𝑥1 (𝑦𝑜 + ℎ (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 ) Therefore,

1
𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 + ℎ{(𝑦 ′ )𝑜 + (𝑦𝑜 + ℎ (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 )2 + 𝑥1 (𝑦𝑜 + ℎ (𝑦 ′ )𝑜 )}
2
This is accommodated by the formula in C3 (copied into cells C4 to C9).

The solution is,

n x y 𝑦′ h = 0.1

0 1.0 1.000000 2.000000

1 1.1 1.238000 2.894444

2 1.2 1.591023 4.440583

3 1.3 2.152410 7.431004

4 1.4 3.145846 14.300528

5 1.5 5.251007 35.449581

6 1.6 11.595613 153.011211

7 1.7 57.704110 3427.861242

𝑥 1/3 +𝑦 1/3
Problem 13: 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = .
𝑥 1/2 +𝑦 1/2
(U.P. 1st Semester, Dec. 2009)

303
Answer:

Here, we have
𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦 1/3
𝑧 = 1/2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑥 + 𝑦 1/2

𝑦 1/3
𝑥 1/3 [1 + (
𝑥) ] −1/6
𝑦
= 1/2
= 𝑥 𝜙 ( )
𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 1/2 [1 + ( ) ]
𝑥
1
Thus z is homogeneous function of degree −
6
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 1
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑥 +𝑦 = − 𝑧 … … … … … … … . . (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 6

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. 'x', we get

1/2 1 −2/3 1
𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦1/2 ) ( 𝑥 ) − (𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3 ) ( 2 𝑥 −1/2 )
= 3
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )2
1 −1/6 1 −2/3 1/2 1 −1/6 1 −1/2 1/3
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦
= 3 3 2 2
(𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )2
1 5/6 1 1/3 1/2 1 5/6 1 1/2 1/3
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 = 3 3
1/2
2
1/2 2
2 … … … . . (3)
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )

1/2 1 −2/3 1
𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦1/2 ) ( 𝑦 ) − (𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3 ) ( 𝑦 −1/2 )
= 3 2
𝜕𝑦 1/2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 1/2 2

1 1/2 −2/3 1 −1/6 1 1/3 −1/2 1 −1/6

𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦
= 3 3 2 2
(𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )2
1 1/2 1/3 1 5/6 1 1/3 1/2 1 5/6
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦
𝑦 = 3 3 2 2 … … … . . (4)
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )2

Adding (3) and (4), we get

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

304
 1 5/6 1 1/3 1/2 1 5/6 1 1/2 1/3 1 1/2 1/3 1 5/6 1 1/3 1/2 1 5/6
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦
3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2
= 1/2 1/2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 )

1 5/6
− + 𝑦 5/6 + 𝑥 1/3 𝑦 1/2 + 𝑥 1/2 𝑦1/3 ]
= 6 [𝑥
(𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )2
1 1/2 1/3 1/3
− 𝑦 ) + 𝑦 1/2 (𝑥 1/3 𝑦1/3 )]
= 6 [𝑥 (𝑥
(𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )2
1 1/2
− + 𝑦1/2 )(𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3 )]
= 6 [(𝑥 =−
1 𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3
(𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 )2 6 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = − 𝑧 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (5)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 6

From (2) and (5), Euler's theorem is verified. Verified.

𝑥+𝑦
Problem 14: 𝐼𝑓 𝑢 = [ ],
√ 𝑥 +√𝑦

𝜕2𝑢
2
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕 2 𝑢 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = .
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢

Answer:

We have,
𝑥+𝑦
𝑢=
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦
𝑦
]
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 [1 +
𝑦
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 = = 𝑥 = 𝑥 1/2 𝜑 ( )
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
√𝑥 [1 + √ 𝑥 ]

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢

1
𝑧 is homogeneous function of degree
2

By Euler's theorem

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑓(𝑢) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢

𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑛 ′ ⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢

305
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
1 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑔(𝑢) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ; 𝑔′ (𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
2 2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
∴ 𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2
= 𝑔(𝑢)[𝑔′ (𝑢) − 1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
1 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1) = ( 2 − 2)
2 2 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 2
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢
= (1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢) = Proved.
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢

𝑥 3 𝑦3𝑧 3 𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥
Problem 15: 𝐼𝑓 𝑢 = +𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 2 2 2 ) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 3𝑦3𝑧3
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =6 3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3

(M.U. 2009)

Answer:

Here, we have

𝑥 3𝑦3𝑧 3 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
𝑢= 3 +𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) =𝑣+𝑤
𝑥 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

𝑥 3𝑦3𝑧 3 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣= 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

𝑣 is a homogeneous function of degree 6.

By Euler's theorem
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )(3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 ) − (𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 )(3𝑥 2 )
=
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2

306
 𝜕𝑣 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ) − 𝑥 3 ]
𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2

Similarly, for 𝑦 and 𝑧

𝜕𝑣 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ) − 𝑦 3 ]
𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2

𝜕𝑣 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ) − 𝑧 3 ]
𝑧 =
𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ) − 𝑥 3 ] 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ) − 𝑦 3 ]
= +
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2
3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ) − 𝑧 3 ]
+
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2

3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [3(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ) − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )]
=
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2

3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 [2(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )]
=
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 )2

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 6𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3
∴𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 3 = 6𝑣 … … … … … … . (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
𝑤 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑤 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

𝑡 is a homogeneous function of degree zero.

By Euler's theorem
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑓(𝑤)
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =𝑛 ′ ⇒
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑓 (𝑤)
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 0 … … … … … … … … … … … (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Adding (1) and (2), we get

307
 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝑥( + )+𝑦( + )+𝑧( + ) = 6𝑣 + 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 3𝑦3𝑧3
∴ 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =6 3 Proved.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3

308
 Chapter Thirteen: Taylor’s Theorem

Problem 1: Determine the expansion of each of the following

(𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 , (𝑏) (1 − 𝑥)5 , (𝑐) (1 + 𝑥2)−1 , (𝑑) (1 − 𝑥)1/3 .

Answers
(𝑎) (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3

(𝑏) (1 − 𝑥)5 = 1 − 5𝑥 + 10𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 4 − 𝑥 5

(𝑐) (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 = 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 + · · ·
1 1 5
(𝑑) (1 − 𝑥)1/3 = 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥3 + · · ·
3 9 81

Problem 2: Obtain a cubic approximation (valid if x is small) of the function

(1 + 2𝑥)3/2 .

Answers:
3 1
(1 + 2𝑥)3/2 = 1 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + · · ·
2 2

Problem 3: Find Taylor's expansion of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥𝑦 in powers of 𝑥 + 0. 5)

and (𝑦 − 2) up to second degree terms. Hence compute 𝑓(−0.4,2.2) approximately.

Answer:

Here 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥𝑦

3𝜋
𝑓(−0.5,2) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−1) =
4

𝜕𝑓 −𝑦 𝜕𝑓 (−0.5,2)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 = ⇒ = −1
𝜕𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 −𝑥 𝜕𝑓 (−0.5,2)
= ⇒ = 1/4
𝜕𝑦 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,0) (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1) 𝜕 2 𝑓 (−0.5,2)
= ⇒ =0
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

309
 𝜕2𝑓 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝜕 2 𝑓 (−0.5,2)
= ⇒ = −2
𝜕𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )2 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2𝑓 2𝑥 3 𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑓 (−0.5,2) 1
= ⇒ = −
𝜕𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )2 𝜕𝑦 2 8

Now applying Taylor's series expansion, we get

𝑓(−0.5 + ℎ, 2 + 𝑘)
𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑓(−0.5,2) + (ℎ + 𝑘 ) 𝑓(−0.5,2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕 𝜕 2
+ (ℎ + 𝑘 ) 𝑓(−0.5,2) + ⋯
2! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Let −0.5 + ℎ = 𝑥 ⇒ ℎ = 𝑥 + 0.5

2+𝑘 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑘 = 𝑦−2 |𝐴𝑠 𝑎 = −0.5, 𝑏 = 2

3𝜋 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥𝑦 = + (𝑥 + 0.5)(−1) + (𝑦 − 2) ×
4 4
1 1
+ [(𝑥 + 0.5)2 (−2) + 2(𝑥 + 0.5)(𝑦 − 2) × 0 + (𝑦 − 2)2 ( )].
2! 8
3𝜋 1 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − (𝑥 + 0.5) + (𝑦 − 2) − (𝑥 + 0.5)2 − (𝑦 − 2)2 + ⋯
4 4 16
Putting 𝑥 = −0.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2.2
3𝜋 0.2 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑓(−0.4,2.2) = − (0.1) + − (0.1)2 − (0.2)2
4 4 16
= 2.29369.

Problem 4: Calculate 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [(1.03)1/3 + (0.98)1/4 − 1] approximately by using

Taylor's expansion up to first order terms.

Answer:
1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 4 − 1)

𝑓(1,1) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 = 0

310
 2
𝜕𝑓 1 × 𝑥 −3 𝜕𝑓 1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 = 1 1 ⇒ (1,1) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 3
3 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 4 − 1)

|𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1
3
𝜕𝑓 1 × 𝑦 −4 𝜕𝑓 1
= 1 1 ⇒ (1,1) =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 4
4 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 4 − 1)

Now, applying Taylor's theorem

𝜕 𝜕
𝑓(1 + ℎ, 1 + 𝑘) = 𝑓(1,1) + (ℎ + 𝑘 ) 𝑓(1,1) + ⋯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1
But 𝑓(1 + ℎ, 1 + 𝑘) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 [(1 + ℎ)3 + (1 + 𝑘)4 − 1]

1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑓(1 + ℎ, 1 + 𝑘) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 [(1 + ℎ)3 + (1 + 𝑘)4 − 1] = 0 + ℎ × + 𝑘 × … (𝑖)
3 4
Putting ℎ = 0.03 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −0.02 in equation (i) then, we get
1 1 1 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [(1.03)3 + (0.98)4 − 1] = 0.03 × + (−0.02) ×
3 4
= 0.005.

Problem 5: A particle travels alongside a straight line, it reaches s (meters) distance

after moving from a fixed point O , after t (seconds) , knowing that
s  t  3t  2 t
3 2
:

i) At what time is the particle at O?

ii) Determine the acceleration and velocity at these times?

iii) Determine the average velocity through the first second?

iv) Determine the average acceleration among t = 0 and t = 2?

Answer:

311
i ) at s  0  t  3t  2 t  0  t ( t  1 )( t  2 )  0
3 2

either t  0 or t  1 or t  2 sec .

ii ) velocity  v ( t )  3t  6 t  2  v ( 0 )  2 m / s
2

 v ( 1 )  1m / s
 v( 2 )  2m / s
acceleration  a ( t )  6 t  6  a( 0 )  6 m / s 2

 a( 1 )  0 m / s 2

 a( 2 )  6 m / s 2

s( 1 )  s( 0 ) 1  3  2  0
iii ) v av  s    0m / s
t 10 1
v( 2 )  v( 0 ) 2  2
iv ) aav  v    0m / s 2
t 20 2

Problem 6: Find the expansion for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 in powers of 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 upto

fourth order terms.
Answer:

We have 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓(0,0) = 1.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 (0,0)
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 (0,0)
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,0)
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = −1.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,0)
=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,0)
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = −1.
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2

312
 𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 3
𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0)
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦

𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0)
=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0)
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑦 3

𝜕4𝑓 𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0)
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = 1.
𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 4
𝜕4𝑓 𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0)
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑦

𝜕4𝑓 𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0)
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = 1.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕4𝑓 𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0)
= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 3

𝜕4𝑓 𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0)
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ⇒ = 1.
𝜕𝑦 4 𝜕𝑦 4

Now, applying Taylor's theorem, we get

313
 𝑓(0 + ℎ, 0 + 𝑘) = 𝑓(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝜕𝑓 (0,0) 𝜕𝑓 (0,0)
= 𝑓(0,0) + [ℎ +𝑘 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 2 𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,0) 𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,0) 2
𝜕 2 𝑓 (0,0)
+ (ℎ + 2ℎ𝑘 +𝑘 )
2! 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
1 𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0) 𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0) 𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0)
+ (ℎ3 + 3ℎ 2
𝑘 + 3ℎ𝑘 2
3! 𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2
3
𝜕 3 𝑓 (0,0)
+𝑘 )
𝜕𝑦 3
1 4 𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0) 3
𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0) 2 2
𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0)
+ (ℎ + 4ℎ 𝑘 + 6ℎ 𝑘
4! 𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
3
𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0) 4
𝜕 4 𝑓 (0,0)
+ 4ℎ𝑘 +𝑘 )…
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑦 4

Let ℎ = 𝑥, 𝑘 = 𝑦, then, we get

𝑓(ℎ, 𝑘) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦

1 1
= 1 + (0 + 0) + (−𝑥 2 + 0 − 𝑦 2 ) + (0 + 0 + 0 + 0)
2 6
1 4
+ (𝑥 + 0 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 0 + 𝑦 4 )
24
𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑥 4 𝑥 2𝑦2 𝑦4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 1 − − + + + +⋯
2 2 24 4 24
𝜋
Problem 7: Expand 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) in powers of (𝑥 − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 − ) as far as the terms
2
second degree.

(Nagpur University, summer 2003)

Answer:

We have 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦)

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑎 + ℎ = 𝑥, (ℎ = 𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑏 + 𝑘 = 𝑦, (𝑘 = 𝑦 − ) ⇒ 𝑏 + (𝑦 − ) = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑏 = .
2 2 2
𝜋
𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = .
2

314
 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) ⇒ 𝑓 (1, ) = 1.
2
𝜋
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 (1, )
= 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥𝑦) ⇒ 2 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜋
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 (1, )
= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥𝑦) ⇒ 2 = 0.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜋
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, ) 2
= −𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) ⇒ 2 = −𝜋 .
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 4
𝜋
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, )
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) ⇒ 2 = − 𝜋.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2
𝜋
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, )
= −𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) ⇒ 2 = −1.
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2

By Taylor's theorem for a function of two variables, we have

𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘) =
𝜕𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝜕𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
= 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + [ℎ +𝑘 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 2 𝜕 2 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝜕 2 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 2
𝜕 2 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
+ (ℎ + 2ℎ𝑘 +𝑘 ) +. ..
2! 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜕𝑓 (1, ) 𝜋 𝜕𝑓 (1, 2 )
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (1, ) + [(𝑥 − 1) 2 + (𝑦 − ) ]
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, ) 𝜋 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, )
+ ((𝑥 − 1)2 2 + 2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − ) 2
2! 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

2 𝜋
𝜋 2 𝜕 𝑓 (1, 2 )
+ (𝑦 − ) )
2 𝜕𝑦 2

315
⇒𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦)
𝜋
= 1 + [(𝑥 − 1). 0 + (𝑦 − ) . 0]
2
1 2
𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2
+ ((𝑥 − 1) (− ) + 2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − ) (− ) + (𝑦 − ) (−1))
2! 4 2 2 2
+⋯

𝜋2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 2
⇒𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) = 1 + (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − ) − (𝑦 − ) + ⋯
8 2 2 2 2
(𝑥+ℎ)(𝑦+𝑘)
Problem 8: Expand in powers of ℎ, 𝑘 upto and inclusive of the second
𝑥+ℎ+𝑦+𝑘
degree terms.

(A.M.I.E.T.E., summer 2001)

Answer:
(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑦 + 𝑘)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘) =
𝑥+ℎ+𝑦+𝑘
𝑥𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = .
𝑥+𝑦

𝜕𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑦2
= =
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2

𝜕𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2
= =
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2

𝜕2𝑓 −2𝑦 2
=
𝜕𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)3

𝜕2𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 2𝑥 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑦

= = =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)4 (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 (𝑥 + 𝑦)3

𝜕2𝑓 −2𝑥 2
=
𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)3

Now, applying Taylor's theorem, we get

316
 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘) =
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + [ℎ +𝑘 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 2 𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 2
𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ (ℎ + 2ℎ𝑘 +𝑘 )+⋯
2! 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑦 + 𝑘)
=
𝑥+ℎ+𝑦+𝑘
𝑥𝑦 𝑦2 𝑥2 1 2 (−2𝑦 2 )
= +ℎ +𝑘 + ℎ
𝑥+𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 2! (𝑥 + 𝑦)3
1 2𝑥𝑦 1 2 (−2𝑥 2 )
+ 2ℎ𝑘 + 𝑘 +⋯
2! (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 2! (𝑥 + 𝑦)3
(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑦 + 𝑘)
𝑥+ℎ+𝑦+𝑘
𝑥𝑦 ℎ𝑦 2 𝑘𝑥 2 ℎ2 𝑦 2 2ℎ𝑘𝑥𝑦
= + + − +
𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 (𝑥 + 𝑦)3
ℎ2 𝑥 2
− +. ..
(𝑥 + 𝑦)3

Problem 9: Expand 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 in powers of (𝑥 − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 + 2) using Taylor's

theorem.

(A.M.I.E.T.E., Winter 2003, A.M.I.E., Summer 2004, 2003)

Answer:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑎 + ℎ = 𝑥, (ℎ = 𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑎 = 1.

𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑏 + 𝑘 = 𝑦, (𝑘 = 𝑦 + 2) ⇒ 𝑏 = −2.

𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = −2

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 ⇒ 𝑓(1, −2) = −10.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 (1, −2)
= 2𝑥𝑦 ⇒ = −4.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 (1, −2)
= 𝑥2 + 3 ⇒ = 4.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

317
 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, −2)
= 2𝑦 ⇒ = −4.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, −2)
= 2𝑥 ⇒ = 2.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 (1, −2)

=0 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (1, −2)

=0 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 3
𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (1, −2)
=2 ⇒ = 2.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦

𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (1, −2)

=0 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕3𝑓 𝜕 3 𝑓 (1, −2)

=0 ⇒ = 0.
𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑦 3

Now, applying Taylor's theorem, we get

𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 2
𝑓(ℎ, 𝑏) = 𝑓(1, −2) + (ℎ + 𝑘 ) 𝑓(1, −2) + (ℎ + 𝑘 ) 𝑓(1, −2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
3
1 𝜕 𝜕
+ (ℎ + 𝑘 ) 𝑓(1, −2)
3! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2
= −10 + [(𝑥 − 1)(−4) + (𝑦 + 2)(4)]
1
+ [(𝑥 − 1)2 (−4) + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2)(2) + (𝑦 + 2)2 (0)]
2!
1
+ [(𝑥 − 1)3 (0) + 3(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 2)(2) + 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2)2 (0)
3!
+ (𝑦 + 2)3 (0)] + ⋯

𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2
= −10 − 4(𝑥 − 1) + 4(𝑦 + 2) − 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2)
+ (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 2) + ⋯

318
 𝑎𝑥 −𝑏𝑥
Problem 10: 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 .
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Answer:
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Using L’ Hopital’s rule

𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑎0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑏 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏

𝐿= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑎
𝐿= =𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) .
1 𝑏
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Problem 11: 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑒 𝑥 −1)2
.

Answer:
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2

Using L’ Hopital’s rule

𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝐿= =
2(𝑒 𝑥 − 1). 𝑒 𝑥 2(2𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
0 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 1+1 1+1
= = =
2(2𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 ) 2(2 − 1) 2(2 − 1)
2
𝐿= = 1.
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥−2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Problem 12: 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 .
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥

Answer:

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥
Using L’ Hopital’s rule

2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 1 )

𝐿= = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋
−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 𝑥→ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
4

319
 𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 1 ). 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 + 0
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 [ ]= 4
𝑥→ 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋
4

−4 1
𝐿= = .
−8 2

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥−𝑎)
Problem 13: 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑎 )
.

Answer:
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
.
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎 )

Using L’ Hopital’s rule

1/(𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑎
𝐿= 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑒 /(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎 ) 𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑒 𝑥

𝑒𝑥 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 1

1 1
= =
(𝑎 − 𝑎) + 1 0 + 1

𝐿 = 1.

Problem 14: A heavy ball released from relaxation at time 𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 in a free fall.

(𝑎) Determine the meters fall by the ball in the first 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐?

(𝑏) Determine the acceleration, speed, and velocity?

Answer:

(𝑎) The metric free-fall equation is 𝑠 = 4.9𝑡 2 . During the first 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐, the ball falls

320
𝑠(2) = 4.9(2)2 = 19.6 𝑚.

(𝑏) At any time 𝑡, velocity is the derivative of

Position:
𝑑
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠 ′ (𝑡) = (4.9𝑡 2 ) = 9.8 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 2, the velocity is,

𝑣(2) = 9.8 (2) = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

in the downward (increasing 𝑠) direction.

The speed at is,

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = |𝑣(2)| = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

The acceleration at any time 𝑡 is,

𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑠 ′′ (𝑡) = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 .

At 𝑡 = 2, the acceleration is 9.8 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 .

Problem 15: A heavy rock shoot with a start up velocity of 160 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
(about 109 𝑚𝑝ℎ). It reaches a height of 𝑠 = 160𝑡 − 16 𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 after 𝑡 sec.

(𝑎) What high the rock reaches?

(𝑏) What are the speed and velocity of the rock when it is 256 𝑓𝑡 on the way up
above the ground? On the way down?

(𝑐) Determine the rock acceleration at any time 𝑡 through its flight (after the blast)?

(𝑑) At what time does the rock reaches the ground another time?

Answer:

(𝑎) To find the maximum height, all we need to do is to find when 𝑣 = 0 and
evaluate 𝑠 at this time.

At any time 𝑡, the velocity is,

321
 𝑑𝑠 𝑑
𝑣= = (160𝑡 − 16 𝑡 2 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 160 − 32𝑡 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

The velocity is zero when,

160
160 − 32𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
32
The rock’s height at 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 is,

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠(5) = 160(5) − 16(5)2 = 800 − 400

⇒ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 400 𝑓𝑡.

(𝑏) To find the rock’s velocity at 256 𝑓𝑡 on the way up and again on the way down,
we first find the two values of 𝑡 for which,

𝑠(𝑡) = 160𝑡 − 16 𝑡 2 = 256

⇒ 16 𝑡 2 − 160𝑡 − 256 = 0 ⇒ 16(𝑡 2 − 10𝑡 + 16) = 0

⇒ (𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 8) = 0 ⇒ ∴ 𝑡 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑡 = 8 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

The rock is 256 𝑓𝑡 above the ground 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 after the explosion and again 8 𝑠𝑒𝑐 after
the explosion. The rock’s velocities at these times are,

𝑣(2) = 160 − 32(2) = 160 − 64 = 96 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑣(8) = 160 − 32(8) = 160 − 256 = −96 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

At both instants, the rock’s speed is 96 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

322
(𝑐) At any time during its flight following the explosion, the rock’s acceleration is a
constant,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝑎= = (160 − 32𝑡) = −32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(𝑑) The rock hits the ground at the positive time 𝑡 for which 𝑠 = 0. The equation
160𝑡 − 16 𝑡 2 = 0 factors to give 16𝑡(10 − 𝑡) = 0, so it has solutions 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 =
10. At 𝑡 = 0, the blast occurred and the rock was thrown upward. It returned to the
ground 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 later.

Problem 16: The positions 𝑠 = 6𝑡 − 𝑡 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6, of an object traveling on a

coordinate line, with 𝑠 in meters and 𝑡 in seconds, find:

(𝑎) For the set time interval, average velocity and displacement of the object.

(𝑏) At the interval endpoints, acceleration and speed of the object.

(𝑐) Does the direction of the object changes and if it did, when?

Answer:

(𝑎) 𝑠 = 6𝑡 − 𝑡 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6

∆𝑠 = 𝑠(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑠(𝑡) = 6(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)2 − [6𝑡 − 𝑡 2 ]

= 6𝑡 + 6∆𝑡 − 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡∆𝑡 − ∆𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 𝑡 2

= (6 − 2𝑡) ∆𝑡 − (∆𝑡)2

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑡 = 6 ⇒

∴ ∆𝑠 = (6 − 2 ∗ 0) ∗ 6 − (6)2 = 36 − 36 ⇒ ∆𝑠 = 0 𝑚.

∆𝑠 (6 − 2𝑡) ∆𝑡 − (∆𝑡)2
𝑣𝑎𝑣. = = = 6 − 2𝑡 − ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑡 = 6 ⇒

∴ 𝑣𝑎𝑣. = 6 − 2(0) − 6 = 6 − 6 ⇒ 𝑣𝑎𝑣. = 0 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑑𝑠
(𝑏) 𝑣 = = 6 − 2𝑡 ⇒
𝑑𝑡
∴ |𝑣 (0)| = |6 − 2 (0)| = 6 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

323
 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑣 (6)| = |6 − 2 (6)| = |6 − 12| = |−6| = 6 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑑2𝑠
𝑎= = −2 ⇒
𝑑𝑡 2
∴ 𝑎 (0) = −2 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 .

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 (0) = −2 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 .

(𝑐)

𝑣 = 0 ⇒ 6 − 2𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 3,

𝑣 is positive in the interval 0 < 𝑡 < 3 and 𝑣 is negative when 3 < 𝑡 < 6

⇒ the body changes direction at 𝑡 = 3.

324
 Chapter Fourteen: Curves Fitting

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Find the best values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 fits the data given in
the table.

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4

𝑦 1.0 2.9 4.8 6.7 8.6

Answer:

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2

0 1.0 0 0

1 2.9 2.9 1

2 4.8 9.6 4

3 6.7 20.1 9

4 8.6 34.4 16

∑ 𝑥 = 10 ∑ 𝑦 = 24 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 67 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 30

Normal equations are ∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 … … … … … … . (2)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 2 … … … … . (3)

On putting the values of ∑ 𝑥, ∑ 𝑦, ∑ 𝑥𝑦 and ∑ 𝑥 2 in (2) and (3), we get

24 = 5 𝑎 + 10 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (4)

67 = 10 𝑎 + 30 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (5)

From (4), we have ⇒ 𝑏 = 2.4 − 0.5 𝑎

Putting (b) in (5), we get

67 = 10 𝑎 + 30 (2.4 − 0.5 𝑎)

325
 67 = 10 𝑎 + 72 − 15 𝑎 ⇒ 67 − 72 = 10 𝑎 − 15 𝑎 ⇒ −5 = −5 𝑎

∴ 𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = 1.9

On substituting the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 in (1), we get

𝑦 = 1 + 1.9 𝑥.

Problem 2: By the method of least squares, find the straight line that best fits the
following data.

𝑥 1 2 3 4 5

𝑦 14 27 40 55 68

Answer:

Let the equation of the straight line best fit be 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 … … … . . (1)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2

1 14 14 1

2 27 54 4

3 40 120 9

4 55 220 16

5 68 340 25

∑ 𝑥 = 15 ∑ 𝑦 = 204 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 748 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 55

Here, 𝑛 = 5

Normal equations are ∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 … … … … … … . (2)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 2 … … … … . (3)

On putting the values of ∑ 𝑥, ∑ 𝑦, ∑ 𝑥𝑦 and ∑ 𝑥 2 in (2) and (3), we get

204 = 5 𝑎 + 15 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (4)
326
 748 = 15 𝑎 + 55 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (5)

From (4), we have ⇒ 𝑎 = 40.8 − 3 𝑏

Putting (a) in (5), we get

748 = 15 (40.8 − 3 𝑏) + 55 𝑏

748 = 612 − 45 𝑏 + 55 𝑏 ⇒ 748 − 612 = −45 𝑏 + 55 𝑏 ⇒ 136 = 10 𝑏

∴ 𝑏 = 13.6; 𝑎=0

On substituting the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 in (1), we get

𝑦 = 13.6 𝑥.

Problem 3: Employ the method of least squares to fit a parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2

in the following data: (𝑥, 𝑦): (−1, 2), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2)

Answer:

Let the equation of the parabola be

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (1)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦

−1 2 1 −1 1 −2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 1

1 2 1 1 1 2 2

∑𝑥 ∑𝑦 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝑥3 ∑ 𝑥4 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 ∑ 𝑥2

=0 =5 =2 =0 =2 =0 =4

Here, 𝑛 = 4

Normal equations are ∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 2 … … … … … … . . (2)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 3 … … … … . . . (3)

327
 ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 4 … … … … . . (4)

On putting the values of ∑ 𝑥, ∑ 𝑦, ∑ 𝑥𝑦, ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑦, ∑ 𝑥 2 , ∑ 𝑥 3 and ∑ 𝑥 4 in

(2), (3) and (4), we get

5 = 4 𝑎 + 0 𝑏 + 2 𝑐 ⇒ 5 = 4 𝑎 + 2 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … … . … … (5)

0 = 0 𝑎 + 2 𝑏 + 0 𝑐 ⇒ 0 = 2 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … . . … . … … (6)

4 = 2 𝑎 + 0 𝑏 + 2 𝑐 ⇒ 4 = 2 𝑎 + 2 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … . … . … … (7)

From (5), we have ⇒ 𝑐 = 2.5 − 2 𝑎

Putting (a) in (7), we get

4 = 2 𝑎 + 2(2.5 − 2 𝑎)

4 = 2 𝑎 + 5 − 4 𝑎 ⇒ 4 − 5 = 2 𝑎 − 4 𝑎 ⇒ −1 = −2 𝑎

∴ 𝑎 = 0.5; 𝑏 = 0; 𝑐 = 1.5

On putting these values in (1), we get

𝑦 = 0.5 + 1.5𝑥 2 .

Problem 4: Fit a second degree parabola to the following:

𝑥 1 2 3 4 5

𝑦 1090 1220 1390 1625 1915

(R.G.P.V., Bhopal, III Semester, Dec. 2003)

Answer:

Let the equation of the parabola be

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … . . . (1)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥4

1 1090 1090 1 1090 1 1

2 1220 2440 4 4880 8 16

3 1390 4170 9 12510 27 81

328
 4 1625 6500 16 26000 64 256

5 1915 9575 25 47875 125 625

∑𝑥 ∑𝑦 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝑥 2𝑦 ∑ 𝑥3 ∑ 𝑥4

= 15 = 7240 = 23775 = 55 = 92355 = 225 = 979

Here, 𝑛 = 5

Normal equations are ∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 2 … … … … … … . . (2)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 3 … … … … . . . (3)

∑ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥 4 … … … … . . (4)

On putting the values of ∑ 𝑥, ∑ 𝑦, ∑ 𝑥𝑦, ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑦, ∑ 𝑥 2 , ∑ 𝑥 3 and ∑ 𝑥 4 in

(2), (3) and (4), we get

7240 = 5 𝑎 + 15 𝑏 + 55 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … (5)

23775 = 15 𝑎 + 55 𝑏 + 225 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … . . … … . . … … … (6)

92355 = 55 𝑎 + 225 𝑏 + 979 𝑐 … … . … . … … … … … … … … … … . … (7)

Steps for solution of (5), (6) and (7) are the following:

3 ∗ (5) ⇒ 21720 = 15 𝑎 + 45 𝑏 + 165 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … … (8)

(6) − (8) ⇒ 2055 = 10 𝑏 + 60 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (9)

11 ∗ (5) ⇒ 79640 = 55 𝑎 + 165 𝑏 + 605 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … (10)

(7) − (10) ⇒ 12715 = 60 𝑏 + 374 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … … … … … (11)

6 ∗ (9) ⇒ 12330 = 60 𝑏 + 360 𝑐 … … … … … … … … … … … … … (12)

55
(11) − (12) ⇒ 385 = 14 𝑐 ⇒𝑐=
2
55 81
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (9) ⇒ 2055 = 10 𝑏 + 60 ( ) ⇒𝑏=
2 2

329
 81 55
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (5) ⇒ 7240 = 5 𝑎 + 15 ( ) + 55 ( ) ⇒ 𝑎 = 1024
2 2
On putting values of 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 in (1), we get
81 55
𝑦 = 1024 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
2 2
The equation of the required parabola is,

2𝑦 = 2048 + 81 𝑥 + 55 𝑥 2 .

Problem 5: In a study between the air pollution removed quantity and rainfall
amount the following data were gathered.

Daily Rainfall in
4.3 4.5 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.2 3.8 2.1
0.01 cm

Pollution Removed
12.6 12.1 11.6 11.8 11.4 11.8 13.2 14.1
mg/m3

Find the regression line of 𝑦 on 𝑥.

(A.M.I.E., Summer 2000)

Answer:

S.N 𝑥 (𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒) 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2

1 4.3 12.6 54.18 18.49

2 4.5 12.1 54.45 20.25

3 5.9 11.6 68.44 34.81

4 5.6 11.8 66.08 31.36

5 6.1 11.4 69.54 37.21

6 5.2 11.8 61.36 27.04

7 3.8 13.2 50.16 14.44

8 2.1 14.1 29.61 4.41

330
 ∑ 𝑥 = 37.5 ∑ 𝑦 = 98.6 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 453.82 ∑ 𝑥 2 = 188.01

Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 be the equation of the line of regression of 𝑦 on 𝑥, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are

given by the following equations.

∑ 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 … … … … … … . (2)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 2 … … … … . (3)

On putting the values of ∑ 𝑥, ∑ 𝑦, ∑ 𝑥𝑦 and ∑ 𝑥 2 in (2) and (3), we get

98.6 = 8 𝑎 + 37.5 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (4)

453.82 = 37.5 𝑎 + 188.01 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … … . (5)

From (4), we have ⇒ 𝑎 = 12.325 − 4.68 𝑏

Putting (a) in (5), we get

453.82 = 37.5 (12.325 − 4.68 𝑏) + 188.01 𝑏

453.82 = 462.18 − 175.7 𝑏 + 188.01 𝑏 ⇒

453.82 − 462.18 = −175.7 𝑏 + 188.01 𝑏 ⇒ −8.36 = 12.31 𝑏

∴ 𝑏 = −0.675; 𝑎 = 15.49

The equation of the line of regression is,

𝑦 = 15.49 − 0.675 𝑥.

Problem 6: 1- Experimental data gave the following equations, evaluate the x, and y
values that fit the best.

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1

𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −4

𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −6

−𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3

331
 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2

2- The given data was established from a non – linear device, evaluate the equation
of the straight line.

3- The following data illustrate the sales of 15 years of a business company. Estimate
the sales for the coming 3 years.

Answer:

We construct the spreadsheet below by entering the given values and computing the
values from the formulas given.

Thus, 𝑥 = −1.172 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1.039

1. We construct the spreadsheet below by entering the given values and

computing the values from the formulas given.

332
Thus, 𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0.004 𝑥 + 0.0476

2. Following the procedure of Problem 2, we get the trend line shown below.

333
3. Following the procedure of Problem 4, we choose Polynomial 4 and we get
the trendline shown below.

The sales for the next 3 yeare are from the equation above produced by Excel.

𝑦16 = −17797 𝑥 4 + 436354 𝑥 3 − 2 × 106 𝑥 2 + 107 𝑥 − 2 × 106 |𝑥=16

= 266961792

334
 𝑦17 = −17797 𝑥 4 + 436354 𝑥 3 − 2 × 106 𝑥 2 + 107 𝑥 − 2 × 106 |𝑥=17

= 247383965

𝑦18 = −17797 𝑥 4 + 436354 𝑥 3 − 2 × 106 𝑥 2 + 107 𝑥 − 2 × 106 |𝑥=18

= 206558656

These results indicate that non- linear interpolation is, in most cases, unreliable.

Using Excel’s Trendline feature, choose an appropriate polynomial to smooth the

given data and using the polynomial found, compute the sales for the next three
years. You may round the sales to the nearest thousand.

335
 Chapter Fifteen: Curves

Problems and Mechanical Engineering Applications

Problem 1: Find the radius of curvatures at any point the curve
𝜋
𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
2
3
1
Ans. 𝜌 = 5 2
4

Problem 2: If 𝜌1 , 𝜌2 are the radii of curvature at the extremes of any chord of the
cardioide 𝑟 = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) which passes through the pole, then

16𝑎2
𝜌11 𝜌22 =
9

Problem 3: Find the radius of curvature of 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 (a+x) (a –x) at the origin

Ans. a√2

Problem 4: Find the radius of curvature at any point 't' of the 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡/2), 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Ans. 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

Problem 5: Find the radius of curvature at the origin, for the curve

2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 = 0

Ans. 𝜌 = 3/2
4𝑎2 (2𝑎−𝑥)
Problem 6: Find the radius of curvature of 𝑦 2 = at a point where the
𝑥
curve meets x – axis

Ans. 𝜌 = 𝑎

Problem 7: Prove the if 𝜌1 𝜌2 , are the radii of curvature at the extremities of a focal
chord of a parabola whose semi latus rectum is l then
−2 −2 −2
3 3
Ans. 𝜌1 + 𝜌2 = 𝑙 3

Problem 8: Find the radius of curvature to the curve 𝑟 = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) at the point
where the tangent is parallel to the initial line.
2
Ans.𝜌 = 𝑎
√3

336
 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Problem 9: For the ellipse 2
+ = 1, prove that = where 𝜌 = is the
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑝3
perpendicular

Problem 10: Find the radius of curvature at any point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) .
𝑎
Answer:
3
[1 + 𝑦12 ] 2
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅 =
𝑦2
𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) ⇒
𝑎
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑥 ∗𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) ∗∗ ⇒ 𝑦1 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 𝑎 ) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

1
𝑦2 = 𝑦 ′′ =∗
𝑎
3 3
𝑥 2 2 𝑥 2 𝑥
[1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )] [𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )] 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 ( )
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑅= 𝑎 = 𝑎 = 𝑎
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
( ) ( ) (𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥
∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ).
𝑎

Problem 11: Find the radius of curvature at (1, – 1) on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1.

Answer:
3
[1 + 𝑦12 ] 2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑅= 𝑎𝑡 (1, – 1)
𝑦2

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 ⇒

𝑦1 = 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 3; 𝑦2 = 𝑦 ′′ = 2

(𝑦1 )(1,−1) = 2(1) − 3 ⇒ 𝑦1 = −1; (𝑦2 )(1,−1) = 2

3
[1 + (−1)2 ] 2 2 √2
𝑅(1,−1) = =
2 2
337
∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = √2 .

Problem 12: Find the radius of curvature at any point on 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝜃 +

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎 (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ).
Answer:

Here, 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ); 𝑦 = 𝑎 (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎 (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ); = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑦1 = = 𝑑𝜃 = = 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 (1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑑𝜃 2
𝜃
∴ 𝑦1 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. 𝜃

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝜃
𝑦2 = 2 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜃
𝑑 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 1 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
= (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( ) ∗ ∗ = 2
𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑎(1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 2𝑎 ∗ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2
1
∴ 𝑦2 =
𝜃
4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
2
3
3 𝜃 2
[1 + 𝑦12 ] 2 [1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ]
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = = 2
𝑦2 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃/2
3
𝜃 2 𝜃 1 𝜃
= [𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )] ∗ 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ( ) = ∗ 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ( )
2 2 𝜃 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ( )
2
𝜃
∴ 𝑅 = 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) .
2
Problem 13: Trace the curve 𝑟 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃
338
(U.P.T.U., 2002)

Answer:

1. The curve is not symmetric about the initial line.

2. Origin: Curve passes through the origin

When 𝑟 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃 = 0

⇒ 3𝜃 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋, 5𝜋

𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
⇒ 𝜃 = 0, , , 𝜋, ,
3 3 3 3
are the tangents at the pole.

3. Asymptote: No asymptote since 𝑟 is finite for any value of 𝜃.

4. Region: Since the maximum value of sin 3𝜃 is 1.

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑆𝑜, 3𝜃 = , , , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
2 2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑜𝑟 𝜃= , , , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
6 6 6
For which 𝑟 = 𝑎 (maximum value)
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
∴ The curve exist in all quadrant about the Lines 𝜃 = , , at distance 𝑟 = 𝑎
6 6 6

The shape of the curve is given in the (Fig. 1.14).

Fig. 15.10
339
Problem 14: Trace the curve 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = 𝑎2 (Hyperbola)
Answer:
1
1. Symmetry about pole and about the line 𝜃 = 𝜋
2

2. Changing to Cartesian the equation becomes: 𝑥 2 – 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .

1
∴ The equation of the asymptotes is 𝑦 = ± 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = ± 𝜋 its polar asymptotes.
4

3. When 𝜃 = 0, 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = ± 𝑎 𝑖. 𝑒., the points (𝑎, 0) and (−𝑎, 0) lie on the

curve. (Here co-ordinates of the points are polar coordinates).

4. Solving for 𝑟 we get 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 /𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃. This shows that as 𝜃 increases from
1
0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋 increase from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 ∞.
4

1 3
5. For values of 𝜃 lying between 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋, 𝑟 2 is negative 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑟 is imaginary. So
4 4
1 3
the curve does not exist for 𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.
4 4

Fig 15.11

Problem 15: Trace the curve 𝑟 = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) (cardoid).

Answer:

1. No change in equation when we substitute 𝜃 by – 𝜃. So the equation of curve is

symmetric about initial line.

2. Pole (region): If the curve passes through origin then

𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 (1 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) = 0

⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0.

Here, the straight line 𝜃 = 0 is tangent at origin.

340
3. Intersection: Putting 𝜃 = 0 then 𝑟 = 0; and putting 𝜃 = 𝜋, then 𝑟 = 2𝑎

∴ Intersection points on initial line = (0, 0) and (2𝑎, 𝜋).

4. Region: It exists in all quadrant.

5. Asymptotes: No. asymptotes.

6. As 𝜃 increases from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋, 𝑟 also increases from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝑎.

The corresponding values of 𝑟 and 𝜃 given below:

𝜃 = 0° 60° 90° 120° 180°

𝑎 3𝑎
𝑟= 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
2 2
With the above data the shape of the curve is given in (Fig. 1.18).

Fig. 15.12

Problem 16: Trace the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑎 > 0.

(U.P.T.U., 2006)

Answer:

1. Symmetry: Since 𝑦 has even power so the curve is symmetric about x-axis.

2. Origin: The curve passes through the origin.

3. Tangent at origin: The coefficient of lowest degree term is 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 =

0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0 i.e., there is a cusp at the origin.

4. Intercepts: Putting 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ origin is the only point where the curve
meets the co-ordinate axes.

5. Asymptotes: Asymptotes parallel to y-axis obtained by equating to zero the

highest degree term of 𝑦 𝑖. 𝑒. , (𝑥 – 𝑎) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎.

341
 𝑥3
6. Region: 𝑦 2 = this shows that the values of 𝑥 > 𝑎, 𝑦 is imaginary. So the
𝑎−𝑥
curve does not exist 𝑥 > 𝑎. Similarly, the curve does not exist when 𝑥 < 0. Here the
curve only for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑎.
1
3𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2( −𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
2
7. Sign of derivation: = ± (𝑎−𝑥) , in the first quadrant for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑎, > 0, curve
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
increasing in the first quadrant. The shape of figure is shown in the (Fig. 1.4).

Fig 15.13

Problem 17: Trace the following curve and write its asymptotes.

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦

(U.P.T.U., 2003)

Answer:

1. Symmetry: Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦. Then equation of curve remains unchanged.

∴ The curve is symmetric about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

2. Origin: The curve passes through origin.

3. Tangent at origin: The coefficient of lowest degree term is 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑦 = 0.

∴ 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0 are tangents at origin.

4. Intercepts: Putting 𝑦 = 𝑥, we get

2𝑥 3 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 = 0
3𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 3𝑎) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
2
3𝑎 3𝑎
𝐴𝑡, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
2 2

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Thus, points of intersection are (0, 0) and 3𝑎 3𝑎
(2 , 2
) along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

5. Asymptotes: Since the coefficients of highest powers of x and y are constants,

there are no asymptotes parallel to x-and y-axis.

Putting 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑚 in highest degree term (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ), we get

∅3 (𝑚) = 1 + 𝑚3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −1 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Again putting 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑚 in next highest degree term (– 3𝑎𝑥𝑦), we get

(−3𝑎𝑚) 𝑎
𝑐= =
3𝑚2 𝑚
𝐴𝑡 𝑚 = −1, 𝑐 = −𝑎.

Asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑦−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 3𝑎 3𝑎
6. Derivative: = ⇒ ( ) 3𝑎 3𝑎 = −1 𝑖. 𝑒., the tangent at ( , ) making
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( , ) 2 2
2 2
an angle 135° with x-axis.

7. Region: When both x and y are negative simultaneously equation of curve is not
satisfied

(– 𝑥)3 + (– 𝑦)3 = 3𝑎 (– 𝑥) (– 𝑦) ⇒ – (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦

⇒ There is no part of the curve exists in 3rd quadrant.

The shape of the curve is shown in Fig. 1.5.

Fig 15.14

Problem 18: Trace the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑏 − 𝑥), (Strophoid).

Answer:

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1. Symmetry: There is only even power of y so the curve is symmetric about x-
axis.

2. Origin: The curve passes through the origin.

2
3. Tangents at origin: The lowest degree term is 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑥 2

𝑏
∴ Tangents are 𝑎𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±√ 𝑥.
𝑎

4. Intercepts: Putting 𝑦 = 0, so 𝑥 2 (𝑏 − 𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑏.

The curve meets x-axis at (0, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 0), y-intercept: put 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = 0. So
(0, 0) is the y-intercept.

5. Asymptotes: Asymptotes parallel to y-axis is 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑎.

𝑏−𝑥
6. Region: 𝑦 = ±𝑥√ , 𝑦 becomes imaginary when 𝑥 > 𝑏 and 𝑥 < −𝑎. Thus curve
𝑎+𝑥
exist only in the region −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏.
𝑑𝑦 (−2𝑥 2 −3𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥+2𝑎𝑏) 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
7. Derivative: = ⇒ ( ) = ∞ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑎+𝑥)3/2(𝑏−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏,0) 2

Thus, the tangent at (𝑏, 0) is parallel to y-axis.

Therefore from above calculations, we draw the curve (Fig. 1.8) of given equation.

Fig 15.15

Problem 19: Trace the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 – 𝑦 2 ) = 0.

Answer:

1. Symmetry: The curve is symmetric about both axes.

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2. Origin: Curve passes through origin.

3. Tangents at origin: The tangents at the origin are 𝑥 2 – 𝑦 2 = 0 or 𝑦 = ± 𝑥.

4. Intercepts: At x-axis = (0, 0)

At y-axis ⇒ 𝑦 4 – 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 0 (𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0)

⇒ 𝑦 2 (𝑦 2 – 𝑎2 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±𝑎, 0

Thus, the curve cross y-axis at (0, 𝑎) and (0, −𝑎) and (0, 0).

5. Tangent at new point (0, −𝑎) and (0, 𝑎) Putting 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑎, we get

(𝑦 + 𝑎)2 [𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 𝑎)2 ] + 𝑎2 [𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 𝑎)2 ] = 0

∴ The tangent at the new points are 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 i.e., parallel to x-axis.

6. Region: 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 (𝑎2 – 𝑦 2 )/(𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 ) The curve does not exist when 𝑦 2 > 𝑎2
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 > 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 < −𝑎

∴ The curve exist in the region when −𝑎 < 𝑦 < 𝑎.

7. No asymptotes: The shape of the curve shown in Fig. 1.9.

Fig. 15.16

Problem 20: Trace the curve (𝑥 2 – 𝑎2 ) (𝑦 2 – 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 .

Answer:

The given curve is (𝑥 2 – 𝑎2 ) (𝑦 2 – 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 .

𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 – 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 – 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2

1. Symmetry: about both the axes.

2. (0,0) Satisfies the equation of the curve. Tangents at the origin are 𝑎2 𝑦 2 +
𝑏 2 𝑥 2 = 0, which give imaginary tangents. So (0,0) is a conjugate point.
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3. The curve does not cross the axes.

4. Equating the coefficients of highest powers of 𝑥 and 𝑦 we find that 𝑥 =

± 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ± 𝑏 are the asymptotes.

5. Solving for 𝑦, we get

∴ If 𝑥 2 < 𝑎2 i.e., 𝑥 is numerically less than 𝑎, 𝑦 2 is negative i.e., 𝑦 is imaginary

i.e., the curve does not exist between the lines 𝑥 = −𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑎.

Similarly arguing we find that the curve does not exist between the lines 𝑦 =
−𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏.

6. 𝑦 2 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 → 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → 𝑎

With the above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 15.17.

Fig. 15.17

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