Digital Communication lab 2024

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,

BENGALURU-560078

Digital Communication lab (SYLLABUS)

V SEMESTER B. E (ET)

Sub. Code:22ETL54 IA Marks : 25

Hrs/Week: 3 Exams Hrs : 3
Total Hrs:40 Exam Marks: 50

Course Objectives:

1. Implement and Analysis of various Digital Modulation and Demodulation schemes using
discrete components.
2. Implementation of various Multiplexing techniques using modern tool
3. Calculation, Analysis and comparison of bit error rate of different Digital Modulation
schemes.
4. Implementation and analysis of source encoding techniques

Course Outcomes:
COs Course Outcomes
CO1 Apply various fundamental concepts and analyse performance of digital
communication system
CO2 Performance analyze of various digital modulation and Multiplexing
schemes of digital communication system
CO3 Implement and evaluate the bit error rate of Digital Modulation schemes
using modern tool.
CO4 Implement and evaluate different source encoding techniques using
modern tool

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Syllabus:
Part A

List of Experiments
Part-A(cycle-1)
Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK) Generation And Detection
1
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Generation And Detection
2
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Generation And Detection
3
Binary and Differential Phase Shift Keying (BPSK and DPSK) Generation And Detection
4
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK) Generation And Detection
5

PART-B(cycle-2)
6 Simulation of Pulse Cod Modulation using Matlab

Generation of 3 bit and 4 bit Pseudo-Noise (PN) sequence using Matlab

7
Simulation Of Spread Spectrum communication over AWGN channel Using Matlab
8
Simulation of Bit Error Rate Calculation Of various Shift Keyings Using Matlab
9
Simulation of Huffman Source encoding using Matlab
10
Simulation of Shannon-fano source encoding using Matlab
11
Simulation of BER comparison of BPSK, QPSK and 16-QAM using Simulink
12

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
BENGALURU-560078

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DO’s
 Adhere and follow timings, proper dress code with appropriate foot wear.
 Bags and other personal items must be stored in designated place.
 Come prepared with the viva, procedure, and other details of the experiment.
 Secure long hair, Avoid-loose clothing , Deep neck and sleeveless dresses
 Do check for the correct ranges/rating and carry one meter/instrument at a time

 Inspect all equipment/meters for damage prior to use

 Conduct the experiments accurately as directed by the teacher.
 Immediately report any sparks/ accidents/ injuries/ any other troublesome incident to the
faculty /instructor.
 Handle the apparatus/meters/computers gently and with care
 In case of an emergency or accident, follow the safety procedure.
 Switch OFF the power supply after completion of experiment

DONT’s
 The use of mobile/ any other personal electronic gadgets is prohibited in the laboratory.
 Do not make noise in the Laboratory & do not sit on experiment table.
 Do not make loose connections and avoid overlapping of wires
 Don’t switch on power supply without prior permission from the concerned staff.
 Never point/touch the CRO/Monitor screen with the tip of the open pen/pencil/any other sharp
object.
 Never leave the experiments while in progress.
Experiment
 Do No:________
not insert/use pen drive/any other storage devices into the CPU? Date:____________

 Do not leave the Laboratory without theof

Title signature of the concerned staff in observation book
the Experiment

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Experiment No: ___1______ Date: ____________

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)

Aim: To Design And Verify The Operation Of ASK Generation And Detection.

Apparatus/Components required:
Transistors SL-100, SK100
Diode OA79
Resistors 1kΩ……(2)
10kΩ….(5)
22kΩ…..(1)
IC µA741.. (3)
Capacitors 0.1µF….(2)
Functional Generator, Operational power supply, Regulated power supply, connecting wires,
CRO, Spring Board/Bread Board.

Theory:

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING:

Amplitude Shift keying is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations
in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies in accordance with the bit stream
(modulating signal), keeping frequency and phase constant. The level of amplitude can be used
to represent binary logic 0s and 1s. The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a
switch, using the presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a
binary zero. This type of modulation is called on-off keying (OOK), and is used at radio
frequencies to transmit Morse code (referred to as continuous wave operation).

Like AM, ASK is also linear and sensitive to atmospheric noise, distortions, propagation
conditions on different routes in PSTN, etc. Both ASK modulation and demodulation processes
are relatively inexpensive.

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Procedure:
1. Test all the components for proper functioning.
2. Calibrate the CRO.
3. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
4. Feed the input message signal of amplitude 10Vp-p and frequency 500Hz.
5. Feed the high frequency carrier signal of 2Vp-p and frequency 2kHz.
6. Observe the ASK waveform at the collector of transistor.
7. Rig up the circuit for demodulation.
8. Feed output of ASK at the collector as the input to the demodulator circuit.
9. Observe the demodulated output and observe the output waveforms.

Circuit Diagram:

ASK Modulator

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ASK Demodulator

Design Procedure: ASK Modulator

Let Vin = m(t) = 10Vp-p = 5Vp
Vcc = c(t) = 2Vp-p = 1Vp
IB = 0.9mA, Ic = 0.4 mA

For Silicon transistor VCE(sat) = 0.2V and VBE(sat)=0.7V

Applying KVL to the input loop

RB = [m(t) – VBE(sat) / IB = [5 – 0.7] / 0.23mA = 18.5KΩ

Applying KVL to the output loop

RC = [C(t) – VCE(sat) / IC = [1 – 0.2] / 0.25mA = 320Ω (Use Standard 470Ω)

Design procedure: ASK Demodulator

[1 / fc]< RC < [1/fm]
[1/2 KHz]< RC< [1/500Hz]
Let C=0.1µF and T = 1msec
T = RC = 1msec
R = T/C = 10 KΩ

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Expected Graph:

Tabular Column:

Amplitude & Amplitude & Modulated signal Demodulated signal

frequency of frequency of (ASK)amplitude & amplitude & frequency
Message Signal carrier Signal frequency

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Applications:

 ASK is used almost in every digital communication link including cell phone and
cable TV.

 The In most wireless links such as satellite TV and high definition TV broadcast
channels uses two ASK links in parallel.

 Another use of ASK is with fiber-optic data transmission, with a high light
intensity representing a binary 1 and a low intensity representing a binary 0.

 The commonly available RF transmitter /Receiver Module (433 Mhz & 315 Mhz)
uses ASK for transmitting and receiving digital data.

Results:

Conclusions:

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Experiment No: ___2______ Date: ____________

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To Design And Verify The Operation Of FSK Generation And Detection.

Apparatus/Components required:

Transistors SL-100, SK100,

Diode OA79
Resistors 1kΩ………(2)
10kΩ….….(5)
22kΩ……(1)
IC µA741…………. (2)
Capacitors 0.1µF……(2)
Functional Generator, CRO, connecting wires, spring board/breadboard.

Theory:

FSK is a digital modulation technique wherein the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the input digital data keeping amplitude and phase constant. Here digital data is
sent in the form of different frequency. Since frequency shift between different values in
accordance with the input digital data we call it as FSK. Probability of error is less compared to
ASK.
Procedure:

1. Check all the components for proper functioning.

2. Calibrate the CRO.
3. Connect the circuits as shown in fig, using the designed values of the components.
4. Apply carrier signal 1 of amplitude 2 Vp-p and frequency 1kHz.
5. Apply carrier signal 2 of amplitude 2 Vp-p and frequency 2kHz.
6. Apply message signal of amplitude 10 Vp-p and frequency 250Hz.
7. Observe the Amplitude shift keying outputs at each collector of transistor.
8. Finally observe the FSK output at pin 6 of operational amplifier.

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9. Connect the demodulator circuit.
10. Give FSK as the input to the circuit.
11. Adjust the plot to get a proper square wave.
12. Verify the signals.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FSK MODULATOR

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FSK DEMODULATOR

Design procedure: FSK modulator

Let m (t) = 10Vp-p = 5Vp

c (t) = 2Vp-p = 1Vp
IB = 0.23mA, IC = 2.5mA

For silicon Transistor VCE = 0.2V, VBE (sat) = 0.7V

Applying KVL to the input loop
m (t) = IB RB + VBE (sat)

RB = [m(t) – VBE(sat)] / IB = [5 – 0.7] / 0.23 mA = 18.5KΩ

Applying KVL to the output loop

C(t) = Ic Rc + VcE (sat)

RC = [c(t) – VCE(sat)] / IC = [1 – 0.2 ] / 2.5mA = 320Ω ( use RC1= RC2= 470KΩ)

For inverting summing amplifier circuit

Volgate Gain AF = - RF / R1
Gain AV = Vout / VIN = - RF / R1
Choose RF = R1 = 10KΩ

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Design procedure: FSK Demodulator

For low pass filter f = 1/ (2πRC)

Let f = 250Hz and c = 0.1µF

 R = 1/(2π* 0.1µF *250) = 6.3 KΩ (Use std 10 KΩ)

< RC <

< RC <

0.5 msec < RC ≤ 2 msec

Let RC = 2msec, C = 0.1µF

 R = 20KΩ (use std 22KΩ)

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Nature of graph: FSK

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Tabular Column: RESULTS:

Amplitude & Amplitude & Modulated signal Demodulated signal

frequency of frequency of (FSK)amplitude & amplitude & frequency
Message Signal carrier Signal frequency

Applications:
 Most early telephone-line modems used audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) to send
and receive data at rates up to about 1200 bits per second.

 mobile phone, wireless speakers, Laptops

 Voice over lines

 High Frequency radio transmission

 FSK is commonly used in Caller ID and remote metering applications

Results:

Conclusions:

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Experiment No: __3 Date: ____________

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To Design And Verify The Operation Of PSK Generation And Detection.

Apparatus/Components required:

Transistors SL-100, SK100,

Diode OA79
Resistors 1kΩ…… (2)
10kΩ….. (5)
22kΩ…..(1)
IC µA741…(3)
Capacitors 0.1µF… (2)
Functional generator, Operational power supply, regulated power supply, connecting wires,
CRO, spring board/breadboard.

Theory:

It is a digital modulation technique where in phase angle of analog carrier signal varies in
accordance with input digital data keeping frequency and amplitude constant. Since phase is
shifting in accordance with input digital data we call it as Phase shift keying (PSK). If the phase
is shift between two values it is Binary phase shift keying (BPSK). If the phase angle is shift
between different values in accordance with input quaternary format binary data then it is called
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). If the phase angle shift between M different values in
accordance with input digital data in M-ary format then it is called M-ary PSK.

Procedure:

1. Check all the components for proper functioning.

2. Calibrate the CRO.
3. Connections are made as per the designed values of the components.
4. Apply message signal of amplitude 10Vp-p and frequency 400Hz.

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5. Apply carrier signal of amplitude 5Vp-p and frequency 10 kHz.
6. Observe the waveforms at collector of each transistor.
7. Observe the PSK output waveform at pin 6 of operational amplifier.
8. Now connect the demodulation circuit.
9. Give input as PSK signal to the demodulator circuit and observe the demodulated
waveform.
10. Verify the signals.

Circuit Diagram:

BPSK MODULATOR

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BPSK DEMODULATOR

Design procedure: BPSK modulator

Let m (t) = 10Vp-p = 5Vp
c (t) = 2Vp-p = 1Vp
IB = 0.23mA, IC = 2.5mA

For silicon Transistor VCE = 0.2V, VBE (sat) = 0.7V

Applying KVL to the input loop
m (t) = IB RB + VBE (sat)

RB = [m(t) – VBE(sat)] / IB = [5 – 0.7] / 0.23 mA = 18.5KΩ

Applying KVL to the output loop

C(t) = Ic Rc + VcE (sat)

RC = [c(t) – VCE(sat)] / IC = [1 – 0.2 ] / 2.5mA = 320Ω ( use RC1= RC2= 470KΩ)

For inverting summing amplifier circuit

Volgate Gain AF = - RF / R1
Gain AV = Vout / VIN = - RF / R1
Choose RF = R1 = 10KΩ
Design procedure: BPSK Demodulator

< RC <

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< RC <

0.5 msec < RC ≤ 2 msec

Let RC = 2msec, C = 0.1µF

 R = 22KΩ

Nature of graph:

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Tabular Column: RESULTS:

Amplitude & Amplitude & Modulated signal Demodulated signal

frequency of frequency of (BPSK)amplitude & amplitude & frequency
Message Signal carrier Signal frequency

Applications:
Optical Communication
Local Oscillator
Delay and add demodulator
Nonlinear effects for WDM-transmission
Multi- channel WDM

Results:

Conclusions:

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Experiment No: 4 Date: ____________

BINARY PHASESHIFT KEYING (BPSK) and DIFFERENTIAL PHASE

SHIFT KEYING (DPSK) GENERATION AND DETECTION

Aim:
To Study The Various Steps Involved In Generating Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK)
Using Trainer’s Kit.

Apparatus:

1. Phase Shift Keying Trainer’s kit

2. CRO
3. Connecting Wires

Theory:

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation scheme, where the 0’s and 1’s in
a binary message are represented by two different phase states in the carrier signal. A correlation
type coherent detector is used for receiver. In coherent detection technique, the knowledge of
the carrier frequency and phase must be known to the receiver.

Differential Phase Shift keying (DPSK) may be viewed as the non-coherent version of BPSK.
It eliminates the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver by combining two basic
operations at the transmitter:
1. Differential encoding of the input binary wave and
2. Phase-Shift Keying hence, the name, differential phase shift keying (DPSK).

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Procedure:

1. Switch on MICRO LAB INSTRUMENTS PSK/DPSK Trainer’s Kit

2. Connect the carrier output of carrier SIN0 (TP3) and SIN180(TP4) degree to the
PSK/DPSK modulator Block TP9 and TP7 respectively as show in the connection
diagram
3. Connect the serial data bit (TP14) to the data input (TP11) of the PSK/DPSK Modulator
block.
4. Observe and sketch PSK output waveform at the test point TP13 using CRO.
5. Connect the PSK modulated signal (TP13) to the PSK Demodulator/Phase comparator
test point TP24.
6. Observe the final PSK demodulated Output at the Test point TP27

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Procedure:
1. Switch on MICRO LAB INSTRUMENTS PSK/DPSK Trainer’s kit
2. Connect the carrier output of carrier SIN0(TP3) and SIN180(TP4) degree to the
PSK/DPSK modulator Block TP9 and TP7 respectively as show in the connection
diagram
3. Connect the Data Bit output (TP14) to the Differential Encoder -1(EX-NOR Logic) input
at test point TP16
4. Observe the Differential data output at the TP19 using CRO.
5. Connect the Differential Encoder -1 output (TP19) to the input of PSK/DPSK modulator
Block test point TP11.
6. Observe the DPSK signal at the test point TP13.
7. Connect the PSK/DPSK output (TP13) to the PSK/DPSK Demodulator block test point
TP24.
8. Observe the DPSK Demodulated output at Test point TP 27 using CRO.
9. The frequency of modulation data signal should be equal to the demodulated O/P.

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Results:

Conclusions

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Experiment No: 5 Date: ____________

QPSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim:
To Study The Various Steps Involved In Generation And Detection Of Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK)

Apparatus:

1. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Trainer’s kit

2. CRO
3. Connecting Wires

Theory:
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are
modulated at once, selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270
degrees). QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the
same bandwidth.

If we define four signals, each with a phase shift differing by 900 then we have quadrature phase
shift keying (QPSK). The input binary bit stream {dk}, dk = 0,1,2,..... arrives at the modulator
input at a rate 1/T bits/sec and is separated into two data streams dI(t) and dQ(t) containing odd
and even bits respectively.
dI(t) = d0, d2, d4 ,...
dQ(t) = d1, d3, d5 ,...

Constellation Diagram

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Connection Diagram of QPSK Modulation:

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Connection Procedure:
1. Switch ON QPSK Trainer kit (DCT-006).
2. Observe the 8 bit Serial data out at (TP1 and TP2).
3. Connect the Serial Output Data (TP2) to Serial Data input (TP5).
4. Observe the carrier SIN0, SIN90, SIN180 and SIN270 in TP15, TP13, TP17
And TP11 respectively.
5. Connect the SIN0 (TP15) to SIN0 of QPSK Modulator (TP18).
6. Connect the SIN90 (TP15) to SIN90 of QPSK Modulator (TP19).
7. Connect the SIN180 (TP15) to SIN180 of QPSK Modulator (TP20).
8. Connect the SIN270 (TP15) to SIN270 of QPSK Modulator (TP21).
9. Observe the Even and odd bits at the TP7 and TP9 respectively.
10. Connect the Even bit (TP7) to the EVEN (TP22) of QPSK Modulator.
11. Connect the Odd bit (TP9) to the Odd (TP23) of QPSK Modulator.
12. Observe and Sketch the QPSK Modulated output at test point (TP25) using
CRO.

Connection Diagram of QPSK Demodulator

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Connection Procedure:
1. Connect the QPSK Modulated output (TP25) to the QPSK demodulator input (TP27).
2. Observe and sketch the SQUARRER-1 output at TP28.
3. Observe and sketch the SQUARRER-2 output at TP29.
4. Phase comparison using CD4033 phase comparator to get EVEN and Odd Bit
in TP30 and TP31 respectively.
5. To Combining the EVEN and Odd bits to get original Data bits at the TP32

Results:

Conclusion:

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