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Mastering Algebra
Intermediate Level
Book Title: Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level

Author: Said Hamilton

Editor: Pat Eblen

Cover design by: Kathleen Myers

Copyright © 1998
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the author. Request for permission or further information should be
addressed to Hamilton Education Guides.

First published in 1998

Hamilton Education Guides

P.O. Box 681
Vienna, Va. 22183

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 98-74114

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 0-9649954-2-5
This book is dedicated to my wife and children for their support and understanding.
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 General Contents

DCU NCO CONICS sits 5.55 testes Munem toy ite manne noncsltan ihe SINE, Meee ae ili

PACKHOWICUBINCHIS BAe Rime lc hele hist rs) hie eotnes bale neil aetna amid thon Vili

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Chapter I Review of Introductory Algebra

Quick Reference to. hapter, [Case Problems aaansc sss ae ee 1
lek Barenthesés'and! Brackets; jet teH huge scsi: xia tae ce ee ee 6
es Integer Fractions: ...cc2 ten aoe eee eaten uGet oes ce ee 19
13 EX PONEMISS 5.1 Sesahves cele ctienG evict. feel, cera teedds Neo RRR ae a Bee 38
[Ae pep RAGIC ALS sc csseasssavasasentiseanene ssdacdassteNveeneeee wie PELL eeiN Th Ue 56
its) Poly moriiial si 25 23206 sas cssicgaresactvocsn foes velesueverisnaestes wens ee 76

Chapter 2 One Variable Linear Equations and Inequalities

Quick Reference to Chapter 2 Case Problems!.:.21e tc ce cee ee 99
o,)| Introduction tomlinear Equations s...:.c:.... ices.0.0s-ceccoc
asst eee eee 100
2.2 Math Operations Involving Winear Equations :crcccsore.<.e eee eee sccece 103
Ze Solving Other Classes of Linear EquatlOnsemerc. 1.20. come ee ee 122
Se, SameBae)0 6)0101bEeFe rat cereae a Ree Ne Pe cy epi Srd eM pe PRE AP ri REC NGM oRlecto aE NUE 138
27 Math Operations Involving Linear Incqualities =... ee ) eee ee145

Chapter 3 Factoring Polynomials

Quick Reference to Chanter3 Case Problems: eis. cece recesseee s 164
ou Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method.............. 165
32 Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method..............eeeeeeeeseeeeseeeneeeeee 173
33 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trail and Error Method................esecesseeeseeeees 176
3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Terms.................... 198
35-— Factoring Various: [ypes of Polynomials ses +.<.2cr...5 eee -cee ee 208

Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations and Factoring

QuickiReterence to.Chapter,4 Case: Problems... s.cz.scsensecssegsstie eos re ee 216
4.] Quadratic Equations and the Quadratic Formula..... ........ 217
ce ceeeeseceeseceeeeeneeeeneees
4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula Method................... 220
4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method.............. 244
4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method................. 252
As5 eesolving Others ypes,;of Ouadraticequavionss eta. cs.t tennergee 268
4.6 Howto Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method...............cscccessseceeseeeeteees 281

Hamilton Education Guides i

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level General Contents

Chapter5 _—_Algebraic Fractions

Quick Reference to Chapter 5.Case Problems...--.:.....ccc-tect
tet nee setter eee eee 289
a1 Introduction to‘Algebraic Fractions 2.0):2-5..2.c sere ene nee 291
2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractionssto Lower Terins.. 15.0.2. c--e os esscsses eeeeaee eae 295
5.3-~ Math Operations Involving Algebraic: Fractions rxte.ccswsscossesesscysctteme ent 300
5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions.............cccscceeeeseseeees 330
=p) Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions.................006+ 353

Chapter 6 Logarithms
Quick Reference to. @hapter.6:Case Problems > :.25iacc eee toes ee eee eee 361
6.1 Introduction to: Logarithms. ..2......<.06 12. .sec--s. cee teteeet eet tetera. occ taee ee 363
6:2, ‘Computations Involving logarithms. 4h eho8 ccc eves coor teeters eee cae: 369
6.3 Solving One: Variable Exponential Equationsisct.ssn.ciecrevreeeatet eet esncse Rachatrees400
6.4 Solving. One-V ariable Logarithmic, VquatiOns:....ss1teectitc +Wortetsetteo-s-<trera cane413
6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions.......431
6.6. -Advanced.Logarithmic. ProOlemssicscceiss scavevseaes tassesavstescuaseese
eee ett pone tte 450

Appendix Exercise Solutions

Chapters ESOMGUONS 20-7 tsectecee tec cess rnc ia: eee trade ane ec en ae 457
WRAL SOMOS c)he-c7: ocd. scones cdaecct et otestes eare eae erate eae Pee nace eames 474
LO)aY2Y8) (aSMes0)LULUa)#Toa nr aR NP ee. ere me eG) yr OS A fee ethers 484
CAPlEL A SOMMUONS. scccrsediee uccccscxe eas cetes cedernge eee Re Renee oe Mtns eee aL tee ee 490
SADC Te AS ONIEOUS seac..§ tea cosssts set) tewedes cee eeu eec ster tet fete eee ene eee ee gee P4)
ChaptenGSOlUMONSt ein ics te ara eae ee ee eon ee eee 535

CSLOSSTATVso Se Oe RO tan he PETER AA gle unt tia oe oases Ao EI CTOD Tae Ee eae ee ae Fe 550

LEVELS BOE I CREO RAR LOT EY OPTION AEE ett em TL PIC PI EINE PU Wy Sh nO: Ponce RRS ead: 561

PADOULING AULBON ONG EQUON x50 cli cc. osc aetna snd tsa occa cues Craeiene ek eee 570

Hamilton Education Guides ii

Detailed Contents
Chapter 1 - Review of Introductory Algebra
Quick Reference to Chapter 1 Case Problems 1
1.1 Parentheses and Brackets
IL a gma enied NGI Dens ies iether Retr ite ty:cs cae Mo ha le hae ae ee eee ee
Case I - Addition of Signed Numbers 6
Case II - Subtraction of Signed Numbers 7
Case III - Multiplication of Signed Numbers 8
Case IV - Division of Signed Numbers 9
1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations..............scsc:ssssssssssssssssssssssseresesessscees
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division 13
Case II - Use of Brackets in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division /5

12 Integer Fractions
L.2a . simplifying Integer Fractions,,:...cncotn ats c hae eeas ain cect ere
Case I - The Numerator and the Denominator are Even Numbers 1/9
Case II - The Numerator and the Denominator are Odd Numbers 20
Case III - The Numerator is an Even Number and the Denominator is an Odd Number 2/
Case IV - The Numerator is an Odd Number and the Denominator is an Even Number 22
2b Operations Involving Integer HractionS. 1.9... cccsre riers ecceroe css ten een ee teen ere
Case I - Adding Integer Fractions with Common Denominators 25
Case II - Adding Integer Fractions without aCommon Denominator 26
Case III - Subtracting Integer Fractions with Common Denominators 28
Case IV - Subtracting Integer Fractions without aCommon Denominator 29
Case V - Multiplying Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator 3/
Case VI - Dividing Integer Fractions with or without aCommon Denominator 33
1.2 Appendix: Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed FractionS.............c:ccccsscsseescessssessesseesseeenes
1.3 Exponents
I:3ae | Introduction'to: Integer Exponents sor 5 tere eae ay et, ee eee eee
Case I - Real Numbers Raised to Positive Integer Exponents 38
Case II - Real Numbers Raised to Negative Integer Exponents 40
3b Operations with)Positive Integer Expoments.:...c7:sctsc.scunces coesasondeettasesesnecatusecncuettaereseeeaar es
Case I - Multiplying Positive Integer Exponents 42
Case II - Dividing Positive Integer Exponents 44
Case III - Adding and Subtracting Positive Integer Exponents 46
3 Operations with Negative Integer EXpOnentsy ce crecccrecersteievscrecrevceres:eecucre:
sreneenttaet-teesdeens
Case I - Multiplying Negative Integer Exponents 48
Case II - Dividing Negative Integer Exponents 5/
Case III - Adding and Subtracting Negative Integer Exponents 53

1.4 Radicals
TPA LantrOCUCUONl CORA
IC AS eases cons esate coed bo cata his ie ciSaces aouaeavemneteeeeen nam eeeseean es euaneees
Case I - Roots and Radical Expressions 56
Case II - Rational, Irrational, Real, and Imaginary Numbers 58

Hamilton Education Guides ill

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Detailed Contents

Case III - Simplifying Radical Expressions with Real Numbers as a Radicand 59

1.4b°~ Operations Involving Radical EXpressiOns::,-..:2.-...0cccecssssesevs sneveetecescsvtssustaratcerser7seeeterenrertvers
Case I - Multiplying Monomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers 6/
Case II - Multiplying Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers 63
Case III - Multiplying Monomial and Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers
66
Case IV - Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Monomial Denominators with Real Numbers 68
Case V - Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Binomial Denominators with Real Numbers 71
Case VI - Adding and Subtracting Radical Terms 74
1.5 Polynomials
Lda e glntrodtictionito; Polynomials :e22is. esos. cesecedcasp sdenaacexases Ae Os ch ocnedivalensctora comb frees cai caaeseeereesis 76
Case I - Classification of Polynomials 76
Case II - Simplifying Polynomials 78
LS be? Operations witha OlymOmials cree cc. -ccsecaleccteaet cae cae reece evn ct sci vigte cae ast ven area Os grasa. eee east 81
Case I - Multiplying Monomials 8/
Case I a - Multiplying Monomials by Monomials 81
Case I b - Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials 8&2
Case II - Multiplying Binomials by Binomials 85
Case III - Dividing Polynomials by Monomials and Polynomials 87
Case III a - Dividing Monomials by Monomials 87
Case III b - Dividing Binomials by Monomials 90
Case III c - Dividing Polynomials by Polynomials 92
Case IV - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Horizontally 95
Case V - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Vertically 97

Chapter 2 - One Variable Linear Equations and Inequalities

Quick Reference to Chapter 2 Case Problems 99
2.1 Introduction to Limear Equations. ...................ccccccccccssssscccceesssceeceeesssseceececesessssssseeeess 100
2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equation,......................c:cccccccseesscsceeesesssnssccesecees 103
Case J - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Equations 1/03
Case II - Multiplication and Division of Linear Equations 1/0
Case III - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Equations //6

2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equatioms..........0.........ccccccccsesccceessscccesssscceceessesseceees 122

Case I - Solving Linear Equations Containing Parentheses and Brackets /22
Case II - Solving Linear Equations Containing Integer Fractions 127
Case III - Solving Linear Equations Containing Decimals 133
2.4 |CH)11)ERA aoa eee ore REE Zrtee RAPPERS AMID, Sram Unc CONV CU JN ac ee ie eee 138

2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities................0..0.cccccccccccsscescesceccescesseseeees 145

Case I - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Inequalities 1/45
Case II - Multiplication and Division of Linear Inequalities /5/
Case III - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Inequalities 157

Hamilton Education Guides iv

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Detailed Contents

Chapter 3 - Factoring Polynomials

Quick Reference to Chapter 3 Case Problems 164
3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method.................. 165
Case I - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Monomial Terms 165
Case II - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Binomial and Polynomial Terms /69
3:2 Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method....0.........0..0.ccccccccsecesseseseeseeseeeees 173
3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trail and Error Method...................ccccccceccecceeeeeeee 176
Case I - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax* +bx+c where a=1 176
Case II - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax” +x +c where a pL 85

3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Terma........................ 198
Case I - Factoring Polynomials Using the Difference of Two Squares Method 198
Case II - Factoring Polynomials Using the Sum and Difference of Two Cubes Method 203
3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials.......................cccccccccccssccessceessccesssecesseeeeseeees 208
Case I - Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials 208
Case II - Factoring Other Types of Polynomials 2//

Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equations and Factoring

Quick Reference to Chapter 4 Case Problems 216
4.1 Quadratic Equations and the Quadratic Formulla..................cccceeeccessseeceenneeeeeneneees Pa)
4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula Method....................... 220
Case I - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax” +4x+c=0 where a=1 220
Case II - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? +x +c=0 where a yl 2229
4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method.................. 244
4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method...................... DEp
Case I - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* +bx +c =0, where a=1, by Completing the
Square 252
Case II - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? +bx+c=0, where a )1, by Completing the
Square 259

4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations................cccccccseseseseeeeteessesseeeeeenes 268

Case I - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Radicals 268
Case II - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Fractions 274
4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method..................ceseesceeeseeeeeeeeeees 281

Chapter 5 - Algebraic Fractions

Quick Reference to Chapter 5 Case Problems 289
5.1 Introduction to Algebraic Fractions............0.....cccescsccesscessceeseeseceseeesseesseeesseeeseeenaeees 291
5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Term...................cccccsceceereseerereeeeeeneesenees 295

Hamilton Education Guides Vv

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Detailed Contents

5.3. Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions. ................::cccccccesseesseeseeeeenseeneeeees 300

Case I - Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions with Common Denominators 300
Case II - Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions without Common Denominators 304
Case III - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions 308
Case III a - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases) 308
Case III b - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases) 312
Case IV - Division of Algebraic Fractions 316
Case IV a - Division of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases) 316
Case IV b - Division of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases) 320
Case V - Mixed Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions 325
5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions.....................c:ccccceeeeeeees 330
Case I - Addition and Subtraction of Complex Algebraic Fractions 330
Case II - Multiplication of Complex Algebraic Fractions 337
Case III - Division of Complex Algebraic Fractions 342
Case IV - Mixed Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions 347
5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions........................000. 303

Chapter 6 - Logarithms
Quick Reference to Chapter 6 Case Problems 361
6.1 Introduction.toglogarithins 24.9 erie heceet ops saw tecnccnane tes we eee ae 363
Case I - Logarithmic and Exponential Expressions 363
Case II - The Laws of Logarithm 366
6.2 Computations Involving Logarithms.........0...... cece escccesseceesseeeceesneeeeeesneeeseessneeeeseees 369
Case I - Computation of Common Logarithms 369
Case II - Computation of Natural Logarithms 379
Case III - Computation of Logarithms other than Base 10 or e 385
Case IV - Computing Antilogarithms 396

6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equatioms..........0.....

eee ceeesceceeesteeeeeseeneeeeeeeenees 400
Case I - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation Have the Same Base 400
Case II - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation do not Have the Same Base 405
6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations. ..................0...ccccccccesssccecesseeeeeesssseeeees 413
Case I - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (Simple Cases) 4/3
Case II - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (More Difficult Cases) 423

6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expression............ 43]
Case I - Solving Numerical Expressions Using Logarithms 43]
Case II - Expanding Logarithmic Expressions from a Single Term 439
Case III - Combining Logarithmic Expressions into a Single Term 446
6.6 Advanced Logarithmic Problems. ...................ccccccccccessccesscceesscssssccesssecesssecesssccessseeceeens 450

Appendix - Exercise Solutions

Chapters SoluGons 6.222550 yet ce eh cots etee eae eee ee ee ee 457
Section 1.la 457
Section 1.1b 457
Section 1.2a 457
Section 1.2b, CasesI and II 457, Cases IfandIV 458,CaseV 458, Case VI 459, Section 1.2
Appendix 459

Hamilton Education Guides vi

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Detailed Contents

Section 1.3a, CaseI 459, Case II 460

Section 1.3b, CaseI 460, Case II 460, Case Ill 460
Section 1.3c,CaseI 46/, Case II 461, Case lll 462
Section 1.4a, CaseI 463, Case II 463, Case Ill 463
Section 1.4b, CaseI 463, Case II 464, Case lll 465,CaseIV 465,Case V 466,Case VI 467
Section 1.5a, CaseI 467, Case II 467
Section 1.5b, CaseIla 467,CaselIb 468, CaseIl 468, Case Illa 469, Case IIIb 470, Case IIIc
471,CaseIV 472,CaseV 472

i Aapter 2 SOONG Ritim.. x. stentetee tee fee ON IR a ee 474

Section 2.1 474
Section 2.2, CaseI 474, CaselIl 475, CasellIl 476
Section 2.3, CaseI 476,CaselIIl 477,CasellIl 479
Section 2.4 480
Section 2.5, CaseI 481, CaselIIl 482,CaselIIl 483

RETA COS SOLUGOMNS ois sectors sit dete scads Fag 00 cas daedeved edt law aaaiions ruesaeevanes Cac paRON aC eee ee 484
Section 3.1, CaseI 484,Casell 484
Section 3.2 486
Section 3.3, CaseI 486, Case II 486
Section 3.4,CaseI 487, Case II 487
Section 3.5, CaseI 488, CaselIl 488

Chapter: 4 Solutioms sc... 006 6Ficdi cs iiewsiies sanstetnscheaseccaseicoved acess ceases cope gee 490
Section 4.1 490
Section 4.2, CaseI 49/,CaselIIl 494
Section 4.3 497
Section 4.4, Case I 500, Case ll 504
Section 4.5, CaseI 508, Case ll 5//
Section 4.6 5/3

Cliapter 5 Solutions...) ccsss005 ses: c0ds wssccees. occstecnsscbameaeeenes ons eoupsok sesc sams tee ssactsneceeraeateeaseesaescrsseses 521
Section 5.1 52]
Section 5.2 52]
Section 5.3, CaseI 522, Case Il 523, Case Illa 524, Case IIIb 524,CaseIVa 525, Case IVb
526,Case V 527
Section 5.4, CaseI 528, Case Il 529, Case Il] 531,CaseIV 532
Chapter 5.5 533

Chapter: G SOMOS :.....:cc.255-05500-70n0eessasseere sasscesesevepessetanceestarssss:asceercetuntehaan ges aren een Ss)

Section 6.1,CaseI 535, Casell 535
Section 6.2,CaseI 536, Case II 536, Case lll 537, CaseIV 538
Section 6.3,CaseI 539, Case lI 540
Section 6.4,CaseI 54/,Case ll 542
Section 6.5,CaseI 544, Case Il 545, Case Ill 547
Section 6.6 547

Hamilton Education Guides Vii

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Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge my wife and children for giving me inspiration and for their
understanding and patience in allowing me to take on the task of writing this book. I am grateful
to Pat Eblen for his editorial comments. As always, his constructive comments and suggestions
on clearer presentation of topics truly elevated the usefulness of this book. His devotion to
perfection is commendable. I would also like to acknowledge and give my thanks to numerous
education professionals who reviewed and provided comments to further enhance this book.
Finally, my special thanks to Kathleen Myers for her outstanding cover design.

Hamilton Education Guides Vili

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Introduction and Overview
As we approach the twenty first century in our ever increasing technological society it is
becoming more and more essential for individuals to obtain a thorough knowledge of
technological concepts. One key to achieving this is through quality educational materials that
can provide detailed instructions for solving mathematical problems.
My approach in teaching mathematics and other technical subjects has always been to
present any topic in the simplest way possible. I have always believed that many of our academic
texts, particularly those that lay the foundation for learning math and science, are either written in
an abstract and difficult to follow language, lack sufficient number of detailed sample problems,
or are not explained adequately for a student to become interested in the subject.
It is my belief that the key to learning mathematics is through stimulating student interest.
Students can be greatly motivated if subjects are presented concisely and problems are solved in
a detailed step-by-step approach. This provides a great deal of encouragement for students to
learn the next subject or to solve the next problem. During my teaching career, I found this
approach to be an effective way of teaching. I believe by presenting subjects with the methods
used in this book, more students will become interested in the subject of mathematics and can
carry this approach and philosophy to future generations.
The scope of this book is intended for educational levels ranging from the 9th grade to
adult. The book can also be used by students in home study programs, parents, teachers, special
education programs, tutors, high schools, preparatory schools, and adult educational programs
including colleges and universities as a main text, a thorough reference, or a supplementary book.
A basic knowledge of algebraic concepts such as the use of sign numbers, parentheses and
brackets, fractional operations, exponents, radicals, and polynomials is required.
“Mastering Algebra: Intermediate Level” is the second book in a series of three books
on algebra. It addresses subjects such as linear and non linear equations, inequalities, factoring,
quadratic equations, algebraic fractions, and logarithms. In the first book “Mastering Algebra:
An Introduction” students are introduced to topics such as integer fractions, exponents, radicals,
fractional exponents, and polynomials. The current plan for the third book, “Mastering Algebra:
Advanced Level” is to address areas such as solving and graphing linear equations, quadratic
equations, parabolas, circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, and vector analysis.
“Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level” is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 reviews
in some detail selected subjects addressed in the “Mastering Algebra - An Introduction” book.
Topics such as parentheses and brackets, operations involving with integer fractions, exponents,
radicals, and polynomials are reviewed. One variable linear equations and inequalities are
addressed in Chapter 2. In this chapter students learn how to solve various math operations
involving linear equations and linear inequalities. In addition, linear equations containing
parentheses and brackets, fractions, and decimals including solution to formulas are also addressed
in this chapter. Factoring polynomials using various methods such as the Greatest Common
Factoring method, the Grouping method, the Trial and Error method, as well as factoring methods
for polynomials with square and cubed terms are addressed in Chapter 3. Quadratic equations and
quadratic formula are introduced in Chapter 4. Solving quadratic equations using methods such as

Hamilton Education Guides ix

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Introduction and Overview

the Quadratic Formula method, the Square Root Property method, and Completing-the-Square
method are addressed in this chapter. Additionally, examples for choosing the best factoring or
solution method are also discussed in Chapter 4. Students are encouraged to gain a thorough
understanding of the various factoring and solution methods introduced in Chapters 3 and 4. A
strong knowledge of factoring methods will greatly simplify solving algebraic fraction problems
introduced in Chapter 5. The concept of algebraic fractions and how algebraic expressions are
simplified to lower terms are addressed in Chapter 5. Math operations involving algebraic
fractions, including complex algebraic fractions, are also discussed in this chapter. (A review of
fraction techniques introduced in the “Mastering Fractions” book, mainly chapters 3, 6, and 9, will
greatly simplify solving algebraic fraction problems.) Logarithms are introduced in Chapter 6.
Computations involving common (base 10), natural (base e), as well as other than base 10 or e
logarithms are covered in this chapter. In addition, computing antilogarithms and the steps as to
how math operations are simplified using logarithms are discussed in Chapter 6. How to solve one
variable logarithmic and exponential equations using the laws of logarithms are also addressed in
this chapter. Finally, detailed solution to the exercises are provided in the Appendix. Students are
encouraged to solve each problem in the same detail and step-by-step format as shown in the text.
In keeping with our commitment of excellence in providing clear, easy to follow, and
concise educational materials to our readers, I believe this book will add value to the Hamilton
Education Guides series for its clarity and special attention to detail. I hope readers of this book
will find it valuable as a learning tool and a reference. Any comments or suggestions for
improvement of this book will be appreciated.

With best wishes,

Said Hamilton

Hamilton Education Guides x

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 1 Case Problems

Chapter I
Review of Introductory Algebra
Quick Reference to Chapter I Case Problems
1.1 Parentheses and Brackets
Plas Sioned Nim bers tets.t, Utes e ed. tt Re AI ee ee eo ee 6
Case I - Addition of Signed Numbers, p. 6

Case II - Subtraction of Signed Numbers, p. 7

eral ge ;
Case III - Multiplication of Signed Numbers, p. 8

Eaeo)-; Pca]; [FRAE-

Case IV - Division of Signed Numbers, p. 9

EOC) ou ult

Bee? (|) ee
1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations. .............:.::ccssecsseeeseeenseceseeeseeeseeeees 11
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, p. 13

=; |(23+5)+(20-8)|=; |(49+5)-(124)|=
Case II - Use of Brackets in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, p. / 5

[(23 - 6) - 8]+(12+7) = 35+|(12+5)-(42)] = [(45 +9) + (12+ 4)]x (10+ 5) =

1.2 Integer Fractions

12a Simplifying Integer Fractions:.....::..::2..cccsatucgeaencsnses>+<teancsens=sysstarsedecnetapstnuess
eeauemere sere 19
Case I - The Numerator and the Denominator are Even Numbers, p. 19

366]_. [2]_. [16]_

64 e'S e432

Case II - The Numerator and the Denominator are Odd Numbers, p. 20

ee|e pa | ee le
S|) ree el
Case III - The Numerator is an Even Number and the Denominator is an Odd Number, p. 2/

EF Fromm
ss esoe
NSE | Da
Case IV - The Numerator is an Odd Number and the Denominator is an Even Number, p. 22

l
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 1 Case Problems

level
60i|'F
caeae
ents

2b: “Operations Involveng Integer Fractions... cec rt ees sacs hy ores esc cnc serene eee ZS
Case I - Adding Integer Fractions with Common Denominators, p. 25
228 i) 26.33)"
B=3|(" [4-4 mid?)

Case II - Adding Integer Fractions without a Common Denominator, p. 26

Das
a
see
Sal = pe 8 le
ay) 3) od 6

Case III - Subtracting Integer Fractions with Common Denominators, p. 28

oe || |
Sh eH) ae ARORA
Case IV - Subtracting Integer Fractions without a Common Denominator, p. 29

Sam8. =e 93 =; 10 _ 35 =
Sts 8 4 6

Case V - Multiplying Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator, p. 3/

oeSeals ole eee

ss |e Se sees
Case VI - Dividing Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator, p. 33

Seld 65 Sil

1.2 Appendix: Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions..............:ccccccssccessecesseeesseeeeees a5

86]_.
5 ‘
[506]_.
3 :
[_597]_
10

1.3 Exponents
iar erintroduction to IntegenExponents:co3-7 ane ee ee ee ee ee 38
Case I - Real Numbers Raised to Positive Integer Exponents, p. 38

2J-; [ca'}-; Le]

Case II - Real Numbers Raised to Negative Integer Exponents, p. 40

1s3 Desaperations with: Positive Integer EXDONnentS......1.0.c, ears ce eee eee ee 42

Case I - Multiplying Positive Integer Exponents, p. 42

(c*e%e).(-
Case II - Dividing Positive Integer Exponents, p. 44

Hamilton Education Guides 2

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 1 Case Problems

2ab | _.. (aaaTe oe 4k? Im? =

—4a°h* | ” [ ioe TL ke?

Case Ill - Adding and Subtracting Positive Integer Exponents, p. 46

ko t3y 42x =p 5 = (2°+20? +43)—(4a +20) =; Go a eda dee =

HESC Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

Case I - Multiplying Negative Integer =e p. 48
(2922). (2)
(2) (b2.26) Caen es

Case III - Adding and Subtracting Negative Integer Exponents, p. 53

1.4 Radicals
1.4a Introduction to Radicals
Case I - Roots and Radical Expressions, p. 56

Case II - Rational, Irrational, Real, and Imaginary Numbers, p. 58

V25_ is arational number | ; V7 is an irrational number ; |-v-3 is not a real number |,

Case III - Simplifying Radical Expressions with Real Numbers as a Radicand, p. 59

iz 3er
= a0 i l=; = ¥i000 =

1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Case I - Multiplying Monomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers, p. 6/

-vis]=; [(2¥5i2)-(s¥i0s)|=; [We-Jas Vas]-

Case II - Multiplying Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers, p. 63

(2+v2)-(s-v8)]=; (24/162 +3)-(392 +5)|=; |(v24 +3¥60)-(v25

- V72}|=
Case III -Multiplying Monomial and Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real
Fea Numbers, 66

Case ae
IV - Radical Expressions - Monomial Denominators with Real Numbers
p. 68

Hamilton Education Guides

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter | Case Problems

-83 ——F et eee eee -—., 38 —

S5NGs)| 8 > 13/81

Case V - Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Binomial Denominators with Real Numbers,
onal 1
j
SS ies ea
DN ese | ee IVa eo

Case VI - Adding and Subtracting Radical Terms, p. 74

lov2 +4V2|=; [2093-83 +5%3]=; Jalsy + bYxy -c? fry-|=

1.5 Polynomials
15a etintroduction 10, POLVROmibals xa cegt cet core eae cs sv este neues ceanettsres coco vacesdscearcutineder avesteatiuees 76
Case I - Classification of Polynomials, p. 76

Case II - Simplifying Polynomials, p. 78

[8x ror re | By ay Sy 2p lS > Dw ewe we weed |—

ISO Operations with Polynomials oes tice ee cee emer ere eons nek etree pene an ea 81
Case I - Multiplying Monomials, p. 8/
Case I a - Multiplying Monomials by Monomials, p. 81

(5x5y?).(3x3y?2} =; (3a70%c*).(562c4)-(4a%4c°) =" (3x7): (5xy)-(2x7y°} =

Case I b - Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials, p. 82

(2x* on + Sx—x +x" -3)-(3x?) mae (smn? +2m*n* —3mn+ mn +2)-(5mn) =

(v27x? -2+ V8x+ v36): 125x|=

Case II - Multiplying Binomials by Binomials, p. 85

(eT (RTS et ele ol

Case III - Dividing Polynomials by Monomials and Polynomials, p. 87
Case III a - Dividing Monomials by Monomials, p. 87

V8x7y? i -V12a*b*c — V16u2v? rh

V243xy?| 7° | V225abe4 | 7? |3/273
Case III b - Dividing Binomials by Monomials, p. 90

8x -16x7 |_ -15Va3 +10Va2 et

Hamilton Education Guides 4

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 1 Case Problems

Case III c - Dividing Polynomials by Polynomials, p. 92

Divide x* + 8x? +16x* +5x by x? +3x41 ie Divide

6x? +19x +18 by 3x+5|=;

Divide x* +2x? +2x? +2x+6 by x+1/=

Case IV - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Horizontally, p. 95

(x?+ 3x? +5)+(x° +8x+2x?) =; (y+y? +3y° +3)-(3y? +2y-y9) =e

(17 th +k+ 2471) —(3k~2kI? - K1) =

Case V - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Vertically, p. 97

(x4 +4329 44x) +(x? 3x4 - x3 + =a (w4 +20? +w+2w)+(2w+4w? + 6w) =

(a? +3a+2a? -a-2)-(4~-4a -3a-6}|=

Hamilton Education Guides

 Chapter 1 - Review of Introductory Algebra
The objective of this chapter is to review in some detail the subjects that were addressed in the
“Mastering Algebra - An Introduction” book. Students are expected to be familiar with the
subjects presented in the introductory book (Parentheses and Brackets, Integer Fractions,
Exponents, Radicals, Fractional Exponents, Scientific Notation, and Polynomials) before
proceeding with the subjects presented in this book. Students who may need to review additional
examples need to study the “Mastering Algebra - An Introduction“ book.
A summary of the math operations involving sign numbers including how Parentheses and
Brackets are used in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers is addressed in
Section 1.1. Mathematical operations involving integer fractions which includes addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division of integer fractions is discussed in Section 1.2. A
review of positive and negative integer exponents, including operations involving with positive
and negative exponents is provided in Section 1.3. An introduction to radical expressions, the
steps in simplifying radicals, as well as how rational, irrational, real, and imaginary numbers are
identified is discussed in Section 1.4. In addition, multiplication, division, addition, and
subtraction of radical expressions is addressed in this section. Classification of polynomials,
how polynomials are simplified, including multiplying, dividing, adding, and subtracting
different types of polynomials is reviewed in Section 1.5. Additional examples, followed by
practice problems, are provided in the cases presented in each section to help meet the objective
of this chapter.

1.1. Parentheses and Brackets

In this section addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of signed numbers are reviewed
in section 1.1a, Cases I through IV. In addition, the use of parentheses and brackets in solving
math operations is addressed in section 1.1b, Cases I and II.

1l.la Signed Numbers

In mathematics, “+” and “-” symbols are used to indicate the use of positive and negative
numbers, respectively. If a signed number has no symbol it is understood to be a positive
number. Signed numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided as exemplified in the
following cases:

Case I - Addition of Signed Numbers

When two numbers are added, the numbers are called addends and the result is called a sum.
The sign of the sum dependents on the sign of the numbers. This is shown in the following cases
with the sign change of two real numbers a and 5b:
Case
[ a.

[a+6]= [4]
For example,
1. [5+6]=[u] 2 EIS 3. [+o)=f)

Hamilton Education Guides 6

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.la Signed Numbers

Case
I b.

[-a+6]
=[4]
For example,

(be |= 2. [9+0]=[9] ]
=[25]
3. [15+40
Case I c.

For example,

f 2+(-5)|=B=s)=B) a +O9)-F-@I

Case I d.

= = [D] Note: (-a) = -a

For example,

|. @y-S-a 2, (Cas]-aa-
Case Te.

(-a)+(-6)|=Ea=5]=
[)
For example,

=Eas}
1. [(-6)+(-9)|=E6=9] 2. [(-45)+(-6)] = Eas=]GS)

Case II - Subtraction of Signed Numbers

When two numbers are subtracted the result is called the difference. The sign of the difference
depends on the sign of the numbers. This is shown in the following cases with the sign change of
two real numbers a and 6:
Case II a.
=
For example,
feiss) =| 2. fi7-47]/= (30)

Case II b.
=
For example,
ee) 29 [etee0
=:2] jG|=(20)

Hamilton Education Guides

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.la Signed Numbers

Case IIc.

For example,

Mi SN SEE) 2 I EN)
Case
II d.

(RS) SNe) Seen

For example,
|. (@-@)-[@-0)-B51-O 2 [)-@)]-[G)+]-2z-
Case III - Multiplication of Signed Numbers
When two numbers are multiplied, the numbers are called factors and the result is called a
product. For example, when 12 is multiplied by 2 the result is 24.
12 (factor) x2 (factor) =

Thus, 12 and 2 are the factors, and 24 is the product.

The sign of the product is positive if the factors have the same sign and is negative if the factors
have different signs. This is shown in the following cases with the sign change of two real
numbers a and 3:
Case III a.
[ax
5]=[a5]
For example,
1. [5x6]
=[30] 2. [7x8]
=[56] 3. [ixo]= [0]

Case III b.

For example,
Ba
1. [(@)x3|=Ena)]= =|)
2. [G)x0]=Erx0]
Case III c.

For example,
1. PxCs]-
=) Gy 2. (O]-Ea-a
Case
III d.

(-a) x(-8)|= [tab] =

For example,
1. |3)x(-9)|=F27/=
27) 2. [(-12)x(4)]=
Eas]=[23]

Hamilton Education Guides 8

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.la Signed Numbers

Case IV - Division of Signed Numbers

When one number is divided by another, the first number is called the dividend, the second
number the divisor, and the result a quotient. For example, when 12 is divided by 2 the result
IS 6.
12 (dividend)
=|6 (quotient)
2 (divisor)

Thus, 12 is the dividend, 2 is the divisor, and 6 is the quotient.

The sign of the quotient is positive if the divisor and the dividend have the same sign and is
negative if the divisor and the dividend have different signs. This is shown in the following
cases with the sign change of two real numbers a and b:
Case IV a.

<|-a
For example,

1.
9
= — 3
°.
|2a I [2]
3
| i [a
Case IV b.

For example,
—10 10 5] —66 66 23] —75 WS [15]
a —— —— ——'
N- =) _—— — =) 3. —— a) ———— ay

. 3 5
Case IV c.

For example,

pees
S0ee _ 30 ag
N
2]
[éo1
|60
oo
lI |
[28
eo
| ve
BE
ola
I} |
o|5
II

Case IV d.

El-[s-f-@
oe ae = a

For example,

«BE LSI-EF2
4
Ss |
4|
— =
[4
|— 1 = 2 N3
8
3
II
ot [o>
120]
E tl Il a~ (oe)
ee|
N}r |r
|
|r
ll

Hamilton Education Guides

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1a Signed Numbers

Signed Numbers - General Rules

Addition:

Subtraction:

(+)-(+) =(+)+(-) =(+) if the Ist. positive No. is )the 2nd. positive No.;

OBE Esha) este Shae aie,

Multiplication: |(-)x(-)=(+)5 |O)x)=OFf |) x=} (HxO=O)

Division: () (+) | () OF () (+)5 (-) (-)

Signed Numbers - Summary of Cases

1. Addition and Subtraction:
Ia. [a+6]=[4] Ib. Ea+d]=[] Ie. [a+(-6)|=[a=2]=[C]

1d. [¢a)+4]=Eax]=[2) Te. [Ca)+(-8)]=Ea=a]=(2) Ma. [a=5]=Ud)

Ib. Ea-6)]=[2) He. [a-(-6)]=[a+(o) Id. |(-a)-(—4)] =[(-a) +(6)
-[a=2]- @ -Eaxs)-@)
2. Multiplication and Division:
Ma. [axd]= [26] Ib. {(-a)xd]=Eaxs]=Eas) me. fax(-s)]=Eaxs]
=Ead)
Id. |(-a) x (-)| = [+28] = [25]
IV a. <|-@
Ny |-|-4|-@

Practice Problems - Signed Numbers

Section 1.1a Practice Problems - Show the correct sign by performing the following operations:
iL. = = 2. (-20)x(-8)= 3, (-33)+(-14) =

4. (-18)-(-5)= 5. (-20)+8 = 6. . -

Hamilton Education Guides 10

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

Parentheses and brackets are used to group numbers as a means to minimize mistakes in solving
mathematical operations. It is important to solve math operations in the exact order in which
parentheses or brackets are given. In this section the use of parentheses and brackets as applied
to addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, using integer numbers, is discussed.
However, the properties associated with math operations are summarized first:

Commutative and Associative Property of Addition

1. Changing the order in which two numbers are added does not change the final answer. This
property of real numbers is called the Commutative Property of Addition, e.g., for any two
real numbers a and b
[a+5]=[b+a]
For example, [9+7]=[16] and [7+9]=
2. Re-grouping numbers does not change the final answer. This property of real numbers is
called the Associative Property of Addition, e.g., for any real numbers a, 5, and c

(dee -[eeJ
For example,

| Properties Associated with Subtraction :

1. Changing the order in which two numbers are subtracted does change the final answer. For
example, for any two real numbers a and b
a-b#b-a Note: The symbol “+” means not equal.

For example, [20-8] = 112! but [8-20] = [=12]

2. Re-grouping numbers does change the final answer. For example, for any real numbers a, 6,
and c
(a- b) - Ca (b- c)

ay(eo)
= pad)
scha
(25-6)- cig however

oo
S2 5

11
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

Commutative, Associative, and Distributive Property of Multiplication

1. Changing the order in which two numbers are multiplied does not change the final answer.
This property of real numbers is called the Commutative Property of Multiplication, e.g.,
for any two real numbers a and b
[ax] =[bxa]
For example, [315]=[45]and [153]=
2. Re-grouping numbers does not change the final answer. This property of real numbers is
called the Associative Property of Multiplication, e.g., for any real numbers a, 6, and c

(ori
=Sa]
For example,

3. Multiplication can be distributed over addition. This property is called the Distributive
Property of Multiplication, e.g., for any real numbers a, b, and c

ra] Gzal
For example,

Pre) -[P03] - a=)-

Similar to addition, changing the order in which numbers are multiplied or grouped does not
affect the final answer. However, it is important to learn how to solve math operations in the
exact order in which parentheses or brackets are used in grouping numbers.

Properties Associated with Division |

1. Changing the order in which two numbers are divided does change the final answer. For
example, for any two real numbers a and b

Note 1: 7 b#0 and Ly a#0 Note 2: , is not defined.

a
For example, = [3], but =
2. Re-grouping numbers does change the final answer. For example, for any real numbers a, 5,
and c

For example,

Hamilton Education Guides 12

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division

In mixed mathematical operations, parentheses can be grouped in different ways, as shown in the
following example cases:
Case I-1.
a +(b = c) =

Let [b+¢=%] and la+k, =AL then

Example 1.1-1
30+(50+5)|=
Solution:

Case I-2.

e==<]-
Let [bxc=k,] and la+k, =Bl,then

Example 1.1-2
18+(4x2)]=
Solution:

Case I-3.

(axb)=c =

Let ax =k,] andky +o= Cl, then

Example 1.1-3
(20x 5)+8] =
Solution:

Hamilton Education Guides 13

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

Case I-4.

(=r
Let and lk, +¢=DI,then

s-E--B
Example 1.1-4

ase
Solution:

Case I-5.

(a+b)+(c-d)|=

Let [pada] [=o] and [ETH=Fthen

(a+b) +(c-d) = (k,) +(k,) =[4,+4]=[E]

Example 1.1-5
(23+5) +(20-8)|=
Solution:

(23+) =(20-8)] =[(28)= (12)| = [2812]=

Case I-6.

(a+b) -(cxd) =

Let [a+b =k], lexd= | and lk, —k, =FI,then

(a+b)-(cxad)|=|(k,)-(x2) =[k, - |=[A]

Example 1.1-6
(49+5)-(12x4)}=
Solution:
-(48) = [98-48
x4)|=|(9.8)
(49 + 5)-(12 ]
=[382]

Hamilton Education Guides 14

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and
T e Ot ANG Brackets in WAIKEG
OPAC C15 1D Mixed Operations
UPeraulons:

Case II - Use of Brackets in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division

In mixed operations, brackets are used in a similar way as parentheses. However, brackets are
used to separate mathematical operations that contain integer numbers already grouped by
parentheses. Brackets are used to group numbers in different ways, as shown in the following
general and specific example cases:
Case II-1.

[a+(b+c)]+a =

Let [Fea] [2 =H]and [he

ra= then
Bi -Oh)-a)-E-i-a
Example 1.1-7
[350+(12+8)]+4 =

Solution:
[350+ (12+8)]+4]=|[350+ (20)] 4|=[[350+20]
+4]=[[175] +4]=[1754] =
Case II-2.
[(axb)+e]+d =

Let [Exb=n) [ves] and [Era then

[(axb)+e]+d = [(4,)+e]+4 =[[ +¢]+a]=[[e +4]=[4 +@]=B)

Example 1.1-8
[(12 x 4) +2] +46 a

Solution:
[(12 4) +2] + 46]= |[(48)
=2]+46] = = = -
Case II-3.

ax[b-(c+a)| =

Let [e+d=4} [6-& =k} and ak,=C}then

ax[o-(e+4) = [2x[6-(e |=[2-4] =[e~fee]] =[2x4]=[24]=
Example 1.1-9
8x[10-(5+9)]]=

Hamilton Education Guides 15

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

Solution:

oo] ff] - le - ~~
Case II-4.

[(axb)+(c+a)]+e =

Let [=F 56d=E] [ER=H)and [=] the

[(ax6)+(c+d)]= =|[(#) =(4)]= =[[« +«]+e]=[[4]+e]-[4=¢]- BI
Example 1.1-10
[(4« 5) + (28+9)]+5 =

Solution:
[(4«5)
=(28+9)]=5|=|[(20)
=(37)]=5] = - = =
Case II-5.
[(a-4)-c]+(d+e) -

Let [s=5=hi[h=e=hh][teen], and [kh =)then

[(a—4)-c]+(4+e)|=[[(#,)-c]+(&,) =[[é, -]+4]=[[]+4]=[6 +4]=E)
Example 1.1-11
[(23-6) -8]+(12+7)|=
Solution:
[(23-6) -8]+(12+7)| = |[(17)-
8]+(19)= [[17-8]+19] = [[9]+19]= [919] = 8)
Case II-6.
a+|(b+c)—-(dxe)| =

Let Baez) eee) [ER= hand [eR=Fthen

a+|[(b+c)-(dxe)] = a+[(k,)-(4,)] -[a+[é, -%]]=[a+[4,]]-[2+5]- A

Example 1.1-12
35+[(12+5)-(4x2)]}=
Solution:

35+[(12+5)-(4x2)]] =|35+[(17)-(8)] = [35+[17-8]] =[35+[9]] = G59] = 4)

Hamilton Education Guides

16
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

Case II-7.

[(a+6)+(c+d)]x(e+/) =

Let [a+
b= [e*4=6), F=)
[E+ [hk =A,and [Ek=G},then
[(a+5)+(c+d)]x(e+ F)|=|[(k,) +(4s)] (45) = [[é+) <4]=[[e.]«4]- [6x<4]- [6 ]- @
Example 1.1-13
[(45+9) + (12 + 4)]x (10+ 5) =

Solution:

[(45+9) + (12+ 4)]x (10+ 5) = [(5) + (3)]x (5) = [[5-+3] «15]= [8]x15]= [8x15] =

Case II-8.

(a-b)+|(c+d)x(e+J)] =

Let [2x
b=} [rede&)[27=A)[ise and [2h=H then
(a—b)+[(c+4)x(e+/)]]=|(4,) +[(e.)x(&)]]=[4 +e <6 ]]=[4 +6 ]]= [4 +e] =[4 24]-
Example 1.1-14
(45-6) +|(12+4) x(34+4) =

Solution:
(45-6)
+[(12 +4) x(34=4)]] =|(39) +[(3) x(85)]] = = = =
Case II-9.
(a+b+c)+|dx(e-f) =

Let [osteo [T= [=e an [RRTYthen

(a+b+0)=[dx(e~s)]]=[(é) [a ()]]= [4#fa] =[ “La = [4 tts]=[4+6]-
Example 1.1-15
2)] =
(8+ 50+5) +[3x(25-1

Solution:

(8-+50-+5)=[3%(25—12)]] =|(63)=[3(13)]] = [63+[3x13]] =[63 =[39] = [6339] = [12]

Hamilton Education Guides

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.1b Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

The following examples further illustrate how to use parentheses and brackets in mixed operations:
Example 1.1-16

Example 1.1-17

Example 1.1-18
+(16)| =[28
(23 +5) +(8 x 2)|=|(28) [1.75]
16] ==

Example 1.1-19
38+[
x(20=2)]]
15 =|38+[x15
(10)] = [38+[1510] = [38+[150]] = B8+150] = (188)
Example 1.1-20
[(35x2)+5]+ = [[(79)+3]=3]= [fro5}3]= [75]3]= 523]- BS
Example 1.1-21

(28-18) x[16-(8-3)]] = |(10)x[16~(3)}} = [10x[16-]] = [10x[11]] = [Lox] = (110)

Example 1.1-22
[(20-4) +(15-5)]+2] = |[(16) + (10)]+2| = |[16+10]+2]
=[[26]+2] =26=2] =(3)
Example 1.1-23
[(15+6) +3]<(8+2)| =|[(21)
+3]x(4)| = [21+3]<4]= [7]x4]= [7x4]= BS)

Practice Problems - Use of Parentheses and Brackets in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division

Section 1.1b Practice Problems - Perform the indicated operations in the order grouped:

1. (28+4)x3 = 2. 250+(15+3) = 30928 |(237-5)

x8) i=

4. [(255-15)+20]+8= 5. [230+(15x2)]+12= 6. 55x[(28+2)+3]=

Hamilton Education Guides 18

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2a Simplifying Integer Fractions

1.2 Integer Fractions

In this section the steps as to how integer fractions are simplified are addressed in section 1.2a,
Cases I through IV. In addition, math operations involving integer fractions which include
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of two or more integer fractions with or
without common denominators are reviewed in section 1.2b, Cases I through VI.
1.2a Simplifying Integer Fractions
Integer fractions of the form = , where both the numerator a and the denominator b are integer
numbers, are simplified as in the following cases:

Case I - The Numerator and the Denominator are Even Numbers

Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator and the denominator are
even numbers:
even
Step 1 Check the numerator and the denominator of the integer fraction to see if it is an
even

type of fraction.
Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term by dividing the numerator and the
denominator by their Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) which is an even number, i.e.,
(2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12, 14,...) . See the methods introduced in finding G.C.F. at the end of this
section.
Step 3 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 2
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with even numerator and
denominator are simplified:
Example 1.2-1
Ee
64
Solution:
366| | 366 (isan even No.)
BIER i 5 64 64 (isan even No.)

Step 2 366 (isan even No.) _| 366+2 ¢ _ 183

©P 64 (is an even No.) 64 +2 By

183
erae =
| eee
Step 3 35 a

Example 1.2-2
CU
350

Hamilton Education Guides 19

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2a Simplifying Integer Fractions

Solution:
400 400 (is an even No.
Step 1 202= (
350] |350(is an even No.)

400 (is an even No. 400 + 50 8

350 (isan even No.) 350+ 50 7

8
2)=|1—1

Case II - The Numerator and the Denominator are Odd Numbers

Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator and the denominator are
odd numbers:
Step 1 Check the numerator and the denominator of the integer fraction to see if it is an ue
type of fraction.
Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term by dividing the numerator and the
denominator by their Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) which is an odd number, 1.e.,
(3, Ee Oa iba aaes co . See the methods introduced in finding G.C.F. at the end of this
section.

Step 3 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 2
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with odd numerator and
denominator are simplified:
Example 1.2-3

l
Solution:
Step 1 bal 3 (isan odd No.)
15 15 (isan odd No.)

Step 2 ip 3 lisan odd No.) 2 2

15 (isan odd No.) 15+3

Step 3 Not Applicable

Example 1.2-4

Hamilton Education Guides

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2a Simplifying Integer Fractions

Solution:
17 17 (is an odd No.)
Step 1 —} = |—+—___+
P 21 (is an odd No.)

Step2
Step3
Note - In cases where the answer to Steps 2 and 3 are stated as “Not Applicable” this indicates
that the fraction is in its lowest term and can not be simplified any further.

Case III - The Numerator is an Even Number and the Denominator is an Odd Number

Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator is an even number and
the denominator is an odd number:
Step 1 Check the numerator and the denominator of the integer fraction to see ifit is an ai
O

type of fraction.
Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term by dividing the numerator and the
denominator by their Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) which is an odd number, i.e.,
(3, 5,7, 9, 11, 13, 15,...) . See the methods introduced in finding G.C.F. at the end of this
section.
Step 3 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 2
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with an even numerator and
an odd denominator are simplified:
Example 1.2-5

Solution:
St 1 18h 18 (is an even No.)
“P 27| |27(is an odd No)
Step 2 Sa iee5) 2
©P (isan odd No.) ~ 137 +9 3

Step 3 |Not
Not Applicable|

:
Example 1.2-6

Dil
Solution:
108 108 (isan even No.)
Step 1 —-— |= |- ———_
DY Di (isan odd No.)

Hamilton Education Guides a4

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2a Simplifying Integer Fractions

108 (isan even No.) POS 27 ee m

Step3
Case IV - The Numerator is an Odd Number and the Denominator is an Even Number

Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator is an odd number and
the denominator is an even number:
odd
Step 1 Check the numerator and the denominator of the integer fraction to see if it is an
even
type of fraction.
Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term by dividing the numerator and _ the
denominator by their Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) which is an odd number, i.e.,
(3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,...) . See the methods introduced in finding G.C.F. at the end of this
section.
Step 3 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 2
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps .

The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with an odd numerator and an
even denominator are simplified:
Example 1.2-7

Solution:
Snail '
iS ( n oddodd No.No)
15 (is an
60 60 (is an even No)

a Fae
Step 2 z)
(is an even No.) Fae
15

Step3
Example 1.2-8

Solution:
B27, 327 (
(isan odd No.)
Step 1 Sea ||
24 (
(isan even No.)

Step 2 2 (
327 (is an odd No. o)|_| 327+3]_|
& 109
24 (is an even No.) 24 +3 8

Hamilton Education Guides p>

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2a Simplifying Integer Fractions

109
soe
[ :)
ely gS

Note that in Cases odd even odd

II, III, and IV where the integer fractions are “, ; and
odd odd even
respectively, odd numbers are always used to simplify the fractions.

Additional Examples - Simplifying Integer Fractions

The following examples further illustrate how to simplify integer fractions:

Example 1.2-9
8) 15 (is an odd No.) -(23|-2|-5)
3 3 (is an odd No.) 3+3 1

Example 1.2-10
-£= 6 (is an even No.) as Be
8 (is an even No.) S22 4

Example 1.2-11
2) 12 (is an even No.) -|223)-|4)-
3 3 (isan odd No.) 3+3 1

Example 1.2-12
= 35 (is an odd No.) -327|-[5|-5)
7 7 (is an odd No.) 7+7 1

Example 1.2-13
= 100 (is an even No) =
3 3 (is an odd No.) 3

Example 1.2-14
325| | 325(isanodd No)| | 325+5]_ = (s)
40 40 (is an even No.) 40+5 8 8

Greatest Common Factor

Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) can be found in two ways: 1. Trial and error method, and
2. Prime factoring method.
1. Trial and Error Method: In the trial and error method the numerator and the denominator
are divided by odd or even numbers until the largest divisor for both the numerator and the
denominator is found.
2. Prime Factoring Method: The steps in using the prime factoring method are:
a. Rewrite both the numerator and the denominator by their equivalent prime number products.
b. Identify the prime numbers that are common in both the numerator and the denominator.
c. Multiply the common prime numbers to obtain the G.C.F.

Hamilton Education Guides 93

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2a Simplifying Integer Fractions

The following are examples of how G.C.F. can be found using the prime factoring method:
AE 8X3 DAK KS he XD x2 x8
1, — = —— = ——— = ————.. The common prime number in both the numerator
45 9x5 SI SS) 33S
and the denominator is 3. Therefore, G.C.F.=3.

prepa les e tA pig AO ET Ho common prime numbers in both

350 35x10 ISK X2 TSE
KS 2
the numerator and the denominator are 2, 5, and 5. Therefore, G.C.F.=2x5x5=50.

3, B= 33 -_ 53 The common prime numbers in both the numerator and the

60 6x10 DOASSE SSD)
denominator are 3 and 5. Therefore, G.C.F.=3x5=15.

oe ee ee She Common prime numbers in both the

07 0953 3x3x3 3x3x3
numerator and the denominator are 3, 3, and 3. Therefore, G.C.F.=3x3x3=27.

Practice Problems - Simplifying Integer Fractions

Section 1.2a Practice Problems - Simplify the following integer fractions:

Dh a = 3. 355 =
ee =
150 18 15

rele
8
5, 276 = 6, B=
6

Hamilton Education Guides 24

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Integer fractions, i.e., fractions where both the numerator and the denominator are integers, are
added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided as in the following cases:

Casel Adding Integer Fractions with Common Denominators

Add two integer fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Use the common denominator between the first and second fractions as the new
denominator.
b. Add the numerators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new numerator.

Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Section 1.2a).
Step 3 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 2
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with common
denominators are added:
Example 1.2-15
— + — p= 4

Sees)
Solution:
2s
—+— = |———
Ze | —
10
|—

Step 2 Not Applicable

10
|) = 2\=
1
ADS 3
Example 1.2-16

Solution:
ae
15

24 =>

Step 3 Not Applicable

In general, two integer fractions with a common denominator are added in the following way:

a b|_|la+b F 3 St) is -|§|-

rae
——_ — 5 — For example, a,
_ + — | —
;
_—| ——— =>
5
|—_ | — =
[6]

Hamilton Education Guides

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Case II Adding Integer Fractions without a Common Denominator

Add two integer fractions without a common denominator using the following steps:
Step 1 Change the integer number a to an integer fraction of the form = i.e., change 5 to >.
Step 2 a. Multiply the denominators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new
denominator.
b. Cross multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the
second fraction.
c. Cross multiply the numerator of the second fraction with the denominator of the
first fraction.
d. Add the results from the steps 2b and 2c above to obtain the new numerator.
Step 3 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Section 1.2a).
Step 4 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 3
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions without a common
denominator are added:
Example 1.2-17
40+ a=
3
Solution:
4
Step 1 a - “+s

Step 2 2.4) (40 x 3) +(4 x1) [24 124

i233 1x3 3 3

Step 3
124 |=
=<" |41—51
Step 4 5

Example 1.2-18
=|
ee |
6
Solution:

= Sv 53
Step 1 —+3}/=|=+=—
7

Step 2 243)=|edeOx0)|_
5x 1)+(3x6
(5418)_ [23
One 6x1 6 6

Step3
Hamilton Education Guides 26
Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Step 4 =| =|3=—

In general, two integer fractions without a common denominator are added in the following way:
a Cc = (axd)+(cxb) ~ |e
Tere
ie) ine For example,

17
$2) =|OxeB 9) pra 27 _| 31} _ [17 |.
Br 3x4 12 2 a
4

Additional Examples - Adding Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

The following examples further illustrate how to add integer fractions:
Example 1.2-19
13
oA (3 x 5) + (4 x 6) _[15+24]_}39]_ [13 =[13
6 5 OXS 30 30 10 10
10
Example 1.2-20
Dei 4}_\(2 +—]+—]=
+—+—|=
! /|-[(aees sees 4 ==)
+ —|=|| —]+—]=]]
4). iba
—]+-]=|—+-—
CN ae cee 5x4 3 207 310207ie ieuaes

_|(13x3)+(4%20)|_ [39+80]_ [119 =|

20x 3 60 60 60
Example 1.2-21
1 (2 y 1 oe I () 1 « 1 13]_ |(1x15)+(13x2)],
De oe O12 3x5 2 ts 215)" | ais 2x15

_|15+26]_ [41 =)
30 30 30
Example 1.2-22
9
C q E ae a is 2-3 ie (8 x6)+(11x3)|_[48+33]_|81 -
Be) IG Bb 3 6 Sake 3x6 18 18} |2
2
aie
2
Practice Problems - Adding Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

Section 1.2b Cases I and II Practice Problems - Add the following integer fractions:
aoe
=+—+= =
ete = ee = 3.
99 8 5 @ 46

—4+—4+-— = 5.
Omen 4
5+—+-+-—= 6
ian
(2+2)+4 =
He er io ct. 6 ious) 6

Hamilton Education Guides Di}

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Case Ill Subtracting Integer Fractions with Common Denominators

Subtract two integer fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Use the common denominator between the first and second fractions as the new
denominator.
b. Subtract the numerators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new
numerator.

Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Section 1.2a).
Step 3 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 2
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with common
denominators are subtracted:

Es
Example 1.2-23
Ppa hea

Solution:

chee) 3 3

Step 2
D3 2
Step3 ste) SN

Example 1.2-24

Solution:
4 =
4 4 4 4

a 4+2 2

isa

In general, two integer fractions with a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way: .
l
Ce
he ieee, 6 4| |6-4| |2
For example, = el lsc laials
d : g

Hamilton Education Guides 28

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

CaseIV Subtracting Integer Fractions without a Common Denominator

Subtract two integer fractions without a common denominator using the following steps:
Step 1 Change the integer number a to an integer fraction of the form 5:
Step 2 a. Multiply the denominators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new
denominator.
b. Cross multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the
second fraction.
c. Cross multiply the numerator of the second fraction with the denominator of the
first fraction.
d. Subtract the results from steps 2b and 2c above to obtain the new numerator.
Step 3 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Section 1.2a).
Step 4 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 3
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions without a common
denominator are subtracted:
Example 1.2-25
5_12 —

8
Solution:
12 5-512
Step 1 epee: es] beste
toaot

BS 5x 8)-(12 x1 40-12 28
es 1x8 8 8

28|_|28+4|_17
Step 3 PA pear 2]

Step 4 psd4 | ee51

Example 1.2-26

Solution:
10 ale
otal 10 ects
pl Dea, 35

10.233 10x 1)—(35

x6 10-210} __|—200
6m aint
ul 7 6x1
= 6
, - SEES 6
SERA

Hamilton Education Guides

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Step ee eval era lan

-200} _|-200+2]_ |-100

~100 ( 1)
= =| = |=| 33—

In general, two integer fractions without a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way
5
Ret i iad (ax d)-(cxb) =| 3-4) (3 x 8) -(1x 4) - 4-4) 20 |
Ta aa aa ae 4x8 32 | |32
8

Additional Examples - Subtracting Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

The following examples further illustrate how to subtract integer fractions:

Example 1.2-27
15
e123) Eades Ee(Exsiattxs)) 2 Es(oo) 2 £ Game _|43_2|_|15_ 2
3 Gy SS 3 Of & 3x6 5 es 2 yj) TINT Sa] MES Oo 5
6

21
_|(15x5)-(2x6)|_ [75-12] _ |63] _ [21 =p
6x5 30 30 10 10
10
Example 1.2-28
5
162 4]_|16-2-4]_{16-6]_|10]_[5]_],1
4.4 4 4 4 a | 2
nD
Example 1.2-29

Sees. Daa Da l 15 1 15 f 151 15x11

ES-ES
Example 1.2-30
i) 15 15

E -(!5 x 1)-(1x3) ||-a) — (1x15)-(22)]_[is—4] _ [11

4 3x5 es 2s 2x15 30 | [30

Practice Problems - Subtracting Integer Fractions with or withouta Common Denominator _ |]

Section 1.2b Cases III and IV Practice Problems - Subtract the following integer fractions:
ip ae 23a een i
See) 4 [sy Sy TS

5) eset” ile 2 al
4 a eS (2-4)-2y) = 6 2-(4-2) =
Seas Sa 6 5 8

Hamilton Education Guides 30

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Case V - Multiplying Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

Multiply two integer fractions using the following steps:

Step 1 Change the integer number a to an integer fraction of the form 7
Step 2 a. Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the numerator of the second
fraction to obtain the new numerator.
b. Multiply the denominator of the first fraction with the denominator of the second
fraction to obtain the new denominator.
Step 3 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Section 1.2a).
Step 4 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 3
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with or without a
common denominator are multiplied:

ell
Example 1.2-31

Solution:
5 Pas oe)
25x >|=|— x2

25 5|_[25x5]_ [125

Step 3 Not Applicable

125

Example 1.2-32

Solution:
4|_[36 x—4
36 x—|=|——

36. 4|_[36x4]_ [144

144|_[144+4]_
[36

Hamilton Education Guides 31

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Sole lad
Step 4 2*]-|s3]

In general, two integer fractions with or without a common denominator are multiplied in the
following way:
3
a £)=|axe|_|ae For example TE See
b d| |bxd| |bd Let 5 4| |5x4] |20] [10
10

|Additional Examples - Multiplying Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator |

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply integer fractions by one another:
Example 1.2-33
1 1
3.2} _| 3x2 elie? aise
626 5x6 abe! 21
2 1
Example 1.2-34

“femal
es tlVe Bs
if-@
Example 1.2-35
LOT l
OOO ee LO ee eeeee eae ee ee
100 10 2 1 LOO LO 2 1x 1006x102 lx1x10x1 lx1lx1x1 1
l 1 1
Example 1.2-36
12 l
&
— x24
)|x (3x 2) =
Ee x za)x (2<=
2 3x24} x
| 3x25 =
(eg) x cS =|}
(ae)
—]
(28
x] —
10 Rae 10) Pane iG 16x1} | 8x6 5 8x2 5 16
2) 2

Practice Problems - Multiplying Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

Section 1.2b Case V Practice Problems - Multiply the following integer fractions:
bs eS ae Le ry =
Sa 8 6

9 6
a DOS Al EY Winnie oat

By eb 18} Series 8

2. An? ee 1 I 0
3: (2 x3}x(4<24) = 6. (1000 4 [2 4 a
55 . & Siecsecins 6)TOO

Hamilton Education Guides 39

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

Case VI - Dividing Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

Divide two integer fractions using the following steps:

Step 1 Change the integer number a to an integer fraction of the form a i.e., change 9 to =.
Step 2 a. Change the division sign to a multiplication sign.
b. Replace the numerator of the second fraction with its denominator.
c. Replace the denominator of the second fraction with its numerator.
Q.. Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the numerator of the second
fraction to obtain the new numerator.
e. Multiply the denominator of the first fraction with the denominator of the second
fraction to obtain the new denominator.
Step 3 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Section 1.2a).
Step 4 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 3
is an improper fraction (see Section 1.2 Appendix).

Examples with Steps :

The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with or without a
common denominator are divided:
Example 1.2-37
+l.
II
wo
| a
om
|e
Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

Step 2 3,8) ]3,,13]- [3213-48

Step 3 a a ee -2

Step 4 2)

Example 1.2-38
gee =
12)
Solution:
6 6
9+—|=|—-+—
Step 1 ite 12

|
6]_[9_
|
12]_[9x12]_
[108
mm
oO
| |

Hamilton Education Guides Sh)

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2b Operations Involving Integer Fractions

108] _{108=6]_ [18] _

Step 4 Not Applicable

In general, two integer fractions with or without a common denominator are divided in the
following way:
3
ac = [2x4]=[2x4]= [a4 ; ne toa)a FE bs28 |e) be
b d| |b c| |oxc|] [bc Nad Ob Gel [geo Aleod Badal 2
Additional Examples - Dividing Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

The following examples further illustrate how to divide integer fractions:

Example 1.2-39
283
Bans eet ee ie
Example 1.2-40
3
Ger 4 a ee =|(2*2)24\=|2)2 41 15 4) _|15 15) _|15x18) _|15x3
Le ER ANS oe APES 5x1) 15 Eye IS 5. 15 BO 3x4 1x4

45
= |11—1
4 4
Example 1.2-41
i *) mel25 & | it 25 = 25 i 253 25:16
25+) —+—}])=)]—+| —x-—]]=|]—= =|/—+ =|/— +| — : x
8 3 ] 8 4 1 8x2
2

_ |25x16] _ |400} _ 1334

es: 3 3
Example 1.2-42

(HSS) O-e
Se
9x 32 4x]
16x3| 8x8 Ixl/) \8x2 V \16

_f6 1]_[6 16][6x16]

[96] _

Practice Problems - Dividing Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

Section 1.2b Case VI Practice Problems - Divide the following integer fractions:
Saee
7S Sele te 4 ot!
10 30 a (F+2)+4- Hh |163.32
;

22 6. (4-3).(1-4)-
15.430 S755

Hamilton Education Guides 34

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2 Appendix - Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions

1.2 Appendix: | Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions

Improper fractions of the form ; with absolute values of greater than one are changed to mixed

fractions of the form ke , where & is a positive or negative whole number and 5 is an integer
fraction with value of less than one, using the following steps:
Step 1 Divide the dividend, i.e., the numerator of the improper fraction by the divisor, i.e.,
the denominator of the improper fraction using the general division process.
Step 2 a. Use the whole number portion of the quotient as the whole number portion of the
mixed fraction.
b. Use the dividend of the remainder as the dividend (numerator) in the remainder
portion of the quotient.
c. Use the divisor of the improper fraction as the divisor (denominator) in the
remainder portion of the quotient.

Examples with Steps :

The following examples show the steps as to how improper fractions are changed to integer
fractions:
Example 1.2A-1

Solution:
yo whole number portion of the quotient
Step 1
17
5 ) 86 «— |dividend of the improper fraction

divisor of the improper fraction a. ee

1 — |dividend of the remainder

Step 2

dividend of the improper fraction A za dividend of the remainder

86 1
») >

divisor of the improper fraction if |= divisor of the remainder

whole number portion of the quotient

35
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2 Appendix - Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions

Example 1.2A-2
1428]
a= _

Solution:
re |whole
whole number
number portion of
of the
thequotient
quotient
Step 1

45) 198 «— | dividend of the improper fraction

divisor
divisor of
ofthe
the1improper fraction
fraction — 45

ore dividend of the remainder

Step 2

dividend of the improper fraction =\ yn Aividendia: themeat ler

1428 Se
45 45

divisor of the improper fraction _f' NS divisor of the remainder

Example 1.2A-3 whole number portion of the quotient

Solution:
a whole number portion of the quotient
Step 1

& 38 «— dividend
|dividend of
of the
theimproper fraction|
fraction

divisor
divisor of
ofthe
theiimproper fraction]
fraction beara
a +— dividend of the remainder

Step 2

dividend of the improper fraction \ a dividend of the remainder

divisor of the improper fraction wi NS divisor of the remainder

whole number portion of the quotient

Hamilton Education Guides 36

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.2 Appendix - Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions

In general, an improper integer fraction 7: where c is bigger than b, is changed to a mixed

fraction in the following way:
1. divide the numerator ¢ by its denominator 5 using the general division process.
ra |whole
whole number
number portion ofthe
thequotient |

dividend
dividend of
ofthe
theimproper
i fraction
fraction
le

divisor
divisor of
ofthe
the improper fraction
fraction| ye ca ie“ dividend of the remainder

2. Use the whole number portion of the quotient &, the dividend of the remainder +, and the
divisor of the improper fraction 5 to represent the mixed fraction as:

dividend of the improper fraction =e en dividend of the remainder

eat
b b

divisor of the improper fraction ef |~ divisor of the remainder

whole number portion of the quotient

Note | - In the general equation (<= 7) : : is the improper fraction, ke is the quotient, k is

the whole number portion of the quotient, and is the remainder portion of the quotient.

Note 2 - The divisor of the improper fraction is always used as the divisor of the remainder. This
is shown in Step 2 of examples above.

1.2 Appendix Practice Problems - Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions

1.2 Appendix Practice Problems - Change the following improper fractions to mixed fractions:

i4 ae = 265

4, S71 = 5, 2 = ge332
10 2 113

Hamilton Education Guides

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3a Introduction to Integer Exponents

1.3. Exponents
In this section an introduction to exponents and how real numbers are raised to positive or
negative integer exponents are addressed in section 1.3a, Cases I and II. In addition, operations
involving positive and negative integer exponents are reviewed in sections 1.3b, Cases I through
III and 1.3c, Cases I through III, respectively.

1.3a Introduction to Integer Exponents

Integer exponents are defined as a” where a is referred to as the base, and n is the integer
exponent. Note that the base a can be a real number or a variable. The integer exponent n can
be a positive or a negative integer. Real numbers raised to positive and negative integer
exponents (Cases I and II) are addressed below:

CaseI Real Numbers Raised to Positive Integer Exponents

In general, real numbers raised to positive integer exponents are shown as:
a’” = q" = a-a-a-a...a where n is a positive int eger and a #0
For example,
$i = 107 0818.8 8p— NOG
Real numbers raised to a positive integer exponent are solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Multiply the base a by itself as many times as the number specified in the exponent.
For example, 2° implies that multiply 2 by itself 5 times, i.e., 2° =2-2-2-2-2.
Step 2 Multiply the real numbers to obtain the product, i.e., 2-2-2-2-2 =32.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how real numbers raised to positive integer
exponents are solved:
Example 1.3-1
B]-
Solution:

Step 1 -
Step 2 =
Example 1.3-2
=
Solution:
Step 1 =|(L2

Step 2 (1.2)-(1.2)-(1.2)-(1.2)| = [2.074

Example 1.3-3
(i
Hamilton Education Guides 38
Mastering Algebra - Intermediate
$ r Level 1.3a POCCTION
Introduction CO
to Integer
Integer Exponents
et Exponents

Solution:

sep1 (3) |-[OOO@

Step 2 (-3)-(-3)-(-3)-(-3)-(-3)] =
Note that:

e A negative number raised to an even integer exponent such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, etc. is
always positive. For example,

(-3)° = (43)° = +729= 729 (-2)? = (42)? =44=4 © (-5)* = (45)4 = 4625 = 625
e A negative number raised to an odd integer exponent such as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, etc. is
always negative. For example,

(23) = e243 (2) =r8 (=3) = 2187

Additional Examples - Real Numbers Raised to Positive Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate how to solve real numbers raised to positive integer
exponents:
Example 1.3-4

(-10)° =[1] (See the note on page 41 on numbers raised to the zero power.)

Example 1.3-5

Example 1.3-6

= |(-4.25)-(-4.25)-(-4.25)| =
Example 1.3-7

(1045)=[f045)-(1045). (045) (o0a5)|-

Example 1.3-8

]-
=f=8000]
Cay] -F220).20] = [12000
| Practice Problems - Real Numbers Raised to Positive Integer Exponents

Section 1.3a Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following exponential expressions with real
numbers raised to positive integer exponents:

aa 22 (10)= a. 025)=

4, 12? = 5. <6) = 6. 439°=

Hamilton Education Guides 39

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3a Introduction To Integer Exponents

CaseII Real Numbers Raised to Negative Integer Exponents

Negative integer exponents are defined as a” where a is referred to as the base, and n is the
integer exponent. Again, note that the base a can be a real number or a variable. The integer
exponent n can be a positive or a negative integer. In this section, real numbers raised to
negative integer exponents are addressed.
In general, real numbers raised to negative integer exponents are shown as:
a 1 ] ] aE
oS = — = where n is a positive integer and a #0

For example,
big a 1 |
54 5-55-5625
Real numbers raised to a negative integer exponent are solved using the following steps:

Step 1 Change the negative integer exponent a~” to a positive integer exponent of the form
| For example, change 3~* to a5)
ae 35
Step 2 Multiply the base a in the denominator by itself as many times as the number
]
specified in the exponent. For example, rewrite us as
c) Ce ee
Step 3 Multiply the real numbers in the denominator to obtain the answer, i.e., 3 5 saad

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how real numbers raised to negative integer
exponents are solved:
Example 1.3-9

Solution:

Step 1 14-3] = ce

ees ae
Step 2 ale Perea

Step©P 3 aes
4.4.4
-|4
Example 1.3-10

Solution:

Step 1 (28) =|

Step 2 —~|=

Hamilton Education Guides 40

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3a Introduction To Integer Exponents

1 1 1
Step 3 TT = || = |- =
id (-8)-8)-C8)
Additional Examples - Real Numbers Raised to Negative Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate how to solve real numbers raised to negative integer
exponents:
Example 1.3-11
PEP i ae 1 _ it]

Example 1.3-12
a4 ] 1 l 1
—(6 —— (ee | es

Example 1.3-13

Example 1.3-14

Example 1.3-15

(-4.5)° (-4.5)-(—4.5)-(-4.5) ~91.125 91125] [91.125

Note 1: Any number or variable raised to the zero power is always equal to 1. For example,
0
55° =1, (-15)’ =1, (5,689,763) =1, [(5x+2)-
jack = (exYT=1, and (3 =]
Note 2: Zero raised to the zero power is not defined, i.e., 0° is undefined.
Note 3: Any number or variable divided by zero is not defined, i.e., >mee =, etc. are undefined.

Note 4: Zero divided by any number or variable is always equal to zero. For example, -=0),
0
—— =0, —0 +=
2,560 10 1

Practice Problems - Real Numbers Raised to Negative Integer Exponents

Section 1.3a Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following exponential expressions with real
numbers raised to negative integer exponents:

ay ee (s\n = 3. 0253 =

4, 129 = 5. -3)4= 6) (48 77e

Hamilton Education Guides 41

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3b Operations with Positive Integer Exponents

1.3b Operations with Positive Integer Exponents

To multiply, divide, add, and subtract integer exponents, we need to know the following laws of
exponents (shown in Table 1.3-1). These laws are used to simplify the work in solving problems
with exponential expressions and should be memorized.
Table 1.3-1: Exponent Laws 1 through 7 (Positive Integer Exponents)

I. Multiplication When multiplying positive exponential terms, if

bases a are the same, add the exponents m and
n.
II. Power of a Power When raising an exponential term to a power,
multiply the powers (exponents) m and n.

III. Power of a Product When raising a product to a power, raise each factor
a and 5 to the power m.

IV. Power of a Fraction = When raising a fraction to a power, raise the

numerator and the denominator to the power m.

V. Division When dividing exponential terms, if the bases a

are the same, subtract exponents m and n.

VI. Negative Power A non-zero base a raised to the —n power equals

1 divided by the base a to the n power.

VII. Zero Power A non-zero base a raised to the zero power is

always equal to 1.

In this section students learn how to multiply (Case I), divide (Case II), and add or subtract (Case
III) positive integer exponents by one another.

Case I Multiplying Positive Integer Exponents

Positive integer exponents are multiplied by each other using the following steps and the exponent
laws I through III shown in Table 1.3-1.
Step 1 Group the exponential terms with similar bases.
Step 2 Apply the Multiplication Law (Law I) from Table 1.3-1 and simplify the exponential
expressions by adding the exponents with similar bases.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how positive integer exponents are multiplied by
one another:
Example 1.3-16

PRP
Hamilton Education Guides 42
Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3b Operations with Positive Integer Exponents

sot PAPA RIP

Solution:

sor PVP IPA - Eat

Example 1.3-17

(-14?) (1008)-{-+a8?) =

Solution:

Step 1 (—£4?) (1028)-{—+ ap?) = (-1 x1 x10),(aaa)-(6*) = (2°) (c?a'a!) (2?6")

Step 2 (22) (aaa!) (628! = eas wd sat B = =a's?

Note - Non zero numbers or variables raised to the zero power are always equal to 1, i.e., 10° =1 ,
(23456)° =1 : a® =1 foraz0, (a-b)° =1 fora-b#0, (x-y-z)° =1 forx-y-z#0, ete.

Additional Examples - Multiplying Positive Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate how positive exponential terms are multiplied:
Example 1.3-18

Example 1.3-19

Example 1.3-20
a (x?-x?-x)-(y?-»?)-(23-24) = eae | = [x5y427|

Example 1.3-21

> (ak? p?).(-5k p)]= I) (-4x-5)]-(&%)-(p?2) =|[(+25)-(+20)]-(#4!

~ 500-(k?"1).( p>") a

Practice Problems - Multiplying Positive Integer Exponents

Section 1.3b Case I Practice Problems - Multiply the following positive integer exponents:
4
1. x2 xx = Fe eg th sab = 3. =a" beab*b° =

0
fe x = 5. (x-y?-2°) Cpe ese 6. 2° Area

Hamilton Education Guides 43

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3b Operations with Positive Integer Exponents

CaseII Dividing Positive Integer Exponents

Positive integer exponents are divided by one another using the exponent laws I through VI
shown in Table 1.3-1.

Casell Dividing Positive Integer Exponents

Positive integer exponents are divided by one another using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Apply the Division and/or the Negative Power Laws (Laws V and VI) from Table
1.3-1.
b. Group the exponential terms with similar bases.
Step 2 Apply the Multiplication Law (Law I) from Table 1.3-1 and simplify the exponential
expressions by adding the exponents with similar bases.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how positive integer exponents are divided by one
another:
Example 1.3-22
2ab i

—4a>p*
Solution:

2ab 2 a's! 2 1
Step 1 ———|=|-= = |——-—_—___
P -4a3h4 4 g3p4 4 (a3a"').(oe-1)

Step 2

Example 1.3-23

Solution:

Step 1

Hamilton Education Guides 44

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3b Operations with Positive Integer Exponents

Additional Examples - Dividing Positive Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate how to divide positive integer exponential terms by one
another:
Example 1.3-24

5 cae
x2y?
42

1
3 4-2
a di | PE le
1
37)

1 1

Example 1.3-25

sacle |e| Sea bal

15a7b° | 115 a2-1

Example 1.3-26

2u>w2z!

Example 1.3-27

Practice Problems - Dividing Positive Integer Exponents

Section 1.3b Case II Practice Problems - Divide the following positive integer exponents:

x = 2 a°b = a*b*c* =
ee 8 a? b%c

3? -(rs?] 5 2p*q?pr' = 6 («273)-(41?m®)

~6 p*q°r , KAP m?
a (2rs)-r? 3

Hamilton Education Guides 45

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3b Operations with Positive Integer Exponents

Case Il Adding and Subtracting Positive Integer Exponents

A common source of mistakes among students is in dealing with addition and subtraction of
exponential expressions. In this section positive integer exponents addressing addition and
subtraction of numbers that are raised to positive exponents is introduced. Positive exponential
expressions are added and subtracted using the following steps:
Step 1 Group the exponential terms with similar bases.
Step 2 Simplify the exponential expressions by adding or subtracting the like terms.
Note that like terms are defined as terms having the same variables raised to the same power.
For example, x? and 2x?; y* and 4y are like terms of one another.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how exponential expressions having positive
integer exponents are added or subtracted:
Example 1.3-29

Solution:
Fai
Step 1 e
Freeee a (2? +2x°)+(3y? -»?)+5

Step 2 (x3 +2x°)+(3y?-»7) +5 =|(1+2)x3 +(3-1)y? +5]= |3x° +2y? +5

Example 1.3-30

(2°ee +4y)—(3x? + y)+2x =

Solution:

Step 1 (23+2? +4y)—(3x7 + y)+2x? =| tx Ans ye

= be Pox -3x7)+(dy—y)+8

Step 2 be +2x? -3x7)+(4y—y)+8 =|(1+2-3)x? +(4-I)y+8 -[ox? +3y+8]-[By +8]

Additional Examples - Adding and Subtracting Positive Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate addition and subtraction of exponential terms:
Example 1.3-31

5x3 + 3x? +2x3-

x7 45]= (5x3 +2x3] +(3x2-x?) +5 = (5+ 2)x? +(3-1)x? +5 =

Hamilton Education Guides 46

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3b Operations with Positive Integer Exponents

Example 1.3-32

(-2m* Sano am +3m—10)=—(5m? +2m+3) =| — 3m? 4 mr 43m

10 sae = m3

= (-2m’ +2m4)+(—3m? ~ 5m) + (3m—2m) + (-10-3) : (-2+2)m’ +(-3-5)m? +(3-2)m-13

= [om! 8m? +m—13) =

Example 1.3-33

Ro ax" +y? +x—4y? 57 y+ 6x |= be +3x?+2x?) 4 : +(x + 6x) -

=|(1+3+2)x? +(1-4)y? + (1+6)x -25]=

Example 1.3-34

(-s»° -3w-5)-(3w" -w—4)+5w+2 = (-5»? -3w—5)+(-303 +w4)+5w+2

= (-sw’ —3w3)+(-3w+5w+ w)+(-5+4+2)}= (-5-3)w? +(-3+5+])w+l|=

Example 1.3-35

a2b? +3a2 -6+2")+(2a75? +2a? +30)-3° =|a°b? +302 —b +164 207b° 2207 e127

= |(a70° +2a7b°)
+(3a? + 2a?)
+(16+1-27)|=|(1-+2)a7b° +(3+2)a? —b-1 = [3023
+5a?—5-10]

Practice Problems - Adding and Subtracting Positive Integer Exponents

Section 1.3b Case III Practice Problems - Add or subtract the following positive integer
exponential expressions:
1. x? 44xy-2x? -2xy+27 = DY, (a3 +24? +43)-(4a3 +20) =

Be oxy at -(x4 Dye +3) - 4. -{-28°a° +212? -5°)-(4F%a? -20) -

5. (m?” — 4m") — (2m +3m”) + 5m - 6. (-72° +32-5)-(~32° +24) +52+20 ~

Hamilton Education Guides 47

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

To proceed with simplification of negative exponents, we need to know the Negative Power Law
in addition to the other exponent laws (shown in Table 1.3-2). The Negative Power Law states
that a base raised to a negative exponent is equal to one divided by the same base raised to the
positive exponent, or vice versa, 1.e.,

and

Note that the objective is to write the final answer without a negative exponent. To achieve that
the exponent laws are used when simplifying expressions having negative integer exponents.
These laws are used to simplify the work in solving exponential expressions and should be
memorized.
Table 1.3-2: Exponent Laws I through 6 (Negative Integer Exponents)

I. Multiplication = When multiplying negative exponential terms, if

bases a are the same, add the negative exponents
—m and —n.

II. Power of a Power =a When raising a negative exponential term to a

negative power, multiply the negative powers
(exponents) —m and —n.

Ill. Power of a Product When raising a product to a negative power, raise

each factor a and b to the negative power —m.

IV. Power of a Fraction When raising a fraction to a negative power, raise

the numerator and the denominator to the negative

power -—m.

V. Division ‘a= When dividing negative exponential terms, if the

bases a are the same, add exponents —m and n.

VI. Negative Power A non-zero base a raised to the —n power equals 1
divided by the base a to the n power

In this section students learn how to multiply (Case I), divide (Case II), and add or subtract (Case
III) negative integer exponents by one another.

CaseI Multiplying Negative Integer Exponents |

Negative integer exponents are multiplied by each other using the following steps and the
exponent laws I through III shown in Table 1.3-2.
Step 1 Group the exponential terms with similar bases.

Hamilton Education Guides 48

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

Step 2 Apply the Multiplication Law (Law I) from Table 1.3-2 and simplify the exponential
expressions by adding the exponents with similar bases.
Step 3 Change the negative integer exponents to positive integer exponents.

___Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how negative integer exponents are multiplied by
one another:
Example 1.3-36
32 ..2.371.93/=

Solution:

Step 1 [322.3713] =[32.21.3123] = (3? 3°1)-(23.2!)

Step 2 be 31).(23.2!) ~ (Saad caee | =] .22|

seps alLe )-fesapea) ln

Example 1.3-37

FE
Solution:

Step 1

Step 2 (5-25!) -(a-2a7) (6169) =|(5") (a>) .(6')] = ~

Pie et
Step 3 5, a7 ; b 5 a’ b2

Additional Examples - Multiplying Negative Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply negative exponential terms by one
another:
Example 1.3-38

eol-ol-fl-0
Example 1.3-39

BeesBe a8 de Poe) -ea

49
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

7 Pr (asee eh a |
37 7! 3:3-3-3-3-3-3 2 INT 2187-2 4374

Example 1.3-40

=H) (oo) - Gl
-f -F|
Example 1.3-41
53 Pea 52

56 23] |(5-5-5-5-5-5) (2-2-2)| [156258] |(15625-8)) [4125000

Example 1.3-42

(143) 7(r-251)-(3s2r Fs 21 3523 5!l = 73).(s2s?s!) (ce

Pm) )-ital l-[t et)

iy im = = ies i B

> alien 7
l-r-s:]

DOTS
rs

4t

Practice Problems - Multiplying Negative Integer Exponents

Section 1.3c Case I Practice Problems - Multiply the following exponential expressions by one
another:

iL POR pe he 7) | 2. g%.p-4.g7}
2. q? = aI (a?-53) -(a-5-2) e
=A
4. (-2) *(r254)-(r3s¢ 25-1) = 5) (4) eS 2 ve as 6m 2es-3
2

Hamilton Education Guides 50

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

Casell Dividing Negative Integer Exponents

Negative integer exponents are divided by one another using the exponent laws I through VI
shown in Table 1.3-2. These laws are used in order to simplify division of negative fractional
exponents by each other. Negative integer exponents are divided by one another using the
following steps:
Step 1 a. Apply the Division and/or the Negative Power Laws (Laws V and VI) from Table
1.3-2.
b. Group the exponential terms with similar bases.
Step 2 Apply the Multiplication Law (Law I) from Table 1.3-2 and simplify the exponential
expressions by adding the exponents with similar bases.

Examples with Steps.

The following examples show the steps as to how negative integer exponents are divided by one
another:
Example 1.3-43
5-2
=]
Solution:
Gre Se? hs
Step 1 53 = 1 =

53.5-2| | 53-2 -|2|-

Step 2 rea es foro | io ps

Example 1.3-44
ed ee ie
abe
Solution:
Sy
Step 1 esa a) (P57)

oa]
Step 2
oe
AP) =[5]-

Additional Examples - Dividing Negative Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate how to divide negative integer exponents by one another:
Example 1.3-45

ed aia er
put pale ec se yee
pe eal (oa WY(a'a)-(c*c?) (a'*?).(c4*3) am
arc
SS 5 a - | : 7 7

Hamilton Education Guides 51

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

Example 1.3-46

ei] a*") 1
-2). 4a) | 42) 2a?
ei] 8
2

suas 1.3-49
eueaee
faa

Practice Problems - Dividing Negative Integer Exponents

Section 1.3c Case II Practice Problems - Divide the following negative integer exponents:

1 x 7x = 5 aah. _ Hea =
Dex? bath 3;
-(-3)
3.(3)2 ~

Sane eee Lk ae Sao =

(-3)*y?w? ay 1 x ayo!

Hamilton Education Guides 52

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

Case III Adding and Subtracting Negative Integer Exponents

Negative exponential expressions are added and subtracted using the following steps:
Step 1 Group the exponential terms with similar bases.

Step 2 Apply the Negative Power Law (Law VI) from Table 1.3-2, i.e., change a” to —
a

Step 3 Simplify the exponential expression by:

a. Using the fraction techniques learned in Section 1.2, and
b. Using appropriate exponent laws such as the Multiplication Law (Law I) from
Table 1.3-2.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how exponential expressions having negative
integer exponents are added or subtracted:

Saa-
Example 1.3-50

Solution:

Step 1
Sis] eat alte lee
Step 2 a =

|Pegs | (1-9)+(1-27)
o) Ae 9+27 46 4
Step 3 SS eee a
21209 27:9 243 ee 27

Example 1.3-51

Solution:

Step 1

53
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

Additional Examples - Adding and Subtracting Negative Integer Exponents

The following examples further illustrate addition and subtraction of negative exponential terms:
Example 1.3-52
= 1 ws | 1
len" (x+y)?
TihaenG Note: le») a (x-y)° x y>
Sess:

Example 1.3-53

ae na] = [lo 200] = eG] = ae =[22] a

_|(3-6)+(2-a)|_ |2a+36
a:b ab

Example 1.3-54

Pa? a) =a |-[

oC EA
oe ey mus?
=r
SUN Rr
(ek eek i
be le
Gees Re eee+—|= [(7+2x)-25]+(1-x°)
y. ey) Oy ed 25 Vero vee 25 25-x3

Hamilton Education Guides 54

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.3c Operations with Negative Integer Exponents

_|175+50x+x7 |_| x3 +50x+175

25% 25s
Example 1.3-56

4y? ~3x7 4+ 3x4 y? - 25x" y?

Practice Problems - Adding and Subtracting Negative Integer Exponents

Section 1.3c Case III Practice Problems - Simplify the following negative integer exponential
expressions:
es eo exe Ds (324-6?) +(-20~* +36) =

3. (xy) ty? +407) '-3y72+27 = 4. ax bey? 4sy? =

et 2 E 0 hy eee —2 2,
5. om (im > 3m +m )+3m << 6. (2°) +(a0) ~6a°
+3a 4b? =

Hamilton Education Guides 55

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4a Introduction to Radicals

1.4 Radicals
In this section radical expressions and the steps as to how they are simplified are reviewed in
section 1.4a, Cases I through III. In addition, operations involving radical expressions which
include multiplication, division (rationalization), addition, and subtraction of radicals are
addressed in section 1.4b, Cases I through VI.
1.4a Introduction to Radicals
A description of roots and radicals (Case I), classification of numbers (Case II), and
simplification of radical expressions with real numbers as a radicand (Case III) are discussed
below:

CaseI _ Roots and Radical Expressions

In the general radical expression %/b =c, the symbol | is called a radical sign. The expression
under the radical 6 is called the radicand, a is called the index, and the positive square root of
the number c is called the principal square root.
Exponents are a kind of shorthand for multiplication. For example, 5x 5=25 can be expressed in
exponential form as 5? =25. Radical signs are used to reverse this process. For example, to
write the reverse of 5* = 25 we take the square root of the terms on both sides of the equal sign,
ie., we write /25 = Vs? =5. Note that since 5? =25 and (-5)* =25, we use V25 to indicate the
positive square root of 25 is equal to 5and - 25 to indicate the negative square root of 25 is
equal to -5. Table 1.4-1 provides square roots, cube roots, fourth roots, and fifth roots of some
common numbers used in solving radical expressions. This table should be used as a reference
when simplifying radical terms. The students are not encouraged to memorize this table.
Following are a few examples on simplifying radical expressions using Table 1.4-1:

a. V64
=V8? =8 b. -2V25 =-2V5? =-(2-5)=-10
c. 5932 = 5/25 =(5-2)=10 d. fi25 = 25-5 =V5°"5
=55
e. Yia7 = 49-3 =V7 3-13 f, 292 =2vi6-2 =2V42 .2=(2.4WW2
=302
g. §/2048 = {/1024-2 = 45.2 = 49/2 h. 39375 =7/125.3
=¥/59.3 = 53/3
i. 2250 =2V25-10 = 2V5? -10= (2-5)V10 = 10V10 j. 4324 =¥81-4
=934.4 =34/4
k. ¥648 = ¥216-3 = V6? -3 = 6¥3 |. -¥324 =-¥91-4 = -V9? .2?=-(9.2)=-18
Practice Problems - Roots and Radical Expressions
Section 1.4a Case I Practice Problems - Simplify the following radical expressions by using
Table 1.4-1:

1. %og = Gs Be 1055

43/3995 = Sie. = 6. %192 =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4a Introduction to Radicals

Table 1.4-1: Square roots, cube roots, fourth roots, and fifth roots

Note: Ya = va

a7 =933 = (21)3 -(8)3- 3

64 = Va =(ese
*3) = 4

1 21
3739 = {93 = (729)3 = (9°)3 =9

100 = Repeat
v10"=(100)2 Mane =10
J = (10°)?
1
Neg e
¥1000= ¥10° =(1000)3 =el=10

1
S6so7 = 175 = (16807)5=
=
es

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4a Introduction to Radicals

CaselII Rational, Irrational, Real, and Imaginary Numbers

A rational number is a number that can be expressed as:

1. An integer fraction Ri where a and + are integer numbers and b+0. For example:
A) 2 :
yg Abel Goan and 1 are rational numbers.
SeeS en O07
2. The square root of a perfect square, the cube root of a perfect cube, etc. For example:

36 = V6? =6, J49 =V7? =7, 125 = 53 =-5, 91 = 434 =3, and —Y1024 = 9/45 =-4 are
rational numbers.

3. An integer (a whole number). For example: 5 = >,0, x = (0, and 10 are rational numbers.

4. A terminating decimal. For example: 0.25 = = , -0.75, and 5.5= 5. are rational numbers.

5. A repeating decimal. For example: 0.3333333...= ;, 0.45454545..., and are rational numbers.
An irrational number is a number that:
1. Can not be expressed as an integer fraction 7 where a and 4 are integer numbers and

b#0. Forexample: z, ‘ee , and wel are irrational numbers.

J2 V3
2. Can not be expressed as the square root of a perfect square, the cube root of a perfect cube,
etc. For example: V5, -/7, V12, 7/4, -¥6, and ¥3 are irrational numbers.
3. Is not a terminating or repeating decimal. For example: 0.432643..., -8.346723..., and
3.14159... are irrational numbers.
The real numbers consist of all the rational and irrational numbers. For example: z, — ;
2

Et 6. AG. ae Stele. 025-—., 2075: -55=-5-, -38=-32, 5220 and

-25= = are real numbers.

The not real numbers or imaginary numbers are square root of any negative real number. For
example: J-15, /-9, J-45, and J-36 are imaginary numbers. Note that imaginary numbers
are also shown as V-15 = V15i, J-9 = V9i, J—45 =/45;, and J—36 = /36i in more advanced math
books.

Practice Problems - Rational, Irrational, Real, and Imaginary Numbers

Section 1.4a Case II Practice Problems - Identify which one of the following numbers are
rational, irrational, real, or not real:
5
pert 2. /45= 3. 450=
2
1 araio S) Gs5 6. v5 _
ie

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4a Introduction to Radicals

Case III Simplifying Radical Expressions with Real Numbers as a Radicand

Radical expressions with a real number as radicand are simplified using the following general
rule:
lis
qa" =a" =a The n” root of a” is a
Where a is a positive real number and n is an integer.

Radicals of the form 4a” =a are simplified using the following steps:
Step 1 Factor out the radicand a” to a perfect square, cube, fourth, fifth, etc. term (use Table
1.4-1). Write any term under the radical that exceeds the index n as multiple sum of
the index.
Step 2 Use the Multiplication Law for exponents (see Section 1.3) by writing a”™” in the
form of a”-a”.

Step 3 Simplify the radical expression by using the general rule da” =a. Note that any term
under the radical which is less than the index n stays inside the radical.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how radical expressions with real terms are
simplified:
Example 1.4-1
A 72|\=
-8
Solution:

Step 1 —¥n = -/n = -_ 36 = ~=\(6-6):2 =|-1 (6' 6') 2

Step 2 Not Applicable

we [R)-Ea-[i-B
3
ome |ate 6 -|-3.4)

Example 1.4-2

Solution:
Step 1 -
4s Frill - 3 is .4

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4a Introduction to Radicals

Step 2 - ist 4 =|- 24st .53 4

Additional Examples - Simplifying Radical Expressions with Real Numbers as a Radicand

The following examples further illustrate how to solve radical expressions with real numbers as
radicand:
Example 1.4-3

Example 1.4-4

Example 1.4-5

Example 1.4-6

Example 1.4-7

Example 1.4-8
2 259) =|2 Js0}=|2 y25-2|=|2.1(5-5)-2 |=|2./(5!.5!).2] =|2 Hs!#1).2| =| 2/62.

2 io 2

Practice Problems - Simplifying Radical Expressions with Real Numbers as a Radicand

Section 1.4a Case III Practice Problems - Simplify the following radical expressions:
1. -V49= 2e8/54-= 3. -v500=

4. 935.5 = 5. ¥216= 6. AYE 2 =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

In this section multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction of monomial and binomial
radical expressions, with real numbers, is addressed in Cases I through VI.

Case I Multiplying Monomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

Radicals are multiplied by each other by using the following general product rule:
ax -baly cz = (a-b-c)Yx-y-z = abc?|xyz

Note that radicals can only be multiplied by each other if they have the same index n.
A monomial expression in radical form is defined as:

V8x> . Ape SP 3; xoy! 2s x7 So VI25 . ele:

A binomial expression in radical form is defined as:

Vx + Jy
Ree Lata Sic xy + a. MeEe ||
4 y Oeste 2
VX Vs 3/64 +3)x? vy.> | ete.

Monomial expressions in radical form are multiplied by each other using the above general
product rule. Radical expressions with real numbers as radicands are multiplied by each other
using the following steps:
Step 1 Simplify the radical terms (see Section 1.4a, Case III).
Step 2 Multiply the radical terms by using the product rule. Repeat Step 1, if necessary.
ky Wa - ky Vb «kyo = (ky ky -kg)Ya-b-c = kykyk3Vabe a,b, and c>0

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how radical expressions in monomial form are
multiplied by one another:
Example 1.4-9
V5 -v15 |=
Solution:

Step1
sep? (als) = us]- [Ws]- sa]- Wa] - BS)
Example 1.4-10
J98 -/48 -V/108 |=
Solution:

sep (see ti]= [Wa es isa]=P ade ae a

- [alo
Step2 [Waa
os] =[(7-4-6)-(V2-v3-)]=[tos(s2--3)|
=lowV2-+|
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Additional Examples - Multiplying Monomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply radical terms by one another:
Example 1.4-11

Example 1.4-12

(oo)
=[esos 3)-[2 ss 2]-be )-[e 5 (2) - holo)
Note that we can also simplify the radical terms in the following way:

Example 1.4-13

[vs0-V32 V3]= [va5-2-Jt6-2 5]=[Vs?.2-Va?.2-v3] = [2-2 a]=([65-4)-(V2-v2-V3)

Example 1.4-14

i V0)= [Pree errs]- fh. a 8]- [ASA] -[- 5 WEA] a)

po
Example 1.4-15

Practice Problems - Multiplying Monomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

Section 1.4b Case I Practice Problems - Multiply the following radical expressions:

le ais = De) 240) — 3. %16-%27=

Ae Oae) 10025) 54 ae Situ 1255-9108= 6. 625 .4/324 4/48 =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Case II Multiplying Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

To multiply two binomial radical expressions the following multiplication method known as the
FOIL method needs to be memorized:
(a+b)-(c+d) = (a-c)+(a-d)+(b-c)+(b-d)

Multiply the First two terms, i.e., (a-c).

Multiply the Outer two terms, i.e., (a-d).
Multiply the Inner two terms, i.e., (b-c).
Multiply the Last two terms, i.e., (b-d).
Examples:

1. |(vu+ Vv)-(vu-vv)| =|(vu-Vu)-(vuvv)

+(vv-Vu)-(vv Vv) =|(duea ) -(Vu-v) +(Vu-v)-(vv-v)

2. RBI] [0-5-0
)-6) =f wb = [FS
Binomial radical expressions are multiplied by each other using the following steps:
Step 1 Simplify the radical terms (see Section 1.4a, Case III).
Step 2 Use the FOIL method to multiply each term. Repeat Step 1, if necessary.
(a+b)-(c+d)=(a-c)+(a-d)+(b-c)+(b-a)

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how binomial radical expressions with real
numbers as radicands are multiplied by one another:
Example 1.4-16
(2+ V/2)-(5- v8) =

Solution:

step (er) Vi) = [2] 6Vea] - (2-9) (2)

= (2+V/2)-(s-2v2)

Step 2 (2+ v2)-(5-2v2}]=|(2-5)-(2:2v2)+(s-v2)-(2v2-V2]

(mma eee eae

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Example 1.4-17

(/24 +360).(V25 -V72) =

Solution:
Step 1 (24 +3V60)-(V/25 - /72) = (V4-6 +3V4-15)-(V5-5 - 36-2)

= (V2?-6+ 3v2?-15) (/5? - Jo?-2) =|(2V6 +(3-215).

(5-6v2)

= (2V6 + 6v15)-(5- 62)

Additional Examples - Multiplying Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply radical expressions by one another:
Example 1.4-18

(3+/300)-(8 -v/50)]= |(3+/100-3)-(8-v25-2}]= (3+Vi0-3) (8—Vs?.2) =|(3+10V3)-(8-sv2)

= |(3-8)-3-s)v2
+(8-10)V3 -(10-53 v2]= =
Example 1.4-19

(3+Vi2)-(J75
-/2)]=|(3+ Va-3)-(V25-3
-J2)|=[(34 V2?3)(Vs? 3-2)
=|(3+2v3)-(5v3 -v2)|=(3-5v3 -(3-/2)+(2-5v3-V3)-2(v3-/2)|=[15v3 - 32 +1003-3 -2V3-2|

Example 1.4-20

2) (5-42.28) =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

= (s¥3-¥/3)- (5-293 -¥2)-(2¥4 3/3)+ (2-2/4 42} = |(s¥3-3)-10(

(24-3)
¥3-2)-
+4(¥4-2)

= [53/9 — 103/6 — 23/12 + 43/8 |=|53/9 -1036 — 23/12 + 43/23 |= [53/9 _1096 — 23/12 4(4.2

;
Example 1.4-21

(6V48 +2).(2vi8 - 4) = (6V3-16 +2)-(2V2-9 -4) » (63-4? +2)(22-3? -4)

= (6-4V3 +2)-(2-3v2 -4) = (24V3 +2)-(6V2 -4) = (24V3 -6¥2)-(4-24V3)+(2-6V/2)-(2 4)

= |(24-6V/3-2)—
(963) +(12v2)-8] =
Example 1.4-22

|(-v3 +2)-(3-3)]-(¥3-4) ~ (-3 aE

= |[-3¥3 +3-3+6-2v3]-(V3-4)|= (3-25) s +6).(v3-4 = [-sv3 +3+6]-(v3-4

~ -5V3 +9]-(v3 -4) - -5¥3 - /3)+(5-4W3 +9- v3-(9-4) =|-5/3-3 +20V3 +93 -36]

Practice Problems - Multiplying Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

Section 1.4b Case II Practice Problems - Multiply the following radical expressions:

b. (2V3 +1)-(2+ v2) = ex (1+v5).(v8 + V5) = op (2-v2)-(3+ v2) =

4. (5+v5)-(s—v5?)= vis) =
5. (2+6)-(-¥i6 6. (2-V5)-(/45 +481) =

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Case Ill Multiplying Monomial and Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

To multiply monomial and binomial expressions in radical form the following general
multiplication rule is used:
a:-(b+c)=a-b+a-c

Monomial and binomial expressions in radical form are multiplied by each other using the
following steps:
Step 1 Simplify the radical terms (see Section 1.4a, Case III).
Step 2 Multiply each term using the general multiplication rule, i.e., a-(b+c)=a-bt+a-c.
Repeat Step 1, if necessary.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how monomial and binomial expressions in radical
form are multiplied by one another:
Example 1.4-23
V5-(v50 +227) =

Solution:

ume aT zaalee Fh ae)

ya a ER
sep? [WSN 608]= [2 8) 5-5) - Bi3-6 3][alto os]
Example 1.4-24
-244 .(Yoa - 4162) -
Solution:

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving
i PO SRVOINIDS, Radical
NACIC AL Expressions
EXPTCSSIONS

Additional Examples - Multiplying Monomial and Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply radical terms by one another:
Example 1.4-25

[sV5-(vs
+6v10)] =[avs-v5)+(3v5-6/10)] = [(av5'3)
+(6-6)V/5-10] = [52 +1850

Example 1.4-26

26-5 +50) = [26-8] (v6.50) = [aes 2.65)= a02,00]= [2B0 2.105]

Example 1.4-27

5 (2v5+V6)=[2V5-¥5)+ (V5-V6)] = [233)+ (V5-6)]= b¥"-3" + is]=[ays""

+9-2]

Example 1.4-28

[32-(vi0+4y20)] = (3/2-v10) + (32 -4/20)|=|(3V2-10)

+(3.4)V/2-20 |= [320
+12/40]

= fafa5-12Jee10]= 2?5+ v2vo?10]= [62W5+

(2.20] = [eS+2ato]= [V5+410)
Example 1.4-29

aa -[ UF A) - (A) HNO) -[)-eo]-a

i
Practice Problems - Multiplying Monomial and Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

Section 1.4b Case III Practice Problems - Multiply the following radical expressions:

1. 2¥3-(2+V2)= 8=
+V5)
2. V5-(V 3, (3-3) —

4. 4/98-(3- 2°) = D. 4/48-(/324 + 432) = 6. 2v5-(V45 +481) =

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Case IV Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Monomial Denominators with Real Numbers

Radicals are divided by each other using the following general rule:

i— =—— x20, y)>O

In section 1.4a the difference between rational and irrational numbers was discussed. We learned
that the square root of non perfect squares, the cube root of non perfect cubes, etc. are irrational
numbers. For example, V3, J/7, 10, 3/4, V7, etc. are classified as irrational numbers. In division
of radicals, if the denominator of a fractional radical expression is not a rational number, we
rationalize the denominator by changing the radicand of the denominator to a perfect square, a
perfect cube, etc.
Simplification of radical expressions being divided requires rationalization of the denominator.
A monomial and irrational denominator is rationalized by multiplying the numerator and the
denominator by the irrational denominator. This change the radicand of the denominator to a
perfect square.

Note that V7 is an irrational number. By multiplying J7 by itself the denominator is changed

to a rational number, 1.e., 7.
Oe Sao ae
=a V3 2V5-3 _ 2vi5 _ 2v/i15
ante oe 3 53 Ns
Again, note that V3 is an irrational number. By multiplying V3 by itself the denominator is
changed to a rational number, i.e., 3 .
Radical expressions with monomial denominators are simplified using the following steps:
Ja
Step 1 Change the radical expression {2032
to — a eae simplify.

Step 2 Rationalize the denominator by oe the numerator and the denominator of the
radical expression va by vb.
Vb
Step 3 Simplify the radical expression (see Section 1.4a, Case III).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how radical expressions with monomial
denominators are simplified:
Example 1.4-30
-8v3 |_
32/45

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Solution:
1
r 32v45]
W451 | 32v45] |
E3295) |. 4V9-5]
avoe5i| 0 |
|Eay32.5] | |4.als|
4:3v5] | tas
[12v5

Step 2 V3
SETAE V3 5
x2
a 125"V5
Step 3 pana | eae |_| 5 |_| |e
12/5 -J/5 12/5 x /5 125.5 [ovVsies! 12V¥5!+1

12/52 12-5] | 60
Example 1.4-31

Solution:

° Vel} |ht
Step 2 Be
B)

Note that radical expressions with third, fourth, or higher root in the denominator can also
be rationalized by changing the denominator to a perfect third, fourth, or higher power.
i
_ |3¥8-3 |_| 3¥24 |_}3%/24|_|3-¥/24|_|1-¥/24
$34 31 $/34+1 $135 3 1

Additional Examples: Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Monomial Denominators with Real Numbers

The following examples further illustrate how to solve radical expressions with monomial
denominators:
Example 1.4-32

2) [2 <2| [ax2|
[22] [ool oe] We} [2 |

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Example 1.4-33

7
a] (Wa) (a) [ava]
me res] [eet] (Yoel yore lye|
Example 1.4-34

pe [acl eo) ee al ceed feel geal Lae 3

Example 1.4-35

40v12 |_ 4ovin _|8V12 |_|8v4-3 |_| 8v27-3|_ |(8-2)v3|_|16v3 |_|16v3

v6 |_ |16V3
xV6
sv6_| | 5v6 v6 v6 V6 v6 v6 | [vo v6} | voxv6

8
_|16v3-6 |_| 16V18 |_}16V9-2]_|16v3?-2|_|(16-3)v2]_ |4sv2 -|#2
ie

Example 1.4-36
250
[1000 |_| [1000 |_| [250 _ |/250 |_|/25-10]_|vs*x10]_ |S10
36 36’ 9 Yo | |_v3?2 3 3

Practice Problems: Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Monomial Denominators with Real Numbers

Section 1.4b Case IV Practice Problems - Solve the following radical expressions:

le i = D. [50 = 2h. v15 =

8 4 -§5

ie ee 5 322 = oo ee
16 8 —5/3000

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Case V Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Binomial Denominators with Real Numbers

Simplification of fractional radical expressions with binomial denominators requires rationalization

of the denominator. A binomial denominator is rationalized by multiplying the numerator and the
denominator by its conjugate. Two binomials that differ only by the sign between them are called
conjugates of each other. Note that whenever conjugates are multiplied by each other, the two
similar but opposite in sign middle terms drop out.
Examples:
1. The conjugate of 2+V3 is 2-3.
2. The conjugate of V6-10 is V6 +10.
3. The conjugate of /3-V5 is ¥3+V5.
4. The conjugate of /7+V/2 is /7- 2.
Radical expressions with binomial denominators are simplified using the following steps:
Step 1 Simplify the radical terms in the numerator and the denominator (see Section 1.4a,
Case III).
Step 2 Rationalize the denominator by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by its
conjugate.
Step 3 Simplify the radical expression using the FOIL method (see Section 1.4b, Case II).

Examples with Steps :

The following examples show the steps as to how radical expressions with two terms in the
denominator are simplified:
Example 1.4-37
ieee
220
Solution:

Step 1 Not Applicable

Step“P 2 ee
pe
ee
DSA
ee
RP)

8x(2+V/2} 8.(2+V2)
SE reruns pees |= (2-2)+( 2-2)- (2-2)- (/2-V2)

pe ee (2+V2) |_[s(2+v2)|_[(2+v2)
Aye)
eae.
os Sra | _ Jolt 4-2

aA
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

4
8(2+V2)} |4(2+V2

Example 1.4-38

Solution:
reas
4-2

Me day? aD FASS

a ey || |\FEa O

Stepss 3 pe ed (22 +2)x(4+2))_[(4-202)+(2v2-J2)+0-4)+(2-v3)

| (4-4)+(4-v2)-(4-¥2)-(V2-v2)
4-v2__ 442} | (4-V2)x(4+V2)]

16+ 4V2 -4V2 - 2-2 16-v2? 16-2

14 14 14 14 7

Additional Examples: Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Binomial Denominators with Real Numbers

The following examples further illustrate how to rationalize radical expressions with binomial
denominators:

Pa
Example 1.4-39

3+v5} [3+v5_ 3-5} |(3+V5)x(3-V5) (3-3)-(3-V5)+(3-v5)-(vs-v5)

9-35 435 52 | Ions? 9-5 4

Example 1.4-40

eer el Ree ele

Vi+d2| |Vt4v2 S72

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations ON
Involving
a
a ER Radical
ices Expressions
EXPICSS IOUS

SS
V5-7 - V5.2 +V3-7-V3-2 |_| ¥35-Vi0
Oe eee Ss FS
+V/21-V6 |_| 35-10
ESS
+ 21-6
V7.7 -V7-2 + J2-7-V2-2

_|va5-Ji0+
Jai J
5

Example 1.4-41

3-3 3-3 3-3 3-V3 | [3-v3_ 3+ v3] |(3-V3)x(3+3)

(3-3) +(3-¥3)+(3-3)V3 +(3v3-v3) _|9+3V3 +93 +3V3-3 |_|9+3V3

+9V3 + 3V37
(3-3) +(3-v3)-(3-V3)-(V3- v3) Ge ays aon 9 — 32

eo
1.4-42

‘Beal poee el | Raa es

Opt) SNS. Sei 8 {SSSI

oe osee

5
dps 4+5 38

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.4b Operations Involving Radical Expressions

Case VI Adding and Subtracting Radical Terms

Radicals are added and subtracted using the following general rule:
ky Wa + kyVa + kyWa =(ky thy +kjWa
Only similar radicals can be added and subtracted. Similar radicals are defined as radical
expressions with the same index n and the same radicand a. Note that the distributive property
of multiplication (see Section 1.1) is used to group the numbers in front of the similar radical
terms. Radicals are added and subtracted using the following steps:
Step 1 Group similar radicals.
Step 2 Simplify the radical expression.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how radical expressions are added and subtracted:
Example 1.4-43

-
Solution:

Step1 [62+ 4v2]=

Step 2 (6+4)V/2}=

Example 1.4-44
2073 — 83/3 +533 ]=
Solution:

sepia 08-515]
-[G00

Example 1.4-45
(6V7 + 2/7 =i) =

Solution:

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Additional Examples - Adding and Subtracting Radical Terms

The following examples further illustrate how to add and subtract radical terms:
Example 1.4-46

- -
Example 1.4-47

Example 1.4-48

Note that the two radical terms have the same index (4) but have different radicands (3 and
5). Therefore, they can not be combined.
Example 1.4-49
V5 +395 +.a¥/5 —(4+.aW2 = (1+3+a)¥5 -(4+a)Vv2 = (4+a)V5 -(4+.a)W2 = (4+ a}¥s— 3]

Example 1.4-50

SY2x + 8V2x —2c9/2x + 4V2x -8V2x |=|(5 +8 — 2cV/2x +(4-8)W2x |= |(13-2c)P2x

- 42x
Example 1.4-S1

Example 1.4-52
2V75 +3V125 +V20 +3V10 —4V10 |= |2V25-3 +3V25-5 + V/4-5 + (3-410

= loys? 3 4352-5+V22.5
—10] =[(2-5)v3 + (3-55 + 2V5— v10|= [lov + 1505 +25 — 10
=|10V3 +(15+2)V5 -V10
Example 1.4-53
83/6 +446 + a6 - V5 —4V5|= (8 +44 a6 + (-1- 4) V5]=|(12 + aW6 + (-5)v5 |=

Practice Problems - Adding and Subtracting Radical Terms

Section 1.4b Case VI Practice Problems - Simplify the following radical expressions:
48
(sys Oa 46 — BP 1045 F845 243 =

4. avab—bJab +e ab = 5) 3y8lx —2Qxsl xb 4xVxe = 6. 53/2 +.83/5 =

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5a Introduction to Polynomials

1.5. Polynomials
In this section classification of polynomials and how they are simplified are addressed in section
1.5a, Cases I and II. In addition, math operations involving polynomials which include
multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction of polynomials by polynomials are reviewed in
section 1.5b, Cases I through V.

1.5a Introduction to Polynomials

A polynomial is an algebraic expression that can be expressed in the following general form:
P(x) =a,,%" + Gia Pd 3k ay

where a,, G,-1, G-2> +» and ap are real numbers, n is a positive integer number, and x is a
variable. Note that in the above algebraic expression the + or - signs separate the polynomial
to terms, i.e., a,x”, a,\x"!, a,_>x”*, and ap are each referred to as a polynomial term.
Classification of polynomials and how polynomials are simplified is discussed in the following
two cases.

Case I Classification of Polynomials

Polynomials are usually named by their number of terms and are stated by the degree of the
highest power of the variable in the polynomial. A polynomial is defined in the following way:
1. Definition of a Polynomial
A polynomial is a variable expression consisting of one or more terms. Note that in a polynomial
the variable in each term has positive integer exponent. For example,

x? +5x, x7 42x45, ba he 3x7,

S 3 6
9u° + 8u> —6u—5, x? -1, and yy

are polynomials. However,

Dx = Syeme re eS 6x4 +4 42x? —5x, eyecare anaes

x w W x?

2m" -—m +m, and ye +3y -=— 27 +6

are not polynomials since the variable in one or more terms of the polynomials contain negative
integer exponents.

Note that polynomial terms can have one or more variables. For example,
x4? +2x7y3 +3x7y? +2xy-5, V5a‘b? + J3a7b? — V2ab +12 5

8x4 y727 +3x7y2z-2xyz +1, and rst? +3rs7t +2r?st — rst +3

are polynomials with two and three variable terms. In these instances a polynomial can be
written in standard form in different ways depending on the variable selected.
For example, the polynomial x*y? +2xy? -x° -3x?y* +5 is written in standard form as:

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5a Introduction to Polynomials

e -x° +(y? 4 +(-3y4)x? +(2y?}e +5 for the variable x, and

® (-3x?|y4 +(x4))? +(2x)y? =) for the variable y

(See the solutions to example 1.5-4 in Section 1.5a, Case II for the variables x, and y).
2. Classification of Polynomials
Polynomials are named by their number of terms. For example, a polynomial with one term only
is called a monomial. A polynomial with two terms is called a binomial and a polynomial with
three terms is called a trinomial. A polynomial with more than three terms is simply called a
polynomial. For example,
2 : :
Baecce O0ay2y ky 4 eye. 5 y’z> , and 8w are referred to as monomial expressions.

2 1 ; ;
Say 2x | y tl, Jab +5 Rota : sw + dw , and x+2 are referred to as binomial
expressions.
1 4
@ x -2x* +6x ; yl +4y? 42y : tay Sry ew a® —4a> +6a , and -—m*-—m>+6m are
3 5
referred to as trinomial expressions.
@ xo 4x7 46x41 . wri—2w+4w? +7 F xy Sai +6xy+1 , and ~x4 ~2x346x7+7x-5 are
referred to as polynomial expressions.
3. Degree of Polynomials
The degree of a polynomial is determined by the highest power of the variable in the polynomial.
For example,
e 25x9 =25 is a zero degree polynomial.
e@ 2x! 41=2x41 is a first degree polynomial.
e@ 327+6z-4 is a second degree polynomial.
e -34+5n? is a third degree polynomial.
@ 4g9 4 244207 ba +2 is a fourth degree polynomial.
© 2u—V3u° -3u* +2 is a sixth degree polynomial.
© m*+2m> +3m> —m+2 is an eighth degree polynomial.
In general, the degree of a polynomial is an indication of the number of roots that polynomial
has. (In Chapter 3 students learn how to factor second or higher degree polynomials.)
4. Polynomials in Standard Form
A polynomial in standard form is defined as a polynomial in which the terms of the polynomial
are written in order from the highest to the lowest power of the variable. For example,
yonsy =o)" +6. OP =e ae a x4 +2x-1, and erat

are polynomials written in standard form. Note that the powers in a polynomial written in
standard form decreases as we go from left to right.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5a Introduction to Polynomials

In general, when a polynomial is written with the highest power of the variable first, followed by
the second, third, fourth, fifth, etc. highest power of the variable, the polynomial is said to be in
descending order.
Table 1.5-1 show examples of polynomials indicating their type, degree, and number of terms.
Table 1.5-1: Polynomials
Polynomial in Standard
Form

trinomial
binomial
monomial

polynomial

4 gil on not a polynomial

23

: Practice Problems - Classification of Polynomials

Section 1.5a Case I Practice Problems - Write the following polynomials in standard form and
identify each polynomial type, its degree, and number of terms.
lee 3y40x° —6 DY 6p 942

3. 2w+6w* +8w> 4. 6y

5. WD 6. -16+2x4

Case lI Simplifying Polynomials

Polynomials are simplified using the following steps:

Step 1 Group like terms.
Step 2 Combine like terms and write the polynomial in standard form.
Note that like terms are defined as polynomial terms having the same variables raised to the
same power. For example, in the polynomial expression:
By? +5y? Dy yt Sy 20 3 y ed

8y°, yes and 5y°; Sy? and y”; —yand -3y; —20 and +4;
are like terms of one another.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
e 1.5a Introduction Was
to Polynomials
lerro Oryaomials.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how polynomials are simplified:
Example 1.5-1
18x? +2x? ~ 5x? ~2x —x? =
Solution:

Step 1 18x> +2x? — 5x —~2x-x?|= (18x? ~ 5x3)+(2x? -x?)-2x

Step 2 (is? - 5x3)+ (2x? -x?)-2x = (182 5)e o(2—0)x2 = 2x |=

Example 1.5-2
2w* +4w? —w' -8+2w-w2 +4|=
Solution:

Step 1 E
2 AW8 Dowel (2»4 -w')+(4w? —w?)+(-8+4)+2w

Step 2 (204 -w*)+(4w3 -w3)+(-8+4) +20]=|(2-1)w4 + (4—1)w? -4 +20

= [wt +303 —4+2w]= [w#+30? +20—4]

Additional Examples - Simplifying Polynomials

The following examples further illustrate how to simplify and write polynomials in standard form:
Example 1.5-3

~Aw" +3w> =5+2w" +23 —5w7 + Ww -3]=|(—4w7 +2w” — Sw”)+ (309 +20? +09) + (5-3)

=|(-4+2-5)w’ +(3+2+1)w® -8|=

Example 1.5-4

SO ye +x yt 5x3y? ~8xy? +3x3y° ~6x7y = ary: +(5x3y° +3x3y°)—Bxy? +(-6x?y +x7y)

= yy +(5+3)x?y° —8xy* +(-6+1)x7y = ~2x4 3 + 8x3 y° ~ 8xy? ~5x7y

(-2y°)x* + (ay5}x° + (-Sy)x? +(-8y?}x in standard form for the variable x

8x? |y>
y +(-2x4 y> +(-8x y? +(-5x? y instandard form for the variabley

Example 1.5-5

ase ye Sy” +12)! USy* +y? oye —Sy|= (-sy’ +12y7)+(y—Sy)+(5y° +y°)+(-sy4 -3y')

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5a Introduction to Polynomials

= [sH12y" 39468 +5-3)4]= fy?49+695894]= [+698 -ay*a)

Example 1.5-6

Sm® + 5m} +10m® — 6~ m+ 3m} + 4m+9|= (5m° +10m> — m5)+(5m?+3m?)+(-6+9)+4m

=|(5+10—-1)m? 5 +(5+3)m” 3 +3+4m|=|14m°

= = 5
+ 8m” 3 +3+4m| == [l4m? 5 + 8m" 3 + 4m +3
Example 1.5-7

= e 1) (near 2 (2444 See a eee.

3) 8 pes 4 4 3 2:3 4 3 6 4

sf Vag elena|el tele |2

1 6 1 6 6

Practice Problems - Simplifying Polynomials

Section 1.5a Case II Practice Problems - Simplify the following polynomial expressions.
Write the answer in standard form.

1... =x? +.4x.—8x7 +3x—5x? —5x = 2. 2y#2y>? -54+4y—Sy 41+ y=

Beta a 3.4409
Fat = 4. 3x42x4
42x? —7x 5x =

5. 2rs+4r?s?
—20+ 2rs—5r°s? -3 = 6. 2xyz+2x?y>z3 410-42 -4 =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations with Polynomials

1.5b Operations with Polynomials

In this section multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction of polynomial expressions is
addressed in Cases I through V.
Case I Multiplying Monomials
Polynomials are multiplied by each other using the general product rule (see Section 1.1). Note
that polynomials with like terms are multiplied by one another using the multiplication law for
exponents (see Section 1.3). Monomial expressions are multiplied by each other using the
general exponent rule, i.e.,
(aox”) (ax") = (aoa) -(x™x") = (aoa): fea | When monomial terms have the same variable.
or,
(aox”) (a»”) 5 (aga) -(x"") When monomial terms have different variables.

where ap, and a, are real numbers, x and y are variables, and m and n are integer numbers.
Multiplication of monomial expressions is divided to two cases. Case Ia - multiplication of
monomials by monomials, and Case Ib - multiplication of polynomials by monomials.

| Casella Multiplying Monomials by Monomials |

Monomials are multiplied by one another using the following steps:

Step 1 Group the like terms with each other.
Step 2 a. Multiply the numerical coefficients (see Section 1.1).
b. Multiply the variables using the exponent rule x”-x” = x”*” (see Section 1.3).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how monomials are multiplied by one another:
Example 1.5-8

Solution:
b)b]-
Step 1 (3x3)-(2x7y) = (3-2)-(x3-x?)-y

Step 2 (3-2)-(x3-x?)-y =(6-2*?.y]=[6x5y]

Example 1.5-9
(3276%c5).(56c*)-(4a°b°°) =

Solution:
Step 1 (34763c5).(567e4) -(4a°b°c°) - (3-5-4)-(a? -a”).(63 -b?-6°),.(c5-c4 3)

Step 2 (3-5-4)-(a° -a?).(6° ibe -b°).(c8 Gs -c3) = ng

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Additional Examples - Multiplying Monomials by Monomials

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply monomials by monomials:

Example 1.5-10

FP) aE) - la
Example 1.5-11

(3:?)-(69)-(2*y')]=|6-5-2)-
(2?=-2?)-(9°-»}]= poxo*]=
ae
1.5-12

wee
1.5-13

60) - eof
0
)b a )-BE
Example 1.5-14

(7s)
22)G2)=|(6-2-4)
(0?2}22]= [62]
=[4%
Example 1.5-15

(3276?) (2a8)-(32°} = (3-2-3)-(a? -a-a°).(6?-6) =[ig-a24*0.52+1] = |180°59]

|__Practice
Problems -Multiplying Monomials byMonomials
Section 1.5b Case Ia Practice Problems - Multiply the following monomials by each other:
1. (2ax)-(3a?x?)= 2. (sx2y2).(2x)-(4y) =

oe (6x7)" (3x?) -(-2x) = 4. (x?»)-Gxy)-(4x4y?) --

5. (3x?y?)-(2xy°).(52°y) = 6. (8a7b)-(2a)-(3a7b3) =

CaseIb Miultiplying Polynomials by Monomials

Polynomials are multiplied by monomials using the following steps:

Step 1 Group like terms with each other.
Step 2 Multiply each term of the polynomial by the monomial by:
a. Multiplying the numerical coefficients (see Section 1.1).
b. Multiplying the variables using the exponent rule x” -x” = x"*” (see Section 1.3)

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Examples with Steps :

The following examples show the steps as to how polynomials are multiplied by monomials:
Example 1.5-16
(2x! +3x? +5x—x4 4x? -3)-(3x?) =

Solution: |

Step 1 (2x4 + 3x7 +5x—x4 +x? -3)-(3x?] = (2x4 =a Bye ext + 5x —3)-(3x?]

= (2x* - x4)+ (3x? +x?) +52 -3]-(3?) = [(2-1

)x* ++ I)x" + 5x-3]-(3x”)

= es + 4x? +5x—3].(3x?)

Step 2 [=*+4x? +5x—3]-(3x7] = be x?) 4(4-3)(x? -x?)4(5-3)(x-x7)-(3-3)x

=|By i alone? esate On| ised owe 1Suee Oe

Example 1.5-17

(v27x? -2+V8x+V36)-V125x =
Solution: | .

=
Additional Examples - Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials _

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply polynomial expressions by monomials:
Example 1.5-18

(sab? +3ab—2ab? — ab+1)-(3ab)| = (520? ~2a°b”)

+(3ab— ab) +1)-(3ab)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations with Polynomials

=|[(5-2)a?6? + (3-1)ab
+1]-(3a8)|=|[3a70? + 206 + 1]-(3ab)| =|(3-3)(a? -a)(b? -b)+ (2-3)(a-a)(b-b)
+3ab

=|9q2+1p24! 4 6gl41ZH1 4 305] = 19033

+ 60752 + 30d
Example 1.5-19

(-3x? + 4x3 +x-5+2x3)-(-2x?) os (4*° +2x3)— 3x? +x~5]-(-22"] = [(4+2)x° — 3x? +x~3|-(-2x7]

= (6x? 29x +x-5)-(-2x?) = -(6-2)(x? -x?)4(3-2)(x?

=|~12x3+2 4 62+? — 2x1? 4.102] =|-12x5 + 6x4 — 2x3 +10x?

Example 1.5-20

(4° Hae =O Sn! +(3x)°}-(22°) =|(42° +32? -3+3x5 +1)-(2x9))=[[3x° + 4x? +32?(-3-+1)]-(2x°)

= [3x°+ 4x3 43x? -2]-(2x°) =

= 6x3 + 8x3+3 + 6x23 ~4x? = 6x® +8x° +6x> ~4x3

Example 1.5-21

(37? +379 - 51+ 214 +21-2)-1?|= [214 +30? +317+(21-5/)-2)-2?|= [2i* +37? +31? +(2-syr—2].?

= (214 +315 +37? -31-2)-7? = P)-2P

= |274+2 4.37342 4 372+2 _ 37142 _ 9/2] = |27® +375 4.374 — 373 — 2)?

Practice Problems - Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials

Section 1.5b Case Ib Practice Problems - Multiply the following polynomial expressions by
monomials:

i 2-(5x? Sa eae -x+5] = De (2x?y-sy? + 3x7 p—2y? +3)-(3x?y?] =

S (5x° +2x? -543x-2x3).(-2x)? = 4. 6w-(4w+2w? +2—3w+w?) =

2
5. 2x-(2x?) (5x? +3x-2x? + 2-2) = 6. (vie2 + V9x-2x? + Vi6x3)-(2x3) =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations with Polynomials

~ Case II Multiplying Binomials by Binomials

Binomials are multiplied by one another using the multiplication method known as the FOIL
method (see Section 1.4b, Case II). In general, binomials are multiplied by each other in the
following way:

(aox” + ayx""™)(dox" + bx”)

(ao -by)-(x” x")+(ag -by)-(x" x ™ 4(ay -by)-(x"™ x") (a -by)-(x"™ oo)

3 agbo(x”*") + agbi(x""™") + aybo(x™™" 4 ayby(x™-™"—™

agbo(x?”) te aghy(x?"-”) ats aybg(x?"-™) oF ayb; ea) = aybyx*" SLs (ab, oF ayby)x*"™ ote ajbyxeta™

where n and m are positive integer numbers and n>m.

Binomials are multiplied by one another using the following steps:

Step 1 a. Simplify each binomial term, if possible.
b. Multiply the terms of the first binomial by each term of the second binomial using
the FOIL method.
Step 2 Group like terms with each other.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how binomials are multiplied by each other:
Example 1.5-22
(x?+ 3x)(x + 8) =

Solution:

Step 1 (x? +3x)(x+8) = (x?-x)+(8-x7)+3(x-x)+(3-8) =|x3 48x? 43x? +24x

Step 2 x3 + 8x7 43x? +24x|= x? +(8+3)x? +24x

+24x|= |x? + 11x?
Example 1.5-23

(/225x + 2)(5x-v/81)| =
Solution:

Step 1 (/225x +2)(sx - v81}|= (Vis?x+2)(sx—vs?) = |(15x +2)(5x -9)

= |(05-3)(e-%)
(5-9) +(2-5) —(2-9)] = [75x —135x+10-18]
sep? (is asenecial= [eo 19s a= Pate
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations with Polynomials

Additional Examples - Multiplying Binomials by Binomials

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply binomials by one another:
Example 1.5-24

(«+ /98)(x-2Vi62)]=|(x-+V49-2)(r-2V81-2)|=|(x+V7?-2}(x-2v?-2} =|(x +7V2}(x-(2-9)v2)

=|(x +7V2)(x-18V2)]=|(x-x) -(18V2 -x)+ (72 -x)-(7-18)-(v2-v2) ~ |?-18y/2x4 WW2x-126(2-2)|

= |x? +(-18+7)V2x -126V2? =|? -11V2x —(126-2)]= [x?-11V2x 252]

Example 1.5-25

(2°= v8)(6 + v506?} . (2° V4-2)(b+/25.26 2 V2?-2)\(o+ V5?26? =|(0° - 2v2)(b + 5V20?)

=|(3 -5)+5v/2(6°
0?) 2V2 -b-(2V2 -5/2 \b?]=|b4 + 5/205 - 2V2b - (2-5)v2-287

=|»
~2/26—10V2?
+5268 62]=[04+ 526% 220 (10-2)? = [s/268 +b* — 2067 —2/2b
Example 1.5-26

(3a) = [eae ada) = Laat a l= [a a

= [ud+ —1)u?
—302]= lu +203 —307]
Example 1.5-27

G0 aoeAE][Gor [ae
= (4-4) +34](4q? - 34) = (2°+3q)(4q -34) = (4° q’ ie

Practice Problems - Multiplying Binomials by Binomials

Section 1.5b Case II Practice Problems - Multiply the following binomial expressions:
IN (x +3)(x -2) = 2, (-y +8)(y-6) =

3 (2 - 2xy)(-y? +2xy) = 4. (2°-a*)(a -6) =

5. (vx? -axVe5 (ve -4) = i (* 97 )(b? -ah) =

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Case III Dividing Polynomials by Monomials and Polynomials

Polynomials are divided by one another using a similar method like the long division used in
arithmetic operations. To divide a polynomial, a trinomial, or a binomial by a monomial we
divide each term in the numerator which is separated by a + or a - sign by the denominator.
In general, polynomials are divided by monomials in the following way:
=} = = =
Ux Han lik bt aqeox, atay Pr aane 4 In=1e" anes an , 40
bx bx eee be Breet og ube
where a,,, Gn-1, 4-25 +; 4), and 5 are real numbers, n and m are positive integer numbers,
and x is a variable. For example,
l6y4 +5y>+4y7+8y+20 _ l6oy* Sy? 4y? 8y 20
2? 4 4 5
4 4 ay ee eae
Note that we can not divide out only one term of the polynomial in the numerator by the
denominator, i.e., we can not do the following:
2
4x3 — 5x7 +.6x412 2 4x3 —5x?
+6x +12
5 2
1
instead,
2 3 6
4x~
ree
—5x*+6x+4+ 3 2
12 = 4x _ Sx ox 2 = De eee mace
2 2 2 Ib. Ga 2
l 1 l
Division by monomial and polynomial expressions is divided to three cases. Case III a - dividing
monomial by monomials, Case III b - dividing binomials by monomials, and Case III c - dividing
polynomials by polynomials.

Case IIIa - Dividing Monomials by Monomials

Monomials are divided by one another using the following steps:

Step 1 Simplify the monomials in both the numerator and the denominator.
Step 2 Divide the numerator by the denominator using the exponent rules (see Section 1.3)
for dividing a variable, i.e.,
ri n eee n-m “ .
—= =X i eR euifit)
Pa l
or,
ie ae ifnim
n
x 1 ;
x™ sell n

where n and m are positive integer numbers and x is a variable.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how monomials are divided by each other:
Example 1.5-28
V8x3y2
243xy

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations with Polynomials

Solution:
eps J4-Dx2y2
Step 1 ee.esfeel
ae
xy?

Step 2 xy? |_|av2 x3x7!

2v2x?y? |_|2V2 x!y3 |_|2v2 x “5 sae
93xy3 9v3 9/3 yy? 9/3 y3-2 ea ee
a ay Bg yy
Example 1.5-29
~J/12a*b*c eS
V225abce*
Solution:

sient ~V12a*b"c ae V4-3a*b7c A _V27+3a75*c wie

V225abc* V15-15abc4 152 abet

Step 2 _2N3a*b7e Bee ia Cale

P 1S5abc* 15 qlplc4

aleae
e 2s

2s

| Additional Examples - Dividing Monomials by Monomials

The following examples further illustrate how to divide monomials by each other:
Example 1.5-30
6.4 5. -l
Gano) 6.5 : 6-4 1
rd | al
x4y x4y! |

Example 1.5-31

Example 1.5-33

J
Nee
2 eee
64 x3y?
ze|Arey |AlLeyte | dete ty calee
gx3)? oe pal | i. oo Nt | esos |ae

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations with Polynomials

Example 1.5-34
28

—V36v36] | Ve}2 | 6§ 3 3

Example 1.5-35

49 x [ y2+1, 242

, 2 [ 2+2.,2+2+2

Br oye | | Te ly
wD jal |

eee ere

Practice Problems - Dividing Monomials by Monomials

Section 1.5b Case IIIa Practice Problems - Divide the following monomial expressions:
= Poe)
i: 4xyz _ pa eave Toxey. a
a oouw 3, =
—12xy

4 -36x> y>z4 a 5 ~9a*b*c? za 6 ~24Im? n? =

© 25x23 39964 3.03 12/*mn

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Case IIIb Dividing Binomials by Monomials

Binomials are divided by monomial expressions using the following steps:

Step 1 Simplify each term in the numerator and the denominator.
Step 2 Divide each binomial term by the denominator using the exponent rules (see Section
1.3) for dividing a variable, 1.e.,
cone n x n-m e
—s= =e Maton
oe I
or,
n
83 1 ,
= ifnim
x” pte n

where n and m are positive integer numbers and x is a variable.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how binomials are divided by monomials:
Example 1.5-36

-15¥.a? +10Va2 ae,

esa.
Solution:

Step 1 =15va"Sa+10Va"
He seeSq2 ita |=isteal+00)| Ise 1

Step 2

Example 1.5-37

Solution:

Step 1

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations with Polynomials

Step 2

Additional Examples - Dividing Binomials by Monomials

The following examples further illustrate how binomials are divided by monomials:
Example 1.5-38

10x? — 5x? 10x? —5x? 10x2x~2 5x7x~2 x 22 Mh

5x? 5x2 5x > 5 1 1

Example 1.5-39
m+n‘ 2 m : n' id Pe |BL ne
22 mn? men n2 ?)

Example 1.5-40
ery | Wigs en 44 ye? ° Mee Maneyee 1 ty

ay bot! + av b2*2 av b> - pb! +avb2 -b2

242 a? bh? Di)

a a“b

a'blVb | alb* |_ $B cmp stl | a acne a

abe atb?| la2at-b2b7) ata | lee tae a2 AR

Practice Problems - Dividing Binomials by Monomials

Section 1.5b Case IIIb Practice Problems - Divide the following binomial expressions by monomials:
1 CoO x y3z44x7y? fe =a°bec-Fatbes
. 1D 7h On epee eee Te 3: a
ae
i —2xy~z —a’ bc

4 hic? ES 5 mn?l + ml? in 6 36y? ~18y? ==

OSE
Bie NGO N ED Op es a
7248 mnl 9y

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations Involving Polynomials

Case IIIc Dividing Polynomials by Polynomials

Whole numbers are divided by one another using the long division method which can be
summarized as: selecting a quotient, multiplying the quotient by the divisor to obtain a product,
subtracting the product from the dividend, and bringing down the next digit/dividend term.
Polynomials are divided by one another in a similar way as the long division method used for
whole numbers. The following are the steps for dividing two polynomials by each other:
Step 1 a. Select the first term for the quotient which divides the first term of the dividend by
the first term of the divisor.
b. Multiply the selected first term of the quotient by the divisor.
. Write the product under the dividend.
Step la ©
a Change the signs of the product written under the dividend.
e. Subtract the product from the dividend.
. Bring down the next term from the dividend to obtain a new dividend.
lamp)

Step 2 a. Select the second term for the quotient which divides the first term of the new
dividend by the first term of the divisor.
b. Multiply the selected second term of the quotient by the divisor.
c. Write the product under the new dividend.
Step 2a _ d. Change the signs of the product written under the new dividend.
e. Subtract the product from the new dividend to obtain a remainder. If a remainder
is not obtained, proceed with the next step.
f. Bring down the next term from the dividend to obtain another new dividend.
g. Repeat Steps 2a. through 2/. until a remainder is obtained.

To check the answer multiply the quotient by the divisor and add in the remainder. The result
should match the dividend.
Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how polynomials are divided by one another:
Example 1.5-42: Divide x4 +8x? +16x? +5x by x7 +3x41.
Solution:
23
x first term of the quotient
Step 1 eee | ee +8x>+16x7 45x dividend

divisor +x443x34 x?

x?

Step la x? 43x41 Jax4 + 8x? +16x* + 5x

ix oy ce

45x? 4 15x? + 5x new dividend

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations Involving Polynomials

2
x" +5x first and final term of the quotient
Step 2 x? 43x41 ae + 8x? +16x7 + 5x
es 43x? + x?

+5x3 +15x? + 5x

+5x3 415x2 45x

D
xu +5x quotient
Step 2a Pood oe 8° 16x- 45x dividend
divisor +x 4+3x° + x?

+5x? +15x + 5x
+5x3 + 15x74 5x
0 remainder

The answer is x? +5x with remainder of zero.

Check: (x?~ 5x)(x? +3x +1) = be x?)4x? +x)+(x? -1)+ 5(x-x?)+(5-3)(x-x)+(5-I)

= 944373 4.47 4503 415x7 45x = x4 +(3x3 +5x3)+(x? +15x?) 45x

= x4 +(3+5)x? +(I + 15)x? +5x = x448x°+16x?+5x which is the same as the dividend

Example 1.5-43: Divide 6x* +19x+18 by 3x+5.

Solution:
2x first term of the quotient
Step 1 3x+5 +6x7 +19x+18 dividend
divisor 46x2 +10x

2x.
Step la 3x +5 }+6x7 +19x +18
+6x~ + 10x
+9x+18 new dividend

2x +3 first and final term of the quotient

Step 2 3x +5 )46x2 +19x +18
+6x7 + 10x
+9x+18
+9x+15

2x +3 quotient
Step2a 3x45 +6x +19x+18 dividend
divisor +6x* +10x
+9x+18

+9x +15
+ 3 remainder

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations Involving Polynomials

‘ , , 3
The answer is 2x+3 with remainder of +3, or 2x+3+ are

Check: (2x +3)(3x +5)+3 = (2-3)(x-x)+(2-5)x+(3-3)x +(3-5)+3 = 6x? +10x+9x +1543

= "Ore (10x + 9x) + (15 + 3) = 6x72 +19x+18 which is the same as the dividend

Additional Examples - Dividing Polynomials by Polynomials

The following examples further illustrate how to divide two polynomials by each other:
Example 1.5-44: Divide x? +6x? +14x+20 by x+3.
Solution:
x? +3x+5

x+3 4x3 + 6x? +14x +20

4x3 43x?

$3x7 + 14x
+3x? +9 x
+5x+ 20

+5x + 15
+5
A , ‘ 5
The answer is x? +3x+5 with remainder of +5, or x? +3x+5+ =
ete

Example 1.5-45: Divide 2x° +3x4 -9x3 +12x-18 by 2x-3.

Solution:
x4 43x? 46
phat J2x8 3x 9x 4 lox 18
42x° +3x4

+6x4 — 9x?
+6x* ~9x3
+12x-18
+ 12x +18
0
The answer is x‘ +3x° +6 with remainder of zero.

Practice Problems - Dividing Polynomials by Polynomials

Section 1.5b Case IIIc Practice Problems - Divide the following polynomial expressions:

1. 3x? +10x+3 by x+3 2. x44+7x34+13x7 417x410 by x45

Seu =x) 2x. = 2x7 4 5x10 by x2 4. 2x4 45x? =4x? +16x=15 by 24 +45

Deine 13x + 13x = 15x25 by x5 * 6.) Sixt gx? 6x" = 003 by 2x 43

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations Involving Polynomials

CaseIV Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Horizontally

Polynomials are added and subtracted by combining their numerical coefficients while keeping
the like terms. Polynomials can be added horizontally or vertically. Polynomials are horizontally
added and subtracted using the following steps:
Step 1 Write the polynomial in descending order.
Step 2 Group the like terms. (Note: In the case of subtraction, change the sign in each term
of the polynomial being subtracted before grouping the like terms.)
Step 3 Add or subtract the like terms.

Examples with Steps :

The following examples show the steps as to how polynomials are added and subtracted
horizontally:
Example 1.5-46
ie +3x? +5)+(x° + 8x +2x"] =

Solution:

Step 1 ce + 3x? +5)+(x° + 8x +2x"] - (3x° +x? +5)+(x° +2x? +8x]

Step 2 (3x3 +x? +5)+(x? +2x? + 8x) - (3x3 +29) +(x? +2x?) 48x45

Step 3 (3x3 +x3)+(x? 42x?) 48x +5 =|(3+1)x? +(1+2)x? +8x +5/= Axo 3X 8x45

Example 1.5-47
(y+ i 3ye +3)-(3y? +2y-y3] =

Solution:

Step 1 (y+ +3y3+3)-(3y? +2y-y'] = (3y3 +»? + y+3)-(-»? +3y? +29)

Step 2 (3y3 +y? +y+3)-(-y? +3y? +29) = (3y3 +»? + y+3)+(+y9 -3y? -2y)

= (3v3 + »9)+(y? -3y?)+(y-2y)+3

Step 3 (3y3 + y°)+(y?-3y?]+(y-2y)+3 =|(3+1)y? +(1-3)y? +(1-2)y +3

= 4y> —2y? —y+3

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations Involving Polynomials

Additional Examples - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Horizontally

The following examples further illustrate how to add and subtract polynomials horizontally:
Example 1.5-48
(-3x3 - 5x — 6x +7x°)—(12x3 + 5x? —3x)]=|(—3x? — 5x — 6x + (7-1))
+(12x? - 5x? +32)

= |(-3x? 12x)
-5x?+ (-5x - 6x + 3x) +7]=|(-3-12)x9 - 5x? + (5-6 +3)x +7] = [AS —Sx? 847
Example 1.5-49
(x3 axe +6x4 - 5)+(5x 3x2 ae +2x°) nS (6x +x? EeGiee -5)+(-3x7 axe +5x+2x°)

= (-6x* ~x? ~3x? +5)+(-3x7 £2x- +5x+(2-1)) = 6x" +(-x? ~3x3)+(-3x? —2x?)45x+(5+2)

= [-608(21-3)
+(3-2)? +5e+7]= Loxt—ax? 52? +5x47]
Example 1.5-50
(3x5 +49 +x + 2x?) + (5x~ 3x? Sys +3) = (3x° +2x4 OG +4x°)+ (3x4 axe + 5x +3)

=|(3x5 + 2x4 +22? + 4)+(-3x4 -3x? +52 +3]]=[325 + (2x4 -3x4)4(2x? -3x?)
+5x4(443)

=|3x5 +(2-3)x4 +(2-3)x? 45x47] =

Example 1.5-51

(7x+323 2x? +5)+(2x-3x? +x°)—(x? +423) = (3x3 - 2x? + 7x +5)+(-3x? +20+2°)—(4x3 +x?

= (3x3 - 2x? + 7x-+5)+(—3x? +2x+1)+(—4x? -x?) = (3x3 - 4x3)+(—2x? -3x? -x?) + (7x + 2x) +(5+1)

=|(3-4)x? +(-2-3-1)x? +(74+2)x+6 = [x3 6x? +9x+6]

Section 1.5b Case IV Practice Problems - Add or subtract the following polynomials horizontally:
ibs (x?+2x5 -3x+2)+(3x3 42-25) = Be (y-y? +2y4 +3y? -3)+(2y4 +3 +5-y?) =

or (3x-3x? +5x-3)-(-2x+5-2? +2) = 4. (92 +27 ye + dxyz)+(4x?yz-x?yz + 2292] =

D5 (-2ab-3+207b) + (-3ab+ 076? +2(a8)’) = 6. be at Ay, +3x4x?)—(x—3x Pe - 3x8) =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations Involving Polynomials

Case V__ Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Vertically

Polynomials are vertically added and subtracted using the following steps:
Step 1 Write the polynomials in descending order.
Step 2 Group the like terms in each polynomial separately. (Note: In the case of subtraction,
change the sign in each term of the polynomial being subtracted before grouping the
like terms.)
Step 3 Write the like terms under one another.
Step 4 Add or subtract the like terms.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how polynomials are added and subtracted vertically:
Example 1.5-52
be +x 43x? +4x)+(x? + 3x =x? +x] PS

Solution: .
Step 1 (x‘+x+3x? +4x)+(x? ele ee +3] = (x‘+ 3x? +x +x)+(3x4 -x> +x +x]

Step 2 (x‘+ 3x? +x +x)+(3x4 Sea +x) = [=*+3x° + (4+ 1)x]+ (3x4 ee +1]

= a +3x? +5x)+(3x4 _x3 eG +x]

4 3
x’ +3x + 5x
Step 3 (x4 +3x9 +5x)+ (34-29 +2? +3] =
3x7 — xotx74 x

Step 4 x1 43x? +5x x4 43x3 + 5x

e =

y 3x4 — x3 4x7 4 5% 3x4 — x3 4x24 36

4x! +2x3 +x? + 6x

Example 1.5-53
x ei! +2x+5)—(5x-3x4 —x+3x+6
cara —=——

Solution:

Step 1 Ca
x5 4x4 +2x45)—(5x-3x4 x 43x +6) 2 (x5 +4 +2x45)-(-3x4 +5x+3x—x+6)

Step 2 (x5 +x4+2045)-(-3x4 +51 +3x-x+6) = (x5 +24 +21 +5)+(3x4 -5x-3+x-6)

= (x5+x4+2x+5)+[3x4 +(-5-3+1)x—6] = (x5 4x4 +2x+5)+(3x4 - 72-6)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 1.5b Operations Involving Polynomials

The x) 42x45
Step 3 (x5 +x4+2x+5)+(3x4 - 7-6) =|*
Ox 10-6

xo + x4 42x45 xo+ x4 42x45

Step 4
Tox ey 26 3K 7x6
x4 4x4 —5x-1

Additional Examples - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Vertically

The following examples further illustrate how to add and subtract polynomials vertically:
Example 1.5-54
(»°+2y+4y? +3y?)-(y° Dy" -4y +3y+4) = (4»° oye +2y+y°)-(y? ays -4y +3y+4)

= (4y3+3y? +2y4y°]4(-y3 +2y? +4y—3y-4] = (4y9 +3y? +2y +1)+(-y9 +29? + (4-3)y-4)

AVs3 etoy ‘2 tly)

”
= (493 +3y? +2y +1]+(-»3 +2y? + ya) =
—-y +2y"+ y-4

3y>+5y7+3y-3
Example 1.5-55

2 (»?2? + 5y222 42yz -15)+(—4y?2? +2yz - 30-3) = ((1+5)y?2? +2yz-15)+(—ay?2? +2yz -(30+3)]

6y*z* +2yz-15
6y*z7 = 22 -15]+(-4y2? + 2yz -33) a
|
—4y*7? +2 yz —33
2y*z? + 4yz — 48
Example 1.5-56
(x?y? +2x*y? +2x45)+(3x?y? -3-6x+5] = (x?y? +2x*y? +2x+5)+(3x7y? - 6-345}

3x7 y? +2x+5
(1+2)x?y? +2x +5)+(3x?y? - 6x
eens
+(-35)}]=|(3x2»? +2x +5)+(3x?y?
-6x +2}]=

Practice Problems - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Vertically

Section 1.5b Case V Practice Problems - Add or subtract the following polynomials vertically:
ie (x?+2x+x?)4 (32-229) = Di (y+y? +3y° +4)+(2+y? aye +2y] =

3. (x?+x? -3+3x?)—(-2x3 - 5x +5} = 4. ie gy eo -42+2)+(2? +4z° +29] =

5. (a3 -2a+a+2~3a*)+(-2a3 - 4a -3) = 6. (u? + 2u+u+5)+(-2u? -3-Su-8) =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 2 Case Problems

Chapter 2
One Variable Linear Equations and Inequalities
Quick Reference to Chapter 2 Case Problems
Zel Introduction to Linear Equations.......0....0.0..0.cccccccccccccsscssescscescsssececsscsceecsecscesceseseeseeees 100
22 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations..............0..0000cccccccccccescssessesssssesseeeeeeeees 103
Case I - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Equations, p. 103

5 >) 5 3 2 5 8

Case II - Multiplication and Division of Linear Equations, p. 1/0

eee : Rhee ; ee
3 5) 8 5

Case III - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Equations, p. 116

5x = 20+3x]; [4y-2=3y +8]; —Sm+5=-3m+2

2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations. ...............

cccccceccceseceseceneeeececeaeeeeseceseeeseees 122
Case I - Solving Linear Equations Containing Parentheses and Brackets, p. 122

Peas: Ga: Pape

Case II - Solving Linear Equations Containing Integer Fractions, p. 127
PZ 1] 2 2
= eS | ae
ee fed

Case III - Solving Linear Equations Containing Decimals, p. 133

; |L25(x-0.2)-(05x-1)=0]; |55-(x-02)-|(x-5)+045]=0
2.4 MOOVMNUIAS iy cssoccncccccccescressrceen coerce oseee ecceeern sarees ecseccuactecacecdues tetnees a7 tage tena ete ee 138
] 9 ]
V=—bh|; |F=—C+32|; |A=-H(b +o)
3 2) 2

23 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequallities............0....

cee ceeccceeeeeeeseeeneeeeenees 145
Case I - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Inequalities, p. 145

Femelle SLES IES 2 =P) =y+[ bad]

4 3 3 4 3°23

Case II - Multiplication and Division of Linear Inequalities, p. 15]

2
==>4y|; 2 3
l1ow(-2=|; |26m(3=2
Lie]; pew 23};

Case III - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Inequalities, p. 157

6r+10>91+5]; [3x < 25+ 8x]; [0.87 +10 > 1.2n]

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 Chapter 2 - One Variable Linear Equations
and Inequalities x
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability to solve operations involving
linear equations and linear inequalities. One variable linear equations and the process of
determining the solution to an algebraic equation as well as how the solution set to a linear
equation is verified is addressed in Section 2.1. Math operations involving addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division of linear equations are addressed in Section 2.2. In Section 2.3 linear
equations containing parentheses and brackets, integer fractions, and decimals are introduced.
Formulas, its definition, and the steps as to how they are solved for a specific variable is
addressed in Section 2.4. Math operations involving linear inequalities are discussed in Section
2.5. Cases presented in each section are concluded by solving additional examples with practice
problems to further enhance the student ability.

2.1 Introduction to Linear Equations

A numerical statement consists of two expressions which are separated by an equal sign “=”.
The symbol “=” implies that the left and the right hand side of the numerical statement must
equal to each other in order for the equal sign to hold true. For example, 3+5=8, 6-4=2,and
1+5=6 are true statements where as 7-349, 8+5#23, and 1+0#2 are false.
An algebraic equation consists of two algebraic expressions which are separated by an equal sign
“—” For example, using y as variable, the statement y+5=6 ; 3y-2=7 ; y*+3y=5 are called
algebraic equations. A solution to an equation is a value that when substituted for the variable,
make the equation a true numerical equation. For example, if 1 is substituted for y in the
equation y+5=6, we obtain 1+5=6 or 6=6 which is a true numerical statement. Therefore, we
say that y =1 is the solution to the equation y+5=6.
The process of determining the solution to an algebraic equation is referred to as solving an
equation. The set of all solutions to an algebraic equation is called its solution set. For example,
the solution set of y+5=6 is 1, which is expressed as {1}, and the solution set of 3y-5=7 is

;, which is expressed as {3}.

In the following sections we will learn how to solve an algebraic equation. However, we first
need to learn the process as to how a solution to a linear equation is verified. To check a solution
to an equation we need to use the following steps:
Step 1: Substitute the solution into the original equation in place of the variable.

Step 2: Solve the equation.

Step 3: — If both sides of the equation become equal to each other then the solution satisfies the
original equation. Otherwise, the solution does not satisfy the original equation.

The following examples show how the solution to an algebraic linear equation is verified:
Example 2.1-1: Given the algebraic equation 5x -3=3x+5, does x=3, x=4, and x=5 satisfy the
original equation?

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.1 Introduction to Linear Equations

1. Substitute x =3 into the original equation and see if both sides of the equation become
equal to each other.
? ?
(5-3)-3=(3-3)+5 5 15-3=9+5 ; 12#14
Since the left hand side of the equation is not equal to the right hand side of the equation,
therefore x=3 does not satisfy the original equation. This implies that the two sides are
not equal to each other.

2. Substitute x =4 into the original equation and see if both sides of the equation become
equal to each other.
? ?
(5-4)-3=(3-4)+5 5 20-3=12+5 ; 17=17
Since the left hand side of the equation is equal to the right hand side of the equation,
therefore x =4 does satisfy the original equation. This implies that the two sides are equal
to each other. Therefore, x =4 is the solution to the equation 5x-3=3x+5.

3. Substitute x =5 into the original equation and see if both sides of the equation become
equal to each other.
? ?
(5-5)-3=(3-5)+5 5 25-3=15+5 ; 22420
Since the left hand side of the equation is not equal to the right hand side of the equation,
therefore x=5 does not satisfy the original equation. This implies that the two sides are
not equal to each other.

Example 2.1-2: Given the algebraic equation y= 3(y-2)+4, does y=-1, y=0, and y=1 satisfy
the original equation?
1. Substitute y=-1 into the original equation and see if both sides of the equation become
equal to each other.
? ? fe
-1=3(-1-2)+4 ; -1=3--3+4 ; -1=-9+4 ; -1#-5
Since the left hand side of the equation is not equal to the right hand side of the equation,
therefore y= -1 does not satisfy the original equation. This implies that the two sides are
not equal to each other.

2. Substitute y =0 into the original equation and see if both sides of the equation become
equal to each other.
ue ? a
0=3(0-2)+4 ; 0=3--2+4 ; 0=-6+4 ; 0¥-2
Since the left hand side of the equation is not equal to the right hand side of the equation,
therefore y=0 does not satisfy the original equation. This implies that the two sides are
not equal to each other.

3. Substitute y =1 into the original equation and see if both sides of the equation become
equal to each other.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.1 Introduction to Linear Equations

? ? ?
1=3(1-2)+4 3 1=3--14+4 5 1=-3+4 5 1=1

Since the left hand side of the equation is equal to the right hand side of the equation,
therefore y=1 does satisfy the original equation. This implies that the two sides are equal
to each other. Therefore, y=1 is the solution to the equation y =3(y-2)+4.
Example 2.1-3: Determine if z =2 is the solution to each of the following equations.
By, Sip)
le Wes b. 6z-2=4+2z Cc. z+3=92z-13 d. -3z+13=10

Solution:
? 2
a, Let-z=2 in the equation 3z—1=27, 1.6:, 3-2—1=2:2.; 6—1=4 ; 5 #4. Therefore, z=2 1S not
the solution to 3z-1=2z.
He ?
b. Let z=2 in the equation 6z-2=4+2z,1.e., 6-2-2=4+2-2 ; 12-2=4+4 ; 10#8. Therefore,
z=2 is not the solution to 6z-2=4+2z.
? ?
c. Let z=2 in the equation z+3=9z-13,i.e., 2+3=9-2-13 ; 5=18-13 ; 5=5. Therefore, z=2
is the solution to z+3=9z-13.
? 2
d. Let z=2 in the equation -3z+13=10, 1.e., -3-2+13=10 ; -6+13=10 ; 7#10. Therefore, z=2
is not the solution to -3z+13=10.

Practice Problems - Introduction to Linear Equations

Section 2.1 Practice Problems - Solve the following linear equations:

1. Determine whether 2 is the solution to each of the following equations:
Arox 2 = 10 b. -2x+3=x C. 6-x=2x+1 d. 2x-8=-3x+2

2. Determine if y =-2 is the solution to the following equations:

a yt3=—2y b. 6y+y=8y+2 C. 6+3y=0 d. 3y=5—y

3. Given the algebraic equation 2x-8=(x-5)+3, does x=0, x=-1, and x=6 satisfy the |
original equation?
4. Does a=2 satisfy any of the following equations?
a. 3a+2=4a b. 3+7a=18 C. -Sa+3=-3a-1 d. 8=a+3

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

First degree equations of one variable, which are also referred to as linear equations, are solved
by the proper use of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules. It is important to
learn how to apply these rules to linear equations in order to find the solution to the unknown
variable. In this section, solving linear equations using either the addition and subtraction rules
(Case I) or the multiplication and division rules (Case II) are discussed. Students are encouraged
to learn how to solve first degree equations by properly organizing and applying the rules that are
stated below in order to minimize mistakes.

CaseI Addition and Subtraction of Linear Equations

To add or subtract the same positive or negative number to linear equations the following rules
should be used:
Addition and Subtraction Rules: The same positive or negative number can be added or
subtracted to both sides of an equation without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b,
and c,
1. a=b ifand only if a+c=bt+e
2. a=b ifand only if a-c=b-c
The steps as to how linear equations are solved, using the addition and subtraction rules, are as
follows:
Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the equation by applying the addition and
subtraction rules.
Step 2 Find the solution by simplifying the equation. Check the answer by substituting the
solution into the original equation.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear equations are solved using the addition
and subtraction rules:
Example 2.2-1

Solution:
Step 1 [x=3= 5]; [x=3+3=5+3] ; [2+0=8); [v=8]
Step2
The solution set is {8}.
9
Check: 8-3=5 ; 5=5

Example 2.2-2
ie +w=2 2
3 5
Solution:
Re
— =
53]. (O:3)+2,
Z-—| ° |——_- w =
(2-5)+3]_[3+2| _10+3
———]: |-——— = —— | * /— =—

Step 1 Se 5| ees Gee 5 1713 5

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

S20 1305 ee) 13-75

SS t Wa 0 WR ee
33 ss) Bees) ees:

13-3)-(5-5 = 14

The solution set is {0.93} :

2 1°3)42 2 (2-5)4+3 ? 5 213
Check: 15+093=2- : (1:3) rog3n25)#8 : 25? 4993-2" : ppl iste
u
; 167+093=26 ; 2.6=2.6

Example 2.2-3
u-048=(12 +24)
a5
Solution:

Step 1 u-048=(12 +24) 3 u-048+048=(12 +24] +048 ; u+0=(12+24) +048

c v=(12+24) +048
Se

1-5)+3 (2-5)+4
Step 2 u=(13+24) +048 : p[ ED Ot) ous : v=(22 14) 04s
Spee 5 5 5 5

: u=(2+14) 048 : v= (244) 048 : u= = +048 ;[u=44+ 0.48] ; [w= 4.88)

The solution set is {4.88} .

? 27(1-5)+3 (2-5)+4 ? ?
Check: 488-048=12+2- : aaah ) val : sy papMacey La as : 442
5 5 5) > > > Ss)
? 8414 B22
5 44=—— ; 44=— 5 44=44
5 5
Example 2.2-4

Sey
1
qo
32-21)
2
(32 2
1

Solution:

seer Fea ppo- ai) pf Gad

1 5 aah 1 et 1 2 wal

1 (3? , 1 1 (32 ! 1 (32 | 1

3|y--=|3=-2=]];/y-—+=-=|3--2-]4+- ]- lhe pay re
PURINE SO)? areas 5-5)
aie aia ates
on ie

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—$<$—————
S Level 2.2 Math
S S EN Operations Involving Linear
prations involving Linear Equations
Equations

SE )

Step 2
2
y=(32-24)42
3-3)+2 (2-2)+1
: py : =
3 27S 3 Z 5 3 2 5

e 3 1 (eee 1 (ote l Ral

SH Qa Wieeam Ril a gle Ure rece (ud hel he Pe
Cae Ame! 32 5 6 5 ole eal
6 5Se

. Se
(7-5)+(1-6)
NAS =
35+6 .
4]
elite 11
=|]—]: =137

The solution set is {137} .

z ? 50 3\4 20822) 41 ?
Check: = 137+ (32-23) 2 -02-1374/ — a z )9; o2=-1374(242_ 441)

? 137+(i)
i 137+(4 3) : -022- EOS 9) -02=-137+(#
U7I-6
? * 2)
; -02=-
32 Si 32
9 ?
5 -0.2=- 13742 SO 2=— 137411700 00
Example 2.2-5

Solution:
sy 3) Sh 9) 2 3) y)
ee a A re ce all | ey ee

3 813)
Step 2
l 7

+
(A)
7

{2 10],|._ (-2:7)+(-10-5)] | -14-=50 sp-), eas

S| SE 53 [$fa5 | B==t8
The solution set is {-1.83} .
ue 2 floG)\) a2)
Check: =+(-183)=3-45 Veo eae
?
; -143=3-443 ; -143=—-143

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Additional Examples - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Equations

The following examples further illustrate how linear equations are solved using the addition and
subtraction rules:
Example 2.2-6
; The solution set is {2} .
?
Check: 24+6=8 ; 8=8
Example 2.2-7
B=) Ba Eo PEA The sotution set is {-2}
Check: -3+(--2)=-5; -3- eee ; -5=-5
Example 2.2-8
[2=u-5];[2+5=u-5+5);[7=u+0); [7=a); The solution set is {7}.
?
Check; 2=7-5 ; 2=2
Example 2.2-9
[45 bre =10i=5) [0#x= =15); The solution set is {-15}.
2
Check: 5+(- 15)=-10 : 5-15=-10 ; -10=-10
Example 2.2-10
=24
==10 +A] ; [24 +10 = -10+10+ Al; [=14 =0+ A]; [=14= A]; [4==14] The solution set is {-14}.
? ?
Check: -24=-10+(-14) ; -24=-10-14 ; -24=-24
Example 2.2-11

yeas SS2OEYeAO=DO]; FIS=VAO]; ASEH]; V=—H3] The solution setis (13).

?
Check; 5=-15+20'3 5=5
Example 2.2-12
Sa); STS); EET; GA] The solution set is {27}.
Check: 27-12- 15.3-15-=15
Example 2.2-13
[8.5+x =-2.4] ; [85-85+x =-24-85];[0+x=-109];
[x =-109] The solution
set is {-109}.
Check: 85+(- 109)=- 2.4 ; 85- 109=-24;
5 -24=-24
Example 2.2-14
: : The solution set is {-17} .
?
Check: -9=-17+8 ; -9=-9
Example 2.2-15

Fr y==Be]sae
BI];P=V==TG]s
PAS] — The solution setis (-16).
9 9
Check: -12+(-1.6)=-28 ; -12-16=-28 ; -28=-28

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Example 2.2-16

seep sia || bal dF eaa) hd

5 8 Se sie Big 5 ica i 8 5 3 8 5

Si le (98S) (1328 " z

8-5 40 40 |’ 40 |’

The solution set is {—1.475} ;

? 225\)437 11-8 ? ?
Check: “1475 +22=12 : 1475+! ) ( ie pe G ce el oe “1475+ ==
?
SAO 2.6=1125 = L125
= 1125
Example 2.2-17
3 Ti he PST AS eel al (2x4)+3 (3x4)+1
Dee a | | Pe e sere Soe | ID pt OOD = ey |oh ee
po=ys3il; Owas o Paha fee
y-4-8
11 y=tB i
y=2-8), b=
|, - ibaa) The solution set is {-0.5} .

2-4)+3? (3-4) +1 ? ?
Check 520e4Hes eae! ~05+ a pp SM ee sk
4 4 7 4 4 a
?
T5053 505
=2.75
Example 2.2-18
2x8)+3
y-235=22 : y-235+235=22 +235 : yo = 2X93 1935 : y= 324235 : y= 4235

The solution set is {4.725} :

? 2 (2-8)4+3 9 9
Check: 4125 -235=22 Ng ey p35 2375=— 5 9375:=0375
Example 2.2-19
1x5)+3 ee
a) 24= ul; Ey ey
Syme aby eee es : S51 = 7n0 : Sp alles)
5 5
a 5 Sues 5

-(-25-16=u]
;[-41=u); (w=-41] The solution set is {-4.1}.
? ? 15)\23 ? ? ?
Check: eas ; Sa yy ee : -25=- 414° == : -25=-41 += 5 -2.5=-41+16
3; —2.5=-2.5
Example 2.2-20
l Deetal 25+1_
Peet, 6
341 P8-2=22_8
= 2042ee!
§=-* =4——1-|: | - : P8-2=22_8
5 Ste 50

The solution set is {

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

1 ? Ph sees (5-5)+1_, 7(4-5)+2 (1-5)+1 25+1_,720+2

S+1 , 26 4722 6
Check: 5—-2=4--1- ; te ;
5 ae 5 5 5 5 5 5 as Seals
?
3 92-2=44-12 3 32=32
Example 2.2-21
pps? (1-3)+1 2 (1-5)+2 3 ee ee] poe
4 5)Bu)
x+1—=—=1=| 3 |x + ——_ = = - +>] ; |x + —— = -- —]3 | + = =--= poe
Epes Ls 3 3 5 jigs 33235

4 10-21 4) .=11 AA Sie 4 (-11-3)+(—4-15) | 233560

Pda Peed SO ae ee
he aes 3.15 ome 2155 3 15-3

=; r=]; [:=-23|;
= 22); ee=ao7) The solution set is {-2.07}.

Check: Sri a ees 207+! ya) 2,

= 472
= ig
Seabed 5
?
; —2.07+133=0.66-14 ; -0.74=-0.74
Example 2.2-22
PSY feo8
045 +w=25 +6 : adsew= F)*? |g : 045 +w= 97 +6 2 045 +w= 2+6 ;(0.45+w=2.67+6

- [0.45
+ w = 8.67] ; [0.45—0.45
+w = 8.67—0.45] ; [0+ w = 8.67-
0.45] ; [w= 8.67—0.45] ; 8.22)
|w =
The solution set is {8.22} .
? i xe) he ? ?
Check: 045492022246 ; oassar2= 2)*? , 6);; 045+822=97* 46 ; 045 +822=— +6
?
; 0.45 +822=2.67+6 ; 867=8.67
Example 2.2-23

V20 -x = V80 +12); |V4-5 2

V2? «5 -x=V4?.5 + === : 25 —x = 45 +5

(2-2.24)—x=(4-2.24)+1.67] ; [4.48 — x = 8.96 + 1.67] ; [4.48

-x =10.63] ; [4.48 - 4.48 - x = 10.63-4.48

: : : The solution set is {-6.15} .

Check: . 20 -(-615)=V80
: +15ae ; V4.5 -(-615)=V16-5
t +(1:shi , 5 4615-45+342
? ?
: (2-24)+615=(4-224) +2 ; 448 + 6.15=896+1.67 ; 10.63
=10.63
Example 2.2-24

CS eee
ae1 a) Uf
5 4 5 4 : 5 Az

[ester
ESS eeBr bs) beg oa
11 een),
(-8-4)+ = eam

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

The solution set is {-4.35} :

? 1-5)+3? . 9 9
Check: -12=-435423 ; = Ue) ee a ot 2d
ees st ne hare
5 4 5 4 5 ray a
?
; —16=-—4354+2.75 ; -16=-16
Example 2.2-25

eae |Atco
3-5)+2 2all ail asses) | © 17 2090
ya wee: 5 3 S| 5G ee on eens

17 16-27 17-11
se are
Be ed ere
54 &

pee)
-11 = Ss p=28 x=28
- |x = 2,942

The solution set is {2.942} .

? 3.5)4222 (1-8)41 ?
Ghecks 2942322" Sopp LED EZ! 2_(1-8)+ 294154222 _ 841 poy li zee
<Par Te ane tae <e yiaee 5 378
9
> 2.94-3.4=0.67-113 ; -0.46=-0.46

Practice Problems - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Equations

Section 2.2 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following linear equations by adding or
subtracting the same positive or negative number to both sides of the equation:
lL. x-3=12 2. 84n= 20 2. SS7—3

2 ye
4. -3=u-5 Bh, Oey 6. Soa

b, 1 3 2; y 4:
( i AOa se = I=3
+x Ae th en
Uu 3 ao = a ee

10. y-238= 32

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

Case II Multiplication and Division of Linear Equations

To multiply or divide linear equations by the same positive or negative number the following
rules should be used:
Multiplication Rule: The same positive or negative number can be multiplied by both sides of
an equation without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c,
a=b ifand only if a-c=b-c.
Division Rule: The same positive or negative number (except zero) can be divided by both sides
an equation without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c, where c #0
ah ifand only if 2 =2.
Cc Cc

The steps as to how linear equations are solved, using the multiplication and division rules, are as
follows:
Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the equation by applying the addition and
subtraction rules.
Step 2 Find the solution by applying the multiplication or division rules. Check the answer
by substituting the solution in the original equation.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear equations are solved using the
multiplication or division rules:
Example 2.2-26
2x =-=
5
Solution:

Step1
] it JI lit 1 1 . —
1
5 (8S SS xXx=--—-— : pe euis : Y=
Step 2 2x-— =-—-—
Z 9 BY ae 5) Sop) 10

The solution set is {-

ae

9 9 ee 9
Check: 2.--=-+ : cee 2 eee! : alee : Baas
10 5 | 10 5 1-1 5 Ms 5 5 5

Example 2.2-27
ey
8
Solution:
3 3 3 SS 3 3
Ste p 1 B=»;
3<3: —+3w=-3w+3 Sine!
ie —+3 = (0 2{=
|g re
— eee
3 = ())mal
>| |© eens portArmen |3
aes

: ee
8

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$ 2.2 Math
NU Operations
peerations Involving
involving Linear
Linear Equations
Equations

3 ] 3 1 : :
Step 2 sw=-3); 3w-—=-—-—|; The solution set is ta :
8 3 8 3 8

Check: 3 w

—
|
co

Example 2.2-28

Solution:

Step1
l 3] |(1-3)+1 2-5)+3
Step 2 pox 23},[O31 ._@-s)+3) [set 1043 sleeeere
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5

13 3 13 3 13-3 39 19
gee54 gts1P =e SoA
eo ae = eet
5-4 il ace20 eee20

The solution set is {-1.95} .

9 eis ? 2
: 410) = : 4-(-195)?_13 ; Bel Dien) > -26=-26
5 3 5 3 5

Example 2.2-29
—26 =-12y
Solution:
Step 1 —26
= —-12y];|-26+12y =-12y +12y} ; |-26+12y
= 0]; |-26+26+12y
=0+ 26

|-I2y
_-26| | 26]. 13 1

The solution set is {2.166} .

?
Check: -26=-12-2166 ; -26 =-26

Example 2.2-30

—38h= 73
8
Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

2-8)+3 :
Step 2 “38h =22 aps ; -38h= 23° ; -38h=— . [38h
=2375

; [A= —0.625 The solution set is {-0.625} .

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

? ?
Check: -38-(-0625)=22 : 2315=— > 2375 =2375

Additional Examples - Multiplication and Division of Linear Equations

The following examples further illustrate how linear equations are simplified using the above
multiplication or division rules:
Example 2.2-31

: The solution set is {20} .

?
Check: 3-20=60 ; 60=60
Example 2.2-32
1 : :
: : The solution set is {40} .
8
? ? ?
Check: 1 40=8 : ee ¢ Bes > §=8
5 8 1
Example 2.2-33

Fes) ; ep shack A 30 : oe ae 0 : epee : ese ; Leer

it i 7 Pook n 7 CAP es Sea

[2=5 : :
;|2=— s|a=-S The solution set is {->}.
337 21

Note that another way of solving for h is by not isolating the variable to the left hand side of
the equation. However, in the very last step, we should write the variable to the left hand side
of the equation and the solution to the right hand side of the equation as shown below.

The solution set is {-15} .

The solution set is {14}.

?
Check: -2-14=-28 ; -28 =-28

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

Example 2.2-36
15
[-y
SZ} =15]; il ee
py=-8
nS : The solution set is {-15} .

Check: -(-15)=15; 15=15

Example 2.2-37
P} 2 Bid
— = 3 X= —— Xi 6 Se - en ae arya : eee : gees
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 rile:

x=2.5
5

Second aeare
the variable x to the
eahand side of the equation.

: ae a ego
ap)
ier Tes

7
-3=- Ze
oui
apeu zy
Date
3 1
jes
Example 2.2-38

a8 = -3-8]; The solution set is {24} .

The solution set is {-35} .

?
Check: 20-(-15)=-30 ; -30=-30
Example 2.2-41
Ww Ww Ww w w Ww Ww Ww Ww
—5 = —|:|-5=-—]|;|-5+— =-—+—|;]-5+— =0]; ]-5+5+— =0+5]; |0+— =5)];|—=5

; : The solution set is {15} .

Second Approach: Keep the variable w to the right hand side of the equation.

[-s=%];|-s--a-
a] Sew); ETS

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5
? ? ?
Check: oo ; ames : ee ; -5=-5
—3 3 ]
Example 2.2-42

: 6y- = 12: el The solution set is {2}.

?
Check: -12=-6-2 ; -12=-12
Example 2.2-43
6

The solution set is {-6} .

y
Check: -3-(-6)=18 ; 18=18
Example 2.2-44
2
ere 5 lee
2x See:
3-33
ee ee [x : :
: 2x Fae
3-33 x = 0.94 [he solution set is {eS 0.94} .

2-(-0.94 ?
“2-038? =~ 0.625
= ; =— 0.625 ; -0.625 = -0.625

Example 2.2-45

r= 20) a ee

The solution set is {-0.06} .

9

Check: 36-(-0.06)=-22 ; -022=-022

Example 2.2-46
1 1
: : The solution set is {69} .
23
? ? ; u ? i
Check: See 5 Lp eae ; Sule), : ELL oy ; Be: aS
3 a 1 3-1 3 1
Example 2.2-47
(Zyros) Flot l0r oe Sahu ise eae elise 4
: Sa eo Sk slee lee See t a
5 3 5 3 Sure ere 3

BBs 4Sr=9
= |B-Bytr
3 1 20-8 ae ee eee | OR 2 pe ee
Bate-d
ee BBs
5 Sx-0-8
3 5 3 APE 53\¢ (grad oun 5-4

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oy
; ; The solution set is {-1.95} .
Second Approach: Keep the variable x to the right hand side of the equation.

ee SM |
5 3 oe
8 |Ps
5 3 AS
SD
ery hs

|B =];[=195 =x] ; [x=-195]

Cee | 13? 4 elfen
Check:
ec 2===1—-(=195
g At ve eee gale)
(2.05) res
ere we ee :

Example 2.2-48
Soul ou p=-a ; :
ay=-23);fay-b
by=-3);[y 4-343.4):Y=
y=
[y=-34
-24):|y=—3s
SSeels : Ly
Pe
==—0.1875
=aie7s
-0.1875 The solution set is {-0.1875} .
;
Check: 2-(-0.1875))=-3 ; tate -0375
= -0375
Example 2.2-49
yD) - 0.67 _ 0.67 : :
: : 5 {+ |x = —0.67| The solution set is {-0.67} .

> 0.67 = 0.67

ieee
2.2- =

? ? (= ?
Check:
Ss = (- 0.462)=- © : 13-(-0462)? 6 oo 6
5 5 5 5 5

Practice Problems - Multiplication and Division of Linear Equations

Section 2.2 Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following linear equations by applying the
multiplication or division rules:
a2 2 oe ceo
es 3
eS):
ey es Sb

4. a, A fear eee 68 92
= =

1
ee aie 5 8. --y=-12
72
9. 28x =-1

ie eee
5

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

Case III Mixed Operations Involving Linear Equations

In Cases I and II we learned how to solve linear equations by either applying: 1. The addition
and subtraction rules or, 2. The multiplication or division rules. In this section, solution to linear
equations which may involve using all four rules is discussed.
Addition and Subtraction Rules: The same positive or negative number can be added or
subtracted to both sides of an equation without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b,
and c,
1. a=b ifand only if at+c=b+ce
2. a=b ifand only if a-c=b-c.
Multiplication Rule: The same positive or negative number can be multiplied by both sides of
an equation without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c,
a=b ifand only if a-c=b-c.
Division Rule: The same positive or negative number (except zero) can be divided by both sides
an equation without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c, where c #0
a=b if.and only fp es
Cc Cc

The steps as to how linear equations are solved using the addition and subtraction, multiplication,
and division rules are as follows:
Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the equation by applying the addition and
subtraction rules.
Step 2 Find the solution by applying the multiplication or division rules. Check the answer
by substituting the solution into the original equation.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear equations are solved using the addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
Example 2.2-51

Solution:
Step 1 [5x = 20+ 3x] ; [5x -3x = 20+ 3x — 3x] ; [2x = 20+0] ; [2x
=20]

10
2x 26 10 ; :
Step 2 ; ; : The solution set is {10} .
? ?
Check: 5-10=20+3-10 ; 50=20+30 ; 50=50
Example 2.2-52

Solution:

Step1 (R= =H]; Hay Ha] PP= Oe]pT

Hamilton Education Guides 116
Mastering Algebra - Intermediate
—$—_
o Level 2.2 Math
_ O MA Operations
Uperations Involving
InvVOlvING Linear
Linear Equations
Equations

Step 2 The solution set is {10} .

? ?
Check: 4-10-2=3-10+8 ; 40-2=30+8 ; 38 =38

Example 2.2-53
ewe)
5
Solution:

Step 1 He43=-2); eo 2329 3| ey ees a ees

) =) 5 5

Step 2 k=-3) 5. =5--5 ; [w= -25] The solution set is {-25}.

u . .

5
—)5 9d ' o)? 5 y ?
Check: ree = aor Ages c at aa 3 ~+3=-2 5 2=-2

Example 2.2-54

Solution:
Step 1 —5m+5 =-3m+2];|-Sm+3m+5=—-3m+3m+2| ;|-2m+5=0+2];|-2m+5=2|

; [-2m+5-5=2-5] ; [-2m+0
=-3] ;[-2m =-3]
S =z 3 .
Step 2 ; : The solution set is Be

Checks 25:245 0.2 pore aS)

Bie) a2 agate eles
2 p) ipa Zoi ol 2:1 pa | 2 Z
5_ 5
Mpa te
Example 2.2-55
15x —5 =-3x+2
Solution:
Step 1 15x —5=-3x+2 ; [15x +3x—5
= —3x +3x +2] ; [18x-5=0+2]; |18x—5=2

- [18x —54+5=2+5] ;[18x +0 =7]; [18x =7,

Step 2 , Be _ Tle = 7); [220389] The solution set is {0389} .

? ?
Check: (15-0389)-5=(-3-0389)+2 ; 584-5=-116+2 ; 084=084

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Additional Examples - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Equations

The following examples further illustrate how to solve linear equations using the addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:

Example 2.2-56
2)

[Bx=5 =10] ; [3x-5+5=10+5] ; [3x+0=15] ; [3x=15]; 5xa a 183 }x=2);

GS
The solution set is {5} .
? ?
Check: (3-5)-5=10 ; 15-5=10 ; 10=10
Example 2.2-57

[4y=2=3y +5];[4y—3y-2=3y—3y +5];[y—2= 045] ; [y-2=5] ; [y—2+2=5+2]; [y+0=7]; [y=7]

The solution set is {7}.
? u
Check: (4-7)-2=(3-7)+5 ; 28-2=21+5 ; 26=26
Example 2.2-58
Sx45=3 : Sx45-5=3-5 : 5x40=-2 |=]; earas 2 j=):

The solution set is {-3} .

9
5) ? 2 ? ? ?
Check: gims)ier? : Fler ee ; —-(-1)+5=3 ; -24+5=3 ; 3=3
ely

Example 2.2-59

445 oul (42442 =5—4-ul2(0¢>=1—ul :|2=1-u|; |2eu=i-ueul:|—+— =140

2 2 2 2 2 Daal

py(1-u)+(2-u)
ees Se) fe u+2u 3u
ee 3
|2 3 eee2
te gate 2
| Oe
a eee Heal poe Beene u=3 |;weoorl
The solution set is {0.67} ;
' 0.67 ? ; ?
Check: ree 5 44+033=433 ; 433=433
Example 2.2-60

rsa10);Ses 3=10-3); esd); Eee}, -2),|.--2]; Gea

The solution set is {-1.4} ;
? ?
Check: (-5--14)+3=10 ; 7+3=10 ; 10=10
Example 2.2-61
—81 +5 = 2t-3] ; |-8¢-27
+5 = 2t -2-3} ; |-10¢
+5 =0-3] ; |-10¢
+5 = -3] ; [-10+5-5 =-3-5

; [-10¢ =-8]; -10t_

+0 =-8] ; [-107 -8 8
4];
: :
The solution set is {0.8} .
f ?
Check: (-8-08)+5=(2-08)-3 ; -64+5=16-3 ; -14=-14

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

Example 2.2-62

-e-=
=)
ae
ene bag : y=3];[p=2t
p=} =25]s [y=25]
Baas The solution set is {2.5} .

Check: 5+(3-25)= 5-25 ;5+75=125;5 125 =125

Example 2.2-63
6x +10 = 8x +4] ; [6x +10—-10
= 8x +4~-10] ; [6x +0 = 8x — 6] ; [6x = 8x —6] ; [6x — 8x = 8x — 8x - 6

axa.aea.2-3)).-4.09).c —2 -6
The solution setis {3}.
y te
Check: (6-3)+10=(8-3)+4 ; 18+10=24+4 ; 28=28
Example 2.2-64

= 10-4 =~ 10+10=4+10 3 t0=4+10 |e=u]; 5x7 = 5x14 - [w= 70]

The solution set is {70} .

2 ? 2 ?
Check: 169'4 ; Bio!As*; S-10= 4 > 14=10=4'5 424

Example 2.2-65
0.25x +35 =12-05] ; [0.25x +35 = 0.7] ; [0.25x +35—35 = 07-35] ; [0.25x +0 =-2.8] ; [0.25x = -28

EAE Pa
0.23

The solution set is {-11.2} :

2
Check: 025-(-112)+35=12-05 ; -28+35=0.7 ; 0.7=0.7
Example 2.2-66
5m+6= —3m—1] ; [5m+3m+6 =—3m+3m—1] ;|8m+6
=0-1]; |8m+6 =-1] ;|8m+6-6=-1-6

a ea] 7) m=-2]
fe=.
a= ee The solution seis {2}.
7 35 .721 ., (21-1)+(-1-8)
(-35-1)+(6-8)? Te
35.6721taT er1 , ee (-1-8
Check: 5x2 46=-3x-2-1 : ae OF igkee Saree Tee
1

| 35448 721-8 | 13 13
ari ee ee ae
Example 2.2-67
1
Soe 2 Way I 3
ee yaD | 1
x SO 2 a par
re Celle remo pel

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

5:2 10 10

The solution set is {-

a .

3 2 _ 227 (-3-5)+ (2:20)

Wes (-4)-4 _(-1-2)+(-1-20)?_ 3-2 | -2-20?
20 BS PPTs
20-2 So Se 205s 40 20-5
Me el
a 0 wee eo eliasA
[SAG iGO BIG ated 920. 20
20 20
Example 2.2-68
[6a=3 = 4a+4] ; [6a 4a-3 = 4a—4a+4) ; [a3 =0+4] ; [2a-3=
4];2a-3+3=4+3]; [2a+0=7]

-|2a=7]): gas
2 2 g) sy)
TA Pea el ec
bd D 9: 9)
|d=35|
2
Thesolution
set is {3.5}.

? ?
Check: 6-35-3=4-35+4 3 21-3=14+4 ; 18=18
Example 2.2-69
0.4m+5= 0.6m] ; [0.4m—0.6m+5
=0.6m —0.6m] ; [-0.2m+5
=0] ; [-0.2m+5—5
= 0-5]; [-0.2m+0=-5

The solution set is {25} :

Check: (04: 25) a5 06-255 1075-15 15215

Example 2.2-70
S
(ers
2024); [eae
DOe =] ; [e200]
;e=DO]; |=2). =5);ea
The ean set is {5}.
v ?
Check: 8-5=20+(4-5) ; 40=20+20 ; 40=40
Example 2.2-71
[Sz=3= 22-8] ;[5z-22-3 = 22-22-8] ; [32-3
=0-8] ; [32-3
=-8];z—-3+3=-8+3] ; +0=-5]
Bz
3
Ez;
p=as);|#-=},|---3
|#-2 p=-3]5|p-)
==): [z= -1.667] The solution set is {-1.667}.

Check: (5--1.667)-3=(2. -1.667)-8 ; -8335- 3=-3335- 8 ; -11335

=-11335
Example 2.2-72
2 2 (1-3)+2 Ber (5-1)-(1-3) ae
Ty+l=1—|:|7y+1-l=1—-ll): = ]l|i¢ Saks a A dhe
ry+i=13};fry+1-1=13-1];I1y-+0 3 Je as 3-1 py

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.2 Math Operations Involving Linear Equations

2-1 2
oe Z et Fg re The solution set is ee :
21 21

Check: 1.2 1212 gl sete _ (14-1) +(1-21) 2342 . TA 21 585) Suenos

eh ee) | 3 a 2151 3 nF oa les aL
Example 2.2-73

Paria); Gee); Gaede); are; | =], [,=U] |= 51);Garg

The solution set is {-5.5} :
? v
Check: -2-(—55)+1=12 ; 11+1=12 ; 12=12
Example 2.2-74
[6x+3 =5x]; [6x —5x +3 =5x-5x] ; [x+3=0] ; [x+3-3=0-3]; [x+0=-3]; [x=-3]
The solution set is {-3} .
a Y
Check: 6--3+3=5--3 ; -18+3=-15 ; -15=-15
Example 2.2-75
—2y—-8=5y +13];|-2y -Sy-8 =Sy—Sy +13]; |-7y
—8 = 0413] s |-7y
—8 =13] s |-7y -8+ 8 =134+8

=a On|

The solution set is {-3} .

? ?
Check: (-2--3)-8=(5--3)+13 ; 6-8=-15+13 ; -2=-2

Practice Problems - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Equations

Section 2.2 Case III Practice Problems - Solve the following linear equations by applying the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
x
13 3x=20 =5x-8 2. -6y+2=-3+10y oF Sie

AM 3= 15 Sau 43
7 Gis 5 10
2
Te = 2y
25—Ssy 8. 10y+2=8y 2 zrtsa12

10 maa = 4m—=

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

In many instances linear equations contain parentheses and brackets, fractions, or decimals. To
simplify and solve these classes of equations students should be familiar with the rules that are
applicable to each class. For example, solving linear equations that contain either parentheses
and brackets or integer fractions require familiarity with the commutative, associative, and
distributive rules (see Section 1.1) as well as the fractions rules (see Section 1.2). In this section
students learn how to solve linear equations containing parentheses and brackets (Case J),
fractions (Case II), and decimals (Case III).

Case I Solving Linear Equations Containing Parentheses and Brackets

To solve linear equations containing parentheses and brackets students need to be familiar with
the concepts of signed numbers and the proper use of parentheses and brackets (review section
1.1). Note that the method used in solving this class of linear equations is similar with what we
have already learned in section 2.2. Linear equations containing parentheses and brackets are
solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Simplify the linear equation by properly multiplying the negative sign inside the
parentheses or brackets (see Section 1.1b, Cases I and II).
Step 2 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the equation by applying the addition and
subtraction rules (see Section 2.2, Case I).
Step 3 Find the solution by applying the multiplication or division rules. Check the answer
by substituting the solution into the original equation (see Section 2.2, Case II).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear equations containing parentheses and
brackets are solved using the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
Example 2.3-1
2-(34+x) =5x
Solution:
Sept B=@+s)= 5x]B=3=x=S],
See)

qeses]
Steps Gore], |=],
|,--2], e=area
y ?
Check: 2 -(3-0166)=5--0166 ; 2-3+0.166=-083 ; -083 =-0.83
Example 2.3-2
~(x-2)+3x-1= 4
Solution:

Sept [fe=2)s
4);Eero]
de=1= [Gem C1) =]; ep
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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

Step2.- Brei=a4); Peet=t=—i-1]

,Gex0=—3); Pea]
ofa}
Check: -—(-2.5-2)+(3--25)- (Ase; -(-45)-7.5- ere aS gene —4=-4

Example 2.3-3
2x -5-(3x-8)=0
Solution:

Step1 [2x
-5-(Gx-8)=
0];Be=5—3e+8= 0);[(2x—3x)+(6-5)= 0];3=0)
Ee
Step 2 [x+3=0] ; -x+3-3= 0-3); Ex+0=-3]; Exs-3]
sep3 Gai}; |=3); Gea
2 9

Check: 2.3-5-(3-3-8)=0
; 6-5-(9-8)=0 ; 6-S- . 031-12 =0;70=0
Example 2.3-4
-|(«-5)+3]=(x-2)+3
Solution:

sept SCS
ee94) Pay Pa) Gea
Step 2 [x+2=x+I} |(-x-x)+2=(x-x)+1); [2x+2=
041); [2x+2=1]
Bes
9), PERS | eT

step3 za); |¢-S},|:-1]; Bawa

2 —| 1

z ? u
Check: -[(0.5-5)+3]=(05-2)+3 ; {-45+3)=-15+3 ; -(-15)=15 5 15=15
Example 2.3-5
-[(x - 1)—(x -5)| wy

Solution:

; [4
=2x]
Step 2 ; [4= 2x]; [4=2x = 2x—22] ; [4=2x=0]; [444 -2x =0+4) ; [0-2 =4]
52x =4|

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

Step3

? ? ?
Check: -((-2-1)-(-2-5)|=2--2 ; -[-3-(-7)]=-4 ; -(-3+7)=-4 ; 4+=-4

Additional Examples - Solving Linear Equations Containing Parentheses and Brackets

The following examples further illustrate how to solve linear equations containing parentheses
and brackets using the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
Example 2.3-6

pe—)= 5):Gata] easy Broa) aw), |-4),|.-4),|. 61]: aaa)

2 ?
Check: 2(65-4)=5 ; 2-25=5 ; 5=5
Example 2.3-7
34+4(x
+1)=5(x —2)]; [B+ 4x +4 = 5x —10];|4x +(3+4)
=5x-10}; 5x-10];[4x+7-7=
[4x +7 = 5x-10-7]

eeOS SeaTT) ESET Se SST; ESO=TT); E=a]|=* =2), ETT

2
Check: 344(17+1)= 5(17-2) ;3+4-18= x 153 34+72=)53, 15= 15
Example 2.3-8
P=(e=1+2e=5]; Boxaieae=3) [+1 Gx») =5],Fees], EoSee=s—3),
(Oee=s], BSD]
yf ? ?
Check: 2-(2-1)+2-2=5 ; 2-14+4=5 3 14+4=5 ; 5=5
Example 2.3-9

eel Gy=9) C510 = 0];Ey+5=0]sS=TEO=S]

Boa
?
Check: (3--25)- es 0 ; -75-
ee +10=0 ;ReeS 25+10= 0'; -10+10=0 5 0=0
Example 2.3-10

26x
-2)+5]+3~= 0];[-2fise—6+5]+3=0];
[2's —1]+3= 0]; aor4245=0) ;36e45=0)
Gaisa0-5), Baws), Bea | -], |=5);Geo
Check: -2[3(6-0.139-2)+5]+ 3=0 ; -2[3(0.834-2)+5]+ 3=0 ; -2/3(-1166) + 5]+ 3=0
? y ?
; -2[-35+5]+3=0 ; -2-15+3=0 ; -34+3=0 ; 0=0
Example 2.3-11
5—4[(3x +5)-2x]=0
EES) eae a amg
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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

esG0)=0): ERS=D); Gass), Ea Garey | -

Check: 5-4|(3--375+5)-(2 Bene 0 ;5—al(-1125+5)- (-75)|- 05 5- 4[-625+75]= 0

? ?
> §-4-125=0 ; 5-5=0; 0=0
Example 2.3-12
3 —2(x -2)+5=3x-4] 5 |3-2x +445 = 3x -4] ; |-2x +(34+4+5)
=3x —4] ; [2x +12 =3x—4

5 2x +12 -12 = 3x —4-12) ; |-2x +0 = 3x — 16] ; |-2x

= 3x -16] ; |-2x — 3x = 3x —3x — 16] ; |-5x
= 0-16

zg;
Paget
|= -=19 eee
x
Check: 3-2(32- er 3-32-4 ; 3-(2-12)+5==96-4 :5 3-244+5=56 ; 0.645256 35.6=5.6
Example 2.3-13

LO Se)= 2 10% fae=aa]saeel),Ho (2s ea) ee IO ed eee,

[Oe3e FeBAT [00—4)v3=Se4) [Eee aeaT)[oe =SG) Oe 5]
Gay Gay Oy [| -S],|. 3, aos
? v i
Check: 10+|(2--0.83)- (4+ 0.83)]=(-3--0.83)+1 ; 10+[-166-483]=25+1 ; 10-649=35 ; 35=35
Example 2.3-14
5x +(2x -1) = -3(x —5)} ; [Sx +2x -1 = —3x +15] ; [7x—1=—3x
+15} ; [7x-14+1=—3x
+15 +1

10x 16
; [7x +0 = -3x +16] ; [7x = —3x +16] ; [7x +3x = -3x +3x +16] ; [10x =0+16] ; [10x =16] ; at 10

Fas ex10
?
Check: 5-16+ (2:16-1)=-3(16- 5) 38+(32-1)=-3(-34) ; 8+22= “102 ; 10.2 =10.2
Example 2.3-15

; [12 4x= 5x +7) ; [12-12 =4x= -5x +7= 12]; [0=4x=~5x—5] ; [4x =~5x 5]
; [Fax +5x = 5x +5x—5] ; [x=0-5]; [x=-5]

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

? ? ?
Check: 8 -2[(3--5)-(2-5)|=-5(-5-1)+2 ; 8-2[-15-(-3)]=-5(-6)+2 ; 8-2(-15+3)=30+2
? ?
5 8—2(-12)=30+2 ; 8+24=32 ; 32=32

Practice Problems - Solving Linear Equations Containing Parentheses and Brackets

Section 2.3 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following linear equations by applying the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
1. x-(2x+3)=3 2. 243(x-1)=-3-(x+5) 3. 2-3x-1)+5x=0

4. -4(-x +1)-3x
= 2(x-1) 5. 2[5-(x-2)]-(x-3)=0 6. (x-5)-[3(x-1)+2]=2

7. 3-((-x+1)+2]=3x-5 8. -[(5-x)+(3-4x)]=8 9. 34(2x +5)-4x =3-3x

10. 6(x-—2)-2(x
+1) =3(x +2)

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126
Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

CaselI Solving Linear Equations Containing Integer Fractions

A class of linear equations contains integer fractions. To solve these type of problems students
need to be familiar with the fraction rules (review fraction concepts discussed in Section 1.2).
Note that the method used in solving linear equations with integer fractions is similar with what
we have already learned in section 2.2. However, these type of problems require more attention
due to computations involving with integer fractions. Linear equations containing fractions are
solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the equation by applying the addition and
subtraction rules (see Section 2.2, Case I).
Step 2 Find the solution by applying the multiplication or division rules. Check the answer
by substituting the solution into the original equation (see Section 2.2, Case II).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear equations containing integer fractions
are solved using the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
Example 2.3-16
| 2
%-—=—=—%X
3 8
Solution:

Step1

3 3 3

Step 2 be=4);b ox 3 ; [x=1]

espe areas§ 2S) =o (1) Sie 2

Gs Tees S [23et Cee eon
Example 2.3-17
1 2
fod) Be
4 5

Solution:

(Po ae 2 #21) ot) A, (cs 2

y)
“sha
5

Hamilton Education Guides Dz

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

B) 2| |4 2 24 2:4 8
— y= —] * |— — YY = — - — | * =—}°* = —|* u=053

ees REAaiee 5 3[t Sa]|ei|s

uO)
Check: 053-7 -053== 5 ee 053 — 013 04 ; 04=04
4
Example 2.3-18
5
4y—-2=1=

Solution:
9) 1-3)+2 34+2 5
Step 1 4y-2=1-y);
3
ayea=s )
3
V3 Ay 2=———y
3
5 4-2 =~
3

5 5ae5 ( 5) (2 4
Nps yo 2 poy ||4—-—lyp—2
= 01. ||—— lve a= 0

|
.
eo ee
—) = C
SIG—_———.
eee-2Z= Pee
-|— —2=0
ae
ait S= —2 =i) 48yy
eee es

52
poten?
nee
t0=2)s]7=3
3:2 6
Step 2 sy=2 ; akan ;|y=—|; |» = 0.857

?(1x3)+2 ? ?
Check: 4-0.857-2= “12.
0.857 ; Eres aac 0357); 143-25.-0.857 ; L43=2.0.857

9
cick 0.857 4285
Ue ae 1.43 = 1.43

Example 2.3-19

Solution:

Step P 1 tm=+—4 m : Sp 2 eeeDe : Le e) ees)

g
: (4+})m=4
| 14-5) aes
4 Sena! 3 ena

3 ]
;|=m=—

3 ] 4 3 4 | 4.] 4
SAL St | el (ft m= ——|5 Se lc
Ste 2
r 3 4 3 3 4)Gag
m=$4)Jm—

1 aa 0.4471 044
Check: —.044=—-—-044 ; ——=- - Ol1= 033-022 ; O11l=
4 BT 2 eae Dok| Ae rk
Example 2.3-20

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

Solution:
2-5)+3
Step 1 x45 =4x-22 ; eo de4 $= 4x — dx 22 ! -ae+5=9-E5)+3

F341 ts
: Eee gates : Bee Se eee ; OG pee 2 be oanleela Dccl575)
5 5 See 5-1

Be ee Ciel eg o8
5 5

Step 2 eed: se= SSS|s|e= 2][x= 25); E253

?
Check: 253+ 5=(4-253)-2=: 5 753=1012 -20 3. 1332752

Additional Examples - Solving Linear Equations Containing Integer Fractions

The following examples further illustrate how to solve linear equations containing integer
fractions using the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules
Example 2.3-21
. 2-2)-(1-3
oy ey ee : Ey oe Linh ok : (2-2r+s=0+4 ; (eee ese
3 Teia eA Nee Pile OO ee 5 30 5

5 (2= )ves-4];[bevs=4][bevs—s= 4-3}; |4ev0= 4-5); Ly AUS)

Cty (555
AN SIE= 25
AenG 5|’|6 SP 5 6 50) \6 5-1 6 5

|x = -28.8|
eel
aera ae eee pares
peal jee
= 285);
oct -288 7 1--288 | = 576 .” 288 «1
Check: 2 2g8+set. ~2384—~ +5 peice ie RO ae
2 “e 3 es
2
; -1924+5=-144+02 ; -142=-142
Example 2.3-22
te 1 1 1 (1-5)-(1-3) ee 2 2u 4
fbu-tu=4);|(4
Sy y= Al Sl uaa
4 a =O), = ((S3)u=a) ele [a=
| a a)
|||e=4);
pater
eon |

Sra 2u _ 60). pee . [e390

: ee. 1
4
l 1° = 930,307) -(30-5)-(G0:3)? 150-90 =48 602=4 ae
Check: ; 30
omnes S25 ; 30=4 ; 35ae 4 5 A ae 5 7 5 5 ; —=4 é 4=4

Example 2.3-23
I 1y (4 a 2) sO)
~y+9=2y|;|=y-2 +9=2y-2y| 5 ||—-2]y+9=0]5 ||--—]y +9 =0];|| ~~" | +9 =0
24929: fycapeanay-ay]s(5-ap reel 5-F) Sa
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

? ?
Check: 5549=2-5 : ++9=10 *149=10 ; 10=10

eae
Example 2.3-24

SMe
t= — | m=—|; na i= |
3 5 y oy S) yD 3-5 D: 15 » 15 2 15 D

2 ?
Check:
meres a — sue oa 125— 075- 05... 05)=05
Since eee
Example 2.3-25

Pee)

pbs2-19
Check: i9-tc64
3 elle 19 = ==671
3 3 Seat Pig Sees
3 = RialdrenV8, 3 6+12.67 ; 18.67= =18.67

Example 2.3-26
Eee) 5 wires pubpaemd ced A) ag EE pl
10 5 3}’ [10 573bann |g| Omens a Ol

a) EE ee teh
>=1);[som
2
Check: 2.022+ ee rs- 0,066 +0333= 04; 04=04
10
Example 2.3-27
1 ela
—w+8=2w-—|;|-w-2w+8=2w-2w-—|;|—-w-—w+8=0--|];
A Lee Teen(2-2)
2 ——
1
[pv-20+8=20-20-5];]bw-twen 0-1], oe) ene
viz) I ten 1| | 9 Timo 1
3 || = |}w+ 8 =-=|5 ||——]w+8=-—]3|-~w+8 =-—|:]-— 2 Rie oe
5-1 3 5 ales rit ecana aan

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

= 5 pe
=
penal), 4.629]
lw=

1 Tett4G29" 1? ?
Check: i -4629+8= . 4629-7 ars+8=9258 -53
5 0.93+8=9258 —0333 ; 893
= 8.93

Example 2.3-28

aS
ceed ee
peee ee
Wal aca ( —) 2 fl 4 2 (1-4)-(1-1)) 2
= 0] 5 | Se 0 =—=

J 2 cee O02 Be MOVE V3 Dit Ae we 4

3 || —— ]x+—=0];|—x+—=0];|—x+—-—=0--—]; |—x+0=-=|;|—x =-=];]—x-—=-=-—

2-4 =

a ? 0533
Check: earepass—)533"; DUP EbAI eraeraai —0.133
= —0.133

Example 2.3-29

? gs 22e2
rastel
Checks gD 511 faree: 5: 25
USS
D135: 2 5S ae
1124) = (he yedS5-4)e ee)2
ee cd Py oe 3-4 Ba3
44 9
37165+4 9
417205
st! Pepe yy
12 6 Ee
Example 2.3-30

Te 2assetd| (1.22544); Ce)

£3)
4 (2-2
a |e es
ee: 4 pee) 4 2:3 4 6 4 6 4

7-4)+(1-6
; ee ees R (2 A)r=5+0 : (Cats ( Nias : (782°), pile : ba = 5
Gu 4 AeA 6 84 6-4 24 12

Boek
12 12 1223
5 1-2 =
: Boek 3.53)
|r=32; lt

1 Ween 7 35302) 12353) | 35309706" 9ha

a55s
OE 2 353=“51.353 ; poe ee
ERE ) 3227, 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
#e
* 1.774+235=5-088 3 412 =412

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

Practice Problems - Solving Linear Equations Containing Integer Fractions

Section 2.3 Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following linear equations by applying the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
1 1 x 2. 2
ae ; +— =|]—
es mr Boh rile,
ile ay ens +5 ae

Ae aa 6 gaye pen
3 oe ee

OE ee
ee ee 8. pegs 9. PE at te
Broad 3

10. Bh ep Rs
2 5

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

Case III Solving Linear Equations Containing Decimals

Another class of linear equations contains decimals. To solve these type of problems students
need to be familiar with conversion of decimal numbers to integer fraction form (review decimal
fraction concepts discussed in Chapter 4 of the Mastering Fractions book). Note that the method
used in solving linear equations with decimal numbers is similar with what we have already
learned in section 2.2. However, these type of problems require more attention due to
computations involving with decimals. Linear equations containing decimals are solved using
the following steps:
Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the equation by applying the addition and
subtraction rules (see Section 2.2, Case I).
Step 2 Find the solution by applying the multiplication or division rules. Check the answer
by substituting the solution into the original equation (see Section 2.2, Case II).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear equations containing decimals are
solved using the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:

Example 2.3-31
3.4x — 2.5 = —2.8x + 0.5
Solution:
Step 1 3.4x — 2.5 = -2.8x + 0.5] ; |(3.4x + 2.8x) — 2.5 = (-2.8x + 2.8x)+ 0.5] ; [6.2x-2.5=0+0.5

; [6.2x
—2.5 = 0.5] ; ]6.2x + (-2.5+
2.5) =0.5+2.5] ; [62x +0 = 3];

Step 2 : x= : == ; Lx = 0.484

v ?
Check: (34-0484) -2.5=(-2.8-0.484)+0.5 ; 1.65-25=-135+05 ; -0.85 = —0.85
Example 2.3-32
1.25(x - 0.2) -(0.5x -1) = 0
Solution:
Step 1 1.25(x - 0.2) —(0.5x -1)= 0]; ; |(1.25x — 0.5x) + (-0.25+1) = 0

- [0.75x + 0.75 = 0] ; }0.75x + (0.75 - 0.75) = 0- 0.75} ; [0.75x + 0 = -0.75] ; |0.75x = -0.75

073. |
aeccencey te 075 a075 HES 75-100
Step 2 TS aan ONS sjr=22], : 100-75

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

7 Y ? ?
Check: 1.25(-1- 0.2)—[(05--1)-1]=0 ; (125--12)-[-05-1]=0 ; -15—(-15)=0 ; -15+15=0 ; 0=0
Example 2.3-33
8.4x — (0.5 -0.2x) = 1.25x
Solution:
Step 1 8.4x —(0.5-0.2x) = 125x] ; [8.4x - 0.5 + 0.2x = 1.25x] ; |(8.4x + 0.2x) - 0.5 = 125x

518.0% = 05 12515 (8.6x ~ 1.25x) = 0.5 =123%—125x) ;17.35%-—05=0

; |7.35x + (-0.5 + 0.5) = 0+ 0.5] ; [7.35x

+0= 0.5} ; [7.35x
= 0.5

733 0.5 0.5 5-100 oa) eeapae

lve fogs 500
Step 2 [735x “Pees =——];
x = 05] :;|———x |x = —]:
Ae s}r= 25); oa x 555]

; [x =0.068
q ? 2
Check: (8.4 -0.068)—[0.5+(-02-0.068)|=1.25-0.068 ; 057-[05-0.014]=0.09 ; 057-0.48=0.09
5 0.09 = 0.09
Example 2.3-34
5.5—(x-02)—|(x-5)+045]=0
Solution:
Step 1 55~(x-02)-[(x-5)+0.45]=0};[55—x+02-[x-5+0.45]=0]

;[55—x+0.2-[x-455]=0] ; 55—x+02—x+455=0]
; |(-x—x)
+(55+455+02)=0 ;|-2x-+(55+455+02)=0] ; E2x+1025= 0]

; |-2x + (10.25 - 10.25) = 0-10.25} ; [2x +0 = -10.25] ; [-2x =-1025]

Step 2
10.25 1025-1 1025
[-2x =-10.25] ; r3 5 [x= 100-2 ;|x=——
200

, EESI05] ? ? :
Check: 55 -(5125-0.2)-|(5125-5)+045]=0 ; 55-4925 -[0125+045]=0 ; (55-4925)-0575 =0
?
(0575=0575—0), 0=0
Example 2.3-35
0.5x = (x -2.5)-(0.45x -1)
Solution:
Step 1 0.5x = (x -2.5)-(0.45x -1)|; ;|0.5x = (x -0.45x)+(1-2.5)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

5|0.5x =0.55x.—15):05x—0.55x = (0.55x os0.55x) = 15) 3|-0.05x:=0=15)5|=0:05x=—15

15-100 1500
Step 2 : al oil 10-5
ates50

230
? ? ?
Check: 05-30=(30-25)-[(0.45-30)-1] ; 05-30=275-[135-1] ; 15=275-125 ; 15=15

Additional Examples - Solving Linear Equations Containing Decimals

The following examples further illustrate how to solve linear equations containing decimals
using the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
Example 2.3-36
0.2x +2.4 = 0.52x +35] ;|(0.2x — 0.52x)+2.4 = (0.52x - 0.52x) +3.5] ; [-0.32x +2.4 = 0+3.5] ;[-0.32x +2.4 = 3.5

;|-0.32x +(2.4-2.4) = (35-24)|;

=e
a dt p= te
=e
- ; [k==3.44]
3.4

Check: 02- a+24=052- (-3.44) +35 ; 0.69+24=-179435 ; 171=171

Example 2.3-37
—0.65(x + 0.2) = 0.25x |; [-0.65x — 0.13 = 0.25x] ; |(-0.65x — 0.25x) — 0.13 = 0.25x - 0.25x |; |-0.9x - 0.13 = 0

0.13 0.13
; |-0.9x — 0.13+ 0.13 = 0+0.13] ; |-0.9x
+0 = 0.13] ; [-0.9x
= 0.13] ; |x = ——_ | ; |x = -——

p=-E8
See9 = x =-0144
20 ; (X= =0.144
Paes Seca
?
Check: -0.65( 01144 +02)= 0.25-(-0.144) ; -0.65-0.056=— 0.036 ; —0.036
= -0.036
Example 2.3-38
45x — 0.2(x — 0.1) +03 = 0| ; [45x —0.2x + 0.02 +03 = 0] ; [43x +032 = 0] ; [43x + 032-032 = 0-032

an 32-10 320a l=.004

ax=030) ; [Ae = 039): p= 22), —().32
TOO eee
1700-431?) 43001
? 9
?
Check: 4.5-(-0.074) - 0.2(-0.074 - 0.1)+03=0 ; -033+0.01+0.02+03=0 ; -033+033=0 ; 0=0

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

Example 2.3-39
4(x — 0.45) = -3.9x +0.005] ; [4x —18 = ~3.9x + 0.005] ; |(4x +3.9x) - 18 = (-3.9x +3.9x) + 0.005

; [79x —18 = 0+ 0.005] ; [7.9x —18 = 0.005] ; ]79x +(-18+18) = 0.005 +18| ; [79x +0 =1.805] ; [79x = 1.805

|, =1805]. >=
_ 1805.
ee >= ee 023)
a
; Toads as 79 a
? ?
Check: 4(0.23-0.45)=(-39-0.23)+ 0.005 ; 0.92-18=-0.89+0.005 ; —0.88 = -0.88
Example 2.3-40
0.1(0.4x - 1)= 0.2x + 0.28} ; [0.04x - 0.1 = 0.2x + 0.28} ; (0.04x — 0.2x) - 0.1 = (0.2x - 0.2x) + 0.28

; [-0.16x — 0.1 = 0+ 0.28] ; |-0.16x — 0.1 = 0.28] ; |-0.16x + (-0.1+ 0.1) = 0.28 +0.1} ; [-O.16x + 0 = 0.38

SEN aU ee ee =e100 = 2500 . [x= 2375]

-0.16 0.16 >=- 51
16 =e

u ? ?
Check: 0.1[0.4-(-2375)-1]=0.2-(-2375) +028 ; 0.1(-0.95-1)=-0.475+0.28 ; 0.1-(-195)=- 0.195
5 -0.195 = -0.195
Example 2.3-41
0.5|(x- 0.2)-0.45x] = 25x] ;/0.5[(x- 0.45x)-0.2]=25x| ;

; ;

= lilo : p=—1-
Se p=]
—0.045
200516 DDS. Va p=— ee
2225 p= ESI,

? ?
Check: 0.5[(-0.045 - 02)-0.45-(-0.045)]=25-(-0.045) ; 0.5[-0.245 + 0.02]=- 011 ; 05 (0.25) = 011
>; -O.11=-011
Example 2.3-42
(0.2-x)+[1-0.2(x +2)]= 24x]; (0.2—x)+[1-0.2x - 0.4] = 24x] ; ]0.2-x+[(1-0.4)- 0.2x] = 24x

;]o2-x+[0.6-
02x]=2.4x] ;[(0.2+0.6)+(—-
02x)=24x] ; [08—12x=245]

—0.8 0.8 8-10 80

[-3.6x = -0.8] Pa OF rel [Bde reel b= 5 |x=——|; |x=——]; |x
0.22]
=
“36-10 f=3—n| OD

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.3 Solving Other Classes of Linear Equations

2 ?
Check: (0.2-0.22)+ E—0.2(0.22 + 2)|=2.4-022 ; -0.02 +[1-02-2.22]=053 ; -0.02+[1- 0.444] =053

: 0.02 +0556= 0.53 ; 0.54~ 0.53

Example 2.3-43
0.01x + 0.25(x + 0.1) = 1] ; [0.01x + 0.25x + 0.025 = 1] ; [0.26x + 0.025 =] ; |0.26x + (0.025 — 0.025) = 1- 0.025

p= 108
100 = SE
5 (0.26x + 0 = 0.975] ; [0.26x = 0.975] ; |x = is Z aie
= 3.755|
= Ie26 = 8

o
?
Check: (0.01-3.75) + 0.25(3.75 + 0.1)=1 es ; 0.0375 +(0.25-385)=1 ; 0.0375 + 0.9625=1 ; 1=1
Example 2.3-44
0.3(x + 0.1) — 0.5x =2.35-1.2x| ; [0.3x +0.03-0.5x = 2.35 —12x] ; |(0.3x -0.5x) + 0.03 = 235 -12x

; [40.2x + 0.03 = 2.35-1.2x]; (-0.2x +1.2x) +0.03 = 2.35 + (-12x +1.2x) ; [x +.0.03 = 235 +0] ; [x +.0.03 = 2.35

; |x + (0.03-0.03) = 2.35- 0.03] ; [x +0 = 2.32] ;

" ? ?
Check: 03(232 + 0.1) -(0.5-2.32)=235-(12-232) ; (03-2.42)-116=235-2.784 ; 0.726-116=- 0.434
5 0.434 = -0.434
Example 2.3-45
[(0.2x - 23) +0.2(x -1)]-1.8x = 0} ; ; [02x + 0.2x) + (-0.2-23)]-18x =0

25-10 |F 25 . [x=-178
ahaa
3 |—1L4x +0=2.5] 5 [-14x =2.5] ; ro :
; = 10-14
B10)Ae feeTG)
22

Check: [[(o2 --1.78)— 23] + 0.2(-178- 1)+(-18. -178)= 0 ; [[-035-23]+(02--2.78)]+321 =0

? ?
; [-2.65 -0.56]+321=0 ; -321+321=0 ; 0=0

Practice Problems - Solving Linear Equations Containing Decimals

Section 2.3 Case III Practice Problems - Solve the following linear equations by applying the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
1. 035-0.2x =05+0.1x 2. 5.2x + 0.1(x - 0.25) = 0.2x 3. 0.4(x - 2)-0.2(x -1) = 0.25

4. 12x +056 -0.6x = 125x 5. (x-05)-[(x+01)-3x]=-x 6. 5(0,02x + 0.002) - 05x = 1.25

7. 05x =-(2-25x)+28 8. 135-0.5(x+0.2)=0 9. 0.5[-(0.8x - 0.2)- 5]= 22x

10. 0.25x -13+(L2x -17) =-28

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.4 Formulas

2.4 Formulas
Formulas are rules that are stated using symbols, called variables, and are expressed as equations.
For example, to find the area of a circle with a radius equal to 3cm we multiply the constant z
“pronounced pi” by the square of the radius. Thus, the area is 7-3* =92 cm”. Note that in this
case, the stated rule can then be expressed as a formula 4=7-r? which is an equation involving
two variables, A and r, and aconstant, z. In this section we learn how to solve for a specific
variable in a given formula by using the following steps:
Step 1: Isolate the variable either to the left or right hand side of the equation by applying
the addition and subtraction rule (see Section 2.2, Case I).

Step 2: Solve for the variable by applying the multiplication or division rules (see Section
De Cased|):
Note - If the variable is isolated to the right hand side of the equation, to be consistent with the
steps used in the previous sections, at the very last step move the variable to the left hand side of
the equation (see examples 2.4-2, 2.4-6, and 2.4-7).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps for solving a specific variable in a given formula:
Example 2.4-1
Solve V = bh for b.
Solution:

Step 1
Step 2 y= ;[b.7=3.4 on); ean | =H) 2a]
Example 2.4-2
Solve a=6+(c+2)d for c and d.
Solution:

I. Step1 a=b+(ct+2)d|;|a=b+cd +2]; [a=b+2d+cd];|a-b=(b-b)+2d+cd

;[a—b= 042d + ed]; [a—b=2d ted] ; |a—b-2d

=(2d—2d) +d
3 |a—b-2d =0+cd|;|a—b-2d=cd

9) ear ee eee
d d d > d

H. Stept [a= b+(0+2)d]; [a=b=6-54(¢+2)a] [a—b=0+(6+2)4];

[a= (6+2)d]

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.4 Formulas

Step 2
"I(c+2) (¢+2) |’ |c+2 ‘ Cr

Example 2.4-3
Solve A=22r? +2arh for z and h.
Solution:
I. Step1 Not Applicable

4 ___n(2r? +248)
Step 2 A=2nr? +2arh|: A= n{2r? + 2rh) . A = ye

(2r? + 2rh) . (2"? + 2rh) "1 2r?

42rh

A
<a 2:
Zt oe 2r7 +2rh

II. Step 1 A=2ar? +2arh| ;|A-2ar?

=2ar? -2nr? +2arh| ;|A-2ar? =0+42arh

: A-2nrr* =2arh

Step 2 Adar?
=Dawn] ,|4=2@?
-
2ar
Dave)
2a
| 2a?
A=
2ar
_ ee aatee
A-2
2

2ar
2 2

Example 2.4-4
Solve A=p+prt for p and ¢.
Solution:
I. Step1 Not Applicable

Step 2 epee =A) = A=) [e=4]

II. Step 1 Eee BR De 9ie (eres Ted ae)
Step 2 dest oe Sy hid ae |G AS
ee
Hie
pr
aAs
er
Ae
pr

Example 2.4-5
2 l
Solve aetsyacs for Xs y, and Fhe

Solution:

I. Step 1

Step 2

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.4 Formulas

Pg A | ln) die 2 l
II. Step1 pxe2y=t|; aie pak tauren

PRs rae 9Wes ad iy eae -7(1 1 )

III. Step 1 aa
p=Sx+By

Additional Examples - Formulas

The following examples further illustrate how to solve for a specific variable in a given formula:
Example 2.4-6 Solve y=mx+b for x and b.

lution:
Solution:
;
1. [P=
I. RED; wD;
[y=b= [y=DamarOs [y—Beme]s| P=
|y=mx+ y | Pas
mx y mx
—-b
-
mx) |y-b
ser

,Jx=2— m

1. ERT Pare mT; mr OA [P=m=B); am

Example 2.4-7 Solve s=2t(a+b) for t and b.

Solution: I. js=2e(a+6)|; 2(a+b) WAd+6) fea)

II. |s=2t(a+b)|; [s =2at +2br] ;|s—2at = 2at — 2at + 2dt] ; |s—2at

=0+2dt] ; |s—2at
= 2d¢,

; che SL ay
S- a=
HS
22a
ha. ed 2t

Example 2.4-8 Solve 2s- et)+5 for s andr.

Solution: [. |2s—3t=4(s+2r)+5] ; [2s—3t

=4s +8t+5] ; |2s—3¢+31
=45+ (8¢+31)+5

3 (2s+0=45+11t+5| 5 |2s=4s+11¢+5}; 25-45 =(4s—45)+11¢+5 3(-2s=0+11t+5

- 1
[=2s
= 115% SS s|--S

II. |2s—3r
=4(s+2r)+5]; [2s—3t
=45+8¢ +5] ; |2s-25-3¢ =(4s-25) +8245

; (O=3t=2s
+81 45);|=31 = 25-481 $5]: —3t — 8t = 2s +(8t-81)+5 3 Lellt =25+04+5

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.4 Formulas

; Elir=2s+5]; ee ; 1-555
Example 2.4-9 Solve /= prt for p, r,and ¢.
; ag I I
Solution: I. |/= prt|;|— =——]:|—= Jo-4
Paap ya rala| eee lee

IE prt I
Il. |J = prt| ;|— =—|;|— =r]; |r=—IT
Fete eee

I prt I I
Ul. [7= prt] 5|— =——|;|— =2]; |e=—

Example 2.4-10 Solve A= ar? for x and r.

: A Zima A
r r r r

2 = oA

a at Wa a V1 a

Example 2.4-11 Solve P=2/+2w for / and w.

Solution:1. (P=2/+2w|;[P=2w=21+2w—2):|P=2w=2/+0] :[P=2w=21)-|2 =” -4

FE
> 2 zs 2

Il. |P
=2/+2w| ;|P-2/
= 2/-2/+2w] ;|P—2/ =0+2w| ;|P-2/ =2w] 7.
is a

.
P-2l . w=
P—-2
es Seamed 2
Example 2.4-12 Solve A= 5h for h.

sma [ES fo fer wa

Example 2.4-13 Solve C=—>(F- $2) Torr.
p-a=2-%h 2A bh] |2A

Solution: Ge 32) : CE (nes) : Aga) 32 630

; = C487
9 5 59 5 5

9
=C+32=F+0 oC4+32=F 5 Rageoe

Example 2.4-14 Solve A= 5Hoy+b)) for h and 4).

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.4 Formulas

Solution: I. A= ] Wb +bo)|;, 2-A=2-5 ] Wy + by)| 5deae

|24 = Ad, + by);Gti
eee lelete)
Gees)

: by + by : by + by
roe

1 1
2:A=2-> Wb, +by) ;|24 = h(b +by)] 5 [24 =bht boh|
NL, A= = Hb + by)

2A—bh byh
524 — bh =(bh—
bh) +byh| ;[24—
bh =04 byh| ; |24—bh=
bh Para bt

Example 2.4-15 fee ae for x and re

10

Solution: I.

5
5 > 5-20 2 5
> |—(x-—4)4+5= y +0); |—(x-—4) +5 = y]3 |—x-— +5=y]3|—x-34+3=y]:|y=—x
LU rear o}sfercstseo) fro]
Note that in some instances formulas are solved for a specific variable while numerical values for
the remaining variables are given. The following are few examples of this case:

Example 2.4-16 Solve A= =H

h(b\ +52) for h, if 4=50, b, =3, and db =5.

' b + by)
Solution: 4= Eloy
h(by +62) AA
p-4=2.L i
p-a=2-1 Hb+0)
+0) 2.4
2A=hb,
=hb, +by)| aH
24=Hb +ba)| (d,a (5; + by)

; DA ane DA
b + by by + by

Substituting the given numerical values in the above equation we obtain a

specific value for h.

on
fe]
2A 2-50 25 1
h= P= oe —|;|h=—|;|h=12—|; |k=125

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.4 Formulas

Example 2.4-17 Solve F=2C+32 for C, if F=100, F=25, and F=-10

Solution: F=2c+3| ,|F-

F-30=2c+32-2] :|F-
F-32=2c+0
zeae

5 39 5 5
3 |—-(F-32)=—-—C];|=(F-32)=C|;:|C==(F-
g "95 = g(*-%)
5 5 340 7
I. If F=100, then C= 5 (100-32) A eared oa rae G31, C=3778

Note that 100 aed

Fahrenheit eee with 27.78
= = Centigrade.

Il. If F=-10, then——-

:aIRAE
—

; (C =-2333
Example 2.4-18 Solve V = zbh fort V =150 and b=2.

Solution: y = bh|;|3-V =3-— oh|; BY =A |= = <4)| = ;|a==

Substituting the given numerical values in the above equation we obtain a

specific value for h.
a=] Jn
a= 22,
2352 42 - [h=225]

Example 2.4-19 Solve S=2ar? +2mh 1. For S,if r=2 and h=5. 2. For h,if S=40 and
r=2.

Solution: Il. If r=2 and n=5, then|S =22r? +2arh|:|S = 27-2? +27-2-5|:[S=22-4427-10

; [S= 82 +207] ; 287

|S=
Il. |S =2ar? +2arh| ; |S —2ar? = 2a? -2ar? +2arh| ; |S —2ar? =0+2arh

é a
: 2) S-2 2
; |S2a?
=2h] :|S 2ar
aoe _ AMR)
2a Be2arer | 2ar
40-27-2 2 40-8 410-27
If
S =40 and r=2, then (2 ;|2= = ofgsi lez)
22-2 4n An

4-10-27
4

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.4 Formulas

Example 2.4-20 Solve C=2(F-3 ) for F, if C=37.78, C=0, and C=-10

Solution: [c=3(r-29]; [2-0-2

aS
2 5(r-29)
32) c=
Bc=r-29);
F-
rz s|c+32= F7-32-29
-—32+32

: oC+32=F +0 ; =C+32=F : F-20432

PeiniC=37.783 then]
F==-3778+32
=2.377832] |r = 2839); F = 68+32|; |F =100

II. If c=0,then|F=2-0+32];
aes ; [F=0+32]; =32]
[F
Note that zero degree Centigrade sat with 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

Ill. If C=-10, then Fae. ~10+32|; ; [F=-18+32]

;[F =14]

Practice Problems - Formulas

Section 2.4 Practice Problems - Solve each formula for the indicated variable.

1. V=amh forr and h Db 2x +2y =3(x+y)-5 for x aed y

SC 2ar 101 7 4. d=n for t-and r

ay yob=ox4eb forsale 6. y=Soone forc

7 m= 2" for y and 5 8. y= mh for z, r, andh

9. E=mc? for c and m 10. y—(2x-3y)+3=S5y-x for x and y

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Just as the symbol “ = ” represents equality, the symbols “ ( ” and “ ) ” represent less than or
greater than, respectively. In general, an equation states that two algebraic expressions are
equal. An inequality, in the other hand, states that an algebraic expression is either greater than
or less than another one. Note that an inequality with numbers on both sides is a numerical
statement of inequality. Numerical statements of inequality are either true or false. For example,
6+5)8, 4-3)10, and 15-3)2 are true statements where as 5+3)10, 8-2(2, and 6-3)30 are
false statements. Algebraic inequalities are inequalities that contain one or more variables. For
example, x-3(5, 2x+5(x-8, and 3y(5y-2 are referred to as algebraic inequalities.
An algebraic inequality becomes either a true or false numerical statement, each time a number is
substituted for the variable. For example, the algebraic inequality y+3)5 is a false numerical
statement if y =-3, because by substituting y=-3 in y+3)5 we obtain -3+3)5 which implies
0)5. On the other hand, y+3)5 is a true numerical statement if »=3, because y+3)5 becomes
3+3)5 which implies 6)5. Note that the set of all solutions to an inequality that make an
algebraic inequality to become a true numerical statement is referred to as its solution set. For
example, the solution set for y+3)5 is the set of all real numbers that are greater than 2. This is
expressed as {y| y)2}. The notation {y| y)2} is read as “the set of all y such that y is greater
than 2.”
In this section students learn how to solve algebraic inequalities. The rules for solving
inequalities, with only one exception, are the same ones we have learned for solving equations.
Solving inequalities using addition and subtraction rules (Case I), and multiplication or division
rules (Case II) are addressed below:

CaseI Addition and Subtraction of Linear Inequalities

To add or subtract the same positive or negative number to linear inequalities the following rules
should be used:
Addition and Subtraction Rules: The same positive or negative number, or variable, can be
added or subtracted to both sides of an inequality without changing the solution: for all real
numbers a, b, and c,
1. a)b ifand only if a+c)bt+e
2. a)yb ifand only if a-c)b-c.

Linear inequities are added or subtracted using the following steps:

Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the inequality by applying the addition and
subtraction rules.
Step 2 Find the solution by simplifying the inequality. Check the answer by substituting
different values, that are greater than or less than the solution found for the inequality,
into the original inequality.

| Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear inequalities are solved using the addition
and subtraction rules:

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Example 2.5-1

Solution:

Step 2 The solution set is {x| x (13}.

? ? ;
Check 1: Let x =-2 which is less than 13. Then, is -2-5(8 ; -7(8? The answer is
“ves” because -7(8.
? ? ;
Check 2: Let x =15 which is greater than 13. Then, is 15-5(8 ; 10(8? The answer is

“no” because 10)8.

Example 2.5-2
oe ee
i 3
Solution:
2:4)+3 1S) tee DA ie 5
Step 1 SIS ; (ZS eae 3 eS ert cis Wee
3 4 3 4 3 4 3

SOIL (5-4)-(3-11)] 20339 ed B13) =

The solution set is {w| w >-1.08}.

? ? ?
Check 1: Let w=-1.08. Then, is 27-108 = 15 : 7708 =2 : 275-108 =167? The

answer is “yes” because 1.67 = 1.67.

9
Check 2: Let w=2 which is greater than -1.08. Then, is 22 +2)15 : 47203
2
; 2.75+2)167? The answer is “yes” because 4.75 ) 1.67.
Example 2.5-3
Su-045 <4u+1-

Solution:
1-3)+1
Step 1 Su-045 <4u+1- : su—4u 045 < 4413) : u-045< 04>

5 |u-0.45 < 133] ; [u-0.45+ 0.45 <133+ 045]; [u+0<178];

Step 2 Not Applicable The solution set is {u|u< 1.78} .

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9
?
Check 1: Let u=178. Then, is (5-1.78)-0.45 = (4-178)+r ; 89-045=712 +
?
; 845=712+133? The answer is “yes” because 8.45 = 8.45.
? ?
Check 2: Let u=0 which is less than 1.78. Then, is (5-0)-0.45¢ (4-0)+1- > 0-0.45¢ 045

,4 Dn. KS
: 045 (— ? The answer is “yes” 9 because -0.45 (133.
?
Check 3: Let u=5 which is greater than 1.78. Then, is (5-5)-0.45 ((4-3) +1

; 25-045 (20+- 5 24.55 (204133 ; 2455(2133? The answer is “no” because we

? 4 ? ? bf (<4 99

can not choose u=5 since 5)1.78.

Example 2.5-4

Solution:
l (2 2) l 1 i?) 1 (4 =
Step 1 me vag a oa hr Vary. y+) 2
——)—y+|—+1—||3;|-—+y)-—yt+ 3 I 5174
—-+——_ |-—+ y)
y )0+) 5a
— +—

1 eee 1 1+5 ie! Ge, 1 23 vial ew |

|= —ge
py) =|33 =— +eae
= Y) eee
et een
Sr Ory) Oe reer
— Fe:ala eae
—+—

step2 [ypat
2+4f,]yyaa
os
2O*OY, |, is
B11,2 yyat
-Ty)—|:|y)2—]; |») 2.25

The solution set is {y| y )225}.

2
Check: Let y=10 which is greater than 2.25. Then, is -7) -10+(4+12]
? ? ? ?
2 1) -104( 242) ; Bee Ey enee : es ea (RC ; -0.25)-10+2? The answer
4 cae 4 3 4 3

is “yes” because -0.25)-8 or 0.25(8.

Example 2.5-5
2 2
—+y22-1—

Solution:
2 7y\| PAL Em: One? er
“4 y22-12|;|=-=+ y22-12-=]; 104+ y22-1=-=|;|y22-1=-=

me)
>2-1=-=|:|y2]
(2-1=]-=];/y
2) 2 2 ap?) -=]2 ; ] 2| (2-- ee
=| —-+—+—_| —|-=
2

147
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Pek. el ier: ls 05

The solution set is {y| y> 0.05}.

: ? ee ?
Check 1: Let »=0.05. Then, is ++005 = 2-12 ; 0.67+ 0.05 = a » 0.72 = 2-128 ?7- The

answer is “yes” because 0.72 = 0.72.

ig MOR ee 2 eT)
Check2: Let y=5 which is greater than 0.05. Then is gioe2cl, : 0.67+5)2——
?
; 5.67) 2-128? The answer is “yes” because 5.67 ) 0.72 .

Additional Examples - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Inequalities

The following examples further illustrate how linear inequalities are solved using the addition
and subtraction rules:
Example 2.5-6
[x+8 (12]; [x+8-8 (12-8); [x+0(4]; [x(4] The solution set is {x| x4}.
?
Check: Let x =3 which is less than 4. Then, is 3+8(12? The answer is “yes” because 11(12.
Example 2.5-7

E57]: Ea I=F5]s[PDI=I]s
PIES] Thesolution
sets(9-3). ? ? Lee:
Check 1: Let y =-1 which is greater than -3. Then, is -5-1)-8 ; -6)-8 ; = (=? The

answer is “yes” because 6(8.

?
Check 2: Let y=5 which is greater than -3. Then, is -5+5)-87? The answer is “yes”
because 0)-3.
Example 2.5-8

ESE FS SS a ed BR Ed
The solution set is {w| w) 4}.
?
Check: Let w=8 which is greater than 4. Then, is 5)-8+9? The answer is “yes” because
So1%
Example 2.5-9
6+x)~20];|6-6+x)~20-6];[0+x)-26]; |x)-26] The solution
setis{x| x) - 26}.
? ? Bae
Check 1: Let x =-20 which is greater than -26. Then, is 6~20)-20 ; -14)-20 ; set 720 5
-l -l
The answer is “yes” because 14 (20.
?
Check 2: Let x=5 which is greater than -26. Then, is 6+5)-20? The answer is “yes”
because: 1157208
os is less than -26.
Check 3: Let x =-50 which 2 ? —44 ? _20
Then, is 6-50)-20 ; -44)-20 ;A
aL

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

?
; 44(20? The answer is “no” because we can not choose x =—50 since —50(—26.
Example 2.5-10

n=12(15);fwT2BCETT];
[e012]; [wT] Thesolution
setisfm]m27}. 4 v 5) %
Check 1: Let m=5 which is less than 27. Then, is 5-12(15 : -7(15 : S)2? The answer
is “yes” because 7) -15.
?
Check 2: Let m=20 which is less than 27. Then, is 20-12(15? The answer is “yes”
because 8 (15.
Example 2.5-11

The solution set is {x| x (-116} .

? ? ay oe
Check 1: Let x =-15 which is less than -116. Then, is 92-15(-24 ; -58(-24 ; =) p
The answer is “yes” because 5.8 ) 2.4.
? ?
Check 2: Let x =5 which is greater than -116. Then, is 92+5(-24 ; 142(-24? The answer
is “no” because we can not choose x =5 since 5)-116.
Example 2.5-12

The solution set is {w| w >-2.5}.

?
Check 1: Let w= -2.5. Then, is -23-25=-487?
The answer is “yes” because -4.8=-48.
?
Check 2: Let w=10 which is greater than -25. Then, is -23+10)-48? The answer is “yes”
because 7.7)-48.
Example 2.5-13
Sins
prs aah fe
(1-3)+2 (2-7)+3
ONSP RSLS O€ fTEES
34m ids
"0 ahs ey fp Bi h eae / Sa | on Parke
Soe
ef ae
[gues . h 0 <a Fe

gare aero erage oreo Sei ae ae 2

|, 07-3)-(5-7)} [51-35 ear Rane ’

5) H iceeseeage Dera lear ; [40.76] Thesolution
set is {h| (0.76}.

ae : ? 2 1:3)+2
Ww ? (2-7)+3
Check: Let 4=0 which is less than 0.76. Then, is 0+12 (22 ‘ 12(25 : ( lage
? ?
‘= “S : 2(2 ? The answer is “yes” because 1.67 (2.43.

Example 2.5-14
1-8)+3 11
y~385s1- : eee : y-385<= = : ae 3 |y —3.85 <138

FASTEST
P= IES;[FEOESI]; P=SAS] The solution sets {y| y<823).

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

?? ? -8)4+3 ? ?
Check 1: Let y=523. = lose ndok
Then, is 523-385 = 15 ; 138==2 5 138-2? The

answer is “yes” because 138 = 138.

anal nae 2 (1-8)+3
Check 2: Let y=2 which is greater than 1.78. Then, is 2-385 (ir : sah sonra

? 8+3 ? 11 $66 oD)

; “LSS Kee : “185 (2 The answer is “yes” because -185 (138.

Example 2.5-15
oO ey al t Betele yas ee
:
baalesd
;
a1 eileen
ee aHey [Movs ele
*) =e) 5 5 5 5 5 5 m oe)

: gy pene : Li itor ‘ HD EAL ie ee : eee - eee : ee

5 5 5 Da) &| tape Se J. 5 5

: The solution set is \w |w< 0.6}

Saeed tut Bue aliaealG ZS. 6 ?
Checks!: Let w= 0.6.-—Then; 1s ee ir : Piel aerate 2324 0.6=264+127? The

answer is “yes” because 3.8 = 3.8.

re se Vee 413g Aol Gas 13 ae ?
Check 2: Let w=0 which is less than 0.6. Then, is el ea li : oat Gettae > 32(26+12?

The answer is “yes” because 3.2 (38.

? ?
Check 3: Let w=5 which is greater than 0.6. Then, is 3545522412 : wtssste
? ?
5 3.24+5<26+12 ; 82<387? The answer is “no” because we can not choose w=5
since 5)0.6.

Practice Problems - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Inequalities

Section 2.5 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following linear inequalities by adding or
subtracting the same positive or negative number to both sides of the inequality.
1. x-10)12 Ze) =3< 448 3. 8{(-x4+5

Ae oye 3.8 5. 0.654+1)222 6b ee

3 es
I
7. 08+w>1-+09 Fe 2 any ee :
Pay y= 1sSS2—273
Ql y-125<
3 aN 5

[Omer
Spe pent)

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CaseII Multiplication and Division of Linear Inequalities |

To multiply or divide linear inequalities by the same positive or negative number the following
rules should be used:
Multiplication Rule:
a. The same positive number can be multiplied by both sides of an inequality without
changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c, with c)0 (a positive number),

a)b ifand only if a-c)b-c.

b. The same negative number can be multiplied by both sides on an inequality, however, the
direction of the inequality must be changed in order to keep the same inequality: for all
real numbers a, b, and c, with c(0 (a negative number),

a)b ifand only if a-c(b-c.

Division Rule:
a. The same positive number (except zero) can be divided by both sides of an inequality
without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c, with c)0 (a positive
number),
a)b ifand only if2)2.
Cc C¢

b. The same negative number can be divided by both sides of an inequality, however, the
direction of the inequality must be changed in order to keep the same inequality: for all
real numbers a, b, and c, with c(0 (a negative number),
a)b if.and only if©(>.

Linear inequalities are multiplied or divided using the following steps:

Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the inequality by applying the addition and
subtraction rules.
Step 2 Find the solution by applying the multiplication or division rules. Check the answer
by substituting different values, that are greater than or less than the solution found
for the inequality, into the original inequality.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear inequalities are solved using the
multiplication or division rules:
Example 2.5-16
l

Solution:

Step|
] 1 oa! 1-1 1
ee ol a esee a e|é —~—1:|x(-0.06
Step 2 3x ¢ Riles af | 53]? |*s =| £006]

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 ey A Linear Inequalities
Mastering
Bo Algebra
evinces eo - Intermediate
—thence etnLevel rer siren the Involving
sineOperations
2.5 Math SS

The solution set is {x| x (-0.06} .

emia : ad oa
Check 1: Let x =-10 which is less than -0.06. Then, is EY ees : meg The answer

, a eae 202
is “yes” because -30(-0.2 or >) 630)'02:.

é F ' edt ?
Check 2: Let x =0 which is greater than -0.06. Then, is SHOE ; 0(-02? The answer

is “no” because we can not choose x =0 since 0) -0.06.

Example 2.5-17
=3 2 4y
Solution:
D , 2 2 pl y,
Beg edy ody Say leeAye Oley 20 (ae en

2 2
-10-4y>2|-|4y22
o-ay2 2];
[aye3]

2, l BI Decal D 1
Bel A yr ee -|lp<——|:]/y<-——]: ly <—0.166
Step 2 23]; ae 2 sys 24 |vs35] fy<—3]
s SOU
The solution set is {y| y<-0.166}.
? ?
Check 1: Let y= -0.166. Then, is - =4--0166 ; -0.66=4--0.166? The answer is “yes”

because —0.66 = —0.66.

? ?
Check 2: Let y=-2 which is less than -0.166. Then, is -2) 4.2 ; -5)-8? The answer
—0.66
is “yes” because —0.66 )—8 or ara (= ; 0.66(8.
? ? 9

Check 3: Let y=2 which is greater than -0.166. Then, is -;24-25 -5>8 ; 06628?

The answer is “no” because we can not choose y=2 since 2)-0.166.
Example 2.5-18
ener
3 5
Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

2 3) |(1-3)+2
l=w(-2-]; =
(2-5)+3] : [3+2 = 10+3] 4 ABS?[5 aap13
Step 2
P | ee 5 (lua ae oe

a)
°|—-—wi
13) 3! 13-3 39
—-— -—] : Iwi —-—— 1° |wi -—-—|° |w — 1.56
| Rad 5 3}pec 22|fw
(2 fs
The solution set is {w| w (-156} .
Check:
? 3
Let w=-10 which is less than -156. Then, is 15--10(-2 5 p)
Sine
5 i
;
v

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50.'6 13 Es =
: go aia ? The answer is “yes” because -16.6(-—2.6 or 217
sobs
) ae ; 16.6)2.6.

Example 2.5-19

Solution:
Step 1

Step 2 Ba]; #2; The solution set is {r| 1) 0.4}.

?
Check: Let t=5 which is greater than 04. Then, is -2)-5-5? The answer is “yes”
because -2 )-25 or = (= 225%

Example 2.5-20
2
Ds BOS—

Solution:
Step1
D (3-3)+2 94+2 11 26 3.66
Step 2 2.6m (3—| ; |2.6m { ~~ —_| ; |2.6m (——] ; |2.6m (—| ; |2.6m ¢3.66] ; |—— m (——
P 6mc32]from ODI Fm 22);fm] ean]; [2m 2.6

:
366-10 :
3660
——|;|m(14
1" F00.06|*|"§ 2600 ES)
The solution set is {m| m 14}.
? 2
Check 1: Let m=1 which is less than 14. Then, is 26-1(3 : 26(=? The answer is

“yes” because 2.6 (3.7.

2 ? 2
Check 2: Let m=2 which is greater than 14. Then, is 26-2.(3- : s2( 95.23.77) he

answer is “no” because we can not choose m=2 since 2)14.

Additional Examples - Multiplication and Division of Linear Inequalities

The following examples further illustrate how linear inequalities are simplified using the above
multiplication or division rules:
Example 2.5-21
Pavr |); Po) The solution
set is {y| y (-15}.
?
Check: Let y=-40 which is less than -15. Then, is -5-(-40)) 75? The answer is “yes”
because 200)75.

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Example 2.5-22
2 o 2 3 4 3
=x<e—4|;|—-=x<—4-—|: |ee——. | p< |4-3 |<[Ve| |e 6
The solution set is {x| x <-6}.
? ? G ”
Gheckslense te =O oul enals =-(-6)=-4; -* =-4? The answer is “yes” because -4=-4.
2 2
Check 2: Let x =-10 which is less than -6. Then, is 5-(-10)(-4 : 2 (-4? The answer is

yes” because -6.67(-—4 or aye

66. 99 7 Ms —4
; 667)4.

Example 2.5-23
4 1
ey, : anys molec : 4 2h>0 : SS a Sew : hones : ee : je
7 i ‘i ooh ii aC ral fag Wes Bree

: ; The solution set is {| h>-0.28}.

Note that another way of solving these type of inequalities is as shown below:

A? ?
Check 1: Let h=-0.28. Then, is 7 —2--0.28 ; 056=-2--028? The answer is “yes” because
0.56 = 0.56.
?
Check 2: Let h=7 which is greater than -0.28. Then, is a)=2-7 ? The answer is “yes”
because 0.57)-14.
Example 2.5-24

: eve The solution set is {w| w (9}.

?
Check: Let w=2 which is less than 9. Then, is -2)-9? The answer is “yes” because
(= 5209.
Example 2.5-25
2 2
eo re2 ee2 Sr 2
C0 Ss aaZ oH De
Ke Ae2 wd
> ae
Boa ae 5 ge s[-5+3 | i etl i a ts once pe N|n

The solution set is {x| x (125}.

Note that another way of solving these type of inequalities is as shown below:

? ?
Check: Let x =5 which is less than 12.5. Then, is “5(-2-5 : “5 (2-82 The answer is “yes”

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

because -—5(-2 or =)= Sainoee

Example 2.5-26
] 1 5 ;
ze<3);$k <8-3/; The solution set is {k| k < 24}.
3
Check i: Vet b=24 ee Aen seh
shen, is ares se
—= 3; te 3? The answer is “yes” because 3=3.
3) ? M 66. 29

8
? ?
Check 2: Let k=8 which is less than 24. Then, is 5803 : 5803? The answer is “yes”
because 1(3.
“Te2: eer

Or
Sateen
the can be solved
aticin the way:

Serene ea Thesolution
set is {w| (30}.
9 9
Check: Let w=10 which is less than 30. Then, is “5(2 -5(-29 The answer is “yes”

because —5 (-1.66 or 2) 5) 1.66.

Example 2.5-28

tes-3};|strs-3-5], sa
rs): ge
Ee The solution set is {x |x< -357}.
?
Check1: Let x =-357. Then, is —FL.-357=-3 : 21 =-29 The answer is “yes” because

—0.714
= -0.714
1 5aera ieee ate ee center
Check2: Let x =-5 which is less than -357. Then, is a ae are iia ; sige | The
; -0.7
answer is “yes” because -1(-0.71 or =); 1)0.7
? ? ?
Check 3: Let x =0 which is greater than -3.57. Then, is 50 < -> = Os -> ; 0<-071? The

answer is “no” because we can not choose x =0 since 0)-3.57.

Example 2.5-29
4 20 ‘ :
-iyss : ~4.-Zy25.-5 p22, y2=-20 The solution set is {y| y 2-20}.
5
9 20? Pe:

Check 1: Let y=-20. Then, is -- -20=5; = AG 52 The answer is “yes” because 5=5.

ey : 1 ?d 4L ones
Check 2: Let y=-8 which is greater than -20. Then, is rig ea Su Fae ? The answer
a

is “yes” because 2(5.

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1 ? 40? 10? ?
Check 3: Let y= -40 whichis less than -20. Then, is “4 Aes : vi : 759 P1065./
The answer is “no” because we can not choose y =-40 since -40(-20.
Example 2.5-30

pees ae eee ee eons JJb+Sr29

(ae 594 [OPeeES cae) 5 45 35

8 8 6 8 6 8| 16 8] |3 6 8 5 40
5|---+—x20-=];]0+—x>-—|;|—x>-=|;/—-=x2-=-=];]x2-—];]x2-2.22

Or the inequality can be solved in the following way:

OEM te OE Wed Ceca a ema |p (ean ee 9) CLUE

3 Se lis 3 5 ates 5 3 5 6 3 3 66 18

or The solution set is {x| x>- att.

? ? ,
Check 1: Let x= -2.22.. Then, is 2== -1--(-222) : ; 0 a s-=? The answer is

“yes” because 2.66 = 2.66.

? ?
Check 2: Let x =0 which is greater than -2.22. Then, is 2=)-12-0 : 5 0 ? The answer is

“yes” because 2.66) 0.

? 1 ? ? 90
Check 3: Let x =-15 which is less than -222. Then, is 2=2-12-(-15) : sees : on
?
; 2.66218? The answer is “no” because we can not choose x =-15 since -15(-2.22.

Practice Problems - Multiplication and Division of Linear Inequalities

Section 2.5 Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following linear inequalities by applying the
multiplication or division rules:
D eee) 2
eye
y) =5 De eedsat 3. fan:aA GY)

A es Shey eG 6 ee
i SF) 4 5

a 1
ap “2x s27 +1 8. 328x>24 a Pre

ihe
3 4

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Case III Mixed Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

In Cases I and II we learned how to solve linear inequalities by either applying: 1. The addition
and subtraction rules, or 2. The multiplication or division rules. In this section, solution to linear
inequalities which may involve using all four rules is discussed.
Addition and Subtraction Rules: The same positive or negative number, or variable, can be
added or subtracted to both sides of an inequality without changing the solution: for all real
numbers a, b, and c,
1. a)b ifand only if a+c)bt+e

2. ayb ifand only if a-c)b-c.

Multiplication Rule:
a. The same positive number can be multiplied by both sides of an inequality without
changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c, with c)0 (a positive number),

a)b ifand only if a-c)b-c.

b. The same negative number can be multiplied by both sides on an inequality, however, the
direction of the inequality must be changed in order to keep the same inequality: for all
real numbers a, b, and c, with c(0 (a negative number),

a)b ifand only if a-c(b-c.

Division Rule:
a. The same positive number (except zero) can be divided by both sides of an inequality
without changing the solution: for all real numbers a, b, and c, with c)0 (a positive
number),
a)yb ifand only if 2) 2.
CSC

b. The same negative number can be divided by both sides of an inequality, however, the
direction of the inequality must be changed in order to keep the same inequality: for all
real numbers a, b, and c, with c(0 (a negative number),
a)b ifand only if2(>.

Linear inequalities are solved using the following steps:

Step 1 Isolate the variable to the left hand side of the inequality by applying the addition and
subtraction rules.
Step 2 Find the solution by applying the multiplication or division rules. Check the answer
by substituting different values, that are greater than or less than the solution found
for the inequality, into the original inequality.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how linear inequalities are solved using the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Example 2.5-31
3
6y+1)2—

Solution:
3 3 3 3
Step 1 6y+1)2—];/6y+1-1)2—-1];]6y+0)2—-1];/6y )2—-1
7 a, i di)

3 (2-7)+3 14+3 (iP (17-1)-(1-7)

6y)2—-1]; A“ 7 _1]-16y )—=-1|; |6y ) —--| ; ]6y ) =~
ores er2zplor 7 Jor SB: ieay 21s eae
17-7 10 6y , 1.43
-16y )——-|;}6y )— |; ]6y ) 1.43] ; |—) —-]5 0.24
oy») [ov 2 ferric] |) 2 yang

The solution set is {y| y ) 0.24}.

? ee
Check 1: Let y=4 which is greater than 0.24. Then, is 6-441) 2= : +1) : 25) 4

The answer is “yes” because 25 ) 2.43.

? ?
Check 2: Let y=0 which is less than 0.24. Then, is 6-0+1)2 > : 041) ; 1)243? The
answer is “no” because we can not choose y=0 since 0(0.24.
Example 2.5-32

Solution:

Step 1 [61059725]; [=H ATOEH=H5]; LHHTOSOT ; FTOSS

3 : 2
Step 2 ; : The solution set is {tve 1.66}
9? ?
Check 1: Let +=1.66. Then, is 6-166+10=9-166+5 ; 99+10=149+5? The answer is “yes”
because 19.9=19.9.
? ?
Check2: Let ¢=1 which is less than 1.66. Then, is 6-1+10)9-1+5 ; 6+10)9+5? The
answer is “yes” because 16) 14.
? .
Check3: Let +=3 which is greater than 1.66. Then, is 6-3+10>9-3+5 ; 18+10>27+5
?
; 28232? The answer is “no” because we can not choose t =3 since 3) 1.66.
Example 2.5-33

Solution:
Sep1 EER], SRR),
GE,
Step 2 The solution set is {x| x>-5}.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

? ?
Check 1: Let x =-5. Then, is 3--5=25+8--5 ; -15=25-40? The answer is “yes” because
-15=-15.
2 ?
Check 2: Let x =-2 which is greater than -5. Then, is 3--2(25+8--2 ; -6(25-16?
The answer is “yes” because -6 (9.
Example 2.5-34

Solution:
Step 1 0.81 -12n+1021.2n-12n] ;|-04n+10> 0]; [-0.4n+10>0] ; [-0.4n+10-10>0-10

The solution set is {n| n<25}.

?

Check 1: Let n=25. Then, is 0.8-25+10=12-25 ; 20+10= ~30? The answer is “yes”
because 30 = 30.

Check2: Let »=20 which is less than 25. Then, is 08- 20410) 12: -20 ; 16410) 24? The
answer is “yes” because 26) 24.
9 9
Check3: Let n=30 which is greater than 25. Then, is 0.8-30+10212-30 ; 24+10>36

yaad :36? The answer is “no” because we can not choose n=30 since 30) 25.
Example 2.5-35
ee
3 5
Solution:
2 l 2 1 2 1 2 ]
——<47=—|3 |z—42z —— <42 —42——|*'|-32 -—-—
50-—|; |-3z—-—_
5s——
eee -2<42—4s|p-4e—2eae—te-t];| ae-2c0-H},| a2 4

: sigs ap Dire eae 4 Bee pe ate : 25) cee Be

Bed a5 eye) eS

eee)
+(2- pars 22
10

pee]
Ze
(ig Tne 0155)

The solution set is {z| z>- 0.155} .

9

Check1: Let z=-0155. Then, is -0155-= (4--0155)-— ; -0155-066=-062-02? The

?

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

answer is “yes” because -0.82 = - 0.82.

ie : oh: 1 ?
Check 2: Let z=5 which is greater than -0.155. Then, is 5 Aa ((4-5)- c : 5—066( 20-027

The answer is “yes” because 4.34 (19.8.

aed: : 2, 1
Check 3: Let z=-5 which is less than -0155. Then, is -5- 35 (4--5)- A
? ? SG Rel ?
>; —>-0.66<-20-02 5; -5.66<-202 or; a 2 <— ; 5.66 >20.2? The answer

is “no” because we can not choose z=—5 since -5(-0.155.

Additional Examples - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

The following examples further illustrate how to solve linear inequalities using the addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
Example 2.5-36

The solution set is {x| x) 9}.

? ?
Check 1: Let x =20 which is greater than 9. Then, is (2-20)-8)10 ; 40-8)10?. The answer
is “yes” because 32) 10.
? 2 ?
Check 2: Let x=0 which is less than 9. Then, is (2:0)-8)10 ; 0-8)10 ; -8)10? The answer
is “no” because we can not choose x =0 since 049.
Example 2.5-37
6w-5<2wt+8] 3 |6w-S5+5<2w+8+5] 3 |6w+0<2w+13]; |6w<2w+13]; |6w-—2w
< 2w-2w+13

5 4w 13 ; ,
<0413]; . /4w< 13]; 5H
>14w SA eal
5ES |W <<3.25 The solution set is {w |w < 325}.
? ?
Check 1: Let w=325. Then, is 6-325-5=2-325+8 ; 195-5=65+8? The answer is “yes”
because 14.5=14.5.
? ?
Check 2: Wet w=2 whichis less than 325, Then, is 6:2—5(2-2+8 ; 12-5(4+8?. The
answer is “yes” because 7(12.
Example 2.5-38
2 2 2 2 See 5 De:
=*+3(8) 3 |—x+3—3¢( 8-3): |—x +05); |—x-(S5}: |—-— x (5-=]: —}; 12.5
eo+3¢a];[2+9-2¢8-3}; Bowes];[Pag 2 ie 2 ec]; Gc}

The solution set is {x| x (12.5}.

? ? ?
Check: Let x =5 which is less than 12.5. Then, is =:543(8 : 53438 ; 2+3(8? The answer
is “yes” because 5(8.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Example 2.5-39

jaetesau); FeaaA ule 04 21 9y || dal | ue lye al |e S10

3 3 3 3 3 31
(1-u)+(3-2u) u+ 6u Tu 7 peer
3 3
: 21) ;|——
ra ee gareThe ane
21]; |— 21); J-u21);/=-—u21-=
ete ju> 0.43|

set is { | u> 0.43} .

0.43?
Check 1: Let «=043. Then, is 4+—— =5-(2-0.43) ; 44014 =5-086? The answer is “yes”
because 4.14=414.

Check 2: Let u=6 which is greater than 043. Then, is 4+£)5-(2-6) ; 4+2)5-122. The
answer is “yes” because 6) -7.

Check 3: Let w=0 which is less than 043. Then, is 4+235-(.0) : 4+235-(2.0) sud ‘Sh
The answer is “no” because we can not choose u=0 since 0( 0.43.
Example 2.5-40

P=); FAs 4): Thesolution

set is {h| h)-7}.
? 9
Check 1: Let h=-1 which is greater than -7. Then, is -25(-18-1 ; -25(-19; este

The answer is “yes” because 25) 19.

was ’ ? ? P25 AEI6<,
Check 2: Let h=2 which is greater than -7. Then, is -25(-18+2 ; -25(-16 ; » ie

The answer is “yes” because 25) 16.

Example 2.5-41

|= 3) Pea The solution set is {y| y (-30}.

Check 1: Let y =-40 which is less than -30. Then, is 5)-40+35? The answer is “yes”
o °

because 5)-5.

Check 2: Let y=0 which is greater than -30. Then, is 5)0435 : 5)352 The answer is “no”
because we can not choose y» =0 since 0) -30.
Example 2.5-42

3 [214] The solution set is {w| w (-14}.

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 2.5ntMath Operations Involving Inequalities
Linear Se
Mastering Algebra
Ma al deta ettLevel
- Intermediate aOR dnihvenisd -Aivishosanbiansfowrh Bete Soon Basclen EeSa

ee: ? 2 -8 ee
Check 1: Let w=-20 which is less than -14. Then, is -8)-20+6 ; -8)-14 ; rr =? The
answer is “yes” because 8 (14.
? . ;
Check 2: Let w=10 which is greater than -14. Then, is -8)10+6 ; -8)16? The answer is
“no” because we can not choose w=10 since 10)-14.
Example 2.5-43
x x x x x
——7)5|;|—-7+7)5+7|;]—+0) 12]; |—) 12]; }4-—) 12-4]; |x)48
fE-795];[2-7+7)57]; 240912]; Fg); 212-4

The solution set is {x| x) 48}.

gees: tg Pol te ? :
Check 1: Let x =50 which is greater than 48. Then, is Tree ; 125-7)5? The answer is

eyes @because so" 5%

? ? \9 ;
Check2: Let x =12 which is less than 48. Then, is =-7)5 37.5) 0-4.55 (Lhe answer 1s

“no” because we can not choose x =12 since 12 (48.

Example 2.5-44
3 1] |(2-5)+3 (2-4)+1} [10+3 8+1] {13 9
DIE, Sgt oa NSE SN) ke |; |—)k+—1 126) 4423/5 (262k) bok 23
a eae ee

The solution set is {k| &(03}.

Se Aan : ? 2-5)+3? 2:4)+1
Check: Let k =0.1 which is less than 03. Then, is 2=)01+24 : Cees gy Mes

10+3? Re) eis 9 ? pte:

: eae Ce : eiluer ; 2.6)01+23? The answer is “yes” because 2.6) 2.4.
Example 2.5-45
2-4)+3
2820422 : 28-u2 uur 29 : -28-u20+5=> -28-u2— SI 2o—te21D

The solution set is {w|u<-555}.

? ?? (2-4)+3 ?
Check 1: Let w=—-5.55. Then, is -28=—555+ 2 ee) Bey ack on,
3; —2.8 = —5.55+——
4
9 ?
: 1] :
5 -2.8=-555+ ra -2.8 =-5.55+2.75? The answer is “yes” because —2.8 = -2.8.
S SECO ; ? )
Check 2: Let w= -10 which is less than -555. Then, is -28)-10+27 ; -2.8 ?)-10++—+~—
(2-4)+3

? 8+3 ? 1] ? :
: -28)-10+ 7— ‘ -28)-10+7 ; -2.8)-10+2.75? The answer is “yes” because
BGS pag 19) |
—2.8)-—7.25 or == SEDO
CN a One

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 2.5 Math Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Practice Problems - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Inequalities

Section 2.5 Case III Practice Problems - Solve the following linear inequalities by applying the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules:
Ie 2x9) 9x20 2. 15x+3<20x 3. 4x +510

4. -12t+4) 41-8 5. -4w-5>8w+17 6. 10y—4(4y-12

Te ees 2 tse 58 aS pa
Bok ans 5 3 5

10. 0.48x+2.5 (15x - 0.35

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 3 Case Problems

Chapter 3
Factoring Polynomials
Quick Reference to Chapter 3 Case Problems
3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method.................. 165
Case I - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Monomial Terms, p. 165

Find the G.C.F. to: 16x? and 8x}; 8x" yz? and 24xy>z 2

Case II - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Binomial and Polynomial Terms, p. 169

6a°b?c* —2a*be?|: |12x3y2z+36x2z7|; |8a7b>

+4ab? —2a7b
3.2 Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method...........0..0.
cece ceesseceesseeeeeeees 173

[x?
~4r—9e
+36]=;[60m?
+24m—15m—6]=; |5(x+y)? +15x+15y]=
3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trail and Error Method.........0.........eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 176
Case I - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax? + bx +c where a=1, p. 176

x? ~16x+55]=; [x2
+2x-48]=; |x?
-6x-40]=
Case II - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax? + bx +c where a hiepalss

6x? +23x+20|=; [10x?-9x-91]=; |2x?-19xy+35y7]=

3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Term......................... 198
Case I - Factoring Polynomials Using the Difference of Two Squares Method, p. 198

ty-xy]=5 [emteoA]=; [2-0]

Case II - Factoring Polynomials Using the Sum and Difference of Two Cubes Method, p. 203

3)3-27]=; [@-P +y)]=; [?-+9)]=

AS) Factoring Various Types of Polymomials......................cccccccccssscesscessecesccceesccessccessseeenes 208
Case I - Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials, p. 208

16x? +24xy+9y7}=; [2572 +6457 -80rs}=; |9x4 —42x2y?

+49y4] =
Case II - Factoring Other Types of Polynomials, p. 211

y?+3y*-16y-48]=; |48x®-243x4/=; |6y3 4+33y? 445y|=

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 Chapter 3 - Factoring Polynomials
The primary objective of this chapter is to teach students different methods in factoring
polynomials. (To review different classification of polynomials see Chapter 1, Section 1.5a,
Case I.) In Section 3.1 monomial, binomial, and polynomial expressions are factored using the
Greatest Common Factoring method. Factoring by using the Grouping method is addressed in
Section 3.2. How polynomials are factored using a technique known as the Trial and Error
method is discussed in Section 3.3. Section 3.4 introduces the factoring methods for polynomials
with square and cubed terms. The steps as to how trinomials are factored using the Perfect
Square Trinomial method as well as factorization of various other types of polynomials are
discussed in Section 3.5. Cases presented in each section are concluded by solving additional
examples with practice problems to further enhance the students ability. Additional methods for
solving quadratic equations and presenting the solutions in factored form is discussed in Chapter
4,
3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method
Solving algebraic fractions, which are introduced in Chapter 5, requires thorough knowledge of
the factoring and solution methods that are introduced in this and the following chapter.
Therefore, it is essential that students learn how to factor polynomials of second or higher
degrees. For example, simplification of math operations such as:
x—y (2x? +xy-y? . cy 4x? + 4xy -3y? ; x? -9 ; 16x?
2x—-y Dye By 4 x 2x? + Sxy +3y Sx —Sy , x3 —5x* +6x 8x+24

require familiarization with various factoring methods. It is recommended that students spend
adequate time to learn the different factoring and solution methods presented in this and the
following chapter. In this section students are introduced to factoring the Greatest Common
Factor to: monomial terms (Case I) and binomial and polynomial terms (Case II).

Case I Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Monomial Terms

Factoring a polynomial means writing the polynomial as a product of two or more simpler
polynomials. One method in factoring polynomials is by using the Greatest Common Factoring
method where the Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) is factored out. The Greatest Common
Factor to monomial terms is found using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Write the numbers and the variables in their prime factored form.
b. Identify the prime numbers and variables that are common in monomials.
Step 2 Multiply the common prime numbers and variables to obtain the G.C.F.
The following examples show the steps as to how monomial expressions are factored using the
Greatest Common Factoring method:
Example 3.1-1
Find the G.C.F. to 6x? and 8x°.
Solution:
Step 1 [6x2] = [2-3-x-x]
and
Hamilton Education Guides 165
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method

Therefore, the common terms are 2, x, and x.

Step 2 G.CF. =—2x-x]=

Example 3.1-2
Find the G.C.F. to 16y* and 24y°.
Solution:
Step 1 16y4| = De8 yee s|=|0e2.
40yp pay) |=|212:22 veveeey land

aay?|= 3-8-y-y? — -2-4-yryry = 3:2:2:2-y-ypry

Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, 2, y, y and y.

Step 2 GCF. ;
Example 3.1-3
Find the G.C.F. to 8x7yz?, 3x7y* and 24xy7z.
Solution:
Step 1

[5°]
= xx 7] and
2axy32| = 3-8-x-y-y?=z|=[3-2-4-x- y-y-y°z|= 3-2:2-2-x-y-y-p-z

Therefore, the common terms are x and y.

Step 2 G.CF. =[Fo]=

Example 3.1-4

Find the G.C.F. to 27x*y?, 9x7y, and 15xy”.

Solution:
Step 1 27x? 3|= 3-9-x-x-y-y? = 3°3-3°X-x-y- yy

s'y]= Bax 2?y]=[eee y]and

I597|= Savy
Therefore, the common terms are 3, x and y.

Step 2 G.CF.=[r9]=

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
e 3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method
e OO ACO ie O0.

Example 3.1-5
Find the G.C.F. to 32a7b?,, 46ab?, and 56a5‘.
Solution:

Step 1 2°83] =(4-8.0-02-)-']=2204000bb0-PI220aaab 50)

[s6ab?| = [5-12-a-b 6)= [5-3-4-a-b-5] = [B-3-2-2-a-B-B]
and

Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, a, 5, and b.

Step? G.CF.= -
Additional Examples - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Monomial Terms

The following examples further illustrate how to find the Greatest Common Factor to monomial
terms:
Example 3.1-6
Find the G.C.F. to r°s?, 8rs?, and 972s.

1. [P83]=[-7?-s-s?]
= ess]
2. [srs*]= Rar ss]= P2275)
3. [92s]
=B-3-r-r-s]
Therefore, the common terms are r and s. Thus, G.C.F. = =
Example 3.1-7
Find the G.C.F. to 48xy*, 16x7y, 4x*y*, and 12xy.

3. [ety] Baws? yo]- Poem ry

4. [By]= Beso]=Ray
Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, x, and y. Thus, G.C.F. =[2-2-x-y]=
Example 3.1-8
Find the G.C.F. to 55u2wz, 5Ouw*z?, and 15u°w.

1. [55u2w22] =[51-ww ww? -2]= [Eda wal

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method

2. [s0uw?2?| = [5-10-ww-w-2-2]
=[5-5-2-w-w-w-z 2]
3. isu] =[5-3-u-0?
w]=53acwww)
Therefore, the common terms are 5, u, and w. Thus, G.C.F. = = [5uw|
Example 3.1-9
Find the G.C.F. to 27abe ,36a7b*c?, and 24ac?.

1. Babe]=9-3-a-b-e]=B3-3-a-b-c]
2. [s6as?e3]=[2-18-a-a-b-b-c-c7|=
P29 aa b-bc-cc]=P233aabb-c-c-c]
3, [24ac?] = B-8-a-e-e]=B-2-4-a-o-0]=[5-2-2-2-a-c-<]
Therefore, the common terms are 3, a, and c. Thus, G.C.F. = =
Example 3.1-10
Find the G.C.F. to 12x, 60xy*, and 63x?.

1. [12x] = B-4-x] =[3-2-2-x]

2. [son]= .
3. [63x?] = =
Therefore, the common terms are 3 and x. Thus, G.C.F. = =

Practice Problems - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Monomial Terms

Section 3.1 Case I Practice Problems - Find the Greatest Common Factor to the following
monomial terms:
1. 5x? and 15x 2. 18x*y3z* and 24xy4z° 3. 16abe?, 38ab4c* ,and 6a%bc

4. r>s4, 4r>s?, and 3rs 5. 10u’vw>, 2uv?w?, and wy? 6. 19a°b°, 12ab?, and 6ab

= 30myzyp 2x, and!z 8. 25pq’, 5pq, and p° 9. a®b’c and a’b’

10. 2°, xy°z, and 3x7y

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method

Case II Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Binomial and Polynomial Terms

The concept of obtaining Greatest Common Factor can be extended to binomial expressions by
obtaining the greater common monomial factor which is found by using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Write each monomial term in its prime factored form.
b. Identify the prime numbers and variables that are common to monomials.
c. Multiply the common prime numbers and variables to obtain the greatest common
monomial factor.

Step 2 Factor out the greatest common monomial factor from the binomial expression.
The following examples show the steps as to how binomial expressions are factored:
Example 3.1-11
Factor 4x? + 8x?.
Solution:
Step 1 [4x3]= 2-2-x-x-x]
and
[sx?|=[P-4-x-x]=B22-2-x]
Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, x, and x which implies that the
greatest common monomial factor is 2-2-x-x = 4x”. Thus,

Step 2
ae?ae] [ate]
Example 3.1-12
Factor 9u°w? —18uw.
Solution:
Step 1 [ou3w2] = [3-3-2 -w-w] = [B3-au-aw-w]
and
[sum] = [2-9- w]= 23-3-w-w]
Therefore, the common terms are 3, 3, uw, and w which implies that the
greatest common monomial factor is 3-3-u-w=9uw. Thus,

Step 2 pata? ae]= Suw(ue2

Example 3.1-13
Factor 6x7y+12x.
Solution:
Step 1 [6<*y]=[3x] and

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method

Therefore, the common terms are 2, 3, and x which implies that the
greatest common monomial factor is 2:3-x =6x. Thus,

Example 3.1-14
Factor 6a°b*c2 = 2a* hc? .
Solution:
Step 1 [6a352c?|
=[2-3-a-a-a-b-b-c-c] and
[ra?be?|
=P-a-a-b-c-c]
Therefore, the common terms are 2, a, a, 6, c, and c which implies that
the greatest common monomial factor is 2-a-a-b-c-c =2a’bc”. Thus,

Step 2 6a°b*c? —2abe?| = |2a7be?(3ab

—1)

Example 3.1-15
Factor 12x73 y7z + 36x27.
Solution:

be | mie |S ee
Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, 3, x, x, and z which implies that
the greatest common monomial factor is 2-2-3-x-x-z=12x*z. Thus,

Additional Examples - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Binomial and Polynomial Terms

The following examples further illustrate how to find the greatest common monomial factor to
binomial terms:
Example 3.1-16
Find the greatest common monomial factor to 35m?n? + 5mn?.

1. [35m2n3]=[5.7-
m-m-n-n?| =[5-7 nnn]
2. [Sm]
=[Somn-
Therefore, the common terms are 5, m, n, and n which implies that the greatest common

monomial factor is 5-m-n-n=5mn?. Thus, = 5mn?(7Tmn +1)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.1 Factoring Polynomials
a et Using
Mtg the
MO Greatest
TelesisCommon
COMMON Factoring
Factoring Method
MeO

Example 3.1-17
Find the greatest common monomial factor to 6a7b + 66ab‘ .

1. [6a]
=[2-3-a-a-8]
2. [66ab4]=[6-11-4-5?-2]=[231a
bbb)
Therefore, the common terms are 2, 3, a, and b which implies that the greatest common

monomial factor is 2:3-a-b=6ab. Thus, |6a7b

+66ab*| = 6ab(a +1159
Example 3.1-18
Find the greatest common monomial factor to 7p°q° - 49p7q° .

36) DF ge Volt be} es 2) 2

L 7p3q°|= TPP PIN IOP PD? 1a a Gs|=| PP D9: O-edsa-g

BH = =
2. |49p*q?|=|7-7-p-p-q-q*|=|7-7-p-p-4-¢° -@?|=(7- pp -9-4-4-4-4

Therefore, the common terms are 7, p, p, g, 9; Y; g, and q which implies that the greatest

common monomial factor is 7: p-p-q-¢-q:4:q=7p-q>. Thus, |7p°q°

-49p7q°| = 7p*q>(pq-7)
Example 3.1-19
Find the greatest common monomial factor to 48x — 20x) .

A (48%) — (492 |= [22243] = [222203]

2, oy]= ESFy]= BESET
Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, and x which implies that the greatest common

monomial factor is 2-2-x =4x. Thus, [48x —20xy] = |4x(12-5y)

Example 3.1-20
Find the greatest common monomial factor to 24x7y?+12xy?.

i. 2ax3y3| = O42
xox Ty |= 24 see eye y|= 1202 2-3ex weKeyeey

D. 2x y4]= OD Geena ye = 2°2°3°X°X-y yoy y

Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, 3, x, x, y, yand y which implies that the greatest

common monomial factor is 2-2-3-x-x-y-y-y=12x7y?. Thus, |24x°y? +12x7y4

= |12x7y3(2x+y)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.1 Factoring Polynomials Using the Greatest Common Factoring Method

Note 1: As one gains more proficiency in solving this class of problems the need for factoring
each monomial term to its prime factored form lessens. Therefore, students may simplify a given
binomial expression by mentally factoring out the common terms. For example, we can quickly
factor out the expression 24x*y?z+12x*y*z* by observing that its greatest common monomial
factor is 12x? yz , €.2:5
g 24x4 y*z +12x? uy37? = 12x*y?2(2x?
3 + yz).

Note 2: The process of factoring binomial expressions can further be expanded to include
trinomials and polynomials. Following are few additional examples indicating how the greatest
common monomial factor to polynomials is obtained:
1. 5x415x? +50x? = Sx(1+3x +1027] 2. xy? +15xy +12y = 3y(8xy
+5x +4)
3. 8a7b? + 4ab? -2a*b = 2ab{4ab7 +2b-a) 4. 20u*w* +15u°w? +5uw = Sun{4uw +3u?w +1)

5. 4x° +6x7 +2x = 2x(2x? +3x+1) 6. 20x y? ~ 5x3 y +15y = Sy(4x?y x3 +3)

7. 40x3 y4z? -12x?y2z? +8x2yz = 4x?y2(10xy%2 - 3y2 +2)

Practice Problems - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Binomial and Polynomial Terms

Section 3.1 Case II Practice Problems - Find the Greatest Common Factor to the following
binomial and polynomial terms:

1. 18x?y?-12x7y = 2. 3a*b'e+15ab-c° = 3. xyz2 +4x7y229 =

A235 n 450-0 4 pa = Soret Sit = 6. 36x?

yz? + 4xy2z4 -12x3y32 =

7. 17ab*c*a? -Ta3bc+8a*cd* = 8. Spq*r+30p2q? -20p*gr? = 9. 9x? y*z-3xyz =

10. 7abe2d+49a2b? -14a2b3d =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.2 Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method

3.2 Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method

In many instances polynomials with four or more terms have common terms that can be grouped
together. This process is called factoring by grouping. The steps as to how polynomials are
grouped are shown below:
Step 1 Factor the common variables, or numbers, from the monomial terms.
Step 2 Factor the common binomial factor obtained in step 1 by grouping.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how polynomials are factored using the grouping
method:

Example 3.2-1

Solution:
Eeriyrara]=
Step 1 [3x+3y+ ax+ay]= (3x + ax)+(3y+ay)| =|x(3+a)+ (34a)

Step 2 x(3+a)+ y(3+a)]= (3+a)(x+y)

Example 3.2-2

[x?—4x—9x+36] =
Solution:
Step 1 [x? 4x—9x+36]= [x(x 4)+(e-4)
Step 2 He] =[IE
Example 3.2-3

Lu?
—2u—16u+ 32]=
Solution:
Step 1 [u?—2u—16+32] =[idu—2)-16(u-2)
Step 2 uu-2)-16(u—2)| = |(u - 2)(u
-16)

Example 3.2-4

[60m?
+24m—15m—6] =
Solution:
Step 1 [60m?
24m-15m~6]
+ =[12m{5m-+2)-3(5m+2)
Step 2 12m{5m -1)
+ 2)—3(Sm +2)|=|(Sm-+2)(12m—3)| = |4(5m + 2)(3m
Example 3.2-5
fares?5)-
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.2 Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method

Solution:
Step 1 [isy? +25y+9y+15]= Sy(3y
+5) +3(3y +5)

Step 2 5y(3y
+5) +3(3y +5)] = |(3y + 5)(5y
+3)

Additional Examples - Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method

The following examples further illustrate how to factor polynomials using the grouping method:
Example 3:2-6
= [x(x +3)—2(e+3)]=[(x+3)(x-2)
Example 3.2-7
[ax?+bx?+axy+bry|=[x?(a +b) + 29(a+8)]=|(a+4)(x? +29) |= [x(@+ (e+ y)|
Example 3.2-8
= 5(x + y) +15(x
+ y)]= 5(x+y)|(x+y)+3]

Example 3.2-9
8(a +b)? +4(a+b) +2(a+5)| = (a+8)[4(a+6)+2a+6)” +1] = |2(a+ 6){2(a + 6)[2-+(a+ 5)]+1}
Example 3.2-10

[stezeaad] prra aera -

Example 3.2-11
=|b(3a - 7) - (3a +7)| = |(3a-7)(b-1)
Example 3.2-12

Pastiaa-Peds|-Peseees|-
Example 3.2-13

yp?+3y?vayv12|=[2(y+3)r4(043)]=
Example 3.2-14

pec
sec]1a [ote [B=NawA]- rey
ieee Peeler)
fee)
Example 3.2-15

In the following sections, additional factoring methods are introduced. These methods are used
to present polynomials in their equivalent factored form. Students are encouraged to spend
adequate time learning each method.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.2 Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method

Practice Problems - Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method

Section 3.2 Practice Problems - Factor the following polynomials using the grouping method:

1. 2ab-5b-6a+15 = 2. y+4y7+y4+4= 3. 42x*y+2Ixy-

70x -35 =

4, (x+y) t(x+y) txty = Ss 4(a +b)” +32a+32b = Geog te ie

7. 3u*+7u+2= 8. 25(x+ y) +5(x+y) = 9. avr +bx> —ax?y* —bx*y? =

10. 6r3s7 +6r+9r252 +9 =

175
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trail and Error Method

Expressing trinomials as the product of two binomials is one of the most common ways of
factoring. In this section, we will learn how to factor trinomials of the form ax? +bx +c, where
a=1 (Case I) and where a)1 (Case II), using a factoring method which in this book is referred to
as the Trial and Error method.

CaseI _ Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax’ + bx +c where a=1

To express a trinomial of the form ax* + 6x +c, where a=1, in its factored form (x + m)(x +n), let
us consider the product (x+m)(x+n) and use the FOIL method to see how each term of the
resulting trinomial is formed , i.e.,
(x + m)(x +n) = JPOBP SPIO dese one = x? +(m+n)x+mn

Note that the coefficient of the x term is the sum of m and n and the constant term is the
product of m and n. We use this concept in order to express trinomials of the form x? + 6x +¢
in their equivalent factored form. In addition, in order to choose the right sign for the two integer
numbers m and n, the knowledge of the following general sign rules for the indicated cases is
needed:
General Sign Rules
When factoring a trinomial of the form x? + ax +6 to its equivalent factored form of (x+m)(x+n),
the sign of the two integer numbers m and n is determined based on the following cases:
Case I. If the sum of the two integer numbers (a+) is positive (+) and the product of the two
integer numbers (a-) is negative (—), then the two integer numbers m and n must have opposite
signs. See examples 3.3-2, 3.3-7, 3.3-11, 3.3-12, 3.3-15, and 3.3-19.

Case II. Ifthe sum of the two integer numbers (a+) is negative (-) and the product of the two
integer numbers (a-b) is positive (+), then the two numbers must have the same sign. However,
since the sum is negative, the two integer numbers m and n must both be negative. See
examples 3.3-1, 3.3-14, and 3.3-18.

Case III. If the sum of the two integer numbers (a+) is positive (+) and the product of the two
integer numbers (a-b) is also positive (+), then the two integer numbers m and n must both be
positive. See examples 3.3-5, 3.3-6, 3.3-9, and 3.3-13.

Case IV. Ifthe sum of the two integer numbers (a+) is negative (—) and the product of the two
integer numbers (a-b) is also negative (-), then the two integer numbers m and n must have
opposite signs. See examples 3.3-3, 3.3-8, 3.3-16, 3.3-17, and 3.3-20.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

General Sign Rules - Summary

If sign of the sum (a+b) is | and sign of the product (a-b) is then, the two integer
numbers m and n must

To factor a trinomial of the form x*+ax+5

2
to its equivalent factored form of (x+m)(x+n) use
the following steps:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers m and n whose sum equals to a and whose product equals to b.
Step 2 Write the trinomial in its factored form. Check the answer by using the FOIL method.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how trinomials of the form x 2 + ax+b are factored:
Example 3.3-1
Factor x? —16x +55.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is -16 and whose product is 55. Note that
since the sum is negative and the product is positive the two integer numbers
must both be negative (Case II). Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product

Step 2 The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore, x? —16x +55 = (x-11)(x-5)
Check: (x-11)(x-5) = x-x-5-x-Il-x+(-1l)(-5) = x? +(-5-Il)x
+55 = x? -16x+55
Example 3.3-2
Factor x* +2x-48.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is +2 and whose product is -48. Note that
since the sum is positive and the product is negative the two integer numbers
must have opposite signs (Case I). Let’s construct a table as follows:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

Product
C= 320 10-(-8)
= -80
9) 9.(-7)
=-63
8-6=2 =-48
8-(-6)

Step 2 The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore, x” +2x-48 = (x+8)(x-6)
Check: (x +8)(x -6) = x-x-6-x+8-x+8-(-6) Sse + (-6 + 8)x — 48 ey As
Example 3.3-3
Factor x? —6x-40.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is -6 and whose product is -40. Note
that since the sum and the product are both negative the two integer numbers
must have opposite signs (Case IV). Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product
1-7=-6 1-(-7) =-7
2-8=-6 2-(-8) =-16
3-9=-6 3-(-9) =-27
4-10=-6 4-(-10)
=-40

Step 2 The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore, x* -6x-40 = (x+4)(x—-10)
Check: (x +4)(x-10) = x-x-10-x+4-x+4-(-10) = x? +(4-10)x-40 = x* —6x-40
Example 3.3-4
Factor y? +4y+26.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is 4 and whose product is 26. Note that
since the sum and the product are both positive the two integer numbers
must both be positive (Case III). Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product
1+3=4 1-3=3

24+2=4 2:2=4

It is obvious that we can not find two positive integer numbers whose sum
is 4 and whose product is 26. Therefore, we conclude that the trinomial
y* +4y+26 is not factorable using integers, or it is prime.

Step 2 Not Applicable

Example 3.3-5
Factor x? + 26x +169.

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Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is 26 and whose product is 169. Note that
since the sum and the product are both positive the two integer numbers
must both be positive (Case III). Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product
10+16 = 26 10-16 =160
11+15=26 11-15 =165
12+14=26 12-14=168
13 +13 = 26 13-13
= 169

Step 2 The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore, x? +26x +169 = (x + 13)(x +13)

Check: (x +13)(x +13) = x-x+13-x+13-x4+13-13 = x? +(13+13)x

+169 = x? + 26x +169

Additional Examples - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax” + bx +c where a=1

The following examples further illustrate how to factor trinomials using the Trial and Error method:
Example 3.3-6: Factor x? +8x+15.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 8 and whose
product is 15. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
x? +8x+15 = (x+3)(x+5)
Check: (x+3)(x+5) = x-x+5-x43-x43-5 = x7 +5x43x415 = x7 4(5+3)x+15 = x7 +8x415
Example 3.3-7: Factor x7+x-2.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 1 and whose
product is -2. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
x? 4+x-2 = (x+1)(x-2)
Check: (x +3)(x+5) = x-x+5-x43-x43-5 = x? +5x43x+15 = x7 +(5+3)x+15 = x7 +8x+15

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

Example 3.3-8: Factor x* -x-20.

Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -1 and whose
product is -20. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
x? —x-20 = (x-5)(x+4)
Check: (x +3)(x+5) = x-x45-x43-x43-5 = x? 45x 43x415 = x74(543)x4+15 = x7 +8x415
Example 3.3-9: Factor w? +9w+20.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 9 and whose
product is 20. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
w? +9w+20 = (w+5)(w +4)
Check: (w+5)(w+4) = w-w+4-w+5-w+4-5 = w? +4w+5w+20 = w? +(4+5)w+20 = w* +9w+20
Example 3.3-10: Factor x? -10x +12.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is —10 and whose
product is 12. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

Since non of the numbers that add to the sum of -10, when multiplied, has a product of 12
and none of the factors of 12, when added, has a sum of -10. Therefore, we conclude that

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the trinomial x? -10x+12 is not factorable using integers, or it is prime.

Note: A prime polynomial is one that is not factorable using integers. For example, 4x? +6x+9,
2y* +y+7, 6w* +2w-5, x2 +7y, y* -6y+2, and 4x? +9 are prime polynomials.
Example 3.3-11: Factor x* +x-12.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 1 and whose
product is -12. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
x*+x-12 = (x+4)(x-3)
Check: (x +4)(x-3) = x-x-3-x+4-x+4-(-3) = x*-3x+4x-12 = x7+(4-3)x-12 = x? +x-12
Example 3.3-12: Factor x7 +4x-5.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 4 and whose
product is -5. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Sum Product
5-1=4 5.(-1)=-5

In this case, at first trial we obtained the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Thus, x*+4x-5 = (x+5)(x-1)
Check: (x +5)(x-1) = x-x-1-x+5-x+5-(-l) = x? -x+5x-5 = x? +(5-1)x-5 = x7 447-5
Example 3.3-13: Factor x7 +10x +16.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 10 and whose
product is 16. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The middle line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
x? 4+10x +16 = (x+2)(x+8)
Check: (x +2)(x+8) = x-x+8-x+2-x+2-8 = x7 +8x4+2x4+16 = x? +(8 +2)x +16 = x7 +10x +16
Example 3.3-14: Factor w* -15w+56.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -15 and whose
product is 56. Let’s construct a table as follows:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

Product
~2-13=-15 (-2)-(-13)
=26
~3-12=-15 (-3)-(-12)
=36
-4-11=-15 (-4)-(-11)
=44
-5-10=-15 =50
(-5)-(-10)
Eris et Fe (-6)-(-9)
=54
(-7)-(-8)
=56
The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
w? —15w+56 = (w-7)(w-8)
Check: (w-7)(w-8) = w-w-8-w-7-w+(-7)-(-8) = w —-8w-7w+56 = w? +(-8-7)w +56
= w’ -15x +56
Example 3.3-15: Factor y* +3y-108.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 3 and whose
product is -108. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
8-(-5) = -40
9-6=3 9-(-6) =-54
10-7=3 10-(-7) =-70
11-8=3 11-(-8) = -88
12-(-9) = -108
The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
y* +3y-108 = (y +12)(y-9)
Check: (y+12)(y-9) = y-y+(-9)-y+12- y+12-(-9) = y? -9y+12y-108 = y? +(-9+12)y—108
= y? +3y—108
Example 3.3-16: Factor x? -19x- 66.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -19 and whose
product is -66. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
10-(—29) = -290

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
x? -19x-66 = (x+3)(x-22)
Check: -66
(x +3)(x-22) = x-x+(-22)-x+3-x+3-(-22) = x? -22x+3x-66 = x? +(-22+3)x
= x? -19x - 66
Example 3.3-17: Factor x? -16x-80.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is —16 and whose
product is -80. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
x? -16x-80 = (x +4)(x-20)
Check: (x +4)(x —20) = x-x +(-20)-x+4-x+4-(-20) = x? -20x +4x-80 = x7 +(4-20)x -80
= x* 16x -80
Example 3.3-18: Factor u? -16u+28.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -16 and whose
product is 28. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
uw?—16u+28 = (u-14)(u-2)
Check: (w-14)(w-2) = u-u-2-u-14-u+(-14)-(-2) = uw? -2u-14u+28 = u? +(-2-14)u+28
= y* -16u+28

Example 3.3-19: Factor y* +8y-20.

Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 8 and whose
product is -20. Let’s construct a table as follows:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

Product

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
y? +8y—20 = (y+10)(y-2)
Check: (y+10)(y-2) = y-y-2-y+10-y+10-(-2) = y?-2y+10y-20 = y? +(-2+10)x
-20
= y? +8y-20

Example 3.3-20: Factor x? -x-6.

Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -1 and whose
product is -6. Let’s construct a table as follows: -4+3=-1
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
x? —16x—80 = (x+4)(x—-20)
Check: (x +4)(x-20) = x-x+(-20).x+4-x+4-(-20) = x? -20x +4x-80 = x7 +(4-20)x
-80
= x? -16x-80
Practice Problems - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax? + x +c where a=1

Section 3.3 Case I Practice Problems - Factor the following trinomials using the Trial and Error
method:
let eex—15 Daye aos Be 2S

Ay oy ei 5 x 10x 221 6. u*+4u-32

7. a? +9a+18 8. w?-11w4+30 9. x7-8x-20

10. v2 +120v+2000

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

Case lI Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax? + 5x+c where a )1.

To express a trinomial of the form ax* +6x+c, where a )1, in its factored form (& +m)(kx +n),
let us consider the product (ix + m)(kx+n) and use the FOIL method to see how each term of the
resulting trinomial is formed ,e.g.,

(ic + m)(ke
+n) = (k-1)-x-x+(I-n)-x+(k-m)-x+m-n = (kl)x* +(In+ km)x + mn

Note that the product of the coefficient of the x* term and the constant term is k/-mn. In
addition, the product of the coefficients of x is also k-mn. We use this concept in order to
express trinomials of the form ax? +bx+c, where a )1, in their equivalent factored form. The
following show the steps in factoring this class of trinomials:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers m and n whose sum equals to 6 and whose product equals to
a-c.

Step 2 Rewrite the middle term of the trinomial as the sum of the two numbers found in
Step 1.
Step 3 Write the trinomial in its factored form by grouping the first two terms and the last
two terms (see Section 3.2). Check the answer by using the FOIL method.

Examples with Steps

The following examples further illustrate how to factor trinomials of the form ax* + bx +c , where
a )1, using the Trial and Error method:
Example 3.3-21
Factor 6x* +23x+20.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is 23 and whose product is 6-20 =120.
Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
P2123 12-11=132
13+10 = 23 13-10 =130
144+9 = 23 14-9=126
15+8=23 15-8=120

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore,

Step 2 6x? +23x +20 = 6x? +(15+8)x +20 = 6x7 +15x+8x+20 = 3x(2x +5)+4(2x +5)

Step 3 3x(2x +5)+4(2x +5) = (2x +5)(3x+ 4)

+4) = (2-3)-x-x+(2-4)-x+(5-3)-x+(5-4) = 6x7 +8x +15x +20

Check: (2x +5)(3x
= 6x? +(8+15)x+20 = 6x? +23x +20

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Example 3.3-22
Factor 10x? —9x—91.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is -9 and whose product is 10-(-91) = -910.
Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
20-29 =-9 20 - (-29) = -580
21-30 =-9 21-(-30) = -630
22-31=-9 22 -(-31) = -682
23-32 =-9 23-(-32) = -736
24. (-33) = -792
3

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore,

Step 2 10x —9x —91 = 10x? +(26-35)x

-91 = 10x? + 26x — 35x —91 = 2x(5x +13)—7(5x +13)

Step 3 2x(5x +13)-7(5x +13) = (5x +13)(2x-7)

Check: (5x +13)(2x—7) = (5-2)-x-x+(5--7)-x
+(13-2)-x +(13--7) = 10x? —35x + 26x -91
= 10x? +(-35+26)x—91 = 10x” -9x-91
Example 3.3-23
Factor 36x? -25.
Solution:
Step 1 Write 36x? —25 in its standard form, i.e., 36x” + 0x —25. Obtain two numbers
whose sum is 0 and whose product is 36-(-25) = -900. Let’s construct a
table as follows:
Product

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that
we need. Therefore,

Step 2 36x? —25 = 36x7 +0x-25 = 36x? +(30-30)x—25 = 36x? +30x —30x —25
= 6x(6x +5) —5(6x +5)

Step 3 6x(6x +5)-5(6x +5) = (6x +5)(6x 5)

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Check: (6x +5)(6x

-5) = (6-6)-x-x+(6--5)-x+(5-6)-x +(5--5) = 36x? —30x +30x -25
= 36x* +(-30+30)x-25 = 36x? +0x-25 = 36x? -25
Example 3.3-24
Factor 56x” -13x-3.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is -13 and whose product is 56-(-3) =-168.
Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore,

Step 2 56x? —13x-3 = 56x? +(8-21)x-3 = 56x? +8x—21x—3 = 8x(7x +1)-3(7x +1)

Step 3 8x(7x +1)—3(7x +1) = (7x +1)(8x -3)

Check: (7x +1)(8x

—3) = (7-8)-x-x +(7--3)-x +(1-8)-x +(1--3) = 56x*
—21x +8x-3
= 56x? +(-21+8)x-3 = 56x? -13x-3
Example 3.3-25
Factor 18x? +21x+5.
Solution:
Step 1 Obtain two numbers whose sum is 21 and whose product is 18-5=90.
Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
1+20=21 1-20 =20
2+19=21 2:19=38
34+18 =21 3-18
= 54
44+17=21 4-17=68
$+16=21 5-16
= 80
6+15=21

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore,

Step 2 18x? +21x+5 = 18x27 +(6+15)x+5 = 18x? +6x+15x+5 = 6x(3x +1)+5(3x +1)

Step 3 6x(3x +1) +5(3x +1) = (6x +5)(3x +1)

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Check: (6x +5)(3x

+1) = (6-3)-x-x+(6-1)-x +(5-3)-x+(5-l) = 18x? + 6x +15x+5
= 18x? +(6+15)x+5 = 18x27 +21x+5

Additional Examples - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax” + bx +c where a )1

ne

The following examples further illustrate how to factor trinomials using the Trial and Error
method:
Example 3.3-26: Factor 6x? +16x +10.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 16 and whose
product is 6-10=60. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
8+8=16 8-8 = 64
9+7=16 9-7=63
10+6=16

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
6x? +16x +10 = 6x7 +(10+6)x +10 = 6x? +10x +6x +10 = 2x(3x +5)+2(3x +5) = (3x+5)(2x+2)
Check: (3x +5)(2x
+2) = (3-2)-x-x +(3-2)-x+(2-5)-x+5-2 = 6x? + 6x+10x +10
= 6x? +(6+10)x
+10 = 6x* +16x +10
Example 3.3-27: Factor 5x? +8x+3.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 8 and whose
product is 5-3=15. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
Sx? +8x+3 = 5x? +(34+5)x+3 = 5x7 +3x45x+3 = x(5x+3)+(5x +3) = (5x +3)(x +1)
Check: (5x +3)(x+1) = (5-1)-x-x+(5-1)-x+(3-I)-x+3-1 = 5x? 45x 43x43 = 5x? +(543)x +3
= 5x7 48x43
Example 3.3-28: Factor 6x? +19x +10.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 19 and whose
product is 6-10=60. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
14+18=19 1-18=18
2+17=19 2-17 =34
3+16=19 3-16
= 48

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4+15=19 4-15
=60
5+14=19 5-14
=70
The fourth line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
6x? +19x +10 = 6x7 +(4+15)x +10 = 6x? + 4x +15x+10 = 2x(3x
+2)+5(3x +2) = (2x +5)(3x
+2)
Check: (2x +5)(3x+2) = (2-3)-x-x +(2-2)-x+(5-3)-x+5-2 = 6x7 +4x415x +10
= 6x7 +(4415)x+10 = 6x? +19x +10
Example 3.3-29: Factor 2w? -13w+15.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is —13 and whose
product is 2-15=30. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
2w? -13w+15 = 2w* +(-3-10)w+15 = 2w? -3w-10w+15 = w(2w-3)-5(2w-3) = (2w -3)(w—5)
Check: (2w-3)(w-5) = (2-1):w-w+(2--5)-w+(-3-1)-w+(-3--5) = 2w* -10w-3w+15
= 2w* +(-10-3)w+15 = 2w? -13w+15
Example 3.3-30: Factor 5y? -16y+3.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -16 and whose
product is 5-3=15. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
5y? -l6y+3 = Sy? +(-1-15)y+3 = Sy? -y-15y+3 = y(5y-1)-3(5y-1) = Sy-1)(y-3)
Check: (5y-1)(y-3) = 5-y-y+(5--3)-y-y+(-1)-(-3) = Sy? -15y-y+3 = Sy? +(-15-]y+3
=4y 16y +3
Example 3.3-31: Factor Su? +23u+12.
Solution: .
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 23 and whose
product is 5-12=60. Let’s construct a table as follows:

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Sum Product
20+3=23 20-3
= 60

In this case, at first trial we obtained the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Thus,
Su? +23u+12 = Su? +(20+3)w+12 = Su? +20u+3u+12 = Su(u+4)+3(u+4) = (u+4)(Su
+3)
Check: (w+4)(5u+3) = 5-w-w+3-w+(4-5)-w+4-3 = Su? +3u+20u+12 = Su? +(20+3)u+12
= Su? +23u+12
Example 3.3-32: Factor 2a* +3a-2.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 3 and whose
product is 2:-2=-4. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
2a? +3a-2 = 2a” +(4-1)a-2 = 2a* +4a-a-2 = 2a(a+2)-(a+2) = (a+2)(2a-1)
Check: (a +2)(2a -1) = 2:a:a—a+(2-2)-a-2 = 2q* -a+4a-2 = 2a” +(-1+4)a-2 = 2a* +3a-2

Example 3.3-33: Factor 6b* -14b+4.

Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -14 and whose
product is 6-4=24. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
6b -14b+4 = 6b? +(-12-2)b+4 = 67 -12b-2b+4 = 60(b-2)—2(b-2) = (b-2)(6b-2)
= (b-2)-2(3b-1) = 2(b-2)(3b-1)
Check: 2(6-2)(36-1) = 2[3-0-b-b+(-2-3)-b+2] = 2[30? ~b-
6b+2] = 2[36? +(-1-6)b+2]
= 2|367 - 76+ 2|= 6b? -14b+4
Example 3.3-34: Factor 25w* +5w-2.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 5 and whose
product is 25--2=-50. Let’s construct a table as follows:

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15-(-10)
= -150
14-9=5 14 -(—9)
= -126
13-(-8)
= -104

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
25w? +Sw—2 = 25w? +(10-5)w—-2 = 25w? +10w—Sw—2 = 5w(Sw+2)-(5w+2) = (Sw +2)(5w
-1)
Check: (Sw +2)(5w-1) = (5-5)-w-w+(5--1)-w+(2:5)-w+2--1 = 25w? —5w+10w-2
= 25w? +(-5+10)w-2 = 25w* +5w-2
Example 3.3-35: Factor 2y* +1ly+15.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 11 and whose
product is 2-15=30. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
5+6=I1 5-6 = 30
4-711 4-7=28
3+8=11 3-8 =24
2+9=11 2:-9=18
1+10=11

The first line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
2y? +1ly +15 = 2y? +(5+6)y
+15 = 2y? +5y+
6y +15 = y(2y+5)+3(2y+5) = (2y+5)(y+3)
Check: (2y+5)(y+3) = 2-y-y+(2:3)-y+5-y+5-3 = 2y? +6y+S5y+15 = 2y* +(6+5)y+15
= 2)" +11y +15
Example 3.3-36: Factor 3m* +17m+10.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 17 and whose
product is 3-10=30. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
10+7=17 10-7=70
11+6=17 11-6
= 66
245 =17 12:5=60
13+4=17 13-4=52
14+3=17 14-3=42
15+2=17

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,

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+2)
3m> +17m+10 = 3m? +(15+2)m+10 = 3m? +15m+2m+10 = 3n(m+5)+2(m+5) = (m+5)(3m
Check: (m+5)(3m+2) = 3-m-m+2-m+(5-3):m+5-2 = 3m? +2m+15m+10 = 3m? +(2+15)m+10
= 3m” +17m+10
Example 3.3-37: Factor 12x? + 79x -35.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 79 and whose
product is 12--35=-420. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
89-10 =79 89 -(-10) = -890
88-9 = 79 88-(-9) = -792
87-8 =79 87-(—8) = -696
86-7=79 86 -(-7) = -602
85-6 = 79 85-(-6) = -510
84-5=79 84-(—5S) = -420

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
12x? + 79x —35 = 12x* +(84—5)x—35 = 12x* +84x—5x—35 = 12x(x+7)-5(x+7) = (x+7)(12x-5)
Check: (x +7)(12x-5) = 12-x-x-5-x+(7-12)-x+7-(-5) = 12x? —5x + 84x —35
= 12x* +(-5+84)x—35 = 12x* +79x —35
Example 3.3-38: Factor 18a? +55a-28.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 55 and whose
product is 18--28 =-504. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
65-10 =55 65-(-10) = -650
64-9 =55 64-(-9) = -576
63-8 =55 63 -(—8) = -504
62-7 =55 62-(-7) =-434

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
18a” +55a—28 = 18a* +(63-8)a—28 = 18a” + 63a-8a-28 = 9a(2a +7)-4(2a+7) = (2a+7)(9a —4)
Check: (2a+7)(9a-4) = (2-9)-a-a+(2--4)-a+(7-9)-a+7-(-4) = 18a* - 8a + 63a —28
= 18a? +(-8
+63)a—28 = 18a? +55a—28
Example 3.3-39: Factor 10x? -27x+18.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is -27 and whose
product is 10-18=180. Let’s construct a table as follows:

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Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
10x? — 27x +18 = 10x? +(-15-12)x +18 = 10x? —15x—12x +18 = 5x(2x —3)-6(2x-3) = (2x -3)(5x-6)
Check: (2x —3)(5x-6) = (2-5)-x-x+(2--6)-x
+(-3-5)-x +(-3--6) = 10x? - 12x -15x +18
= 10x? +(-12-15)x
+18 = 10x? -27x +18
Example 3.3-40: Factor —157° + 777-10.
Solution:
To factor the above trinomial we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 77 and whose
product is -15--10=150. Let’s construct a table as follows:
Product
16+1=77 76-1= 76
15+2=T77 75-2 =150
74+3=77 74-3
= 222

The middle line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
-15t? +77t-10 = -15t? +(75+2)t-10 = -15¢? + 75t+2t-10 = -15¢(t-5)+2(t-5) = (¢-5)(-15¢
+2)
Check: (t-5)(-15t+2) = -15-t-t+2-t+(-5--15)-£+2+-5 = -15t?
+24 75t—10
= 1517 +(2+75)t-10 = —15t? +77t-10
The steps in factoring the following class of trinomials is very similar, if not identical, to the
previous problems solved in this section. However, in the following set of examples to ensure
proper factorization, we need to accurately match the given coefficients of x7, x, and the
constant term with the coefficients and the constant term of the standard trinomial ax* + bx+c.
For example, given the trinomial 10x? -14xy-12y*, where x is variable, we know that a=10,
b=-l4y, and c=-12y”. Once this equality is established, then the remaining steps are identical
to the steps used in factoring the previous problems. The following examples further illustrate
this point:
Example 3.3-41: Factor 6x” +10xy+4y” (x is variable and y is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in its standard form, i.e., write 6x? +10xy+4y? as 6x? +(10y)x+4y?.
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard trinomial with the given trinomial, i.e., let
a=6, b=10y,and c=4y’.

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Third - Obtain two numbers whose sum is 10y and whose product is 6-4y? =24y*. Construct
the following table:
Product
ly +9y =10y ly -9y =9y*
2y+8y=10y 2y-8y =1l6y"

4y+6y=10y 4y-6y =24y*

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need.
Fourth - Write the polynomial in its factored form by factoring the common binomial factor.
6x7 +10yx +4y7 = 6x? +(4y+6y)x +4y? = 6x2 +4yx + 6yx +4? = 2x(3x +2y)+2y(3x +2y)
= (3x+2y)(2x+2y)
Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(3x +2 y)(2x +2y) = (3:2)-x-x+(3-2y)-x+(2y-2)-x+2y-2y = 6x? +6yx +4 yx +4y?

= 6x? +(6y +4y)x +4y? = 6x? +10)x +4y?

Example 3.3-42 A:
Factor 2x7 —19xy +35y* (x is variable and y is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in its standard form, i.e., write 2x7 —19xy +35y* as 2x? + (-19y)x + 35 ve
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard trinomial with the given trinomial, 1.e., let
a=2, b=-19y, and c=35y’.
Third - Obtain two numbers whose sum is -19y and whose product is 2-35y* = 70y.
Construct the following table:

-18y—-y=-l19y

-l7y-2y=-19y

-l6y-—3y=-19y
-I5y-4y =-19y
—-l4y-Sy=-19y

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need.
Fourth - Write the polynomial in its factored form by factoring the common binomial factor.
2x 19 yx +35y* = 2x? +(-14y —5y)x + 35y? = 9x7 = 14 yx -—5yx + 35y?
= 2x(x-7y)-5y(x-7y) = (x-7y)(2x-5y)
Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(x —7Ty)(2x - 5y) = 2-x-x+(-Sy)-x +(-7y-2)-x+(-7y)-(-Sy) = 2x? - Syx —14yx Delia

= 2x? +(—-Sy—14y)x +35y” = 2x? -19yx +35y?

Let’s rework this problem. However, this time let » be the variable and x be the constant as
follows:

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Example 3.3-42 B:
Factor 2x? -19xy +35y* (y is variable and x is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in its standard form, i.e., write 2x* -19xy+35y* as 35y? +(-19x)y + 2x?
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard trinomial with the given trinomial, i.e., let
a=35, b=-19x, and ¢=2x?.
Third - Obtain two numbers whose sum is -19x and whose product is 35-2x? = 70x?.
Construct the following table:
Product
-18x—x=-19x | (-18x)-(-x)=18x?
—17x=2x=-19x | (-17x)-(-2x)=34x?
-16x-3x=-19x | (-16x)-(-3x) =48x?
-15x-4x=-19x | (-15x)-(-4x) =60x?
-14x-5x=-19x | (-14x)-(-5x) = 70x?

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need.
Fourth - Write the polynomial in its factored form by factoring the common binomial factor.
35y? —19xy + 2x? = 35y? + (-14x = 5x)y +2x? = 35y" —14xy —-Sxy + 2x? = 35y7 —Sxy -14xy + 2x?
= 5y(7y — x)-2x(7y- x) = (7y — x)(5y -2x)
Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(7y —x)(5y-2x) = (7-5): y+ y+(-2x-7)-
y—5x-y+(-x)-(-2x) = 35y? —14xy
—5Sxy +22?
= 35y?(-14x = 5x)y +2x? = 35y? —19xy + 2x?
Example 3.3-43:
Factor 3r? +1llrs+10s? (r is variable and s is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in its standard form, i.e., write 3r? +1Irs+10s* as 3r? +(I1s)r +1057.
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard trinomial with the given trinomial, 1.e., let
a=3, b=11s, and c=10s?.
Third - Obtain two numbers whose sum is 11s and whose product is 3-10s” =30s*. Construct
the following table:
Product
8s+3s =l11s 85-35 = 245?
7s+4s =I11s Ts-45 = 285"
6s + 5s = 11s 65-55 = 30s?

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need.
Fourth - Write the polynomial in its factored form by factoring the common binomial factor.
3r2 +1lsr+ 10s? = 3r2 +(6 + 5)sr + 10s” = 3r2 + 6sr + 5sr+ 10s” = 3r(r + 2s)+ 5s(r + 2s)

= (r+ 2s)(3r + 5s)

Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.

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(r +2s)(3r + 5s) = 3-r-r+5s-r+(2s-3)-r+2s-5s = ra +5sr + 6sr +1057 eye + (5+ 6)sr + 10s?

= 37? +1 Isr +105?

Example 3.3-44:
Factor 21n* +41mn+10m? (n is variable and m is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in its standard form, i.e., write 21n? +41mn+10m? as 21n? +(41m)n+10m?
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard trinomial with the given trinomial, i.e., let
a=21, b=4In, and c=10m’.
Third - Obtain two numbers whose sum is 41m and whose product is 21-10m” =210m?.
Construct the following table:
Product
40m+m=41m 40m-m = 40m
39m+2m= 41m 39m-2m = 78m?
38m+3m=41m 38m-3m =114m?
37m+4m=41m 37m:-4m = 148m
36m+5m=41m 36m-5m= 180m
35m + 6m = 41m 35m -6m = 210m?
34m+7m = 41m? 34m-7m = 238m?
The sixth line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need.
Fourth - Write the polynomial in its factored form by factoring the common binomial factor.
21n? +41mn+10m* = 21n? + (35m + 6m)n +10m* = 21n* +35mn+6mn+10m?

= 21n* +6mn+35mn+10m* = 3n(7n+2m)+5mn(7n+2m) = (7n+2m)(3n + 5m)

Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(7n+2m)(3n+5m) = (7-3)-n-n+(7-5m)-n+(2m-3)-n+2m-5m = 21n? +35mn
+ 6mn +10m*
= 21n* +(35+6)mn+10m* = 21n* +41mn+10m?
Example 3.3-45:
Factor 6c* -cd-d? (c is variable and d is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in its standard form, i.e., write 6c” - cd-d? as 6c” +(-d)c+ (-<?) :
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard trinomial with the given trinomial, i.e., let
a=6, b=-d,and c=-a?’.
Third - Obtain two numbers whose sum is -d and whose product is 6-(-d”) =-6d*. Construct
the following table:
Product
-5d-4d = -20d?
—4d+3d=-d ~4d -3d = -12q?
-3d -2d = -6d”
The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need.
Fourth - Write the polynomial in its factored form by factoring the common binomial factor.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.3 Factoring Polynomials Using the Trial and Error Method

6c? —de-d? = 6c* +(-3d

+2d)e—d? = 6c* ~3de+2de-d? = 30(2c-d)+d(2c-d)
= (2c -d)(3c
+d)
Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(2c - d)(3c + d) = (2-3)-c-c+(2-d)-c-3d-c-d-d = 6¢* + 2de—3de
42 = 6c* +(2-3)de-d?

=60- —de—d-

Practice Problems - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax” + bx +c where a )1

Section 3.3 Case II Practice Problems - Factor the following trinomials using the Trial and
Error method:
1. 10x? +11x-35 ONS he 5 bo) 3. aadxe
£46x42)

4. 6x —llxy +3y y is variable 5. 6x? +x-40 6 27443727

7. 12x? +10y? —23xy xisvariable 8. 5x?-17x+14 9. 18x? +9x-20

10. 27x? +42x +16

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Terms

3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and: Cubed Terms
The key to successful factorization of polynomials is recognition and use of the right factoring
method. In this section we will learn how to factor binomials of the form a? - 6? (Case I) and
a> +b° (case II) by using formulas that reduce the binomials to lower product terms.

CaseI Factoring Polynomials Using the Difference of Two Squares Method

Binomials of the form a*-5? are factored to product of two first degree binomials using the
following factorization method:
Gabe =(a-b)(a+b)

Note that a* +5? is a prime polynomial and can not be factored. The difference of two square
terms can be factored using the following steps:
Step 1 Factor the common terms and write the binomial in the standard form of a? - b?.
Step 2 Write the binomial in its equivalent factorable form. Check the answer using the
FOIL method.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how binomials of the form a* - 4? are factored:
Example 3.4-1 Factor x+y—x7y? completely.
Solution:

Step 2 = |x?y(x- y)(x +)

Check: x? y(x— y)(x+ y) = x7?y(x-x+x-y—x-y-y-y) = x? yx? +iy-ty-y”)

= x? yx? -y?) = x2 .x2y_y?.x2y = x4y—x2y3

Example 3.4-2 Factor 5x4 -3125 completely.

Solution:

Step 2 se" 28))-s(k? -25)(K? +25)]=|5(&? -5?)(4? +25)|=|5(k—8)(4-+5)(4? +25)

Check: 5(k-5)(k+5)(k? +25) = S(k-k+5-k-5-k-5-5)(k? +25) = 5k? + 5k—5k~25)(k? +25)

s(k? ~25)(K? +25) = sk? hk? 425-42 25.4? - 25-25] = s(k4 + 25k? — 23K? - 625]
s{k4 - 625} = 54 3125

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Terms

Example 3.4-3 Factor 81m‘ -n* completely.

Solution:

Step 2 = (9m - n?)(9m? + n’) - (3°m> - n?)(9m? + rn?)

[(o0y? =»?on?ui
+n?)
rn?) = (3m
(3m —n)(3m
=n)(3m +n)(9m? +n?)
n)(9m? +n)

Check: (3m- n)(3m+ n )(9m? +n

I= (3m- 3m+3m-n-—3m-n—-n- n)(9m? +n”)

= (9m? +3mn—3mn—n
a 9m? +n) = (9m? — n?)(9m? + n?)

= 9m 9m +9m? . n- —n2 -9m?- neon? = 81m* +9m?n2 ~9m*n? —n* = 81m‘ —n*
Example 3.4-4 Factor (x +5)” — y* completely.
Solution:

Step1
Step 2 (+5)?
—7] =[[(«+5)—
9](e+3)+9][45-9 +54 )]- [9
+5)(98)
Check: (x- y+5)(x+y+5)= (x-x+x-y+5-x-x-y-y-y-S-yt5-x+5-y+5-5)
= ay 5e= py ? — 5y-45x+5y +25) S| Ss * + 10x +25) =i." +10x-+25)- y?
= (x+5)'-
Example 3.4-5 Factor eer
u completely.
Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

Step 2 jw?-(v+1)]= [u-(v+D]fu+(v @+41)

+1] = |(e-»-1)

Check: (u-v-1) (u+v+l) = w-utu-vt+l-u—u-v—v-v—-l1-v—-1l-u-1-v—-1-1

= y* +a +u-wy-—v? -v-a-v-1 = ie Vy =v avin = Win eel

= uv?-(v? +2v+1) = u? —(v +l)

Additional Examples - Factoring Polynomials Using the Difference of Two Squares Method

The following examples further illustrate how to factor binomials of the form a? - 6”:
Example 3.4-6:

Check: 6(u—v)(u+ v) = O(u-utu-v—u-v—v-y) = 6(u? + ay- ay- v?)= 6{u? -v?} = 6u* —6v2

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Terms

eerae COI
Example 3.4-7:

Check: 1(b-4)(b+4) = 0(b-b+4-b-4-b-4-4) = (5? +46-Ab-

47)= 16? -16) = 6-165
Example 3.4-8:
e 4]
[aes] =[sf aa)- [22 2) (2?—a)(xP0)fale?2°)+4)]=[eaa?
Check: x(x-2)(x+2)(x? ag) SRG ses 22) *+4) = x(x? +2x-2x-4)(x? +4)
= x(x? -4)(x? +4) = x(x? wx? 44x? —4.x2 —4. 4)= x(x4 + 4x? - 4x? -16) = x(x4 - 16)

Example 3.4-9:

Check: 3x?(x-3)(x+3) = 3x2(x-x43-x—3-x-3-3) = 3x7(x? +3 - 34-9) = 3x?(x? -9) = 3x4 -27%?

Example 3.4-10:
= = (2-25)( +25)/= (?-5?)(? +25))= (t-5)(r+5)(? +25)
Check: (t- \(e+5)(? +25) - (t-045-1-5-1-5-5)1? +25) = (:?+51-5e-25)(? +25)
= (1?-25)(? +25) = 9 1? - 25.1? 425-1? -25.25 = 14 — 281? +251?
625 = 14-625
Example 3.4-11:

= = = 4x?(x? ~4)(x? +4) = 4x?(x? -2?)(x? +4)

= 4x?(x-2)(x+2)(x? +4)

Check: 4x?(x-2)(x+2)(x? +4) = 42?(x-eae +4) = 4x?(x? 42x—2x—4)(x? +4)

= 4x?(x? -4)(x? +4) = 4x Bet sptre den? = 44x eds .4) = 4x7(x4 + 4x? — 4x? -16)

= 4x?(x4 -16) = 4x?.x4 —4x2.16 = 4x6 — 64x?

Example 3.4-12:
2 2
a[ Paes (w* -16)(w4 +16) = (? ~4\(w* +16) = (w? -4)(w? +4)(w4 +16)

= (v? 27)?
(w? +4)(w4
+4)(w4 +16)
+16)= (w
(w -2)(w
(w +2)(
+2)(w?+4)(w4
+4)(w4 +16)
+16)

Check:
er (w-2 +4)(w4+16) = (w-w+2: w-2-w—2-2)(w?
+4)(w4 +16)
= (w? +2w-2w- 4)(w? +4)(w4 +16) = (w? -4)(w? +4)(w4 +16)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Terms

- (w?-w? +4-w? —4-w? —4-4)(w' +16) ~ (w4 +4w? — dw? —16)(w! +16)
= (w* -16)(w* +16) = wt .w4 +16-wt -16-w4 -16-16 = w® +16w4 —16w* —256 = w® —256
Example 3.4-13:

Check: 8d?(d—5)(d+5) = 84°(d-d+5-d-5-d-5-5) = 8d°(d? +d 4-25) = 8d?(d? ~25)

= gd2.d2 -8-25d2 = 8d4 — 20042
Example 3.4-14:
?-O+3"|= [x-(v+5)][x+(+5)] = (x- y-5)(x+y+5)

Check: (x- y-5)(x+y+5) = x-x+x-y+S-x-x-y—yry-S-y—-5-x-S+y-5°5

= x? + ty+ $4 —4tp— yy?—Sy-$¢-Sy—25 = x? -y* -S5y—Sy-25 = x*-y? -10y-25
= P—(y? +10y +25} = x? -(y+5)

Example 3.4-15:
l(u+3) -»?]= [(u+3)—v][(u+3)+v]| =|(u+3-v) (u+3+v)|=|(4¢-v
+3) (u+v+3)
Check: (u-v+3) (u+v +3) = u-utu-vt+3-u—u-v—v-v—-3-v+3-u+3-v+3-3

= u> + uy +3u— uy — v2 —3y +3u +39 +9 = uz —v2 +6u+9 = (u? +6u+9)—v? = (u+3)? -v?

Example 3.4-16:
[32=? -2y-1]=[+? -(y?+2y+i)]=[2-G+9)|= [x-(y+)][x+(v+)) = |(x- y-1)(x+y+1)

Check: dl
(x-y-I)(x+y+l) = x-xt+x-y+l-x-x-y-y-y-l-y-l-x-by
x? +4ptt—-tp-y? -y-#-y-l = x? -y?-y-y-1 = x?-y?-2y-1
Example 3.4-17:
2
x7 + y74+9y49 = x? +(y? +6y+9) = x? +(y+3)

Note that the answer is in the same form as a” +4” which, as we know, is a prime polynomial
and can not be factored.
Example 3.4-18:

oe+2)=oa][+--+ +a] - [97-494 79] [99+]

Check: (x- y-2)(x+ y+6) = x-x4+x-y+6-x-x-y—y-y-6-y—-2-x-2-y-2-6

= ay + Ox —3y —y —6y 2x 2y—12 = x7 +6x—-2x-y* -6y-2y-12

= x2 +4x—y? -8y-12 = x? +4x-y? -B8y+(-16+4) = x7 +4x+4-y? -8y-16
= (x?+4x+4)-(y? +8y +16) = (x +2)? -(y+4)

Example 3.4-19:
6)
(s?+125+36)-] =[(s+9)-A]= [(s+ 6)-«][(s+ +4] =|(s+ 6-2) (s+6+2)/= (s-1+6) (s+1+6)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Square and Cubed Terms

Check: (s—1+6) (s+t+6) = (s-s+s-t+6-s—s-t-t-t-6-t+6-s+6-t+6-6)

= (s?+ 81+ 6s— #7 - 6+ 65+ 61 +36] = > 1? +125+36) ~ (s?+128+36)-7
= (676) 1
Example 3.4-20:

l-3)-»?]= [(x-5)- y][(x-5) +9] =|(x-S-y)(x-5+y)|= (x- y—5)(x+y-5)|

Check: (x- y-5)(x+y-5) Soe yy Ike Voy oy Poy Oka Ot OO

= x? + y¥y—Sx~4y- y? +5y—5x—3y +25 = x7 5x y* = 504-25 = x7 -5x-5x+25-y"

= (x? -10x-+25)- y? = (x-5)?-y?

Practice Problems - Factoring Polynomials Using the Difference of Two Squares Method |

Section 3.4 Case I Practice Problems - Use the Difference of Two Squares method to factor the
following polynomials:
1. x? -16x = 2. (x+1)?-(y+3) = 3. P-8lt =

4. (x? +10x+25)- y? fe 5. c4-9¢? = 6. Dag 24g-4 =

Ts XS
y7 f6y=9 = 8. op? +q7+4q+4 = 9. m'®_256 =

10. 7?-(s+7) =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Squares and Cubed Terms

To factor binomials of the form a? +? or a*-b? we use the following formulas:

a? +b? =(a+b)(a” -ab+5?)
a? —b? =(a-b)(a® +ab+6")
Students are encouraged to memorize these two formulas in order to successfully factor this class
of polynomials. The sum and difference of two cubed binomial terms can be factored using the
following steps:
Step 1. Write the binomial in the standard form of a* +5? or a> -5°.
Step 2 Write the binomil in its equivalent factorable form. Check the answer by multiplication.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how binomials of the form a*+6? and a?-5° are
factored:
Example 3.4-21 Factor 3x7 +81x4.
Solution:

Step 2 fe4(x? +3°)]= ax4{(x+3)(x?-3-2+3°) ~ 3x‘[(x+3)(x?-3x+9)]

Check: 3x4(x + 3)(x?—3x+ 9) = Bx 4(x-x? —3x-249-x 43-27 3-34 +3-9)
— Se Baye +9% +3x? - 94 +21) = 3x4(x? +27) Ayo? 4) 71.3y = 3x0 iY

= 3x’ +81x4
Example 3.4-22 Factor 2a? - 250.
Solution:

Step 2 fa? -5*)]= (asa? +5-a+5*)|=|2{a-5)a? +50+25)

Check: 2(a-5)(a? +5a+25) = 2{a-a? +$a-a+25-a-5-a” ~5-Sa—5-25}

= 2a? + $a” +284 -3a” - 254-125) = 2(a° -125) = 2a? -250
Example 3.4-23 Factor x°y> —64x7y”.
Solution:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Squares and Cubed Terms

Step 2 x7 ya)? -43]]=|22y (a)?+4-(0)+4?

(ow-4)|2{
29 a]loP49-16
Check: sale.4)|onir+4xy +16 }= 2 y*by-(y) + Axy xy + 16xy - 4-(xy)? —4-4xy —4-16

= x?718) + A(xy)? + L6xy

-A(x)? rae = x? (oJ - 64]
=X ir (xyy —64-x oye =ey ee “x ay" ~64-x7y? See 64x? y :
Se enedenye

Example 3.4-24 Factor (x-1)? +y?.

Solution:
Step 1 The binomial is already in the standard a* +5° form.

Step Zz [(e-iN +y3|= [(«- 1)+ - 1)’ —(x l)- y+ y?

~ (x-1+y)[(x-1) -(x-1)y+9?]

Check: (x-1+ »)[(«-1)? -(x-1y+y?] = [@-1)+ 9]]@-1) -@-Dy +>?

= (x=1)-(x-1)7 —(x-1)-(x-1)y+(x-1)-y? ty (x=). ~y-(x-l)y+y-y?

= (x-1)? -(x-1)? y+(¢-1)y? +(x-1)7 y-(¢-Dy? + y? =i 211) a

Example 3.4-25 Factor x? -(y+5)°.

Solution:
Step 1 The binomial is already in the standard a? - 4° form.

Step 2 x3 ~(y+5)"|=|[x—(v+5)]]x? +x-(y+3)+(y+5)

= (x-y-5)|x? +x(y+5)+(y+8)]|

Check: (x- y- 5)|x*+ x(y+5)+(y+5) i [x- (y+5)][2° +x(y+5)+ (y+3)|

= +x-x(y +5) +x-(y+5)? - x? -(y+5)- x(y+5)-(y+5)—-(y +5)-(y +5)”

=e +x?(y+3)+2(y+5)” ~x?(y+3)- (p45) ~(y+5)° =? -(y+5)°

Additional Examples - Factoring Polynomials Using the Sum and Difference of Two Cubes Method

The following examples further illustrate how to factor binomials of the form a?+6° using the sum
and difference of two cubes method:
Example 3.4-26:
=|.3+1]= (x+1)(x? -1-x+1?)|= (x+1)(x? -x+1)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Squares and Cubed Terms

Check: (x-+1)(x?-x+1) = xx? —x-xt]-xt)ex? —Lex4l-l = eax Syey? oP 41 = x41

Example 3.4-27:
ESS ESae (x=1)(x? +1-x+1”) = (x-1)(x? +241]

Check: (x=1)(x? +x+1) = A deel eo? EL ol = ohne Bia al = 3-1

Example 3.4-28:

Check: (xy-3)[(ay)° +3+9] = xy-(xy)’ +3xy-xy +9-xy -3-(xy)? -3-3xy-3-9

= (xy)? +3(xy)’ + 9p -W(xy)? - ay -27 = (xy)? -27 = xy -27

Example 3.4-29:

7 l=PF eal foe fel ae) eral aoe

Check: (xyz + 2) (xyz)? 2xy2+4] = xyz: (xyz)? = Qxyz-xyz+4-xyz+2-(xyz)? —2:-2xyz+2-4

cs (xyz)? - xyz)’ +4xyz + 2A(xyz)’ —4xyt +8 = (xyz)? +8 =x? yp +8

fa) -ae-ae
Example 3.4-30:

Check: d(a-1)(a? +a+1) _ da-a? +a-a+l-a-l-a? -1-a-1-1) = a? +a” a= at - 4-1)

=. a{a? -1) = a‘ -—a

Example 3.4-31:

[aS a]=[a(0? +1)]=[0°(0? +1°)]= a*|(a+1)(a? -1-a+1"] = *[(a+1(a? -a+1)

Check: a°|(a+ 1)(a? —a+ y = @(a-a?-a-a+l-a+l-a -1-a+1-1) = a?(a ae +a+a? -4+1)

fe a?(a3 +1) =

ara ora PPPFA TT

Example 3.4-32:

a *{(2p-+59)[(2n)? ~20-54+(6a)"]}|= *|(2p + 59)(4p* - 10pq +259

”)
Check: p?[(2p + 5a)(4P? -10pq +25q”)) = p-(2p-4p" ~2p-10pq +2p-25q +5q-4p? —5q-10pq

+5q-25q7) oS p*(8p° ~20p*q + 80pq? + 20p*q - 30 pq’ +125q°) = p*(8p° +125q°)

= 8p° +125p7q°

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Be Algebra
Mastering al tte Level
- Intermediate
od~ alata ce ek 3.4 fhe rl for
Methods
Factoring hob Polynomials
bloke ftBeate tected tecaryand Cubed Terms
with Squares

Example 3.4-33:

SC
cen
Check: x(4x —3y)(16x7 +12xy+9y"] = x(4x-16x7 +4x-12xy +4x-9y” —3y-16x2 —3y-12xy-3y-9y"]
= x(64x3 + AB yx? + 36xy? — 48 yx? — 36xy” -21y') = x(64x? -21y°) = 64x4 —27xy3
Example 3.4-34:

pansy] -PP-y]-[ra or -foroonlo ) -7x-5y+(5y)

=|(7x+ 5y)(49x? ~35xy + 25y”)
Check: (7x-+5y)(49x? - 35xy+25y) = 1x -49x2 — 7x -35xy
+7x 25y? + 5y-49x2 — Sy -35xy + 5y-25y”
= 343x? — 243x?yp+173xy? + 243x7yp—175ty” +125y? = 343x7 +125y°
Example 3.4-35:
[3-855] =[3-235]=[/3 -asy]= (r-2s)]r? +r-25+(2s)°| = (r-28)(r? +218 + 48?)

Check: (r-25)(r? +2rs +457} = rere +r-2rs+r-4s? —2s-r? ~2s-2rs — 25-45?

= > +2r? $4 dys? — 2774-49? 85° = 7? -85°

Example 3.4-36:

[+2797]
=[2+3]=[2*+Ony|=e+30)fe?-x
39+vy]= [@r30)(0?
39+99")
Check: (x +3y)(x? -3xy +99?) = x-x? —x-3xytx-9y? +3y-x? —3y-3xy +3y-9y?

a x? — 3x7 p+ Ixy? + 3x7 yp—9yxy? Dy = PoP Ty.

Example 3.4-37:

13-045) ]=|-O+
[:-0 +3)?
9p? +-0+3)+0+9"]
+0 45)+045)] ~(y+5)]fx2+x(y+5)+(y +5
Check: [x- (y+3)][x? Fe ae
= -x*-(y +5)-x(y+5)-(y +5)-(y+5)-(y +5)” = xP +x *(y+3)+x(y +5)
-x?(y +3)-4(y +5)” -(y+5)° = x —(y +5)
Example 3.4-38:

Check: (c-3d)(c?
+3cd +94) = e-c? +¢-3ed + 0-9d? ~3d-c? ~3d-3cd -3d-9d?
= ¢3 +3c7d
+9¢d? —3c7d -9¢d? ~27a3 = 3 -27¢43

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.4 Factoring Methods for Polynomials with Squares and Cubed Terms

Example 3.4-39:

2s) -[P228)-[P+09][ora a ~a-4b + (4b)°| = |(a+4b)|a?

-4ab+1607|
Check: (a+46)|a -4ab + 1667] = a-a” —a-4ab+a-16b?
+.4b-a* —4b-4ab +4b-16b7
= a? —4a7b +16ab* +4a7b-16ab? +64b? = a? +64b9
Example 3.4-40:
2x° y -16x*y4 = 2x?y(x3 -8y') = 2x? y(x3 23 y') = 2x? yx? -(2»)°]

=|? 2
=|2x“y (x -2y) x 2 +x-2y+(2y) 2 =
= z
|2x"y (x-2y) x” 2 +2xy+4y 2

@heck; 2x?yf(x-2y)(x? +2xy +4y?)} = 2x? y(x-x? +x-2ay +x-dy? —2y-x? -2y-2xy—2y-4y?]

= 2x? y(x3 + 2x7 y + day?~ 2x7 y —Axy? -8y°) = 2x? y(x° -8y°) = 2x7? yon Dey oy

3 2x>y —16x7y4

Section 3.4 Case II Practice Problems - Use the sum and difference of two cubes method to
factor the following polynomials:
1. 4x°+4 = 2. x°y®+8'= a ey a

Ar Oe = Sy, (ayy = 6. x°yi+x3y? =

FAR OTANI = 8. xyt+ 64x74 = 9. w +(v +l) =

102 a -(b+7)° =

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

In this section factoring perfect square trinomials as well as factoring various other types of
polynomials that have not been addressed in the previous sections are discussed in Cases I and II,
respectively.
| CaseI __ Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials |

Trinomials of the form a* +2ab+b* and a* —2ab+b7 are called perfect square trinomials. Note
that these types of polynomials are easy to recognize because their first and last terms are always
square and their middle term is twice the product of the quantities being squared in the first and
last terms. Once perfect square trinomials are identified, they can then be represented in their
equivalent factored form as shown below:
a’ +2ab+b? =(a+b)

a’ —2ab+b* =(a-b)

For example, 36x7-24x+4 , 1+8y+16y" , 25x7+30xy+9y? , and 49m? —70mn+25n” are perfect
square trinomials because:
1. Their first term is a square, i.e., (6x)? : (1) : (5x)? : (7m)? .
2. Their last term is a square, i. e., (-2)° ; (4y)” ; (3y)? ; (-5n)*, and
3. Their middle term is twice the product of the quantities being squared in the first and last
terms, i.e., 2-(6x--2) ; 2-(1-4y) 5 2-(5x-3y) 5 2-(7m--Sn).
Therefore, the above examples can be represented in their equivalent factored form as: (6x - aye :
(1+4y)? ; (5x+3y)° ; and (7m-5n)’ , respectively.
The following show the steps as to how perfect square trinomials are represented in their equivalent
factored form:
Step 1 Write the trinomial in descending order.
Step 2 Check and see if the trinomial match the general forms a? +2ab+b* or a2 —2ab+b?.
Step3 Write the trinomial in its equivalent form, i.e., (a+) or (a-b)’.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how perfect square trinomials are factored:
Example 3.5-1
Factor x* +49+14x.
Solution:
Step 1 x7 +49414x| =|x? 414x449

Step 2 x? +14 +49 =lyeudae eae x? +2-(x-7)+7?

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

Example 3.5-2
Factor 25y* +16+40y.
Solution:
Step 1 25y? +16+40y|=|25y?
+ 40y +16

Step 2 25y? +40y +16|=|52 y? + 40y 442] = (Sy) +2-(Sy-4) +4?

Step 3 (Sy)? +2-(5y-4) +4? =|(5y+4)]

Example 3.5-3
Factor 16x? +24xy +9y.
Solution:

Step 1
Step? sets28p9] [PP tim 5] [OP 2 GaP
Step 3 (4x)? +2-(4x-3y)+(3y) =

Example 3.5-4
Factor 25r? + 64s” —80rs .
Solution:
Step1 [252 64s? 807s]=[25/?—sors«6457]
step2 000467] =[7 -2-G-05) (897
Bsr? sors64]=[2?
Step 3 (5r)? -2-(5r-8s)+(8s)"| =
Example 3.5-5
Factor 9x4 —42x7y? + 49y?.
Solution: -
Step 1
2 2 2
Step 2 9x4 — 42x? y? +49y4 S345 4 Alay oy = (3x?) -2.(3x? 7y7) + (Ty)

sos [eel afar) or]

2 2

Additional Examples - Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

The following examples further illustrate how to factor perfect square trinomials:
Example 3.5-6:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

Example 3.5-7:

Example 3.5-8:

faro a4)- Lena)

-PPaa) [ay 2 ea) [ery]
Example 3.5-9:

fd ars = (ore =fe. 92][=F]

Example 3.5-10:

fens ba?noni]-PPame) [ap

eeGeyer [eo]
Example 3.5-11:

feo a) mara] ~ PP) [apa on. [ora]

bet a8[Fo [PO aya [Oe
Example 3.5-12:

Example 3.5-13:

100x4 —100x2y2 +25y4}=|102x2 —100x2y?

2
+52 y? |= (10x?) -2-(10x? Sy?) +(5y?]
2 2 D2

2
= (10x? - 5)

Example 3.5-14:
2 2 2 2 2
121u4 — 88u2v2 +16v4]=|112u2 —88u2v2 +422 |= (110?) -2-(I1u? -4v?)+(4v?) = (110? - 4v?)
Example 3.5-15:
16x? + 40xy
+25y?|=|42x? + 40xy +5? y?|=|(4x)? +2-(4x-5y)+(5y)?| = |(4x + 5p)?

Practice Problems - Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

Section 3.5 Case I Practice Problems - Factor the following trinomials:

1. x7 +18x+81 = 2. 9464p? -48p = 3. 9w* +254+30w=

4, 254k? —10k = 5. 49x? —84x +36 = 6. 14+16z2+64z2 =

7. 100u4 —40u2v? +44 = 8. 49p? -126pq+8lq? = OF 255 30x- yy? 49) =

10. 9x7 4+12xy+4y? =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

CaselI Factoring Other Types of Polynomials

In many instances a polynomial need to be factored more than once. Hence, in factoring a
polynomial we need to check and see if the polynomial terms have a greatest common factor
among them. If so, we should always factor the greatest common factor in a polynomial first.
Following are the steps in factoring polynomials which can be factored more than once.
Step 1 Factor the greatest common factor.
Step 2 Factor the polynomial further by choosing one of the factoring methods learned in this
chapter. Check the answer using the FOIL method.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how various types of polynomials are factored:
Example 3.5-16
Factor 3017 — 5t-10 completely.

sep aaa)
[fer=
Solution:

Step 2 Obtain two numbers whose sum is -1 and whose product is 6--2=-12.
Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore,

Cheek: 5(21+1)(3¢—2) = 5[2t-3¢—2¢-2+1-3-+1-(-2)] = 61? — 41+ 39-2] = Sor? =f=2|

= 3017 - 5¢-10
Example 3.5-17
Factor y° +3y* -16y-—48 completely.
Solution:
Step 1 +3) |= (» +3)(y4-16)
[y5+3y4 -16y 48]= y4(y+3)-16(y

Step 2 (y +3)(y* -16) = (y+3)( 9” -4?) =|(y +3) (>? -4\(y? +4)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

= (y+3)[(»? -27\»? +4) = (y+3)|(v-2)(v+2\y? +4)|

Check: (y+3)|(v-2Xy +2)» +4)) = (v+3)[(v- Val Vly 2s 2\(y? +4)

sgbete getsHep (y+ 3){(»?-4\(y? +4)

= (y+3)(y?-y? +4-y? -4-y? -4-4) = (v+3)(»4 +4y _ay?-16) = (y+3)(y*-16)
= y-y4 -16-y+3-y4 -3-16 = p> -l6y +3y* — 48 = y> +3y' -16y —48

Example 3.5-18
Factor 48x° —243x* completely.
Solution:

Step 2 sx4(t64 -si)= = |3x4(4x? -9)(4x? +9)

= = 3x4[(ax - 3)(2x +3)(4x? + 9)

Check: 3x4|(2x—3)2x+3)(4x? +9) = ax4{(2x-20+24-3-3-24-3-3)(4x7 +9)|

= 3x‘[(ax? + 6x — 64 -9)(4x? +9) = 3x‘[(ax? -9)(4x? +9))
= 3x4(4x? Ax? +4x2-9-9-4x2 -9-9) ~ 3x4(16x4 + 36x2 — 36x? -81) ~ 3x4(16x4 -81)
= 3x4.16x4 —3x4-81 = 48x° —243x4
Example 3.5-19
Factor 12y* +38y+30 completely.
Solution:
Step 1 12y? +38y+30|= (6y? +19y +15)

Step 2 Obtain two numbers whose sum is 19 and whose product is 6-15=90.
Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product
10+9=19 10-9=90
11+8=19 11-8= 88
12+7=19 12-7= 84
13+6=19

The first line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore,

(6y? +199 +15) = 26y? +(10+9)y+15] = 26»? +10y +9y-+15]

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

=|2[2y
+5)+3(3y
(3y+5)]]= |2(3y+5)(2y
+3)
Check: 2(3y +5)(2y+3) = 2[3y-2y+3y-3+5-2y+5-3] = 26y7 +9y +10y +15]

= 2|6y +19y+15| = 12y? +38y +30

Example 3.5-20
Factor 6y? +33y? +45y completely.
Solution:
Step 1 6y3 +33y2 +45y] = 3y(2y? +11y +15}

Step 2 Obtain two numbers whose sum is 11 and whose product is 2-15 = 30.
Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product
$+6=11 5-6 = 30
4+7=11 4-7=28
3+8=11 3-8 =24
2+9=11 2-:9=18
1+10=11

The first line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we
need. Therefore,

3y(2y? +11y +15] ~ 3y|2y? +(5+6)y +15] =|sy)2y? +5y+615]

=|3y[y(2y
+5)+3(2y +5)]|= [392 +5)(v+3)|
Check: 3y[(2y+5)(y+3)] = 3y[2-y-y+(2-3)-y+5-y
45-3] = 3y[2y? + 6y+5y +15]
os 3y[2y? +(6+5)y +15] = 3y[2y? +11y +15] = 6y34+33y2 4 45y

Additional Examples - Factoring Other Types of Polynomials

The following examples further illustrate how to factor polynomials:

Example 3.5-21:

fax?+10x+8]=[2{x? +5++4)]= PGre+9)

+10x48
Check: 2(x+1)(x+4) = 2(c-x+4-xt1-x41-d) = x? 44x tx44) = 2x? +5244) = 2x?

pen -al-f 9-9] [90

Example 3.5-22:

Check: Hy +3)(y -2) = Wy-y-2-y+3-y-2-3) a y? -2y+3y-6] = y? +»-6) oe Tye ya?

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

Example 3.5-23:
[ex 21x? 94]-fss(2x? 4 43)]- 3x|2x? +(6+1)x+3] -[a[2x? +6r+x-3]|
72 3x[2x(x +3) +(x +3)|

=|3x[(x +3)(2x +1)

+3)(2x +1)]|= |3x(x
Check: 3x(x-+3)(2x+1)= 3x(x-2x-+1-x+3-2x+3-1) = 3x(2x? +464
+3) = 3x(2x? + 7x43)
= 6x? +21x? +9x
Example 3.5-24:
[-sx?<11x=3]=[-(65? +1143) = 6x? +(9+2)x+3] =|fox?+9425 +3}]= -[3x(2x +3) + (2x +3)]

= |-|(2x
+3)(3x +1)]}= |-(2x
+3)(3x +1)
Check: -(2x +3)(3x +1) = -(2x-3x+2x-1+3-3x+1-3) = (6x +2x+9x +3) = -(6x? +11x+3)
Seo = 1x3
Example 3.5-25:

Check: 4(x+2)(x+3) = 4(x-x43-x+2-x42-3) = a(x? +3x+2x46) = (x? +5x46) = 4x? +20x +24

pra a)-potaval) p-type]

Example 3.5-26:

=|2y[29(3y
+7)+33y +7)]] = 2y[(By +7)(2y +3)] = |2y(3y +7)(2y +3)

Check: 2y(3y+7)(2y+3) = 2y(3y-2y+3y-34+7-2y+7-3) = 2»(6y? +9y +14y +21)

= 2¥(6y7 +23y +21) = 12y3 +46y2 +42y

pesto -3)-PoRoa)-paya-pap=)- baa

Example 3.5-27:

Check: (y+5)(y-2)(y+2) = (y+5)(y-y+2-y-2-y-2-2) = ( +5)(y? +2y-2y—a)

= (» +5)(y? -4) = Vee Ane Soyo 24.5 = y= 4y 45)" 20 = yy dy 20

Example 3.5-28:
[a?
+2a~26]=[(a?
—6? ~6?)
+(a 6)}=[(a—B)(a+0)+2(a—8)]=[(a—B)[(a+4) +2]|-[(@—b)[a+b+2]
Check: (a—b)a+b+2] = a-ata-b+2-a-a-b-b-b-2-b = a’ + 4b+2a—-db-b? —2b
ig a sb hia bo ob

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 3.5 Factoring Various Types of Polynomials

Example 3.5-29:
lz?-y?+7x-+7y|= (x? -»?)+7(x+y) = (x — y)(x + y)+7(x+y) = (x+y)[(x-»)+7]

=|(x+y)[x-y+7]
Check: (x+ yx-y+7] = X°X—X-Vt+T-x+x-yp—-yp-y+7-y = x? —yyt+7x+xp-y +7y

= x? +7x—y? +7y = xray Hee Ty

Example 3.5-30:
Sx4 + 20x3 25x? +3]=|5x?(x? +4x-5)+3] = |5x2(x-+5)(x-1)+3
Check: 5x?(x+5)(x-1)+3 = 5x?(x-x-x45-x-5)43 = 512(x? -x454-5]+3 = 5x7(x? 442-5) +3
ES rata 5 Ay oN 5d = 5 0 eos

Practice Problems - Factoring Other Types of Polynomials

Section 3.5 Case II Practice Problems - Factor the following polynomials completely:
le a 47a 92-03 = 2. 2x" +16%—40 = 3. a? -b7 +9a+9b =

4. 6y* +39y+60 = 5. 2w>-4w* -l6w = 6. -25x4+70x7y-49y? =

7. 12y?+26y? +10y = 8. 24x° +.74x? -35x = 9. 24x? +78x+45 =

10. 16° =956u- =

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 4 Case Problems

Chapter 4
Quadratic Equations and Factoring
Quick Reference to Chapter 4 Case Problems
4.1 Quadratic Equations and the Quadratic Formulla..................::cescccesseesessseeseneeeeenees 217

lancer
ax? + pe
LOS
=| ee

4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula Method....................... 220

Case I - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax” + bx +c =0 where a=1, p. 220

2
+5x=-4]; [x2=-12x~35};
Case II - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* +bx+c=0 where a yigp e229

lax? 45x =-3]; [I5x?=-7x4+2]; [4x? + 4xy=3y"

4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method.................. 244

4.4
eeaPesi) [ea=a
Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method...................... asi

Case I - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* + bx +c =0, where a=1, by Completing
the Square, p. 252

x?+8r+5=0]; [-?—ar+3=0]; [:?+2-6=0)

Case II - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* +x +c =0, where a )1, by Completing
the Square, p. 259

3x? -16x+5=0]; |2x7+3x-6=0|; [322 +12¢-4=0

4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Wa uations. 5 i25cosccsoccoensccssessi see 268
Case I - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Radicals, p. 268

Wa?+5=3); [oae-aaare]; fvieJea

Case II - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Fractions, p. 274
1
x+1 2y y y yt

4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method.................cccccccccccccccccecccceceeees 281

Use different methods to solve: : x? +11x+24=0 :

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Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equations and Factoring
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability to solve equations and provide
additional factoring methods involving quadratic equations. Quadratic equations and the
quadratic formula are introduced in Section 4.1. Solving different forms of quadratic equations
using the quadratic formula is introduced in Section 4.2. Steps as to how quadratic equations are
solved using the Square Root Property method are addressed in Section 4.3. Solving quadratic
equations by Completing-the-Square method are addressed in Section 4.4. In Section 4.5,
solving quadratic equations containing radicals and fractions are discussed. Choosing the most
suitable method in factoring polynomials and solving second degree equations is discussed in
Section 4.6. Cases presented in each section are concluded by solving additional examples with
practice problems to further enhance the students ability. Students are encouraged to gain a
thorough knowledge on the different factoring and solution methods introduced in Chapters 3
and 4 prior to studying Chapter 5. Knowing how to factor polynomials and solve quadratic
equations will greatly improve the student’s ability in solving algebraic fractions. A subject
which is addressed in Chapter 5.

4.1 Quadratic Equations and the Quadratic Formula

A quadratic equation is an equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2. For
example, 3x* -16x+5=0, x7 =16, w?+9w=0, x?-4x+3=0, x* =-Ilx-24, and y?-4=0 are all
examples of quadratic equations. Note that any equation that can be written in the form of
ax* +bx+c=0, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a0, is called a quadratic equation.
A quadratic equation represented in the form of ax* + 6x+c=0 is said to be in its standard form.
In the following sections we will learn how to solve and represent the solutions to quadratic
equations in factored form. However, in order to solve any quadratic equation we first need to
become familiar with the quadratic formula.
The Quadratic Formula
To derive the quadratic formula we start with the standard quadratic equation ax? +bx+c=0,
where a, b, and c¢ are real numbers and use the method of completing the square to solve the
equation as follows:
Step 1 Add -c to both sides of the equation.
ax? + bx+¢0-c=-c R ax? +bx =-c

Step 2 Divide both sides of the equation by a.

ax* bx (op ae 12 (2
— + — = -— 5 x + — =
dana a a a
2
Step 3 Divide us the coefficient of x, by 2 and square the term to obtain (2) . Add
a

2
(2) to both sides of the equation.
a

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.1 Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Formula

Step 4 Write the left hand side of the equation , which is a perfect square trinomial, in its
equivalent square form.

Fala ce
x+—|]
2a
=--—+/—
a “<2a

Step 5 Simplify the right hand side of the equation using the fraction techniques.

(a+2ab) Be a, (=+4) See (x+4) _ (402-2) +(2-8?)

a™\2a 2a ieee dad 2a Aa-a
2
( a
3; |x+—]
gl
=—— 5
a
]/x+—]
als sd—
=—— 5 [x+—-]|
a =——
b? —4ac
4a? 2a 4a? 2a 4a*

Step 6 Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

(n+ 2 fee > 6? — a0 . ea 2 ng NOP = 4a

oD ie2 md ae) peter UD

Step 7 Solve for x by adding -5 to both sides of the equation.

a

2) i iabig hd a at p m AyesSee os wpa eeallin adie

Paar 2a) 20 2a ‘ Lae a i 2a

: —b+t |e = , ? :
The equation x = fe ; 4ac is referred to as the quadratic formula. Note that the quadratic
a

-~b+Vb* —4ac -b- Vb? —4ac

formula has two solutions x = ———— and x=——__—__. We use these solutions to
2a 2a
write the quadratic equation ax? + bx +c =0 in its equivalent factored form, i.e.,

—b+vVb2 =i os
b+vb2 =e]
ax? +bx+ce=0 is factorable to |x- =0
ec 2a 2a

Let’s check the above factored product using the FOIL method. The result should be equal to
ax? +bx+c=0.

Check:

—~b+vb? —4ac b+Vb* —4ac b-vVb* —4ac b+Vb* —4ac

x —-——___———_] | x + ————_|=0 ; | x + ————__| x + ——___ = 0
2a 2a 2a 2a

4 [ate {&
sae yee
tte
b [ b? =e.
5 629384. |$< SE aa)
2a 2a

am |fPoum
on DeNe
b+ ass ays Maen
b? -—4ac
ae _ {le
(6+Vb?
Yb?
M —4ae}(3-
—ae) V6?—dae) Sh
: ye a oe
2a a Fi

2 (odie te Pate) (2? — o/b? — aac + ovl6?— dae — Vb? — dae V6? — aac
3 | rt
2a 4a’

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.1 Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Formula

se (Ca
a
ee el ea
b b 2 -(b2, - 4ac)

4a’ a
ie
ry)

4a?
a a 4a*

2 b c x? bx c¢ ax? +bxt+e axr>+bxt+c 0 2 :

5 x°+—x4+—=0 5 —+—+-—=0 5 ——
— =0 5 ——_ = - (cx +bx+c)-1=a-0 which
a a l aaa a a l

is the same as ax? +bx+c=0.

The quadratic formula is a powerful formula and should be memorized. In the following sections
we will use this formula to solve different types of quadratic equations.

: Practice Problems - Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Formula

Section 4.1 Practice Problems - Given the following quadratic equations identify the coefficients
a, b,and c.

].C3x= 54 2x2 2. 2x? =5 3. 3w?-5w=2

4. ato
15=-y* -3 OyDek x bho ae 5% MP

1. y? 5y=2=0 8. -3x? =2x-1 9. p?=p-l

10. ay

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

As was stated earlier, the quadratic formula can be used to solve any quadratic equation by
expressing the equation in the standard form of ax? + x+c=0 and by substituting the equivalent
numbers for a, 6, and ¢ into the quadratic formula. In this section we will learn how to solve
quadratic equations of the form ax? +bx+c=0, where a=1 (Case I) and where a)1 (Case II),
using the quadratic formula.

CaseI Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* +bx+c=0 , where a =1, Using the Quadratic Formula

Quadratic equations of the form ax? +6x+c=0, where a=1, are solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Write the equation in standard form.
Step 2 Identify the coefficients a, b, and c.

Step 3 Substitute the values for a, 6, and c into the quadratic equation x =
~b + V6?
5
- 4ac
a

Simplify the equation.

Step 4 Solve for the values of x. Check the answers by either substituting the x values into
the original equation or by multiplying the factored product using the FOIL method.
Step 5 Write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how quadratic equations are solved using the
quadratic formula:
Example 4.2-1
Solve the quadratic equationx* + 5x =-4.
Solution:
St ogg ESD p EREEV
Step 2 et: [a=1],[6=5], and [c=4]. Then,

Given:
Pye ioe
eelmae|,|
Egy
selena PGs.
ssi
Step 3 ax] >
2a

(p=2 BS :
x= 2

Sse Ss :
Step 4 Separate x = into two equations.
2

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

vz ?
Check No. 1: I. Letx=-1 in x? +5x=-4 ; (-1)? +(5x-1)=-4 ; eee ; 4=-4
? ?
I. Letx=-4 in x? +5x=-4 ; (-4)° +(5x-4)=-4 ; 16-20=-4 ; 4=-4
? i
Check No. 2: x? +5x+4=(x +1)(x+4) : x? +5x4+4=(x-x)+(4-x)+(I-x)+(1-4)
9 9
5 x? +5x+4=x7 44x 4x44 : x? +5x+4=x7+(441)x+4 : x7 +5x4+4=x74+5x44

Step 5 Therefore, the equation x* +5x+4=0 can be factored to (x +1)(x+4)=0.

Example 4.2-2
Solve the quadratic equation x? = -12x-35.
Solution:

Step 1 x? =~12x-35]; |x? +12x = —12x + 12x - 35] ; |x? +12x

=0-35] ; |x? +12x
=-35

s |x? +12x +35 = -35435 |x? 412x435 =0)

Step 2 Let: [a =1], [b=12],

and [c=35]. Then,

vb? -4 12+ V122 1x3

—4x 5 Pere
Step 3 Given: pyre—b+a Brin eFC ee
ASE) |e = Ne v144- 140
2
2a 2x1

-12+ V4 -12+ 2?| |G

“1242
Fl OS eee (be 9)
Dy y

Sb, :
Step 4 Separate x = 12+? into two equations.

ee -12+2 ; .[x=-5
2

Hi

2
? ?
Check No. 1: I. Letx=-5 in x? =-12x-35 ; (-5)’ =(-12x-5)-35 ; 25=60-35 ; 25=25
? ?
Il. Letx=-7 in x? =-12x-35 ; (-7)’ =(-12x-7)-35 ; 49=84-35 ; 49=49
? u
Check No. 2: x? +12x +35=(x+5)(x+7) 3 x? +12x +35=(x-x)+(7-x)+(5-x)+(5-7)
u ?
5 x? +12x435=x2
>)
+7x 45x 435 5 x7 4+12x4+35=x7 +(745)x +35
; x? 412x435 =x7 412x435

Step 5 Therefore, the equation x” +12x +35=0 can be factored to (x +5)(x+7)=0.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Example 4.2-3
Solve the quadratic equation x? -5x+6=0.

Step
Solution:

Step 2 Let: : , and . Then,

2
“bt Vb? —4ac
Step 3 ere ee ee-(-5)+
ee|(-5)° a
-4x1x6 Bsa 04
2a 2x1 y)

3 De 5 x = —

2 2
ciealare °
Step 4 Separate x = S into two equations.

] 48 he, : 5 eee 5 x=3

Z 1

5-1
ae ere ffle
pepe
v ? 2
Check
No. 1: I. Letx=3 in x? -5x+6=0 ; (3)? +(-5x3)+6=0 ; 9-15+6=0 ; 15-15=0
700
2 i u ?
I. Letx=2 in x*-5x+6=0 ; (2)° +(-5x2)+6=0 ; 4-10+6=0 ; 4-4=0
7020
? i
Check No. 2: x? —5x +6=(x-3)(x-2) 5 x* —5x+6=(x-x)+(-2-x)+(-3-x)+(-3--2)
? u
; x? —Sx4+6=x7 —2x-3x +6 5 x? —Sx+6=x7 +(-2-3)x+6 ; x? -—5x4+6=x" —5x46
Step 5 Therefore, the equation x* -5x+6=0 can be factored to (x —3)(x- 2)=0.
Example 4.2-4
Solve the quadratic equation x? +1=-2x.
Solution:

Step 1 [x?+1=-2x] ;[2? 2 +12 22422] ; [p?42x+1=0]

Step 2 et : , and hen:

pes = Gs = a 2
x

Step 4 Separate x = a2 °into two equations.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

—2+0 7 |
.

Check No. 1: Letx=-lin x” 2 +1=-2x 2 ahi

; (-l)°+1=-2x-1 ? ; 2=2
5 1+1=2
?
Check No. 2: x? +2x+1=(x+1)(x+1)
5x742x41 tcx)+(1-x)+(1-x)+(1-1)
9
; x? +2x+1lax? +x4x41 Shoe oye x 2 +(1+1)x+1 ; x? 42x4l=x7 42x41

Step 5 Thus, the equation x? +2x+1=0 has two identical solutions and can be

factored to (x+1)(x+1)=0
Example 4.2-5
Solve the quadratic equation 7x =-x* -2.
Solution:

Step 1 [x =—x? 2]; [4x2 47x =x? +x?-2];|? 7x 0-2]; [2247x =-2]
sfx? 47x42 =-242); [x2
4742=0
Step 2 Let: [a=1],[6=7],
and [c=2]. Then,

-~b+Vb* —4ac FEN Te a? -7+ 49-8

soe
Step 3 GV ED eee
2a Dall WD)

ee

Step 4 Separate x = + into two equations.

2 i
Check No. 1: I. Letx=-03 in 7x=-x?-2 4 7x -03=-(-03) i= 1=3009- 0h =21= 21
% v
Il. Letx=-67 in 7x =-x?-2 ; 1x-6.7=-(-6.7)" -2 ; -469=-449-2
; 469 = 469
u ?
Check No. 2: x? +7x+2=(x +03)(x+67) 5 x7 +7x+2=(x-x)+(67-x)+(03-x)+(03-6.7)
? i
5x2 47x+2=x7
467x +0342 5 x7 4+7x+2=x7 +(67+03)x+2

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

s x? + Ix+ 2S 4 70 +2

Step 5 Thus, the equation x? +7x +2 =0 can be factored to (x +03)(x+67)=0.

Additional Examples - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? +bx+c=0 , where a = 1, Using the Quadratic Formula

The following examples further illustrate how to solve quadratic equations using the quadratic
formula:
Example 4.2-6
Solve the quadratic equation x* =16x -—55.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., x? —16x +55=0

Next, let: [a=1], , and [c =55]. Then,

_(-16)
+(16)? - 4 «1x55 16+ /256 — 220 16+ 36
x=

Deal

2 Ee = Hee

_ Ea.
j=) Gem M. x=");
Check No. 1: I. Letx=11 in x? =16x-55; 12 =16x11-55 ; 121=176-55 5 121=121

Il. Letx=5in x? =16x-55; eae se - 25=80—55 > 25=25

u ?
Check No. 2: x* -16x +55=(x -11)(x-5) ; y= eerss a) (Soa nell)
? u
5 x? 16x +55=x? —5x-11x
+55 5 x* -16x+55=x7 +(—-5-1])x +55
> x* -16x+55=x* -16x4+55

Therefore, the equation x” -16x+55=0 can be factored to (x-11)(x-5)=0.

Example 4.2-7
Solve the quadratic equation x? = -9x +36.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., x* +9x-36=0

Next, let: [a=1] , [6=9], and [c=-36]. Then,

Given:
—b+Vb* —4ac
|x =—————__|;
|, --9+vei+i44| | _ -94 V225
2a AC 2 : |Se he

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

eae eee Sore Fea ee Therefore:

Seale)

and the solution set iia

is 12}

Check No. 1: I. Letx=3 in x* =-9x +36; 3293436 : 9227436 59=9

Il. Letx=-12 in x? =-9x+36 ; (=12); Lerner yBCT: : 144=108 +36 ; 144=144

Check No. 2: x? + 9x —36=(x-3)(x +12) ae £9x 36" (ase) e122)

Eon eeay 3G oy hee +(12-3)x
-36
5 x? 49x -36 =x" +9x-36
Therefore, the equation x? +9x -—36=0 can be factored to (x -3)(x+12)=0.

Example 4.2-8
Solve the quadratic equation x? +11x+24=0.
Solution:
The equation is already in standard form.

Let: [a=1],[b=11],
and [c=24]. Then,

b+ Vb? —4ac ~114V112 —4x1x24 -~11+/121—96

|x = ————__]; =11+/25
|x = ————
Given: |x =————_| ; |x = ——___—_];
2a Dal 22 D

114757 1145
a ee es Therefore:

u. p= 2S),jr= [r= 8],Be

and the solution set is {-3,-8}.
% Y
Check No.1: I. Letx=-3 in x? +1lx+24=0; (-3)? +11x -3+24=0 ; 9-33+24=0 ; 0=0
? ?
Il. Letx=-8 in x? +11x+24=0 ; (-8)° +11x-8+24=0 ; 64-88+24=0 ; 0=0
? i
Check No. 2: x? +11x+24=(x+3)(x+8) 5 x? +11x+24=(x-x)+(8-x)+(3-x)+
(3-8)
# ?
sx?
9
411 +24=x7 +8x43x +24 5 x7 +11 +24=x7 +(8+3)x +24
2
yy 41x 4 24=x7 4114424

Therefore, the equation x* +11x+24=0 can be factored to (x +3)(x+8)=0.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Example 4.2-9
Solve the quadratic equation 9 = -x* — 6x.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., x7 +6x+9=0.

Next, let: , , and neh.

~b+vb —4ac 6+167 —4x1x9 ©6436 206 5645/0 -6+0

Given: ner Famer GABe oi jee ea Ry aes 5 = 5
a oC

-|x=-—|:|x=-3

In this case the equation has one repeated solution, i.e., and [x = -3].
Thus, the solution set is {-3, -3}.
2 % uy
Check No. 1: Letx=-3 in x7 +6x+9=0 ; (-3)° +6x-3+9=0 ; 9-18+9=0 ; 18-18=0 ; 0=0
? 2
Check No. 2: x? +6x+9=(x+3)(x+3) 3 x? +6x+9=(x-x)+(3-x)+(3-x)+(3-3)
? ?
> x7 46x49=x7
+3x 43x49 ; x? + 6x+9=x7 +(34+3)x+9 x7 46x49=2x7 46x49

Therefore, the equation x? + 6x +9=0 can be factored to (x +3)(x+3)=0.

Example 4.2-10
Solve the quadratic equation w* +1=-5w.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., w? +5w+1=0.

Next, let: [a=1],[6=5], and[c=1]. Then,

-~b+vVb* —4ac 5+ 52 -4x1x1 BS SA

Jw= | yp Sas,
Given: |w= 5 |w = |.
2a De) YD 2

-5+458

and the solution set is {-0.21, - 4.79} .

? i
Check No. 1: I. Let w=-021 in w? +1=~Sw ; (-021)° +1=-5x-021 ; 0.05+1=105 ; 105=105
u ?
9

II. Let w=-4.79 in w? +1=-Sw ; (4.79)? +1=-5x-4.79 ; 229+1=239 ; 239 =239

a ?
Check No. 2: w? +5w+1=(w+021)(w+4.79) ; w? + Sw +1=(w-w)+(4.79-
w)+(0.21-w)+(021-4.79)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
a
e 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula
e UC eons

? ?
5 w> +Sw+l=w? +4.79w+021lw+l 5 w? +Sw4l=w? +(4.79+021)w+]
5 w+ Swtl=w? +5w4l
Therefore, the equation w? +5w+1=0 can be factored to (w +0.21)(w + 4.79) =0.
Note that when c=0 the quadratic equation ax* +bx+c=0 reduces to ax* + bx =0. For cases
where a=1, we can solve equations of the form x* + 5x = 0 using the quadratic formula in the
following way:
Example 4.2-11
Solve the quadratic equation x? +5x =0.
Solution:
The equation.is already in standard form.

Let: ,[b=5], and[c=0]. Then,

‘ —~b+Vb* —4ac 5+ 5% -4x1x0 5+ 25-0 o54 25 5452
Given: oe, a aan | ee x |e een er a i

—5+5
Sar Therefore:

= BeEe5
jr=-4): GS) ED
and the solution set is {0,eS5} :
? ?
Check No. 1: I. Letx=0 in x7 +5x=0 3; 0°+5-0=0 ; 0+0=0 ; 0=0
? ?
I. Letx=-5 in x? +5x=0 ; (-5)°+5--5=0 ; 25-25=0 ; 0=0
? ? ?
Check No. 2: x? + 5x=(x +0)(x +5) z x? +5x=(x-x)+(5-x)+(0-x)+(0-5) : x7 +5x=x* +5x +040

x 45x =x? +5x

Therefore, the equation x? +5x=0 can be factored to (x+0)(x+5)=0 which is the same as
x(x4+5)=0.
Example 4.2-12
Solve the quadratic equation x* =9x.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., x? -9x =0.

Next, let: 3 , and . Then,

-b+ Vb" -4ac -(-9) S+ |(-9)° -4x1x0 9+J81-0|

Pal a ereraers|
|
b= 9481
ry
Given: Ome eae
are

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

9+ 9? 9+9
x= bie = ie nerefore:
Bi 2

9-9 0 9+9
I. |x=—-|5|e=5); Heal Le =e
and the solution set is {0, 9} .
4
Check No. 1: I. Letx=0 in x? =9x ; 07=9-0 3 0=0
We
Il. Letx=9 in x? =9x 5 97=9-9 ; 81=81
? ? ?
Check No. 2: x? ~9x=(x +0)(x -9) : x? —9x=(x-x)+(-9-x)+(0-x)+(0--9) > x? 9x =x? -9x+0+0

x? —9x
= x” -9x

Therefore, the equation x*-9x=0 can be factored to (x+0)(x-9)=0 which is the same as
x(x-9)=0.

| Practice Problems - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? + bx +c, where a =1, Using the Quadratic Formula |

Section 4.2 Case I Practice Problems - Use the quadratic formula to solve the following quadratic
equations.
lt xt —Se5 6 2. y?-40y =-300 3. -x=-x* +20

Awe yt 3x4-4=0 5. a 802 =0 6. x7 +4x4+4=0

TG aw 8. 4x=x? 9, 7*-37z-120=0

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Case II Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? +bx+c¢=0 , where a )1, Using the Quadratic Equation

Trinomial equations of the form ax” +x +c=0, where a )1, are solved using the following steps:

Step 1 Write the equation in standard form.

Step 2 Identify the coefficients a, b, and c.
—~b+vVb? —4ac
Step 3 Substitute the values for a, 5, and c into the quadratic equation x = z
a

Simplify the equation.

Step 4 Solve for the values of x. Check the answers by either substituting the x values into
the original equation or by multiplying the factored product using the FOIL method.
Step 5 Write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how second degree trinomial equations are solved
using the quadratic formula:
Example 4.2-13
Solve the quadratic equation 2x? + 5x =-3.
Solution:

Step 1 [ax?+5x=-3];+5r+3=0)
[22?
Step 2 Ver: : , and -e nen

Sena G; alae [pers

_ -S#V57 -4x2x3 .|y= ~S#¥25=24
tep 1ven: [pers i alae

tae 5+
2 4 5)
—5+1
\eoael4

eo ;
Step 4 Separate x =— into two equations:

- 4 i) ==)

Thus, the solution set is {+1= | :

Check No.1: I. Letx=-1 in =-3

2x7 +5x=-3 ; 2-1)+(5x- he 3.52- 5=-3; -3
3 2 BL 9 OY 15 ?
II. Let x=-5 in 2x* +5x=-3; {-3) +(sx-3)=-3 : ones ee

18 15? ay (2x18)-(4x15)?_, 6260| yd

Avg eae ng 4x2 eat? Ves

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

? 2
Check No. 2: 2x? +5x+3=(x+1)(2x+3) ; 2x? +5x+3=(2x-x)+(3-x)+(I-2x)+(1-3)
? ?
5 2x? +5x4+3=2x7
+3x +243 3 2x7 4+5x4+3=2x7 +(3+2)x +3
- Ox? +5x4+3=2x7 +5x43
: 3
Step 5 Therefore, the equation 2x” +5x+3=0 can be factored to (x + (x ~ 2)=0
which is the same as (x+1)(2x+3)=0
Example 4.2-14
Solve the quadratic equation 15x” = -7x +2.
Solution:
Step 1 15x? =—7x +2];|15x? + 7x =—7x + 7x +2]; [15x?
+7x =042); [15x7 +7x =2

-|15x7 + 7x —2 =2-2]; |15x7+7x-2=0

Step 2 Let: [a=15],[6=7], and[c=-2]. Then,

~b+b* —4ac STEVT —4x lp

15x22 -7+/49 +120
Step 3 Given: |x = =
|x=——————__|:
2a 2x15 30

(SET ese
2 30 ‘ 30

ers
Step 4 Separate x = — into two equations:

13
p= E8 =e
30

Thus, the solution set

an is 74

No. 1: I. Let x ==l in

Check 15x” 2 =-Tx+2 as (-7«4} +2 : eeih
; 14) ey,
ee

3
2 3 °C) tC x5) 7 0) 33
” 25 Sue (eens 5x1 Poseloy —ip Soni Si,
9 29 9
ks Let x=—— in 15x* =-7x+2; 1-2) (-1x-2) 42 : 5x2 42

20
. 607142 , 207(14xI)+(2x3) | 2021446 | 20_ 20
ae tls 3x1 Or Oe eS
: ?
Check
No. 2: 15x? +7x-2=(5x-1)(3x +2) ; Ste ile “Ute aay+(2-5x)+(-1-3x)+(-1-2)
;
; 15x? + 7x —2=15x? +10x—3x—2 3 15x? +7x- 2=15x? +(10-3)x-
ciaRe ie.
=lax Ie

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic
a OY Equations
EUR Using the Quadratic
eg tite Musatanle Formula
HOLME.

Step 5 Therefore, the equation 15x” +7x-—2=0 can be factored to (x- 4€+ 2)=O)

which is the same as (5x -1)(3x+2)=0

Example 4.2-15
Solve the quadratic equation 4x? +4xy =3y?. Let x be the variable.
Solution:
Step 1 4x? + Axy = 3y7|;|4x? + 4xy-3y?
=3y? -3y?] ; 4x? +4 yx-3y? =0

Step 2 Let: [a=4] ,[6=4y] , and |c=-3y?]. Then,

~b+ Vb? —4ac

pay
SE+48y7 pile,
ee oay2
aie 5

Step 4 Separate x = ae into two equations:

pat ea steal" imams

zi

Thus, the solution set (3

is 4:

2 ?
Check
No. 1: I. Let x= = in 4x*+4xy =3y? 5 (2) +(4x2xy)=3y? : Oe aac
?
5 py?+2y72 =3y? 5 3y? =3y
3 3y)2 3 i
I. Let v= == in 4x? +4xy =3y? ; (-*2) +(4x-22 x y}=3y?

? ?
5 Ax = —- 2 _=3y? 5 9y? -6y? =3y? 5 3y? =3y?
y, ?
Check No.2: 4x* +4yx-3y? =(2x - y)(2x+3y) ; 4x? +4yx -3y? =(2x -2x)+(2x-3y)+(2x--y)
? v
+(-y-3y) 3 4x? + dyx —3y? =4x? + 6xy —2xy -3y? g 4x? +4 yx —3y* =4x?

+(6-2)xy—3y? ; 4x? + 4yx —3y? = 4x? + 4xy -3y?

Step 5 Therefore, the equation 4x* + 4x -3y” =0 can be factored to

(x= x)(x+ 27)
2 - 0 which is the same as (2x- y)(2x+3y)=0

Example 4.2-16
Solve the quadratic equation 2x? +15= 13x.
Solution:
Step 1 =13x] ;|2x?
2x? +15 - 13x +15 = 13x -13x] ; [2x7 -13x+15=0

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Step 2 Let: : , and . Then,

2 -~b+Vb* —4ac -(-13)+ (-13)° -(4x2x15)

Step 3 Grier Se
2a 2

.|,,= 13+V169~120) |, _ 13+.v49 |= 22]

2 = 4 5 = 4 = 7

Step 4 Separate x = “et into two equations:

13-7 3
I |x=-2*74),
4
;|r=];1 [=] 1 el4
ate >De

Thus, the solution set is {3s}.

? : 9
Check No. 1: I. Letx=5 in 2x? +15=13x ; 2(5)? +15=13x5 ; 2x25+15=65 ; 50+15=65
65=65
;
Il. Letx=—
3 in 2x*+15=13x
a)
: (2) +15=13x=
Sea gow
3; 2x—+15=— 3 —+15=—
2 2 2 4 2

915239 , (Ix9)+(2x15)?39 9430239 , 39_ 39

A ies 1x2 er eee
ty ?
Check No. 2: 2x? —13x +15=(x—5)(2x-3) ; 2x? —13x +15=(x-2x) +(x--3)+(-5-2x)+(-5--3)
1s te
5 2x? -13x +15=2x? —3x-10x+15 ; 2x? 13x +15=2x7 +(-3-10)x +15
5 2x? -13x +15 = 2x? -13x +15
Step 5 Thus, the equation 2x? —13x +15 =0 can be factored to (x - 5)(x- 3)=0

which is the same as (x -5)(2x -3)=0

Example 4.2-17
Solve the quadratic equation 4x? -15x-4=0.
Solution:
Step1
Step 2 Let: [a=4],[b=~15], and[c=-4]. Then,

-b+vb? —4ac . ~(-15)+(-15)? -(4x 4x -4)

Se
Step 3 Given: |x = xXx=

2a ;

nie =
15+
——
225+ 64 | °
: = J]
15+/289 FIX =
15+17
; 8 : 8 ’ 8

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Step 4 Separate x = into two equations:

8
4
ei elMl -
8 8 8 4 4

Thus, the solution set is {-4.i}.

9 9
Check No.1: I. Letx=4 in 4x2-15x-4=0: (4x4)-(15x4)-4=0 ; (4x 16)-60-4=0
9 9
5 64-60-4=0 ; 64-64=0 ; 0=0
2 9 2
II. epee in 4x” -15x-4=0 g 4x(-4) -(15x-1) 420 : PERE
4 4 4 4

9
: i
> as SIox— Sant] ay =I ; ax? 152-4522 4(2 2) 4

? 1-x)-(4x-4 ? Ee
4a? -5¢ 42x? + add)
*):Cs Ns ax? ~15x—4=2? +2 182)
? 4
: 4x? 15x -4=x? Px : ax? -152—424.(2?- 82-1}

5 Ax? -15x-4
= 4x? -15x-4
Step 5 Thus, the equation 4x? —15x-4=0 can be factored to (x - 4)(2+ =0

which is the same as (x- 4)(4x+1)=0.

Additional Examples - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax” + bx +c = 0, where a )1, Using the Quadratic Formula

The following examples further illustrate how to solve quadratic equations:

Example 4.2-18
Solve the quadratic equation 3x* +7x-6=0.
Solution:
The equation is already in standard form. Let: ; , and * Then;

—~b+ Vb? —4ac SF] =A xox 6 =7 +494 72 ; |x = ——_-

|x = ————_] Eyal
Given: |x =————————] ; |x = ——_—__——__|;
2a BS 6 6

Fey 2
eras

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Thus, the solution set is {-33|:

2 ? ue
Check No. 1: I. Letx=-3 in 3x?+7x-6=0 ; 3-(-3)° +7-(-3)-6=0 ; 3-9-21-6=0
9
? ?
: 27-21-6=0 ; 27-27=0 ; 0=0
2 ? 2
4 14
II. Let x == in 3x7 +7x-6=0 ; 3.(2) +1.(2}-6=0 ‘ lr ere a
3

awa, "ome ae ey ie aay ee Del ?

: —-~6=0
; —+—-6=0; -~6=0 ; —-6=0 ; —-6=0 ; 6-6=0
9 3 3 3 1
3
; 0=0
2 ?
Check No. 2: 3x? + 7x — 6 =(x +3)(3x — 2) : 3x? + Tx — 6=(x-3x)+(-2-x)+(3-3x)+(3--2)
? i
5 3x? + 7x —6=3x?
—2x +9x-6 3 3x7 +7x-6=3x7 +(-2+9)x -6
© 3x7 + 7x —6 = 3x- + 7x-6
Therefore, the equation 3x* +7x-6=0 can be factored to (x +3)(x- 2)=0 which is the same

se)n ss + WwW | ll So oe See : (+3)( =?) ae eae

— — a
Baas
|
s we
| SS,

ae eae . ese Geae)— 0 ; [(x+3)-(Gx-2)]-1=0-3 ; (x+3)(3x-2)=0

Example 4.2-19
Solve the quadratic equation 6x? =-7x-2.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., 6x? +7x +2 =0

Next, let: A , and . Then,

SOT
ante | Nn
-b+Vb* —4ac ~7+V7* -4x6x2 ~7+J/49-48 —T£1 Sie
-7+1
2a 2x6 12 12 12
p
-7+1 6 1 2
Therefore: a) | eral
= edeeded
= —-—]° |x=-— Il. |X
: =-— Fi
D

: : 1 2
Thus, the solution set is {-}a z|;

3
29 2 ?
Check No. 1: I. Lee in 6x* =-Tx-2; (-1) {-1x-1)-2 : Pasa ; 6:72
2 2 2 Ane Dal

Sey 52.2) 3 2 74 33
2 2-1 p72 2 a

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

2 9 8 9
lgletx==— in. 6x" =-7x—2 & {-2) -{-1x-2)-2 ; 6 oat : 24 14 2
3 9. 3 j panel
: 8? (14-1)-(2 aya 8714-6 | aes
ee an ae Oa Fas. as
u u
Check No. 2: 6x? + 7x +2=(2x
+1)(3x +2) ; 6x? + 7x +2=(2x-3x)
+(2-2x) +(1-3x)+ (1-2)
u ?
5 6x? +7x+2=6x7
+4x 43x42 5 6x? +7x4+2=6x? +(44+3)x+2
5 6x? +7442
=6x7> 47x42
Therefore, the equation 6x? +7x +2=0 can be factored to (x+ 4 x+ 2)=(0 which is the same

(Eo)ae)
Eod)nns (AAEM et) 202) ag, oe ee
e0 : [(2x +1)-(3x +2)]-1=0-6 5 (2x+1)(3x+2)=0
3 GS)

j 6
Example 4.2-20
Solve the quadratic equation -16x + 5 =—3x?.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., 3x7 -16x+5=0.

Next, let: : , and . Then,

2
~b+Vb* —4ac —(—16) +y(-16)° -4x3x5 = 16+
= /256 — 60
ee 16+ 196
Giveng)| . = — | =
2a 253. 6 6

a5
2 16+14
: pee ee ee Therefore:
6 6

5
30 16-14 2 1
I. fx=2"|,
6
x=—
6 s|r=2|;
1 [5] II. |x= 6 sfe=2]
6 fx=4
3

Thus, the solution set is {¥s}.

1. A The? 871\4 ck ee
Check No. 1: I. Letx= 7 in —-16x+5=-3x lO an —— + 5=—3.—

16—54
—-—+-=
Sle tbs) elon eae
2
Se ani Spat a IS
? 2
Il. Letx=5 in -16x+5=-3x? ; -16:5+5=-3-5° ; -80+5=-3-25 ; -75=-75
? ?
Check No. 2: ar? —16r+5=[x—4}(x-5) : By? —16r+5=(x-x)+(-S-x)+(-1. }+(-4.}

? v l 5
4 3x? 16x 45-27 —Sx-x 42 : By? —16r+5ax?+(-s-L}x+3

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

? =seSpotle
> 3x? -16x4+5==x? +(-he t)x+3 ; se? -16r+sax?s (CIC I), 8
1 3
’
ise =
°3x- = 16x 45==x? =e ‘x42 ; ax? 16x +5=x? Px?

5 3x? —16x+5= =3-(x? -8 4); 3x? -16x+5=3x* -l6x+5

Therefore, the equation 3x” -16x +5=0 can be factored to (x- )(x-5)=0 which is the same
S (3x-1)(x-5)=0.
Example 4.2-21
Solve the quadratic equation 4x? +9x =-6.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., 4x7 +9x+6=0.

Next, let: : , and . Then,

: ~b+b2 —4ac ~9+792 -4x4x6 ~9+4/81-96 =9.4/-15

Given: nae a 5\o|. <tr
= eka e Opec
6 eee ee

Since the number under the radical is negative, therefore the quadratic equation does not have
any real solutions. We state that the equation is not factorable.
Example 4.2-22
Solve the quadratic equation 3y” -2y =2.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, i.e., 3y? -2y-2=0.

Next, let: ; , and . Then,

~b+Vb2 —4ac (2) Vl-2)- 43 + Aad 2+/28

aoa
CU OM peecuas ee ale! S528 Gas es geeeras wali

Dies
> y= Z Therefore:

Ps ete Eh 33]. —

Thus, the solution set is {-0.55, 1.22} .

Check No. 1: I. Let y=122 in 3y*-2y=2 ; 3-(122)? -2-122=2: 5 3-148-2.44==2

?
; 444-244=2 ; 2=2
u ?
II. Let y=-055 in 3y?-2y=2 ; 3-(-055)° -2-(-055)=2 ; 3-03+11=2
2
3 O94 11=2 3-2 =2

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations
a
a IS Using
WSS the
Me Quadratic
NUaGTaUG Formula
FORMU)

Check No. 2: 3y? —2y-2=(y +058)(y 122) ay? —2y-2=(y-y)+(-122-y)+(055-y) + (055--122)

ay = 2ay? ~122y +0.55y-0.67 3 3y2 Spy ey? + (-122 + 0.55) y- 0.67
: Nee ey EES : sy? ~2y-2=3-(y? -067 y-067)
; 3y? =2ya2=By- —2y-2
Therefore, the equation 3y* -2y-2=0 can be factored to (y +0.55)(y—122)=0.
Note that when c=0 the quadratic equation ax* + bx+c=0 reduces to ax? +5x =0. For cases
where a)1, we can solve equations of the form ax* + bx =0 using the quadratic formula in the
following way:
Example 4.2-23
Solve the quadratic equation 2x* +5x =0.
Solution:
First write the equation in standard form, i.e., 2x7 +5x+0=0.

Next, let: ‘ , and . Then,

con ee ENB? - 4ac easStvbes Axo KO Ae VEO er EN25

Iven: a a7 ? =< eee) 2 4 ? 4

-5+5? -5+5
5 |x = ———_ | ; ]x = ——|_ Therefore:
4 4

: >==5|;[-2]; Ge) ay

Thus, the solution set is {0,-2.5}.

Check No. 1: I. Letx=0 in 2x? +5x=0; 2-02 +5-0=0 ; 0+0=0 5 0=0

I. Letx=-25 in 2x7 +5x=0 ; 2.(-25)* +5--25=0 : 2.625-125=0 seo Sle
Check No. 2: 2x? ssi ONES) ON + 5x{ix)-4(25°x) 4 (0-%)-#(0°25)

eeoe et 2x? +5x=2(x? +25x]

5 Qx* + 5x = 2x? + 5x

Therefore, the equation 2x* +5x=0 can be factored to (x +0)(x+25)=0 which is the same as
x(x+25)=0.
Example 4.2-24
Solve the quadratic equation 3x? = 2x.
Solution:
First, write the equation in standard form, 1.e., 3x? -2x+0=0.

Next, let: , , and . Then,

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

; ~b+ Vb?raed
-4ac | +| 2+#V4-0|
engcoaareg |S |. 244
aera
Given: aru

2+2? 2+2
ral bore t= eer ererOre:
6 6

" fe=2; we

Thus, the solution set is {0, 0.67} .

Check No. 1: I. Letx=0-in 3x? =2x ; 3.02 =2-0 > 0=0

Il. Let
x =0.67 in 3x? =2x ; 3.0672 =2-067 : 3.0.448=134 5 134=134
Check No. 2: 3x? SE e008) ey -2x=(x-z)+(-0.67-x)+(0-x)+(0--067)
axe Mr 06TE F040 eax _2x=x2 0.67% 5 3x? ~2x=3(x? - 0675]
5 3x? —2x = 3x? -2x

Therefore, the equation 3x* —2x =0 can be factored to (x +0)(x - 0.67) =0 which is the same as
x(x-0.67)=0. Note that if both sides of the equation are multiplied by 3 we obtain
3. x(x —0.67)=0-3 ; 3x? -2x=0 which is the same as the original equation.
Similar to the examples presented in Section 3.3 Case II, the steps in solving the following class
of quadratic equations is very similar, if not identical, to the previous problems solved in this
section. However, in the following set of examples to ensure proper factorization, we need to
accurately match the given coefficients of x”, x, and the constant term with the coefficient and
the constant term of the standard quadratic equation ax*+bx+c=0. For example, given the
quadratic equation 10x? -14xy-12y? =0 we know that a=10, b=-14y, and c=-12y*. Once this
equality is established, then the remaining steps are identical to the steps used in solving the
previous problems. To further illustrate this point the same examples that were used in Section
3.3 Case II, i.e., examples 3.3-41 through 3.3-44 are solved below. However, the method used
here is the Quadratic Formula method as opposed to the Trail and Error method which was used
in Section 3.3.
Example 4.2-25:
Solve 6x* +10xy+4y? =0 (x is variable and y is constant).
Solution:
First - Simplify the equation, i.e., 6x7 +10xy+4y? =0 ; 23x? + Sxp + 2y") =0 ; 3x7 +5xy+2y” =0
Second - Write the equation in standard form, i.e., write 6x? +10xy+4y? =0 as

6x? +(10y)x +4y? =0.

Third - Equate the coefficient of the standard quadratic equation with the given equation, i.e.,
let a=6, b=10y, and c=4y’.
Fourth - Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation, i.e., given

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

_~btVb? -4ac , Nyt y(lOy)"2 -4x6x4y? lov

+Y100y? -96y?
ae 12
i)
2a 2x6

-l0y+y4y? -10y +27

ae eee Nee OF aie aes alecy” -10y+
; Pee a a2 Therefore:
12 ip 12
I = aa 10y+2
yrey : ee ; =o .
B ai es =
0.67y

I. -10y-2y
= :
iG?
=-yFi, es
5 x=- Me
Thus, the solution set is {~y, - 0.67y} .

Fifth - Check the answer by substituting the solutions into the original equation.
I. Letx=-O0.67y in 3x” +5xy+2y? =0 ; 3-(-0.67y) +5-(-067y)-y+2y” “0
5 3x 0.45y* —335y? +2y? “0 135y- 335) ly a 5 (135+ 2)y* =335y- “0
?
5 335y* -335y7=0 3 0=0
i %
Il. Letx=-y in 3x*+5xy+2y? =0; 3-(-y)? +5-(-y)-y +27 =0 1 3y 5 > 2 ya 0
? 9
5 (3+2)y? -Sy?=0 3 5y*-Sy?=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 3x? + 5xy +2y* =0 can be factored to (x+0.67y)(x+y)=0 which

is the same as E+ ;y|(2x+2y)=0 ; (8x+2y)(2x+2y)=0. (Compare this answer with the

result obtained in example 3.3-41.)
Sixth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(x +0.67y)(x + y)=0 5 X°x+x-yt+067y-x+067y-y=0 5 x? + xy + 0.67xy + 0.677 =0

; x* +(14 0.67)xy + 0.67y? =0 ; x7 +167xy+0.67y? =0. Let’s multiply both sides of the
equation by 6, i.e., 6-(x? + L67xy+0.675?) =6-0 ; 6x7 +10xy+4y* =0 which is the same as
the original equation.
Example 4.2-26 A:
Solve 2x* —19xy+35y* =0 (x is variable and y is constant).
Solution:
First - The equation is already in its simplest from.
Second - Write the equation in standard form, i.e., write 2x” -19xy +35y? =0 as
2x? +(-19y)x+35y? =0.
Third - Equate the coefficient of the standard quadratic equation with the given equation, i.e.,
let a=2, b=-19y, and c=35y’.
Fourth - Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation, i.e., given

-b+Vb? —4ac ~(-19y) + y(-19y)? -4x2x35y? 19y+36ly? —280y?

4
5 8 = moO
X= i 0 ev
ay we 2x2 4

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

19y+81
Pee 19y+¥9
[242 +
pp See >: nee Nie s >: eee Therefore:
i 4 4
19y+9y 28 7 Il 19y-9y . 1 ae
|Fe = ——_7 et
:: =—ava =— sx4 — Ty * x ee 4 Paty
=— 3 a7
x=—

Thus, the solution set is {5

5 Souyt.

Fifth - Check the answer by substituting the solutions into the original equation.
9: 9?
I. Letx=-Ty in 2x? -19xy +35y? =0 ; 2-(7y) 2 -19-Ty-y+35y?=0 ; 2-49y? -133y?
+35y7 =0
? ? ?
5 98y? -133y? +35y? =0 ; (98-133)? +35y? =0 ; -35y? +35y* =0 5 0=0
2 5 9f
II. Let x=>y in 2x? -19xy +35y? =0 ; 2(3) -19.(2)-9+35)? =0

2505 5 >? D5" 957-5 2? le 99) 2 2?

Me5; 2-—Wiedy* -19-—y-y+35y*
an. =0 5 —y~”
elo -— y* +35y~ y =0 5 |—-—
mal +35y” y =0
2
25-95 ? 70 ?
> (25 9")y2 4.359?=0 ; oe ae 5 -35y* +35y* ?=0 ; 0=0

Therefore, the equation 2x* -19xy +35y” can be factored to (x-7 (x - ;y)=0 which is

the same as (x —7y)(2x-5y) =0. (Compare this answer with the result obtained in example
3.3-42A.)
Sixth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(x -—7y) (2x -Sy) =0; x-2x-—x-Sy-Ty-2x-Ty-(-Sy) =0; 2x? —5xy - 14xy + 35y* =(0

5 2x? +(-5-14)xy+35y? =0 ; 2x* -19xy+35y” =0 which is the same as the original equation.
Let’s rework this problem. However, this time let y be the variable and x be the constant as
follows:
Example 4.2-26 B:
Solve 2x? -19xy +35y” =0 (y is variable and x is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in standard form, i.e., write 2x” -19xy +35y =0 as
35y? +(-19x)y+2x? =0.
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard quadratic equation with the given equation,
i.e., let a=35, b=-19x, and c=2x2.

Third - Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation, i.e., given

: ~b+Vb? —4ac |
=
(-19x)+y(-19x)* -4x35x2x?
SSS EEE Dd
9 + 36 1x2 28022
re ae eae a
? 70
2a 7 2x35

_19x+V8lx?_ | 19x+V97x7 19x+9x Therceae

cas 70 cd 70 so arial. :
19x 9x 8 14
= 0.4x ie
107220
eerht
un ee Ln Eas
10
ea
es
a
L
aie
= m=
»
= S38
19
5
A
=—— yo?
Gabe y ee
7

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

Thus, the solution set is "xe ads}.

Fourth - Check the answer by substituting the solutions into the original equation.
?
I. Let y=O4x in 2x? -19xy+35y? =0 ; 2x? -19x-(0.4x) +35-(0.4x)? =0
? ? ? ?
5 2x? -7.6x? +35-0.16x? =0 ; 2x? -7.6x2 +5.6x2 =0 ; 2x? +(-7.645.6)x2 =0 ; 2x2 -2x? =0
> 0=0
] 29
I. Let y=—x in 2x” -19xy+35y? =0 ; 2x? -19-{4x}+35-(4)

Oo =251 5 5 ya 35 y-Bley=O 2 yy
4 y 19. Aero,
20) Lone oy a.0
RUT oe y
(
| seeel ) 2 ey y 2?0

> 2x of = an
ole eo) +35-20x
1 5?=0 ; 2x? 2 -2.71x? +0.71x2 =0
a ; 2x? +(-2.71+0.71)x? =0
és

?
> 2x? -2x? =0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 35y? -19xy+2x =0 can be factored to (y- 04x)(ye :x)=0 which

:
is the same as (y-4x} : <0 ;«: (y-2:]
(y-42} [eyfeee2 la (>
gpmeeeL,)cote
0; (Sy Syed 2x) eV (7y ee x) OF

(Compare this answer with the result obtained in example 3.3-42B.)

Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
: Coie pea red teto | reeled bey se _ 35y=14x)-(7y-x)_
(y ad)(y +x)=0 lL»mol 7) oe ( 35 7 35-7
(Sete et) 2h ; [(85y-14x)-(7y—x)]-1=
245-0 ; (35y-14x)-(7y-x)=0
5 245y? —35xy —98xy + 14x? =0 ; 245y? +(-35-98)xy+14x? =0 5 245y? -133xy +14x* =0
2 2
; eee mu ; 35y? -19xy +2x* =0 which is the same as the original equation.

Example 4.2-27:
Solve 3r? +1lrs+10s? =0 (r is variable and s is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in standard form, i.e., write 3x? +11rs+10s? =0 as
3r? +(I1s)r +105? =0.
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard quadratic equation with the given equation,
i.e., let a=3, b=11s, and c=10s".
Third - Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation, 1.e., given

_btvb2—4ac . — list y(1ls)“ -4x3x 10s? |, clis#Vi2ts?-1205? = 11svs?

2
ee meee Eo See
ee es ae Se ee a
2a os DDa8) 6 6
-llst
r= Ese Therefore:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

5
ih peas eee : PaeeNs ; r=—1.67s
6 6 3
53
7s
II. ns eee : eee : ee ; r=-2s
6 6 1
and the solution set is {—2s, - 1.675} .

Fourth - Check the answer by substituting the solutions into the original equation.
?
I. Letr=-167s in 3r? +1lrs+10s? =0 ; 3-(-167s)° +11-(-167s)-s +10s? =0
i y k
: 3-(2.79s?)-1837? +10s7=0 ; 837s” -1837s? +10s*=0 ; (837+10)s* - 1837s?=0

; 1837s? 1837s?=0; 0=0

II. Letr=-2s in 3r? +11rs+10s? =0 ; 3-(-2s)” +11-(-28)-5 +105? =0 5 3.45? 22s? +105? =0
; 125? - 225? +105? =0 : (12 +10)s* — 22s” =0 ; 22s2-22s?=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 3r? +11rs+10s* =0 can be factored to (r +1.67s)(r + 2s) =0 which is
the same as ¢+ 4)(r+2s)=0 ; (37 +5s)(r+2s)=0. (Compare this answer with the result
obtained in example 3.3-43.)
Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(r + 1.67s)(r +2s) = 05 r-rt+r-254+1.67s-r+1.67s-2s=0 5 r? +2rs+167rs +3345? =0

5 r? +(2+167)rs +3345” =0 ; r? +3.67rs+334s* =0. Let’s multiply both sides of the equation
by 3, ie., 3.(/? +3.67rs + 334s) =3-0 ; 3r2 +1lrs+10r2 =0 which is the same as the original
equation.
Example 4.2-28:
Solve 21n? +41mn+10m? =0 (n is variable and m is constant).
Solution:
First - Write the equation in standard form, i.e., write 21n? +41mn+10m? =0 as
21n? +(41m)n+10m? =0.
Second - Equate the coefficient of the standard quadratic equation with the given equation,
i.e., let a=21, b=41m, and c=10m.
Third - Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation, i.e., given:

pe wb tNb? —4ac | _~ Him y(4Im) —4x21x10m* 4m 1681m2 —840m2

2
ooo OO n=
2a ‘ 2x21 5 42
—Alm+V841m? — -41m+V29?m? —41m+29m
; n= 5; n= ———————-_
5 n= ——__—_. Therefore:
42 42 42
6
—~41m+29m 12 6
lL. pe 42 ee
n a” an = a =n 028 m

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

35
—41m—29m 70 55
a 42 in pe42” 3 n=
in pprie ; in he 1.66m

Thus, the solution set is {-0.28m, -1.66m} .

Fourth - Check the answer by substituting the solutions into the original equation.
2
I. Let n=-028m in 21n? +41mn+10m? =0 ; 21-(-0.28m)° +41m-(-0.28m)
+10m? =0
? 1 2
: 21-(0.08m*)—1148m? +10m?=0 ; 16m? -11.6m? +10m? =0 ; (1.6 +10)m? -11.6m?=0
2
; 116m? -11.6m*=0 ; 0=0
?
II. Let n= -166m in 21n? +41mn+10m* =0 ; 21-(-166m)? +41m-(-1.66m)
+10m? =0
Uh ? ?
: 21-(2.75m?) — 68m? +10m*=0 ; 58m” —68m* +10m* =0 ; (58+10)m? — 68m? =0

: 68m gem eD 5 0=0

Therefore, the equation 21n? +41mn+10m? =0 can be factored to (+ 0.28m)(n + 1.66m) = 0
which is the same as (»+ =m)(+ 3m)=0 ; (7n+2m)(3n+5m)=0. (Compare this answer
with the result obtained in example 3.3-44.)
Fifth - Check the answer using the FOIL method.
(n+ 0.28m)(n+166m)=0 ; n-n+n-166m+0.28m-n+0.28m- 166m =0
5 n? +1.66mn+0.28mn+0.46m* =0 ; n> +(1.66 + 0.28)mn+ 046m? =0 ; n?+194mn+046m =0.
Let’s multiply both sides of the equation by 21, i.e., 21 (x +194mn+ 046m” = 21-0
5 21n? +41mn+10m* =0 which is the same as the original equation.
Note That since the solutions are rounded off to the first two digits, in some instances, we do not
obtain an exact match with the coefficients of the original equation.

Practice Problems - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? + bx +c=0, where a )1, Using the Quadratic Formula

Section 4.2 Case II Practice Problems - Use the quadratic formula to solve the following
quadratic equations.
1. 4u* +6u+1=0 2. Aw 4 l0w=—3 3. 6x*+4x-2=0

4. 15y?7+3=-l4y 5. 2x*-5x+3=0 6. 2x*+xy-y*

=0 x is variable

7. 6x7 4+7x-3=0 §. 5x7 =—3x 9, 3x7+4x4+5=0

10. -3y? +13y+10=0

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method
Quadratic equations of the form (ax +b)? =c are solved using a method known as the Square
Root Property method where the square root of both sides of the equation are taken and the terms
are simplified. Following show the steps as to how quadratic equations are solved using the
Square Root property method:
Step 1 Take the square root of the left and the right hand side of the equation. Simplify the
terms on both sides of the equation.
Step 2 Solve for the values of x. Check the answers by substituting the x values into the
original equation.
Step 3 Write the equation in its factored form.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how equations of the form (ax +b) =c are solved
using the Square Root Property method:
Example 4.3-1
Solve the quadratic equation (x +4) 00
Solution:

Step 2 Separate x+4=+6 into two equations.

i
IL . .
Thus, the solution set is {-10, 2}.

Check: I. Letx=2 in (x+4)? =36 ; (2+4)=36 ; 6236 ; 36=36

I. Letx=-10 in (x+4) =36 ; (-10+4)?=36 (-6)? =36 ; 36=36
Step 3 Therefore, the equation (x +4)” =36 can be factored to (x-2)(x+ 10)=0.
Example 4.3-2
Solve the quadratic equation (x - 2 = 56
Solution:

Step 1 (x2)?
=25};|f(x-2)? = 2/25] ;| \(x—2)? = avs? |;poz
aa3]
Step 2 Separate x-2=+5 into two equations.
|. (e=2=35); F253); RET
U. (ead==5]; S=540); REA]
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

Thus, the solution set is {-3, 7} .

? hy
Check: I. Letx=7 in (x-2)? =25 ; (7-2)?
=25 ; 5? =25 ; 25=25
? ¥
I. Letx=-3 in (x-2)? =25 ; (-3-2)?
=25 ; (-5)?
=25 ; 25=25
Step 3 Therefore, the equation (x - 2)’ =25 can be factored to (x-7)(x+3)=0.
Example 4.3-3
Solve the quadratic equation (x+2)* =8.
Solution:

Step 1
e+2)?=];Nle+27 = 28 feo? 02]; v= sa]
Step 2 Separate x+2=+2J2 into two equations.

I. |x+2=42V2];|x+2-2=-24+2V2];|x+0=-2+2v2]; |x=-24+2V2

II. |x+2=-2V2] ;|x+2-2=-2-2V2|-|x+0=-2-2,2]; |x=-2-22

Thus, the solution set is {-2=2)2 -24242 ‘
2 Oe 1 a
Check: I. Letx=-2+2V2 in (x+2)°=8; (-2+2V2 +2) =§ (22) Be et:
; 8=8
2 a) ts 9) th ?
II. Let x=-2-2v2 in (x+2)’ =8 ; (-2-2v2
+2) =8 ; (-2v2) =8 ; 4-2=8
; 8=8

Step 3 Thus, the equation (x +2)’ =8 can be factored to (x+2- 2y2)(x +2+ 2/2)
Example 4.3-4
Solve the quadratic equation (2x - 4) =16.
Solution:

Step 1 (2-4)? =16|; of(2x4 16 | (oe me42 ee

Step 2 Separate 2x -4=-+4 into two equations.
4

7 Pearer Rr n erA el
u. Beate); Deeg); Bez); x=2);=O
Thus, the solution set is {0, 4} .
? 2 u
Check: I. Letx=4 in (2x-4) =16 ; (2-4-4)?
=16 ; (8-4)
=16 ; 47=16 ; 16=16
? " ?
Il. Letx=0 in (2x-4) =16 ; (2-0-4)’=16 ; (0-4)
=16 ; (-4)*=16

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

SI1GEH=H6
Step 3 Thus, the equation (2x - 4)’ =16 can be factored to (x-4)(x+0)=0 which is
the same as x(x -4)=0
Example 4.3-5
; ; 2 4
Solve the quadratic equation (
yt a) 5

Solution:
2
2 4
Step p 1 ( +2) =—|;
dear 9

2 42
Step 2 Separate it ainto two equations

= 2

y=—242 =
y=—242

Thus, the solution set is :

=
2 29 29 SNe 9
Check: il: ip eee in (»+2) ip : (=e+2) a : (ee oe : (=) me
3 3 9 SIE 9 3 9 S) 9

get aie
79 9
2 2 29
I]. Let y=0 in (v+2} ea SG ed es ead
3) 9 3 9 3 9-929

ON 4 4
Step 3 Therefore, the equation (
y+ 2) =5 can be factored to' yt |(v+0)=0

; [r+ 4)=0 which is the same as y(3y+4)=0.

Additional Examples - Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method
The following examples further illustrate how to solve quadratic equations using the Square Root
Property method:
Example 4.3-6
Solve the quadratic equation (6u- 3)? = 25 using the Square Root Property method.
eae

ee the two solutions are:

I. [6u=3= +5]; [6u=5+3]

;[6u=8];

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

Thus, the solution

a set is i
el

4 29 ? 29
Check: I. Letu=~ in (6u-3)" =25 ; (6-4-3) =o a3 = 255 (2-3) =25 ;(8-3) =25

?
55712 25.2. 25 =05
5 2
? ? 29
Il. Let u=-= in (6u-3)° =25)¢ (s--3)-3] 5. -5- =25.4 be ) 8)

ee eo)ie= 25 OM
(gatos 25
=25
Therefore, the equation (6u- 3)’ = 25 can be factored to (- 4)(us1)=0 which is the same as
(3u - 4)(3u+1)=0.
Example 4.3-7
Solve the quadratic equation (Sy Ap =15 using the Square Root Property method.
Solution:

(5y +3)? =15|;}(5»+3)? =4v15|;|5y+3=+4V15| Therefore, the two solutions are:

V15-3 V15+3
5y+3=+4V15|:|5y=v15-3 [253] Il. [5y+3=-v15]; [Sy =-V15 -3]; |y =- :

Thus, the solution set is |—, ie

ANS = hae
oe? 29
3 22
>
Check: I. Let y= 2 a (5y+3) =15 ; [s = 33 ies (Vis -3+3) =15; (vis) =15
elS=15
2

II. Let y=- Sa in (5y+3) =15 3 (+-S2)-4] -15 , [15 -3)+3} =15

(-vi5 -3+3) =15 (-vis)’ =15 -15=15

Therefore, the equation (Sy 2) =15 can be factored to y -Yi5-3)(,, A543)=0 which is
the same as (y —0.175)(y +1375) =0 ; y* +12y-024=0 ; 25y* +30y-6=0,or (5y+3)° =15.
Example 4.3-8
Solve the quadratic equation (2w- 4) =1 using the Square Root Property method.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

Solution:

l(2w-4?=1); \(2w-4)° =+V1 slow)? = :[2w-4=+1] Therefore, the two solutions are:

1 Gu=4=a]; Bw=tal]; Ge3);|»-5] IL ede); Greta; Bea); [w=3 3

Thus, the solution set is {?.$t.

Check: I. Let w= >5 in (2-4)?2 =1; (2-2-4)

Bee =1 ; (5-4) ot=1 31°51
a 5 1=1

29 ? ?
II. Letw= in (20-4)? =1 ; (2-3-4) =1; @-4)h=1 5 (aP=1 511
Therefore, the equation (2w-4)’ =1 can be factored to [»-5)(> 2)=0 which is the same as

(2w -5)(2w-3)=0.
Example 4.3-9
2
Solve the quadratic equation (x- 3) 2 7 using the Square Root Property method.

Solution:

2 4 4 2 2-4 8 ale 4

Thus, the solution set is \p3|:

2 2 2 2
Check: ait Let x == in fw] eae : Ee) ey : (Pats) sak : (*) ial
DIG XA 1) 16 4 16 8 16
2

ae re li Meet
; § Rigen U2 16 16 216

tI ~ Letx=—in
1 (ix—=-|ur=—,(--=|
(2 iy=— (02) 2) Se
a (eae
ee Ee
4 2 160 ws4027, F116 2-4 1614 8 16
2

EZ ans alos Lae ie

: 8 "lo. 4) "16 no ries 6 16

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

ee= 76 oan be factored to (x- 3)

Therefore, the equation (x- 4 ae («- 4 =0 which is the same
as (4x-3)(4x-1)=0.
Example 4.3-10
Solve the quadratic equation (x + 5)° = 49 using the Square Root Property and the Quadratic
Formula method.
Solution:
First Method - The Square Root Property method:

l(e+5)? =49);(x45) =+V49] 5] J(x +5) =v? ;[x+5=+7] Therefore, the two solutions are:

1
I. . ,
Thus, the solution set is {-12, 2}.

Check: I. Letx=2 in (x+5)° =49 ; (2+5)° =49 ;72249 ;49=49

Il. Letx=-13 in (x+5)? =49 ; (-12+5) =49 ; (7)? =49 5 49=49
Therefore, the equation (x +5)” = 49 can be factored to (x-2)(x+12)=0.
Second Method - The Quadratic Formula method:
Given the expression (x +5)? = 49, expand the left hand side of the equation and write the
quadratic equation in its standard form, i.e.,

Let: [a=1), [6=10],

and [c=-24]. Then,
Shea peenae ;|x = ————__—____
10+ 10? —(41x -24) |;]x = ———_]
-10+ 4100+. 96 ; ]x = ———_
-10+ 196
Given: |x =—————_]
2a rx1 2 2

10414 iD
“10414
ee; Therefore, we can separate x into two equations:

= 14 =?) = — x .=-2]; Ga

Thus, the solution set ie

is =12) 2}
The equation (x +5)° = 49 can be factored to (x-2)(x+12)=0.
Note: As you may have already noticed, using the quadratic formula may not be a good
choice since it requires more work and takes longer to solve. The key to solving quadratic

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

equations is selection of a method that is easiest to use. Further discussions on selection of a

best method is addressed in Section 4.6.
Note that when b=0 the quadratic equation (a+) =c reduces to (a)? =c. The following
examples show the steps as to how quadratic equations of the form (ax)? =c are solved for cases
where the coefficient of x is equal to or greater than one.
e For cases where a=1, we can solve equations of the form x*=c using the Square Root
Property method in the following way:
Example 4.3-11
Solve x* =16 using the Square Root Property method.
Solution:
First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., Wee sate
Second - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., x = +4. Therefore, the
solution set is {-4,4} and the equation x* =16 can be factored to (x-4)(x+4)=0.
?
Check: I. Letx=-4 in x? =16 ; (-4)°=16 ; 16=16
Il. Letx=4 in x* =16 5 ee SLO =O
Example 4.3-12
Solve w? =5 using the Square Root Property method.
Solution:
First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation, 1.e., = aa's
Second - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., w=+/5. Therefore,
the solution set is {-vsAS }and the equation w” =5 can be factored to (w= v5)(w + v5) =0.

Dt
1 2 ?
= ?
Check: I. Letw=-VJ5 in w*=S; (-v5) ao 2] =5 352 =$ 3 5=5

57 ae 129
Il. Letw='5in w=5 ; (V5) BS | I ee

e For cases where a)1, we can solve equations of the form (ax) =c (which is the same as
kx* =c, where & =a*) using the Square Root Property method in the following way:
Example 4.3-13
Solve 3x” =27 using the Square Root Property method.
Solution:
2 9
First - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient x, i.e., - = 2 5x7 = -

Second - Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., Nee

Third - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., x = +3
Therefore, the solution set is {-3, 3} and the equation 3x? =27 can be factored to (x -3)(x+3)=0.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

u v
Check: I. Letx=-3 in 3x? =27 ; 3-(-3)°=27 ; 3-9=27 3 27=27
Il. Letx=3 in 3x? =27; 3.32227 : 3.9227 » 27=27
Example 4.3-14
Solve 2»? =9 using the Square Root Property method.
Solution:
First - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient y, i.e., “ee= > y= ; » y? =45

Second - Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., fy? =+/45

Third - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., y= +212. Therefore, the
solution set is {-2.12,212} and the equation 2y* =9 can be factored to (y—2.12)(y+212)=0.
? ?
Check: I. Let y=-212 in 2y? =9 ; 2-(-212)°=9 ; 2-45=9 ; 9=9
? ?
Il. Let y=-212 in 2y* =9 ; 2-2127=9 3 2-45=9 3 9=9
Practice Problems - Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method
Section 4.3 Practice Problems - Solve the following equations using the Square Root Property
method:
1. (2y+5)* =36 2. (x+1)=7 3. (2x-3)=1

4. x2+3=0 Car 6 6... 16x74 25.0

7. x?-49=0 8. (3x-1)° =25 9.- (x=2)' ==7

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

One of the methods used in solving quadratic equations is called Completing-the-Square method.
Note that this method involves construction of perfect square trinomials which was addressed in
Section 3.5, Case I. In this section we will learn how to solve quadratic equations of the form
ax* +bx+c=0 , where a=1 (case I) and where a)1 (Case II), using Completing-the-Square
method.

Case I Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* +bx+c=0 » where a =1, by Completing the Square

The following show the steps as to how quadratic equations, where the coefficient of the squared
term is equal to one, are solved using Completing-the-Square method:
Step 1. Write the equation in the form of x* + bx =-c.
Step 2 a. Divide the coefficient of x by 2, i.e., >.
2
b. Square half the coefficient of x obtained in step 2a, i.e., (2) ,

c. Add the square of half the coefficient of x to both sides of the equation, i.e.,
2 2
? +br+(2) --c+(4] :
2 2
d. Simplify the equation.
Step 3 Factor the trinomial on the left hand side of the equation as the square of a binomial,

ven (x45)
WS, [PSPSPS]
2
Herr
=-e4(3)
2
-

Step 4 Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for the x values, i.e.,

Step 5 Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
Step 6 Write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how quadratic equations, where the coefficient of
the squared term is equal to one, are solved using Completing-the-Square method:
Example 4.4-1
Solve the quadratic equation x? +8x+5=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 x?
+8x45=0); x? +8x45—5=-5]; [x2
+0=+8 —5]
[x2+;
8x=—5]

Step 2 x? +8x =-5; -|x2 +8x4+42 =-5+42

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

5 |x? +8x+16
=-5+16] : |x? +8x4+16=11

Step 3 x? +8x+16=11];|(x+4)? =11

Step 4 le+4) =u]; V(x +4) =+VJI1 s[x+4=+Vi1]; [p+4= 233166] therefore:

I. [x+4=+433166| ; |x=3.3166—4| ; |x = —0.6834

II. [x+4 =-33166] ; [x=-33166—4] ; |x =-7.3166

Thus, the solution set is {-7.3166, - 0.6834} .

Step 5 Check: Substitute x = -0.6834 and x =-73166 in x* +8x+5=0

?
I. Let x =-0.6834 in x7 +8x+5=0 3 (-0.6834)° +(8 x -0.6834)+5=0
? ?
; 0.467 -5.467+5=0 ; -5+5=0 ; 0=0
?
II. Let x =-73166 in x?+8x+5=0 ; (-73166)” +(8x-73166)+5=0
? ?
> 53533-58.533+5=0 ; -5+5=0 ; 0=0
Step 6 Thus, the equation x? +8x+5=0 can be factored to (x + 0.6834)(x + 7.3166) = 0
Example 4.4-2
Solve the quadratic equation x? -4x+3=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1

Step 2 : x Ant2 = 3 427

Step 3 x? —4x+4=1);|(x-2)? =1
Dy) 2

Step 4 \-2) =1); y(«-2)° =e il ;[x-2=+vi]; [e-2=41] therefore:

];
I. [e=2= +1]; [k=2+1[x=3]
ri SSPE (reo; ea
Thus, the solution set is {1, 3}.

Step 5 Check: Substitute x =3 and x=1 in x* —4x+3=0

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

9
? y ?
I. Letx=3 in x*-4x4+3=0 ; 3?-(4x3)+3=0 3 9-12+3=0 ; 12-12=0
00
? ? ?
Il. Letx=1 in x?-4x+3=0; 1?-(4x1)+3=0 ; 1-44+3=0 ; 4-4=0 ; 0=0
Step 6 Thus, the equation x? —4x+3=0 can be factored to (x-3)(x-1)=0
Example 4.4-3
Solve the quadratic equation x* +x-6=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 2 +260); [:?+x-6+6= 16];[2+4026; [22+x=6]
2 2
l
Step 2 x-+x=6]: Pee -6+(+) : Ck oe ; eee weber
é g) 2 4 4 AM 4

Step 3

] 5
Step 4 ;|x+—=+—| therefore:
2 2

| 5 | Ye) =I5
22 oe 2
Thus, the solution set is {-3, 2}.

Step 5 Check: Substitute x =2 and x =-3 in x2 +x-6=0

? ? ?
I. Letx=2 in x*+x-6=0 ; 27+2-6=0 ; 4+2-6=0 ; 6-6=0 ; 0=0
? % 9?
Il. Letx=-3 in x?+x-6=0; (-3)° -3-6=0 ; 9-3-6=0 ; 9-9=0 ; 0=0

Step 6 Thus, the equation x* +x-6=0 can be factored to (x-2)(x+3)=0

Example 4.4-4
Solve the quadratic equation x? —- 6x +2=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 x?
+2=0);
~6x |x~6x+2~2=-9]|x?
~6r+0=-2
;[x7-ox]=2]

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

Step 2 : x Gres Se eS

.[x?~64+9=
249); [p26 +9=7]
Step 3 Le?
~6r+9=
7];|(x-3)? =7|
Step 4 [x-3=+V7]; [p-3= 42.646] therefore:
(e-3? =7|; V(x-3)° = 47
I. [x-3=+2.646] ; [x=3+2.646] ; |x
5.646]
=

Il. [x-3
= -2.646] ; [x=3-2.646] ; |x = 0354
Thus, the solution set is {0.354, 5.646} .

Step 5 Check: Substitute x = 5.646 and x = 0354 in x” —-6x+2=0

?
I. Letx=5.646 in x*-6x+2=0; 5.6467 — (6 x 5.646) +2=0
? ¥
5 31877 -33877+2=0 ; 33877-33877=0 ; 0=0
? 2
Il, Letx=0354 in x?-6x+2=0 ; 0354* -(6x0354)+2=0 ; 013-213+2=0
ve
> 213-213=0 ; 0=0
Step 6 Thus, the equation x” - 6x +2=0 can be factored to (x — 5.646)(x — 0.354) = 0
Example 4.4-5
Solve the quadratic equation x* +2x+5=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 x?
+2x45=0); [2 4245-525]; [x2
42x+0=-5]
;[x2+2"=-5]
NG aye
Step 2 Peas 42e+(2) --5+(2) : x 22x el Se See

Step 3 aeees|
2
Cae
2

Step 4 (x +1) =-4]; V(x +1) =+/-4 ‘|x+1=4V-4|

v-4 J-4 is not
a real number.

Therefore, the equation x? +2x+5=0 does not have any real solutions.

Step 5 Not Applicable

Step 6 Not Applicable

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

Additional Examples - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? +bx+c=0, where a=1, by Completing the Square

The following examples further illustrate how to solve quadratic equations using Completing the
Square method:
Example 4.4-6
Solve the quadratic equation x? +3x-7=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:
2 2 9 2 3 mao
2
x* +3x-7=0 | ere 43r+(2) -7+(3] : xP 43x42 5747 3 (x+3) are i

( af=
(7-4) +(1-9)
s||x+=) J
(ete]a =m
28+9 (Jets]a:=—]
37
: 2 1-4 2 4 2 4

é: V37 V37 3 6.083 — 3 3.083

therefore: I. |x+—=+—|;|x =——-=|>|x= s|x=——]; |x =1.541
2 2 2d 2 2

and the solution set is {-4.541, 1.541}

Check: I. Let x=1541 in x7 +3x-7=0 ; (1541) +(3%1541)-7=0 ; 238+462-7=0 ; 0=0

? 2
II. Letx=-4541 in x? 43x-7=0 ; (-4541)° +(3x-4541)-7=0 ; 20.62-1362-7=0
100
Therefore, the equation x? +3x-7=0 can be factored to (x—1.541)(x +4541) =0.
Example 4.4-7
Solve the quadratic equation x” - x -20=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:

FESpeeTEN eres fos aero a RE reed (Ceo 2 D 2D

and the solution set is {-4, 5} ;

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

? ?
Check lilei
= Seite = 2-20=0 : 57-5 220=0 525-2520 - 0=0
? ? ?
I. Letx=-4 in x*-x-20=0 ; (-4)’-(-4)-20=0 ; 16+4-20=0 ; 20-20=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation x? —x-20=0 can be factored to (x-5)(x+4)=0.
Example 4.4-8
Solve the quadratic equation x? +5x+6=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:
2 » 2
ey ee eee +5x+(5) oe
x? +5242 = 642 (x+3) --£42

;
es
ao) =
(-6
See).25) Bees

5 1 | Ss 1-
therctore 1. eee ae (sl ee
2 D 2 @ 2

ee : oe ; qe :
II.
2 2 Dene? 2

and the solution set is {-3, — 2} .

? ? ?
Check: I. Letx=-2 in x? +5x+6=0 5 (-2)°+gaye age?; 4-10+6=0 ; 10-10=0 ; 0=0
II. Letx=-3 in x*+5x+6=0 ; (-3) eer Ot te Om 9-15+6=0 ;load y=“0; 0=0
Therefore, the equation x* +5x +6=0 can be factored to (x +2)(x+3)=0.
Example 4.4-9
Solve the quadratic equation y? -9y+11=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:

( ae 81 I Spe ee) ( ee ( ap
St eit | |e ied Aime Ae | eer

9 V37 V¥37 9 6.083 +9 15.083

eee p23) bb) ea
a ———n LS = — _ +-—|° = ——_ | ° = ———_|° = 7541

”) ¥37 V37 9 —6.083 + 9

——————|!° =
2.917
—-]|° = 1.459
= ——
—-— ]° = ——_ +-—]° =

a es er ee

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

and the solution set is {1.459, 7.541} .

u ?
Check: I. Let y=7.541 in y?-9y+11=0 ; (7.541) +(-9x7541)+11=0 ; 5687-6787+11=0
9

> 6787-6787=0 ; 0=0

9
? ?
II. Let y=1459 in y?-9y+11=0 ; (1459)" +(-9x1459)+11=0 5 2.13-1313+11=0
9
Vig ig51g1s=0R0=0
Therefore, the equation y* -9y+11=0 can be factored to (y-7.541)(y- 1.459) =0.
Example 4.4-10
Solve the quadratic equation x(x -2)-24=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:
2
2 2 5 |x? -2x+1= 2441
x(x -2)-24= 0);|x? -2x-24= 0};|x* -2x =24]; ?-2+(2) -24+(2)

:|(x-1)? =25];]y(x-1)? =+V25]; [e-1=+5] therefore:

|. a1=s5]; FEST]; Ged

Ul.G=1==3); Ges); Red
and the solution set is {-4, 6} .
2 u ?
Check: I. Letx=6 in x(x-2)-24=0 ; 6-(6-2)-24=0 ; 6-4-24=0 ; 24-24=0 ; 0=0
& 2 ?
II. Letx=-4 in x(x-2)-24=0 ; -4-(-4-2)-24=0 ; -4-(-6)-24=0 ; 24-24=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation x(x -2)-24=0 can be factored to (x -6)(x+4)=0.

Practice Problems - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* +bx+c=0 , where a = 1, by Completing the Square

Section 4.4 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following quadratic equations using Completing-
the-Square method:
1. x? +10x-2=0 Deegl 0 3. x(x+2)=80

4, y*-10y+5=0 5. x*4+4x-5=0 6. y>4+4y=14

Is ey eo Shee a Bate ety

oe! 4 saa

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

Case II Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax* +bx+c=0 , where a )1, by Completing the Square

The following show the steps as to how quadratic equations, where the coefficient of the squared
term is not equal to one, are solved using Completing-the-Square method:
Step 1 Write the equation in the form of ax? + 4x =-c.
2
Step 2 Divide both sides of the equation by a, i.e., Caan 5x? + Lee
a a a a a

Step 3 a. Divide the coefficient of x by 2, i-e., -- ~ =.

a a
2
b. Square half the coefficient of x obtained in step 3a, i.e., le
a

c. Add the square of half the coefficient of x to both sides of the equation, i.e.,
Ain
x“ +—x+|/—]
aes Area BOE
=--—+{/—].
a 2a a \2a
d. Simplify the equation.
Step 4 Factor the trinomial on the left hand side of the equation as the square of a binomial,

ie,
1e.,|x+—]
(eg) --£4(2)
2a
=-—+/—]
a, \2a
.

Step 5 Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for the x values, Le.,
2 2 2 2
Wier)
2a
-2/-£+(2)
ay Qa
eee
2a a \2a
e pare
2a a \2a
(ey:
Step 6 Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
Step 7 Write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how quadratic equations, where the coefficient of
the squared term is not equal to one, are solved using completing-the-square method:
Example 4.4-11
Solve the quadratic equation 3x” -16x +5=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 +5 = 0];[3x7 - 16x +5-5=~-5] ; [3x2 —16x
3x? —16x =—5
+0 =—5] ; [3x* -16x

-—aie =e ee
Step 2 3x“ =
—16x =-5 FP
-|—
avers
-_——
:ee OP apse
yee =-——|]° :

Step 3

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

16 64 -45+192
3 |x* -—x+— = ———_]};
3 9 27

Step P 4 216,
16
Oe aoe SS
64 49
onl

Step 5
8\? 49
[=-4] Sails therefore:

8 1) Salt 8+7 5
Se BO =—+-—/]:/x= s|Jx=—|:|x=—|; [x=5]
oa eene 3 |

p=87
a

and the solution =

set is oe

Step 6 Check: Substitute x =5 and r=7 in 3x7 -16x+5=0

? ?
I. Letx=5 in 3x?-16x+5=0 ; 3-5?-(16x5)+5=0
; 75-80+5=0
?
; 80-80+5=0 ; 0=0
2 ? ?
II. ies in 3x*-16x+5=0 :3(4) -(16x4) +5=0 : delLPT ge
3 S 3 9 3

? = ? ? ?
; Ener ; LEdOy 66 3 i! 0; -5+5=0 ; 0=0
305 3 3

Step 7 Thus, the equation 3x* - 16x +5=0 can be factored to (x-3)(x-4) =O
which is the same as (x -5)(3x-1)=0
Example 4.4-12
Solve the quadratic equation 2x” +3x-6=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 2x? +3x-6=0]; [2x7 +3x-6+6= +6]:|2x? +3x+0
= +46 “\2y? +3x=6.

Step2 [2x2 + 3x=6];|7

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

perder 2= Padre 23]

x? fisrta= —
prada Fa343] padre 2D

2
Step 4 pues
soe
2 16 16 4 16

2
Step 5 (x+3) eee : areJ57 therefore:
4 16

ae TSE : (a BODES: : cps leer, : pone Z x = 1138

4 4 4 4 4 4

and the solution setae

is -2.638, 1.138} .

Step 6 Check: Substitute x =1138 and x =-2.638 in 2x7 +3x-6=0

u
I. Letx=1138 in 2x7 +3x-6=0 5 2-(1138)” +(3x1138)-6=0
? ?
; 259+341-6=0 ; 6-6=0 ; 0=0
u
II. Let
x=-2.638 in 2x? +3x-6=0 ; 2-(-2.638)
+(3 x-2.638)- 6=0
? ?
; 1392-792-6=0 ; 1392-1392=0 ; 0=0

Step 7 Thus, the equation 2x* +3x-—6=0 which is equal to x? +15x-—3 =0can be
factored to (x - 1138)(x + 2.638) = 0
Example 4.4-13
Solve the quadratic equation 8x* + 8x -30=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 8x? + 8x —30 = 0];[8x7 + 8x —30 +30 = +30] ; [8x7 +8x +0 = 30] ; [8x + 8x = 30

15
Step 2 xo +x=—

Step 3 LEN yee ee

ay a ie

Step4

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

2 l
Step 5 (x+2) = 4); [rr <2]therefor:

ipolie |e ee 2 Ape ee)

—(1-1)+(2-2
=e
ee
—]
Z
3
2
2 pe 1-2

Il. p+t= |

and the solution ae

set is 7 aes

Step 6 Check: Substitute x =5 and x= -2 in 8x7 +8x—30=0

2 9 9
IE Pree in 8x? +8x-30=0 z 2.(3| re E06 ; 8- pA ease Es 0
p) 2 D) Ae.
18 12 ; ;
; 24-30 0; 18+12- 30 0 ; 30-30=0 ; 0=0

5) 5)\2 5 ?
ll het x= == int 8x74
8x 30-0: 3-2) +8.(-2]-30=0
yD 2 Zz

; 82-30 ee 50-20-30=0 : > 50-50=0 £ Qe)

Step 7 Thus, the equation 8x? +8x-—30=0 which is the same as 4x? +4x-15=0 can

be factored to [xa 3)(«. 2)= 0 which is the same as (2x -3)(2x+5)=0

Example 4.4-14
Solve the quadratic equation 2u? +6u-—7=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 2u? +6u-7=0); |2u? +6u-7+7=+47| ; [2u* +6u+0=7 lou? +6u=7

Step 2

Step 3 J]? aur 3a2?

pPdus4 a2? 4

Step 4

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

3238
Step 5 eae therefore:

3.
ut+— =
23
+— |:']u =
3 423
-——+— |:
E3403
=< =
-3+48 . =
18] ||
ooo
oe ee2 ‘ i 2 fad

and the solution set is {-3.9, 0.9}.

Step 6 Check: Substitute w=09 and u=-39 in 2u” +6u-7=0
? ?
I. Letu=09 in 2u?+6u-7=0 ; 2-097 +(6x09)-7=0 ; 16+54-7=0
?
» /=1=05 0=0
?
II. Let u=-39 in 2u* +6u-7=0 ; 2-(-39)?
+(6x -39)-7=0
9 ? 9
3 2x152-234-7=0
; 304-234-7=0 ; 7-7=0
; 0=0
Step 7 Thus, the equation 2u? +6u-—7=0, which is the same as u* +3u-35=0,can
be factored to (u-0.9)(u+39)=0.
Example 4.4-15
Solve the quadratic equation 4a” +24a-5=0 by completing the square.
Solution:
Step 1 4a* +24a-5=0];|4a? +24a-54+5= +5];|4a* + 24a+0= 5];|4a? +24a=5

Step 2

Step 3

5-1)+(9-4
: a? 46043? <> +3? : Sea re : bert ee a)
; 4 4 1 4-]

: PO ee nie tia Z Wee oe

‘ 4 4

Step 4 a? +6a+9=— :|(a +3)?

=1025

Step 5 (a +3)" = 10.25]; (a +3) = +1025 -[a+3=+32] therefore:

|, (aed=330] 2239-3); @=02)

Ul, [ax3==30),[a=393), [@=62]
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

and the solution set is {-62, 0.2}.

Step 6 Check: Substitute a=02 and a=-62 in 4a? +24a-5=0
I. Leta=02 in 4a*+24a-5=0 ; 4-027 +(24x 02)-5=0 5 4x 0.04+48-5=0
; 016+48-5=0 : 5-520 ; 0=0

Il. Leta=-62 in 4a? +24a-5=0 ; 4-(-62)° +(24x-62)-5=0 :

3 4x 3844-1488 -5=0 ; 153.8 -1488 520 ; 1538—- 1538-0 ; 0O=0

Step 7 Thus, the equation 4a* +24a-5=0 can be factored to (a-0.2)(a+62)=0.

Additional Examples - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? +bx+c=0 , where a )1, by Completing the Square

The following examples further illustrate how to solve quadratic equations, where the coefficient
of the squared term is not equal to one, using Completing-the-Square method:
Example 4.4-16
Solve the quadratic equation 3x? +2x-1=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:
2 D,

Tere ses meas AM ARE 3° NG

suiD
s|xo+—x4t+{—]
a ==+l=]
ei Le. ae
[3 ]x7+ax+—=-4+=]3][x+—]
( al=-+=—]3][/x+-]
ue ( i =~
(1-9) +(1-3)
ae) ea Ole 5) es 3 3-9

( a =—];]/x+-]
silxt—]
9+3 ( i =]; 12 i
- :
: 27 3) ay 3 27

; |x +033 = +0.67| therefore:

I. [x+033=+0.67] ; [x = 067-033]; II. [x+033

=-0.67] ; [x=-0.67- 033]:
and the solution set is {-1, 034} .
? ? ?
Check: I. Letx=-1 in 3x?2+2x-1=0; 3.(-1)? +(2--1)-1=0 ; 3-1-2-1=0 ; 3-3=0 ; 0=0
v ?
Il. Letx=034 in 3x7 +2x-1=0 ; 3-034? +(2-034)-1=0 ; 3-011+068-1=0
? ?
; 033+068-1=0 ; 1-1=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 3x? +2x-1=0 can be factored to (x-034)(x+1)=0.
Example 4.4-17
Solve the quadratic equation 3? -8y+2=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:

3y? 8) +2 = 0/2Bye Spa e2le|=3 yo 8 2

yee ee 8 ee2) pee8
fay?-8y+2=0] y y 2 37 3” Bulle y 3” Bile y oer

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

mien wes 3)22 2 (2)2 ye Ne Ti ( |

2
216
26 y a8
3? nesap et nrBeh Aaati - bore6 |(31
y ll ler aes
M) ste? 3

Cee)
ee
+ (16: eh, (ees (- -2}
2 3
b-3 -2

4
19-3 [30 4 ill ;|¥—-133
=AV55 |; y-=4v =+105] therefore:

I. | y —133
= +1.05] ; |y = 1.054133); |y =2.38 I. |y-133
= -1.05] ; |y =-105+133]; | y =0.28

and the solution set is {0.28, 2.38} .

?
Check: I. Let y=028 in 3y?-8y+2=0; 3-(0.28)? -8-028+2=0 > 024-224+2=0
Y
; 224-224=0 ; 0=0
% V
Il. Let y=238 in 3y?-8y+2=0; 3-(238)” -8-238+2=0 : 17=194+2=0 30=0

Therefore, the equation 3y* -8y+2=0 can be factored to (y-0.28)(y — 2.38) =0.
Example 4.4-18
Solve the quadratic equation 3/7 +12-4=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:

[a2+127-4=0] ; [52+127=4)
2. 2
2 2) eae (2) ale =
ad 2 _ (4-1)+(4-3)

I. [¢+2 =+231] ; [7=231-2]; +=031) I. [¢+2= 231] ; 231-2];

[f= [r=-431)
and the solution set is {031,- 431}.

Check: I. Lett=031 in 317 +12¢-4=0 ; 3-(031)” +(12-031)-4= “0; 3-0,096 -372-4=0

i 2
; 0.288+372-4=0 ; 4-4=0 ; 0=0
II. Let t=-431 in eae Sede ee 4-0:; 3-1857-51.72-4= =0
Sone a 4=‘0: 55,72 -55.72=10:; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 31? +12r-4=0 can be factored to (¢-031)(r+431)=0.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

Example 4.4-19
Solve the quadratic equation 2a* +16a-6 =0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:
8 3
Zo, 16066
2a* +16a—6= 0|;|2a” +16a = 6]; Of oy a= tees:
2 2 2

An
: a? +8a+(*) =3+(4)
4)? -|a? +8a+16 =3+16];|(a+4)
2 =19];|¥(a+4)° 2 =+V19]; [a+4
=+436

Therefore:
I. [a+4=+436] ; [a= 436-4]; [a= 036) Il. [a+4 = -436] ; [a=-436-4] ; [a=-836]
and the solution set is {-836, 0.36} .
9 9
Check: I. Let a=-836 in 2a +16a-6=0 ; 2-(-836) +(16--836)-6=0 ; 2-699 -1338-6=0
te %
; 1398-1338-6=0 ; 1398-1398=0 ; 0=0
? ?
Il. Leta=036 in 2a? +16a-6=0 ; 2-(036)” +(16-036)—6=0 ; 2-0129+5.7-6=0
? ?
; 03+5.7-6=0 ; 6-6=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 2a” +16a—6 =0 can be factored to (a+ 836)(a— 0.36) =0.
Example 4.4-20
Solve the quadratic equation 4n* +5n-2=0 using Completing-the-Square method.
Solution:

FincalaPatanal PSF] fPSo-J]sf?etn(3) -L-(3

4n* +5n-2=0 ite: ia = SE Hit
2D
==-+
2)

St
s|n~ +—nt+—=—+—]5]|
Se (n+ ay= (1-64) + (25-2) ( zi= 64+50
s|[nt+—|
( a
s|[n+—]|
114
=—
464. 2 64 8 2-64 8 128 8) 128

2
:
14 5
3) =e ah : Btg = iNOS? ; |n+0.63=+0.94| therefore:

I. [n+0.63 = +094] ; [n= 094-063] ; II. [2+0.63 = -0.94] ; [n= 094 — 063];
and the solution set is {-16, 031}.
u ?
Check: I. Letn=-16 in 4n?+5n-2=0 ; 4-(-16)° +(5--16)-2=0 ; 4-25-8-2=0 ; 0=0
u 2
Il. Letn=031 in 4n* +5n-2=0 ; 4-031* +(5-031)-2=0 ; 4-01+16-2=0
? ?
0.44+16-2=0 ; 2-2=0; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 4n? +5n-2=0 can be factored to (n- 0.31)(n +16) =0.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Using Completing-the-Square Method

Practice Problems - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? +bx+c=0 , where a )1, by Completing the Square

Section 4.4 Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following quadratic equations using
Completing-the-Square method. (Note that these problems are identical to the exercises given in
Section 4.2 Case II.)
1. 4u7+6u+1=0 2 UAW? 410w = 3 2. 6x" +4y—=2=0

4. 15y?+3=-14y 5. 2x*-5x+3=0 6. 2x*+xy-

y* =0 x is variable

Toe 19x53=0 B55x 4 aay 9. 3x274+4x4+5=0

10. -3y7 +13y+10=0

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

In this section two classes of quadratic equations are addressed: one containing radicals (case I)
and the second containing fractions (Case II).

Case I - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Radicals

In general, radical equations are solved by squaring both sides of the equation. This squaring
process sometimes produces solutions that when substituted into the original equation do not
produce equality in both sides of the equation. These solutions are called apparent solutions. For
example, the equation y=7 has only one solution, i.e., 7. Let’s square both sides of the equation
y=7 to obtain y* =49 and solve for y by taking square root of both sides, i.e., yy? =+V49.
Solving for y we obtain y=+7. However, note that by substituting the two solutions into the
original equation y=7, it is clear that only y=+7 is the real solution and y=-7 is the apparent
solution. Therefore, in order to identify the real solutions we must check all solutions in the
original equation. The following show the steps as to how equations containing radical
expressions are solved:
Step 1 Square both sides of the equation.
Step 2 Write the quadratic equation in standard form.
Step 3 Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method.
Step 4 Check the answers by substituting the solutions into the original equation. Disregard
any apparent solution.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how equations containing radicals are solved:
Example 4.5-1
Solve the radical equation Vx? +5 =3.
Solution:

Step 2
Step 3 : : : (Solve using the Square Root
Property method)

Therefore, the two apparent solutions are x = -2 and x=2.

Step 4 Check: Substitute x =2 and x=-2 in Vx?+5=3.

|
? 7 ?
I, Let x22 ine N65 23 2? 453 43 = sees

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

? ? ?
Ute= Deine eNx? + 51= 35 4I(-2)
5 sedis <3. 953 2953

Thus, x=-2 and x =2 are the real solutions to Vx? +5 =3. Furthermore,

the equation ¥x* +5 =3 can be factored to (x-2)(x+2)=0.

Example 4.5-2
Solve the radical equation J-12x-4 =3x+1.
Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

;|9x? + (6x +12x)+(4+1)=0 -[ox? +18x+5=0]

Step 3 : (x+ 1)(x+ 3) (Solve using the Quadratic Formula)

Therefore, the two apparent solutions are x = -5 and x = ah

Step 4 Check: Substitute ra-5 and x=-2 in J-12x-—4 =3x+1.

1 Aut 2 1 ?
iF Bao in V-12x-4=3x+41 5 -12(-2}-423{-4) +1 ; V4-4=-1+1

9
: J0=0 ; 0=0
4 >
II. Let x=-2 in V-12x-4 =3x41; -12(-3)-a=3-(-3}+1

? ? u. ?
5 {-4-(-5)-4=-5+41 ; /20-4=-4 ; J16=-4 ; A a
: C : 1
Thus, the equation /-12x - 4 =3x+1 has one real solution, i.e., x = =a¢

Example 4.5-3
Solve the radical equation x+1=Vx+1.

Ee); |e? -(Geni)|,Peneaeczal

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2 fPrieaeawa Pree tad) Pazsond; aad

Step 3 Praca); Reg
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are x =0 and x=-1.
Step 4 Check: Substitute x=0 and x=-1 in x+1l=Vx+1.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

I. Letx=0 in x+l=Vx41 ; 0+1=GR l=cae

? ?
I. Letx=-1 in x+1=Vx41 ; -14+1=V-1+1 ; 0=V0 ; 0=

Thus, x=0 and x =-1 are the real solutions to x+1=V/x+1. Furthermore,
the equation x +1=V/x+1 can be factored to x(x +1)=0.
Example 4.5-4
Solve the radical equation 2¢ = V11t-6.
Solution:

Step 1 i=) [ex -(Mir=f |?aad

Step 2 :
Step 3 5 (:
- \( -9| (Solve Using the Quadratic Formula)

Therefore, the two apparent solutions are ¢ = ; and r=2

Step 4 Check: Substitute 1== and ¢=2 in 2t=V1lt-6.

% ? " v= (604
ie in or i= Odei ae pene [pore : ae )- (6-4)
4 4 LM ae Ta fe Oa ae 4-1
N

mee = 24 eee ae3 _3

2 oe.
? ? ?
We ert=25in 2 Vill6 32-2=,
11 6 0 4-6 6 4=

Thus, t= ; and t=2 are the real solutions to 2 = V11s-6 . Furthermore,

the equation 2¢= 11-6 can be factored to (~ 3)(t-2)=0 which is the

same as (4¢-3)(t-2) =0
Example 4.5-5
Solve the radical equation J/2w = V3w-1.
Solution:

Step 1 Yaw=1) ;|(v2w) = (J3w=1);

Step 2 [2w?+1=0]
law? =30-1); ~3w

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

l
Step 3 5 fe- Now -1)=0} (Use Completing-the-Square method)

Therefore, the two apparent solutions are w= ; and w=1.

Step 4 Check: Substitute w=> and w=1 in V2w=v3w-1.

? ?
eee in J2w=3w-l wpe Bisel eee eet
2 2 D 2 2 \I

2 RE NP eM eT Ae a
ae Yi MR ASS) DN 7 DAN Re Fm
esl
Dig ys ae a.
5 eat ke eee
? 2
I” Letwel in J2w=3w=t PAD
tev 3 12 2 = 321 ee
1 :
Thus, parr and w =1 are the real solutions to /2w=J/3w-1. Furthermore,

the equation J2w = 3w-1 can be factored to (w- i)(w~ 4 =0 which is the

same as (w-1)(2w-1)=0.

Additional Examples - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Radicals

The following examples further illustrate how to solve quadratic equations that contain radical
expressions:
Example 4.5-6
Solve the radical equation x+4=Vx+4.
Solution:
: ; 2
First - Square both sides of the equation. x+4=Vx+4 ; (x+4)° = (vx +4) 5 (x+4) =x44
Second - Complete the square on the left hand side of the equation and simplify.
(x44)? =x44 5 x7 4164+8x=x44 5 x7 +16-448x—x=0 5 x7 41247=0
Third - Write the quadratic equation in standard form. x? +7x +12 =0
Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method.
x? +7x+12=0 ; (x+4)(x+3)=0. Therefore, the two apparent solutions are:
x+4=0 ; x=-4 and x+3=0 3; x=-3
Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
?
L Letx=-4 in x+4=VJx+4 3 44+4=V-4+4 ; 0=0
? "
Il. Letx=-3 in x+4=Vx4+4 3 -34+4=J-3+4 3 1l=vi 3 1=1

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

Therefore, x =-4 and x =-3 are the real solutions to x+4=/x+4. Furthermore, the equation
x+4=+vx+4 can be factored to (x +4)(x+3)=0.
Example 4.5-7
Solve the radical equation ¥3x+4 =x.
Solution:
: 2
First - Square both sides of the equation. /3x+4 =x ; (3x +4) =x? 5 3x4+4=x?
Second - Write the quadratic equation in standard form. x? -3x-4=0
Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method.
x? ~3x-4=0 ; (x-4)(x+1)=0. Therefore, the two apparent solutions are:
x-4=0 3; x=4 and x+1=0 ; x=-1
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
? ? i vv
I. Letx=4 in V3x+4=x ; V3-44+4=4 3 V12+4=4 ; V16=4 ; Va? =4 ; 4=4
? 2
Il. Letx=-1 in V3x+4=x ; |(3--1)+4
Tee ee ew ee ee ey
Therefore, the equation /3x —4 =x has one real solution, i.e., x=4.

Example 4.5-8
Solve the radical equation Vu* +5 =u+2.
Solution:
2
First - Square both sides of the equation. Vu? +5 =u+2 ; ( ur +5) =(u+2)" 3 uw? +5=(u+2)
Second - Complete the square on the right hand side of the equation and simplify.
ur +S =u? +444u 3 u? -u? +4-54+4u=0 ; -1+4u=0
Third - Solve for u,i.e., -1+4u=0 ; 4u=1; u=7 ; u=025

Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the uw solution into the pees EES es
?
Let u=0.25 in Vue +5=ut2 ; V0257 +5=025+2 ; J0.0625+5 2025 ; 5.0625 =“405
; 2.25=225. Therefore, the equation Vu* +5 =u+2 has one solution, i.e., w= 025.
Example 4.5-9
Solve the radical equation J2x+15= x.
Solution:
2
First - Square both sides ofthe equation. /2x+15 =x ; (J2x ? 15) =x? 3 2x+15=x?
Second - Write the quadratic equation in standard form. x? -2x-15=0
Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method.
x? —2x-15=0 ; (x-5)(x+3)=0. Therefore, the two apparent solutions are:
x-5=0 ; x=5 and x+3=0 ; x=-3
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
? ? ?
I. Letx=5 in J2x+15=x ; J2-54+15=5 ; ¥104+15=5 ; J25=5 ; 5=

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

? ? ?
Ler
x 2=3 in 2x P15Sx 9, 28234 15=-3 2 a6 415-49"; (9-33 23.443
Therefore, the equation /2x +15 =x has one real solution, i.e., x =5.
Example 4.5-10
Solve the radical equation Vx +30=x.
Solution:
First - Square both sides of the equation. +30
/x =x ; (vVx+30) =x* 3 x+30=x?
Second - Write the quadratic equation in standard form. x? -x-30=0
Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method.
x? —x-30=0 ; (x-6)(x+5)=0. Therefore, the two apparent solutions are:
x=6=0;x=6 and x+5=0 ; x=-5
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
1 he
I. Letx=6in Vx+30=x
; V6+30=6 ; V36=6 ; 6=6
i 1
Il. Letx=-5 in Vx+30=x ; V-54+30=-5; J25=-5 3: 5%-5

Therefore, the equation /x +30 =x has one real solution, i.e., x =6.

Practice Problems - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Radicals

Section 4.5 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following equations. Check the answers by
substituting the solutions into the original equation.
[en Soy408 342 =0 2. 2x=V9x+3 Cee een

Ag ky 7 5. V5x=2x? Sea clay

ip

7. Vv-8x-4 =2x+1 8. x=v-x+2 9. x=J-2x+3

10. v¥x2+3=x41

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

Case II - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Fractions

In this section solutions to quadratic equations with fractional coefficients are discussed. Note
that in dealing with fractional equations not all solutions may satisfy the original equation. This
is because fractions may encounter division by zero which is undefined. Therefore, it is essential
that all solutions to a quadratic equation be checked by substitution into the original equation in
order to ensure division by zero does not occur. Equations containing algebraic fractions are
solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Write both sides of the equation in fraction form.
Step 2 Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.
Step 3 Write the quadratic equation in standard form.
Step 4 Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method.
Step 5 Check the answers by substituting the apparent solutions into the original equation.
Disregard any apparent solution if equality on both sides of the equation is not
obtained.
Examples with Steps
The following examples show the steps as to how equations containing fractions are solved:
Example 4.5-11
Solve the fractional equation x -1= cau
x

Solution:
First - Write the left hand side of the equation in fraction form. x-1= = : <= = =

Second - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation. x-(x-1)=1-20 ; x7 -x=20
Third - Write the quadratic equation in standard form, i.e., x* -x-20=0
Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a method. x? —x-20=0 ; (x-5)(x+4)=0.
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x-5=0 ; x=5 and x+4=0; x=-4
Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
”
I. Letx=5in A ese (oe ae
a 5
iy
Il. Letx=—4in e-1=— 3 --1s20 5 52-5
BS, =

Thus, x=5 and x=-4 are the real solutions to x-1= Bu . In addition, the equation x-1= eu
Xx Xx

can be factored to (x-5)(x+4)=0.

Example 4.5-12
Solve the fractional equation 1+ — =x 43,
x

Solution:
First - use fraction techniques to rewrite the left hand side of the equation in a single fraction
form.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

atdep hes: Leora iets3 [i-@+]+(-) x43 merit) oes ort

2ss 43
x+l eee 1 (41) ee eri
Second - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.
Dt Zeenat
5 (x+2)-1=(x+3)-(v41) 5 x4+2=x7 4+x4343 5 xt+2=x7 44x43
x+1 1

Third - write the quadratic equation in standard form, i.e., x* +4x-x+3-2=0 ; x7 +3x+1=0
Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation using the Quadratic Formula method.
hose 1 =O 5 [++255)(24 495)=0 ; [x2ae2t)( 528228) =()
2 2
5 (x +0.38)(x +2.62)=0.
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x+038=0 ; x=-038 and x+262=0 ; x=-262
Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
1 ? ? ?
I. Letx=-038 in 1+——=x+3; ewes else ; ey, ; 14+162=2.62
x+1 —0.38+1 0.62
; 2.62 = 2.62
1 ? 2 2
I. Let x= -2.62 in eas an i ey ye ee ey LIne
x+1 “362 El 162
; 0.38 = 0.38
Thus, x =-0.38 and x =-2.62 are the real solutions to 1+ a =x+3. In addition, the equation
IE ar

1+ — =x+3 can be factored to (x + 0.38)(x+2.62)=0.

GEt
Example 4.5-13
Solve the fractional equation 5 =6y-—.
y y
Solution:
First - Write the left hand side of the equation in fraction form and simplify the right hand
side of the equation.
Bey pl glirt nelle ZN lcs
2y Lee Rei eeno)) ee 2
Second - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.
l Soy 2 1
2 alia
ek 3 1-y =2y-(6y? -1) ; y=l2y? —2y s 2p? -2y-y+0 ; Ly? —3y=0
2y y
‘ 3y(4y? -1)=0. Thus, y=0 is an apparent solution.
Third - Solve the quadratic equation 4y” -1=0 by choosing a method.

4y? -1=0 3 4y2=13 4y? =4v1 5 2y=41; y=ts. Therefore, the other two apparent
; 1 1
solutions are: Vets ; y=+05 and a > y=-05.

Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the » values into the original equation.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

I. Let y=0 in = =6y- | Since division by zero is encountered therefore, y =0 is

y y
not a real solution.
9
= 0.5 in
Whey ag ipa : ele ers ae1
2 x B l

II. Let y=-0.5 in eee :

2y
Thus, y=0.5 and y=-0.5 are the real solutions to a =fgifts In addition, the equation
VY Y

Ve ee can be factored to 3y(y+0.5)(y-0.5) =0.

2y y,
Example 4.5-14
Solve the fractional equation oe as=) S10).
ey,
Solution:
First - Use fraction techniques to simplify the left hand side of the equation.
bal (2-»2 )+6-y) es hice 1-(2y2 +3y)-1-y 3
oN Secs ba RS eae agra od APS Cagemer rar gl Semen ry rc A

yy yy y I ley
SELLS nar

Second - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.

2 ve +3y- y _0
1-(2y? +3y-y?)=0-y° 2y* +3y-y? =0 ; -y(-2y-3+ y?}=0. Thus
I
y =0 is an apparent solution.
Third - Write the quadratic equation -2y-3+ y? =0 in standard form, i.e., y? -2y-3 =0
Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a method. y? -2y-3=0 ; (y- 3)(y+1)=0.
Therefore, the other two apparent solutions are: y-3=0 ; y=3 and y+1=0; y=-1
Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the » values into the original equation.
2 ; ae ; :
I Let y=0.in seMes eye Since division by zero is encountered therefore, y =0 is
any
not a real solution.
? ? ? ?
(ler
y =3. in Seale : S120 : an Oh : 2 ee 0 : Aa TSE
» yy 33 3 g eg) 3
? ?
: er ; eres ;1-1=0 ; 0=0
3 l
? Ee eee ? ?
Ill. Let y=-1 in SME EE 26 : oe af -1=0 ; EP E : za BsFy > 1-1=0

> 0=0
Thus, y=3 and y=-1 are the real solutions to a - -1=0. In addition, the equation
yoy

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

‘spa. =0 can be factored to -y(y-3)(y+1).

Example 4.5-15
Solve the fractional equation Bene
y=
Solution:
First - Write the denominator in the right hand side of the equation in its factored form.
2y IVa oy 1
y-l : y? Ly ie y-l - (y-1)(y +1)
Second - Simplify the equation and cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.
AS
2y
= —__
1
; 2y _
= 15; 2y(ytl)=1-1
5 2y?
0 GAGs eee os +2y=1
Third - Write the quadratic equation in standard form, i.e., 2y? +2y-1=0
Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a method.

2y*+2y-1=0; [
yt
A), ee )=0. Therefore, the two apparent solutions are:
2 2

ys1e¥3
=
9; ys 1MB2
— 1.732
9 ; y-o37=0 ; y=037, and
yr ttB a9 yr <0 > y+137=0 5 y=-137
Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the » values into the original equation.
eee a ee 2074: 5 2d
I Ler y:=037 in eT]
y-l y2-1’ 037-1 (9372-1? 063 0137-1
2 1
I. Let y=-137 in —* = , 2x-137?
~~ 1
=—__,___ 274?
; === 1
1L15=115
y-l yon —137-1 (-137) aa = 250 SO
l
Thus, y=0.37 and y=-1.37 are the real solutions to =. = . In addition, the equation
yl
y —

2y __! _ oan be factored to (y + 1.37)(y - 0.37) = 0.

vol y-1

Additional Examples - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Fractions

The following examples further illustrate how to solve quadratic equations with fractional
coefficients:
Example 4.5-16
Solve the fractional equation x +5= Bin
x

Solution:
ie: ’ 4 eA
First - Write the left hand side of the equation in fraction form. x+5=— ; a sae
x

Second - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation. x-(x+5)=1-(-4) ; x7 +5x=-4
Third - Write the quadratic equation in standard form, i.e., x? +5x+4=0

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a method. x? +5x+4=0 ; (x+I)(x+4)=0.

Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x+1=0 ; x=-1 and x+4=0; x=-—4
Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
I. Letx=-1 in
3.
Ue ieee alc
oat
O)

mee ed
aX; _

ee ?_4 ual
I. Let x= -4 in eee rs pe
63 -4 1
Therefore, x =-1 and x =-4 are the real solutions to x+5= A In addition, the equation
x

x+5=— can be factored to (x+1)(x+4)=0.

x

Example 4.5-17
Solve the fractional equation 6x +13 = zy
Xx

Solution:
2 : : ete : —-5 6x+13 -5
First - Write the left hand side of the equation in fraction form. 6x +13=— ; Saree rs
x x

Second - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.

x -(6x +13) =1-(-5) 5 6x? +13x =-5
Third - Write the quadratic equation in standard form, i.e., 6x7 + 13x +5 =0
Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a method.
6x? +13x+5=0 ; (3x+5)(2x+1)=0. Therefore, the two apparent solutions are:
Sit 50 SN 5s 5 r=-3 > x=-167 and 2x+1=0 ; 2x=-1; xa-5 ; x=-05

Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
=5 Can = %
I. Letx=-167 in 6x+13=— ; 6-(-167) +13=—— ; -10+18=333 3=3
x alld
a eee ?
hy fer0 Sin ox CE) RARE es sazd $i3=10 1010
x .

Therefore, x =-1.67 and x =-0.5 are the real solutions to 6x +13= ay, In addition, equation
x

6x +13= —> can be factored to (3x+5)(2x+1)=0.

x

Example 4.5-18
Solve the fractional equation y= ma
Ys
Solution:
First - Write the left hand side of the equation in fraction form. y= a ; = ee
yy. Me
Second - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation. y-y=1-25 ; y* =25
Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing the Square Root method.
y? =25 ; Jy? =+/25 ; y=+V5? ; y=+45. Therefore, the two apparent solutions are:
y=+5 and y=-5

Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.5 Solving Other Types of Quadratic Equations

5
? ?
I. Lety=5in aaa ee ar
y 3 1

25 25 ? is i
Tle) p= sine ye Sa eR 85 5
y —5 Pi) ]

Therefore, y=5 and y=-5 are the real solutions to y= 2) Tn addition, the equation y= a
VY 34
can be factored to (y-5)(y+5)=0.
Example 4.5-19
Solve the fractional equation ca
ASL y= 0"

Solution:
First - use fraction techniques to rewrite the equation in quadratic form.
PIES
=
SMe V1
Z
By Bye Neal) |) 9 may = 15 peo
| (2 -15 2
cel
= 2
1 l-y y y 1
1-(2y-15+y? IpyO: 2y 154y2 0
Second - write the quadratic equation in standard form, i.e., y* +2y-15=0
Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a method.
y? +2y-15=0; (¥ +5)(y-3)= 0
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: _y+5=0 ; y=-5 and y-3=0; y=3
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
E pe (iy i Font es ? ?
I. Let y=-5 in pes eleeieay re Ae) DL Cap ie IIE al all 0; 0=0
y 5 5 5
% dl ? ?
ery= 350i Yael By © © 43-0 ; 43-0 ; 343-0; 0-0

Therefore, y=-5 and y=3 are the real solutions to 2y —15 . y=0. In addition, the equation
2y-15
+ y=0 can be factored to (y+5)(y-3)=0.
Example 4.5-20
2
Solve the fractional equation =e =—.
Xx x+1
Solution:
First - Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.
Z
—e— — § ye (ee ll\=4:(x41).
x 4 2

x+1 eye se ) is )
Note that x+1 can be eliminated from both sides of the equation where we obtain x* =4.
Second- Factor out the quadratic een uechoosing the Square Root factoring method.
x? cai
= SS A= +/4 7;; x= V2? ;
Therefore, the two apparent sa are: x=+2 and x=-2
Third - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.

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2 ae
I. Letx=2in Hea sag Bain a ip
bo Peteel Ian Yl Bde Pa
2 sole DireG
Il. Letx=-2 in aie spat “tt IRS ties Bae
Ve lees aoe)
=o al
2
Therefore, x=2 and x=-2 are the real solutions to ary = —. In addition, the equation
acts x+
x2
-—*_ can be factored to (x+2)(x-2)=0.
oe Cee A

Practice Problems - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Fractions

Section 4.5 Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following equations. Check the answers by
substituting the solution into the original equation.
2
Ihe als Lopes 2: JL cota 3 ee I
a x, " x+3 x43

7eeba load aka iy. Ae

u x 43

4 a
fl eee 8. 6x+17=— 9. y+4=e-—

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

To factor polynomials and to solve quadratic equations a total of seven basic methods have been
introduced in Chapters 3 and 4. Those methods are:
The Greatest Common Factoring method
The Grouping method
The Trial and Error method
Factoring methods for polynomials with square and cubed terms
The Quadratic Formula method
The Square Root Property method, and
ey
So
a
oo
ae Completing-the-Square method
The decision as to which one of the above methods is most suitable in factoring a polynomial or
solving an equation is left to the student. For example, in some cases, using the Trial and Error
method in solving a quadratic equation may be easier than using the Quadratic Formula or
Completing-the-Square method. In certain cases, using the quadratic formula in solving a
polynomial may be faster than the Grouping or the Trial and Error method. Note that the key in
choosing the best and/or the easiest method is through solving many problems. After sufficient
practice, students start to gain confidence on selection of one method over the other.
Assumption - In many instances, the methods used in factoring polynomials (shown in Chapter
3) can also be used in solving quadratic equations (shown in Chapter 4) by recognizing that the
left hand side of the equation ax? +bx+c=0, namely ax*+bx+c is a polynomial and can be
factored as such, using polynomial factoring methods covered in Chapter 3.
Note 1 - Any quadratic equation can be solved using the quadratic formula. Once the student has
memorized the quadratic formula and has learned how to substitute the equivalent values of a,
b, and c into the quadratic formula, then the next steps are merely the process of solving the
quadratic equation using mathematical operations.
Note 2 - The quadratic formula can be used as an alternative method in factoring polynomials of
the form ax” +bx +c as is stated in the above assumption.
The following examples are solved using the seven factoring and solution methods shown above:
Example 4.6-1
Use different methods to solve the equation x? =25.
Solution:
First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
Write the equation in the standard quadratic equation form ax? + bx+c=0, i.e., write x? =25
as x°+0x-25=0. To solve the given equation using the Trial and Error method we only
consider the left hand side of the equation which is a second degree polynomial. Next, we
need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 0 and whose product is -25 by constructing a
table as shown below:

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
x? =25 or x* +0x-25=0 can be factored to (x-5)(x+5)=0.
Check: (x-5)(x+5)=0 ; x-x+5-x-5-x+5-(-5)=0 5 x? +5x-5x-25=0 ; x7 +(5-5)x-25=0
5 x7 +0x-25=0
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
First, write the equation in the standard quadratic equation form ax? +bx+c=0, i.e., write
x*=25 aS x?+0x-25=0. Second, equate the coefficients of x?+0x-25=0 with the
standard quadratic equation by letting a=1 , b=0 , and c=-25. Then,

Given: x=
~b+Vb?—4ac | _ ~0#y0° -(4x1x-25) | _ eV0+100 , _
oe yy
tVI00 | v0"
2a ; 2x1 = 2 ‘ 2 D
10
! vats. Therefore:
5 5
I. OL ee II. ga eee Sees
2 1 2 1
i
Check: I. Letx=5 in x% =25 ; 5*=25 ; 25=25
?
Il. Letx=-5 in x7 =25 ; (-5)’=25 ; 25=25
Therefore, the equation x? + 0x-—25=0 can be factored to (x +5)(x-5)=0.
Third Method: (The Square Root Property Method)
Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., write x? =25 as Wee 95 ;
en? ; x=+5. Thus, x=+5 or x=-5 are the solution sets to the equation x* =25 which
can be represented in its factorable form as (x +5)(x-5)=0.
Fourth Method: (Completing-the-Square Method) - Is not applicable.
Note that from the above three methods using the Square Root Property method is the fastest and
the easiest method to obtain the factored terms. The Trial and Error method is the second easiest
method to use, followed by the Quadratic Formula method which is the most difficult way of
obtaining the factored terms.
Example 4.6-2
Use different methods to solve the equation x? +11x+24=0.
Solution:
First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
To solve the given equation using the Trial and Error method we only consider the left hand

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

side of the equation which is a second degree polynomial. Next, we need to obtain two
numbers whose sum is 11 and whose product is 24 by constructing a table as shown below:
Product

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
x? +11x +24=0 can be factored to (x +8)(x+3)=0.
Check: (x +8)(x+3)=0 5 x-x+3-x+8-x+8-3=0 5 x7 4+3x4+8x+24=0 5 x7 +(3+8)x+24=0
ee et 304.0
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
Given the standard quadratic equation ax* + bx +c =0, equate the coefficients of x? +11x +24 =0
with the standard quadratic equation by letting a=1 , b=11 , and c=24. Then,

ively = ~b+Vb? —4ac Set yl = (4x1 24) Sp cit Vi21=96 x=

| -114V25
a ) a 5) 2
2x1 2 2
ee ae
g aot : Realited Therefore:
2 2
3 8
I. ee II. a el
2 2 1 2 2 1
? h 2
Check: I. Letx=-3 in x? +11x+24=0; (3) +11-(-3)+24=0 ; 9-33+24=0 ; 33-33=0
; 0=0
2 2 u ?
Il. Letx=-8 in x*+11x+24=0 ; (-8)° +11-(-8)+24=0 ; 64-88+24=0 ; 88-88=0
Gi 0
Therefore, the equation x* +11x+24=0 can be factored to (x+8)(x+3)=0.
Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
D
1 2 121 121
x7 4+11x+24=0 3; x7 +1lx=-24 ; Psties(44) --24+(14) : ee trata 4

(egy 2 ee DPA.
eee 121
ee) a =
ie 2
: D eee 2 1-4 2 4 py 4

py DES
2
Appa
4
lle
ate
ip
Therefore: aa I SedSt
hides
5 | ee
aay
Sue 5211
ee5 Aa
3 5
ie
II. x+5—=-— 3}
5
bak Atay
Cie fb
ric aes t5ia x=
x=-—--—
a5 il
5 5 xx=-—A
16 5 x¥=-—
8
3 x=-8

he u
Check: I. Letx=-3 in x? +11x+24=0 ; (-3)? +(11x-3)+24=0 ; 9-33+24=0 ; 0=0

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

II. Letx=-8 in x7 +11x+24=0 ; (-8)°+Ets 8) 4 0 ; 64-88+24= 0; ; 0=0

Therefore, the equation x? +11x+24=0 can be factored to (x+8)(x+3)=0.
Fourth Method: (The Square Root Property Method) - Is not applicable
Note that from the above three methods using the Trial and Error method is the fastest and the
easiest method to obtain the factored terms. Completing-the-Square method is the second easiest
method to use, followed by the Quadratic Formula method which is the longest and most difficult
way of obtaining the factored terms.
Example 4.6-3
Use different methods to solve the equation x? +5x+2=0.
Solution:
First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
To solve the given equation using the Trial and Error method we only consider the left hand
side of the equation which is a second degree polynomial. Next, we need to obtain two
numbers whose sum is 5 and whose product is 2. However, after few trials, it becomes clear
that such a combination of integer numbers is not possible to obtain. Hence, the Trial and
Error method is not applicable to this particular example.
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
Given the standard quadratic equation a*+bx+c=0, equate the coefficients of
x” +5x +2 =0 with the standard quadratic equation by letting a=1 , b=5 , and c=2. Then,
2
Given: x= a aT
-b+
Vb? -4ac , _ ~Sty5°
—(4x12) _ 5425-8 |: a
x= tal See R . Therefore:
a 2x1 2

i joersly : cee peels ; x=-0.44

2 2 2

ie on
—5-
aes 8 poate
-5-4, : yal
!it a x = -456
2, M 2

Check: I. Letx=-044 in x? +5x+2=0 ; (-0.44)? +5-(-0.44) +2=0 : 02-2.242=0 ; 22-22=0

-0=0
I. Letx=-456 in x? +5x+2=0 ; (-456) +5-(-456)+2=0 ; 208 -22.8+2=0
; 228 -228=0 7 0=0
Therefore, the equation x* +5x +2=0 can be factored to (x +0.44)(x +456) =0.
Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
2 2 2
45242205 x? +5r=-2; 27 +5e4(3] --2+(3} SPO eee ye (a2) pete 2°
2 2 4 4 2 4
5 2 ee
; (+3) 2
ee
2
2
~2-4)+(1-25 3
he ee
1-4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

Therefore: I. x+>=+ vi x= vi7_5 eu IES dei ae eee - ¥=-0.44

5 a 2 2 2 Ps

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

II. oe
5 ee lS
alt i7
eee
5 Shwe D-
sx sree > x= 7 5 x= 456

? a ?
Check: I. Letx=-044 in x7 +5x+2=0 5 (-044)° +5-(-0.44)+2=0 ; 02-22+2=0 ; 22-22=0
; 0=0
I]. Letx=-456 in 2
x°+5x+2=0 ; (-456)° 2 +5-(-456)+2=0: ; 208-228+2=0
?
; 228—228=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation x* +5x+2=0 can be factored to (x +0.44)(x +456) =0.
Fourth Method: (The Square Root Property Method) - Is not applicable.
Note that from the above two methods using the Quadratic Formula method may be the faster
method, for some, than Completing-the-Square method.
Example 4.6-4
Use different methods to solve the equation 6x* +4x-2=0.
Solution:
5 2
First Divide both sides of the equation by 2, i.e., 6x? +4x-2=0 ; ox? r «x-;=0;
3x* +2x-1=0. Then consider other methods to solve the equation 3x? +2x-1=0.
First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
To solve the given equation using the Trial and Error method we only consider the left hand
side of the equation which is a second degree polynomial. Next, we need to obtain two
numbers whose sum is 2 and whose product is 3--1=-3 by constructing a table as shown
below:
Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore,
3x? +2x—-1=0 3 3x7 +(3-1)x-1=0 5 3x* +3x—x-1=0 3 3x(x+1)—-(x+1)=0 5 (x+1)(3x-1)=0.
Check: (x +1)(3x-1)=0 ; 3-x-x-1-x+(1-3)-x+1-(-1)=0 5 3x? -x+3x-1=0 3 3x7 +(3-1)x-1=0
» 3x7 +2x-1=0
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
Given the standard quadratic equation ax” + bx +c =0, equate the coefficients of 3x? +2x-1=0
with the standard quadratic equation by letting a=3 , b=2 , and c=-1. Then,

Given:
Iven:
xabtve?-400
x= a 5
_ y2?-(4x3x-1)
wt 2x3
24412
= 6
246
; are a ;
-2
ae
V4?
—2+
; x= . Therefore:

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

: on I
I. ee: a2 oe II. pe ee]
6 6 &) 6 1
3}
I 5 14 I 312 ie Fe
Check: I. Letx=— in 3x*+2x-1=0 33 [ re), (2)-1-0 ; —+=-1=0 ; ~+—-1=0
3 3 gr" 3 oP arts,
3
? 2 ?
; Pa 1) : SE ; 1-1=0 ; 0=0
3 3
; ? ? ?
I]. Letx=-1 in 3x2+2x-1=0 ; 3-(-1) +2-(-1)-1=0 ; 3-2-1=0 ; 3-3=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 3x? +2x-1=0 can be factored to (x-4) (x+1)=0 which is the same

as (3x -1)(x+1)=0.
Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
2 2
Lez
Bx? 42e-120 5 BP 42e=13 2x?4 Sx s pt a2eel; 242e4(22) -14/ 2)
3 3 Ree os) Mae) calTas
ee Oe eT ( iy=>——
5 xo +—x4+—=—4+— 5 [x4+—)
(1-9) +(1-3) 5([xt+e]yy=
943 5(iets]HpHEie Xt
et Ht —12
Sais (0 meso 3 3.9 3 27 S/n 27 3 7

—]
Therefore: I. x+—=+= sept eet 5 x=—— eee
3 3 3

il ee a ee ee a ee
3 5 3.3 3 1

Check: I. Letx=—=in
4
3x +2x-1=0;3,(
ie tyes
+2.(4)-120 5 242-120
5 beeen
; $42
2
1-0
3 bes 3

9 ?
: <2 -1=0 > —-J=0 ; 1-1=0 ; 0=0
? ? ?
Il. Letx=-) in 3x? +2x-1=0 ; 3-(-1) +2-(-1)-1=0 ; 3-2-1=0 ; 3-3=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 3x” +2x-1=0 can be factored to («-;)(x+1)=0 which is the same
as (3x -1)(x+1)=0.
Fourth Method: (The Square Root Property Method) - Is not applicable.
Note that from the above three methods using the Trial and Error method is the easiest method to
obtain the factored terms. The Quadratic Formula method is the second easiest method to use,
followed by Completing-the-Square method.
Example 4.6-5
Use different methods to solve the equation (2x + 5)’ on
Solution:
First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
To apply the Trial and Error method to the equation (2x +5)” =25 we need to complete and
simplify the square in the left hand side of the equation, i.e., (2x + 5)” =25 3 4x? +25+20x =25

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

; 4x? +20x +25-25=25-25 ; 4x? +20x +0=0 ; ae Beas. On: x7 +5x+0=0. Then, we

only consider the left hand side of the equation which is a second degree polynomial. Next
we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 5 and whose product is 5-0 =0 by constructing
a table as shown below:

Product

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus,
(2x +5)” =25 can be factored to (x +0)(x +5)=0 which is the same as x(x+5)=0
Second Method: (The Square Root Property Method)
(2x +5)? =25 ; J(2x+5)” =+V25 ; 2x+5=+45. Therefore:
Tr5 = 45 el5 —5 r= 0.0 x =—0

py oa 55 es
;
Check: I. Letx=0 in (2x+5)?
=25 ; [(2-0)+5]
=25 ; 5? =25 5 25=25
?
I. Letx=-5 in (2x45)? =25 ; [(2--8) +P =25 (-10+5)? =25 5 (-5)°=25 ; 25=25
Therefore, the equation (2x +5)” = 25 can be factored to (x-0)(x+5)=0 which is the same as
x(x+5)=0.
Third Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
First complete the square term on the left hand side and simplify the equation:
5
(2x +5)?
=25 ;4x? +20x+25=25 ; 4x7 +20x =25-25 34x7 +20x=0 ; : pbc
4 4
& 5 x7 45x =0

Then, given the standard quadratic equation ax?+6x+c=0, equate the coefficients of
x* +5x =0 with the standard quadratic equation by letting a=1 , b=5 , and c=0. Then,

: —b ss oa
2 ss ie 5* (4x 1x0) oes 25-0
-5+ x= -5+
—*° | Therefore:
Given: x=
a ee os SMe yo hea ® 2

I. Pea oe ns II. ee
fo
ees
D 2 2 2

Check: I. Letx=0 in x?+5x=0 3; 0? +5x0=0 : 04020 00

I. Letx=-5 in x? +5x=0; (-5)?+5-(- 5)=0; 25-25=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation (2x +5)’ = 25 can be factored to (x-0)(x+5)=0 which is the same as
x(x+5)=0.
Fourth Method: (The Greatest Common Factoring Method)
First complete the square term on the left hand side and simplify the equation:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 4.6 How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

(2x +5)? =25 ; 4x? +20x+25=25 ; 4x? +20x

=25-25 ; 4x7+20x=0 ; —x say ee x? +5x=0
Then, Factor out the greatest common monomial term x, 1.e., x7 45x=0; x(x+5)=0. Thus,
the two solution to the equation are:
I x=0 and MI. x+5=0; x=-5
Hence, the equation (2x +5)” =25 can be factored to (x-0)(x+5)=0 which is the same as
x(x+5)=0.
Fifth Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
First complete the square term on the left hand side and simplify the equation:
5
(2x +5)? =25 ; 4x7 +20x+25=25 ; 4x? +20x =25-25 ; 4x7+20x=0 ; eta 0 5 x? +5x=0
4.20

Then, complete the square.

2 2 2
+5205 27 +5r+(2) -0+(3) 27452478225 - (45) ci ey tai} ae Jeter CA in)
2 2 4 vw 2 4 2, 4 2 2

Therefore: I. FREE Sra : oper : epeeige : ses ; x=0

w 2 1 9 2D WD

eee : ee che ; oe aaa. ; ew e==5

2 2 2 vz Z
? ?
Check: I. Letx=0 in x7 +5x=0 ; 07+5x0=0 ; 0+0=0 ; 0=0
? ?
I. Letx=-5 in x*+5x=0 ; (-5)° +5-(-5)=0 ; 25-25=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation (2x +5)” =25 can be factored to (x-0)(x+5)=0 which is the same as
x(x+5)=0.
Note that from the above five methods the Square Root Property and the Trial and Error methods
are the easiest methods in solving the quadratic equation, followed by the Greatest Common
Factoring method, Quadratic Formula method, and Completing-the-Square method.

Practice Problems - How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

Section 4.6 Practice Problems - Choose three methods to solve the following quadratic
equations. State the degree of difficulty associated with each method you selected.
1. x2 =16 2. x7 +7x+3=0 3. Bx+4)° =36

4. x? +11x+30=0 5. 517 +41-1=0 6. (2x+6)°

=36

415 =0
1: yyS8y 8. we =-7 9. 6x*+x-1=0

10, “x7 24744

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 5 Case Problems

Chapter 5
Algebraic Fractions
Quick Reference to Chapter 5 Case Problems
5.1

5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Term ...................cccccccccccscsscessescsseeseeseeeees 295

3a7b7c +, Sx 420 Wi iiee xx ad

Ibabeee « |xctoll ea ler ar

5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions...................cccccccccsscesceesscesseesseesseeees 300

Case I - Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions with Common Denominators, p. 300

aX 3x 300 2G 0 ae) ee yi +3y yer 2yes

; ~ + a
x+y x+ 2a*b?> 2a2b?> 2a7b?| * |(y-2)(y+3) (y-2)(y+3)
Case II - Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions without Common Denominators,
p. 304

Ease:
x-2 x+3 peli(=) | seen
yz XZ xy a7 egy wey.
=
Case III - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions, p. 308
Case III a - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases), p. 308

Case III b - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases), p. 312

x? -y? 9x+18y | a’ +4a-5 a> +5at+6 as

3x7 3xy x’ Paap oye ||a7+a-2) av sans
Case IV - Division of Algebraic Fractions, p. 316
Case IV a - Division of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases), p. 316

Case V - Mixed Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions, p. 325

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 5 Case Problems

5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions.......................0.

Case I - Addition and Subtraction of Complex Algebraic Fractions, p. 330

5,5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fraction..................

es oe 2 | Sy oll alee eer eee

Hamilton Education Guides 290

 Chapter 5 - Algebraic Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to teach students how to solve and simplify math operations
involving algebraic fractions. An introduction to algebraic fractions and the difference between
algebraic and arithmetic/integer fractions is discussed in Section 5.1. Simplification of algebraic
fractions to lower terms is addressed in Section 5.2. The steps as to how algebraic fractions are
added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and mixed is discussed in Section 5.3. Section 5.4
describes the math operations involving complex algebraic fractions. Students are encouraged to
spend adequate time learning how to solve complex algebraic fractions which is the most
difficult form of an algebraic expression. Solving one variable equations containing algebraic
fractions is introduced in Section 5.5. Cases presented in each section are concluded by solving
additional examples with practice problems to further enhance the students ability.

5.1 Introduction to Algebraic Fractions

Arithmetic/integer fractions are fractions where the numerator and the denominator are integer
numbers. For example, - 7 = , and . are examples of arithmetic fractions. Algebraic
fractions are fractions where the numerator or the denominator (or both) are variables. For
example, = ag Par, and | are examples of algebraic fractions. The concepts and procedures
y ct x

learned in simplifying, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing arithmetic fractions can
directly be applied to algebraic fractions. In fact, with a good knowledge of operations involving
arithmetic fractions students will find this chapter a “non-challenging” chapter. (The subject of
arithmetic fractions has been addressed in detail in the “Mastering Fractions” book. Students
are encouraged to review chapters 3 and 9 for an overall review of the fractional operations.) In
this section students are introduced to sign rules for fractions; division of algebraic fractions by
zero; and equivalent algebraic fractions.
A. Sign Rules For Fractions
In division, we need to consider two signs. The sign of the numerator and the sign of the
denominator. Thus, the sign rules for division are:

ree For example: ees

+b b +2 2 1

Oe gece 2 For example: 38 2) oh Se

—b b —2 2 1

=a a —8 8 4
— = 4+— For example: — =+-=+-=+
- eee, eae 2 l
+a a +8 Se fas
— = +— For example:
aes Pe 5— =+—
ne =+-=+
Ue
In fractions, we need to consider three signs. The fractions sign itself, the numerator sign, and
the denominator sign. Therefore, the sign rules for fractions are:

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.1 Introduction to Algebraic Fractions

ie {-2) eg ee {=4) ad,

+b b b —b b b

Sepia a (+4) ce jee (+4) = 44

—b b +b b

guinea x 42) ahr Go) rae |55 aha

+b b —b b

Ged oe (+4) oN Pah a(e) eee

—b b b +b b b

For example:

iL. seas = 1 a 2 = met — A 2 +8 aS ie) = ony — Dek — =/4\

+2 Z 2 1 —2 2 2 l

3 +B = 4-8) = 18-1424 4 8 = (48) -18-.4=4

=) 2 +2 2

D3 -$={-§)=.$-.4-4 6 $= {8)=$-.t-4
+2 2 —2 2

W. ro — (+4) = ec — i = -4 8. _ +8 = (+4) = _8 = ae = -4
—2 2 2 1 +2 2 2 ]

B. Division of Algebraic Fractions by Zero

An algebraic fraction is an expression of the form

2 where 4 and B are polynomials

Note that the denominator B in an algebraic fraction can not be equal to zero, since division by
zero is not defined. For example,
lie
a. = is not defined when x = 0 because A = F is not defined.
xX 0

b. — is not defined when x =-1 because Z = - is not defined.

xX +

c. sae is not defined when a =2 because xs

— a —
, is not defined.

d. = is not defined when x =9 because oS = ° is not defined.

x-1 = x-l
@ =a = is not defined when x =-1 and x =—5 because
x? +6x+5 (x +1)(x+5)
when x =-1 (is(cis5)
ae rz = a = -" is not defined, and

-5-] -6 6.
when
h
x Se
=-5 (Ss(-s+3) =
4x0 eee
5 is not defined.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.1 Introduction to Algebraic Fractions

x5 5 X+3 ;
if 2
aS eee t= mide = is not defined when x =3 because ans
x? 42x-15 (x-3)(x+5) (x -3)(¥+5) = x-3 3653

= 7 is not defined.

3 ; 3 3 eee
g. is not defined when x = -3 because ——_—_ = ——— = = js not defined.
—x-3 -(-3)-3 3-3 0
3 3
2 Bi as
2-—+3 —=4+3 F
h. +**2 is not defined when pe because —Z Se is not defined.
x-3 2 2 3 3 3-3 0
fe a a)
2 1
a miei yo" 1
i. is not defined
when x => because —4__ = _4__ = 4. = 4 =4=4 = 3%)
x3 4 3
Ane) 3
heat 3 9
p= 5=3 70 z0 ed 0
4 4 1 1

is not defined.
Ol|wW

C. Equivalent Algebraic Fractions

When the numerator and the denominator of an algebraic fraction is multiplied by the same
number, sign, or a variable the new algebraic fraction is said to be equivalent to the original
algebraic fraction. For example, the following algebraic fractions are equivalent to one another:
a _ 3a _ 100a _ Sa _ -a
Heil eT ea = =
Bb 3b 1008- 5b. =b
x Lae = 2+2x a+ax
; xi 2X ax

a eee) 2 Stor ea (x =3)"0 B=x

A 20 12 4a -4 =4
V2
A x? = 5x? 2s a 2 x7y
eee 5+ 5x? La ytxy
aD)
2 C-0 20 10a—-10b _ ax—bx
"3a 6a 30a 3ax
ee ee eee ee ee
x=ys o-(x-y)* yox 2x=2y = x7y- xy"

ee eee tes es) elt)

oe -(2x-7) 7-2x 2-(2x-7) 4x-14 =-3-(2x-7) — 21-6x
2
hee 2) ete
ee eo
eee 6
x-1 -(x-1) 1-x 3x -3 3-—3x

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.1 Introduction to Algebraic Fractions

Practice Problems - Introduction to Algebraic Fractions

A. Section 5.1 Practice Problems - Write the correct sign for the following fractions.

] _2 = D ret == 3 8 =

5 6 =4

5 ag
aS, —
4 =
10 = > —_—
“15
——_ _
6 + 6

a Dells = eee Ge
15 a4 :

(0a
23
B. Section 5.1 Practice Problems - State the value(s) of the variable for which the following
fractions are not defined.

ies
x-1
eeS5-x pieex

4 #4 5 _2% 6 2222
x+10 3x —5 x-—7

7 e 8 —- 9 ae

x” —-x x~ +5x+4 2x~ —5x-3

10 pape)
ie vie

C. Section 5.1 Practice Problems - State which of the following algebraic fractions are
equivalent.
1 2x24x po DEES gee? pe
oy oy re: 6x ‘Ma iy bad

4. x-5?5-x Re eee ? a 6 3-x‘' x+3

xl 6x1 a—-V Wa =X 27

u-w?—2u+2w gee Foxe

7.0 ——=——— 8. rigor 9. pf onrN
w 2w l-a* a‘-l 3 3 3

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Terms

5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Terms

In dealing with integer fractions we learned that integer (arithmetic) fractions are reduced to their
lowest terms by dividing both the numerator and the denominator by their common terms. For
example, the integer fraction . is simplified to its lowest term by dividing both the numerator

and the denominator by 7, which is common to both, i.e., : see = 5 The same
principle holds true when simplifying algebraic fractions. Algebraic fractions are simplified
using the following steps:
Step 1 Factor both the numerator and the denominator completely (see Chapters 3 and 4).
Step 2 Simplify the algebraic fraction by eliminating the common terms in both the
numerator and the denominator.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how algebraic fractions are simplified to their
lowest terms:
Example 5.2-1
3a7b2c S
15ab>c?
Solution:

Step 1
Step2

Example 5.2-2

-3x727

Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

TXyZ | —_ + MV — | eA = |——

BED 2 23x 7- 3x22? 3x2 2? 3xzZ

Example 5.2-3
3x +6 =
x? —-x-6
Solution:
3x+6 |_| 3(x+2)
ss G+e-3)
Hamilton Education Guides 295
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Terms

Step 2 _3(e+2) _|_ 3#+2) |_

(x+2)(x-3)] |(¥+2)(x-3)] Lx=3
Example 5.2-4
2 y? —Ty-15 2:
ye 25
Solution:
2y? -7y-15|_ |(2v+3)(v-5)]_ |(2y+3)(y—5)
rae eseal
y-25 ||
y*-5 |G)
y-S)(y

Step 2 (2y+3)(y-5)|_ |(2+3)(y-3)| _

(v-S)(v+5)] |(v-s)(v+5)]} Let
Example 5.2-5

Solution:

= x(x - )(x “f 1)
Step J ee + 1)(x = 3)

Step 2 =

Additional Examples - Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Terms

The following examples further illustrate how to simplify algebraic fractions to their lowest terms:
Example 5.2-6

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296
Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.2 Simplifying
P E MS Algebraic
ABCD TAIC Fractions
Fractions to
to Lower
LOWEr Terms
Lerms

Example 5.2-9

Example 5.2-10

~48x7 yz? bs _ 48x? yz? a

6x42? 6x42

Example 5.2-11
—Sryz | =),5e- a [> 7-2 fee |
ecient.
—15xy*z Lx =z >| ee rT z hae J.
Y,

Example 5.2-12
x? y? Z
can not be simplified
3

Example 5.2-13

ye

pales 5.2-14
ete
x? ane es a
Ss
2 (x -
]- are (x -3)
es Ve
Zs

Example 5.2-15
S=on
can not be simplified
3—5n

Example 5.2-16

Example 5.2-17

cal fea) besa) Es

S5x+15} |5(x+3)] |8(x+3)] Lxe+3
Example 5.2-18
x? +y

(x+y)(x+y)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Terms

Example 5.2-19
aE 2) ea A ee |
aE
~14x? ea Fea (

Example 5.2-20
x+9
can not be simplified
i.

Example 5.2-21

3-—5x 3-5x 3-5x 3-3x 1

spe 5.2- =,
_y?-2y_
ye yy -2) “5
y? + y-6 ey
eSbs~16+3)(7-2) yt+3

eae 5.2-23
apt
x +4x-5
sSa (x- a eee
apt
x s mo

Example 5.2-24
6a” -6ab|_| 6a(a-b) |_| 6a(a-4) |_| 60
(a—b)(a+6)| |(é—a)(a+8)
=e
Example 5.2-25
3x2 49x |_| 3x(x+3) |_| 3x(x+3) |_| 3x(+3) -|3]
x? +x? — 6x x(x? +x-6] x(x + 3)(x -2) x(% +3)(x Be) x=2

Example 5.2-26
6x74 x1 + (2x + 1)(3x -1) 03 (2x + 1)(3x -1) _|2x+1

ee Gx— (+1) || Gee) alee

Example 5.2-27
ee (3x+2)(2x-1)]_ [(¢+2)(2x-1)]_fax—1]_
oe Feo) (ee x
Example 5.2-28
oye
3y? ye ae ee
a _|(v+)@Gy+4) a
3y? +y-4 ee
(y- | (y-1)(By+4) y-1

Example 5.2-29

Fea (ees
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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Terms

Example 5.2-30
eae a eee y(2x + By) ED
4x? +4xy -3y” |e2x- y) ~ |(22+3y)(x-y) 2x-y

Example 5.2-31
5x -—Sy ze S(x = y) > 5(x -y) us 5
2x* +xy—3y?|} |(x-y)(2x+3y)] |(t-y)(2x+3y)| [2x+3y

Example 5.2-32
(5x +1)(5x-1)
| (vax- 1)(V5x+1)
Example 5.2-33

(ut? |_ [G++] _[@+d(+n |_ faa

Example 5.2-34

Poe bel aa) Ea)

Example 5.2-35
2-9 |_| 12-3? |_|(¢-3)(¢+3)]_ |(e-3)(4+3)]_ [4-3

6y? +7y-3|_|(2¥+3)By-1)|_ |(2¥+3)3y-1)|_[2y+3]_ |2y+3

3 +y? -y*(3y-1) -y (By-1) -y? oy

Practice Problems - Simplifying Algebraic Fractions to Lower Terms

Section 5.2 Practice Problems - Simplify the following algebraic fractions to their lowest terms:
: x? y*z° a 7. _3a7be? = R. oe =
~xy3z? ~9ab*c spat

4 2uvww?
= 5 y -4
= Cpe
Pe ye -
10u*v y -y-6 x* -9

7 x3 +2x? —15x a 8 x? -2x = 9 x +xy-2y? =

j On = 5x3 Dey ie x+2y

10, Saw =
2x? t+xyp-y?

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

5.3. Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

In this section addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of algebraic fractions (Cases I
through IV) are discussed. In addition, simplification of algebraic expressions involving mixed
operations is addressed in Case V.

CaseI Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions with Common Denominators

Algebraic fractions with common denominators are added and subtracted using the following
steps:
Step 1 Write the common denominator. Add or subtract the numerators.
Step 2 Simplify the algebraic fraction to its lowest term.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how algebraic fractions with common denominators
are added and subtracted:
Example 5.3-1
Spe 7 3x a
xty x+y
Solution:
Step 1 5x _3x_|_|5x—3x
3 5x -3
xo+ y et y Xx + y

5x -3 5-3)x 2x
rey, aay, x+y

Example 5.3-2
2a re 3b
erie ore
Solution:
2a 3b |_|2a+3b
ee Da43b 24435 - st

Step2 i
2a+3b 2a+36 1
= |f47°" |=|-|=[i

Example 5.3-3
3x7 +5x+5 3x7 44x42] _
(x +3)(x -1) (x + 3)(x -1)

Solution:

3x7 45x45 3x7 44x42] _ 3x2 +5x+5—(32 +4x+2)

creRc Ses eee a (x + 3)(x — 1)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Step 2 an 2 +5x+5-(3x 2 +4x +2] B 5y 4 Ses ood aD

(x + 3)(x-1) (x + 3)(x -1)

3 (3x?2 -3x 2 )+(5x-4x)+(5-2) _[@-3)s? +(5-4)e+3]_[ ox? +043

(x + 3)(x-1) (x + 3)(x-1) (x +3)(x -1)

(¥+3)(x-1)} [x=

Example 5.3-4
3a+b 2a-—b n @-2b) _
Qabi abe Da7b?
Solution:
Step 1 3a+bhe
2a-aae =
ae 3a+6+(2a—b)+(a-—2b
a age) (a )
2a~b 2a“b 2a~b 2a~b

3a+b+(2a—b)+(a-26)|_|(3a+2a+a)+(b-b-2b)|_|(3+2+1)a+(1-1-2)d
So 2a*h? ¥ 2a2b? a 2a7b?
_|6a-2b|_|2(3a—5) “=
2a7b? 2a°b? a*b>
Example 5.3-5
yi +3y . yet 2y—3 5
(y-2)(y+3) (y-2)(v +3)
Solution:

Step 1 3
VOTO Ve Eee 3 eye le y can yNY
-( a) y -3]|

(y-2)(v+3) (y-2)(y+3) (y-2)(y +3)

ap ee y 3 +3y-(y 3 +2y-3] - yi +3y-y3-2y 43 x (»3 -y 3

)+@y-2y)+3

i (y= 2)(»+3) (y= 2)( +3) (y= 2)(v+3)

ma (1-1)y? +(3-2)y +3 a Oye +y+3 a (y +3) 45
(y -2)(y+3) (y-2)(v+3)} [(v-2)(y+3)] [y=2

The following examples further illustrate how to add or subtract algebraic fractions with common
denominators:
Example 5.3-6

XxX x x

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-7
ae2
al [eal
2 “ipso |
Wah PLN ek 2 ete) ia

Example 5.3-8

2
9 ee
Ox 9 -3x —
3(3 - x)
eae) = -3(x - 3) =) et ee |

Example 5.3-9

4x ae eee
2x-S5y 2x-Sy 2x-Sy (2x -10y) 1

Example 5.3-10
x-3 x5 |_|x-3-(2-5)|_[ x-3-x+5 |_|@-x)+(3+5)_| (1-t)e42
(x+4)(x-4) (x+4)(x-4)} |(x+4)(x-4)] |(x +4)(x-4) (x + 4)(x - 4) (x + 4)(x
-4)

= Ox +2 = Z
- (x + 4)(x-4) (x +4)(x-4)

Example 5.3-11

pear
eet
x-3 x-3 x-3 aleea lair eames!
x-3 x-3 x-3

Example 5.3-12

(x +1)(x-5) (x +1)(x-5) (x +1)(x-5) (x +1)(x-5)

a ee Sea el Perea i
i (x +1)(x-5) “| (e+(x-5) | [@+D@-5)| [@+DG-5) -|
Example 5.3-13
3x Qx-1 3x+2) _[3x+2x-14+3x+2] _ (3x +2x+3x)+(-1+2)]_ |[(6+24+3)x+1]_ [8x41
x+3 xt+3 x43 x+3 x+3 ol ieeehee | |e ec
Example 5.3-14
2 2
x7 42x44 x*-1 x-3|_|* +2x44-(x -1)-(x-3) _ |x? +2x4+4—x7 41-243
x+2 x+2 x+2 x+2 x+2

fi (x2 -x 2 )+(2x-x)+(441+3) _\(1=1)x? 4(2-1)+8| lox2.448) Tene

x+2 x+2 x+2 | x42

Example 5.3-15

2x? $ 3x? $5 x tx? 4 | 2x? +3x7 +5~(x° +2? 4) «| 2x? 435° 5 ox x

(x +1)(x -2) (x + 1)(x -2) (x +1)(x-2) (x + 1)(x -2)

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(2x? -x3)+(3x? -x?)+(5+4)

(x +1)(x-2)

Practice Problems - Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions with Common Denominators

Section 5.3 Case I Practice Problems - Add or subtract the following algebraic fractions. Reduce
the answer to its lowest term.

ils, gee DQ. 8 ~ 7 =

hieel a+b a+b
3 cui eae Sloe 4 2 as es
; 2y Dye 2y =)

5 15a
_ _-5b _ pe Ragu Dire
; Sat+b Sa+b : 3x7? 3x7 y?

Tete ee g x7 +5x44 * exe te

By 65 3x7+5 ; (x + 5)(x -2) (x +5)(x -2)

2 ae ee
igy= a? -3a42 _
10, -@-22at1
3 73 (a-1)(a+3) (a -1)(1+3)

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CaseIT ‘Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions without Common Denominators

Algebraic fractions without common denominators are solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Obtain a common denominator by multiplying the denominators of the first and
second fractions by one another. Cross multiply the numerator of the first fraction
with the denominator of the second fraction. Cross multiply the numerator of the
second fraction with the denominator of the first fraction. Add or subtract the two
products to each other.
Step 2 Simplify the algebraic fraction to its lowest term.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how algebraic fractions without common
denominators are added and subtracted:
Example 5.3-16
2D 4
+ —=F

x-2 x+3
Solution:

SEEK
2 4 |_|2-@
+3]+[4-@-2)]} _ [exer
(=a)
ax-8
(x=2)(+3)
2 2x+6+4x-8]_|(2x+4x)+(-8+6)|_[ 6x-2 |_| 2(3x-1)
een (x — 2)(x +3) (x - 2)(x +3) (x-2)(x+3)]} |(x-2)(x+3)
Example 5.3-17
5 3
Net Vee Xay i.

Solution:
; 5 3_|_I[-@-»)]-23-@+>)] |_ [5e=sy—3x —3y
eeebi (+y)@-» | |Ge)
Sx —Sy-3x-3y|_ |(Sx —3x)+(-Sy
-3y) DPS 8 a 2(x - 4y)
Seve ENED (estou lease oleaea
Example 5.3-18

Solution:

Step (22 |_|?)

m-(m-1)
m2
rn) ft m(m-—1)
Li

Step 2 m
2
—m+2m-2-m
iy 2
= (mm?-m?) + (2m—m)—2
m(m-1)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-19
1 & !
— +|—+=—]]/=
x+1 Xd

Solution:

= x+4x+44x74x
2x (x +1)

Qx+4x+44x2%
EEA4x]Oy [x2 +(4x4+2x4+x)44]
CARLIE [x2 47x44]rt EMR
SDtI ed aE _|(x+0.63)(xBoe)
+637)
Step 2 BSCS
2x (x +1) 2x(x +1) 2x(x +1) 2x(x +1)

Example 5.3-20

Solution:

Step 1 ot) eae @

(1-4)+[l-(+0] 2)_|f4+x+] 2
Fit lied os x+1 4) x (x +1)-4 x A(x+1)] x

oe] ok ho 42 es [(z+5)-x]+[2-4@ +1] & x? +5x4+8x4+8

4(x +1) x 4(x +1)-x 4x(x +1)

x2 45x48x4+8]_
ee
[x7
eS +(5+8)x4+8] a i
[x2 413x48]_ |(x +0.65)(x +1235)
Step 2
4x(x +1) 4x(x +1) 4x(x +1) 4x(x +1)

The following examples further illustrate how to add or subtract algebraic fractions without
common denominators:
Example 5.3-21
3,5 J_|B-@=)]+[5-@+3)]] _ [3e=3+5x4+15] _ |(x +5x)+ (15-3) _ |B+5)x+12
(x + 3)-(x-1) (x +3)(x -1) (x + 3)(x-1) (x + 3)(x -1)

xe12. |= 4(2.x +3)

~|(e+3)(e-1)| [(x+3)(x-1
Example 5.3-22
2 De)

oar ee xy? aay? 3x24

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-23

x-y y y-(x-y) y(x - y) y(x - y) y(x-y)

Example 5.3-24

32] _|@49+(2-2°)|_izav2a? |_[2alera)]_

ip
2

a’ 4ada-a? 4a?

Example 5.3-25

eye se|s Serle 4 (eoateae z . + .

Voxzas Oy. VEMeXZ ky yz+xz xy

a) 2
| 2 by-(= ee ha Gaecea) _|x°y tay? +392"
xyz oxy xyz + xy x7 yz

Example 5.3-26

x(x»)?
Example 5.3-27
palzeae [Ga -1)-3a]-[(2a-3)-2a]] _[oa? 3a 4a? + 6a]_ (92? - 4a”) + (6a -3a)
2a___3a DaaG on S| |e eee

_|5a7+3a}_|a(Sa+3)}_
6a’ 6az 6a
a

Example 5.3-28

=m [@=-@+D]-[@-2)-G+2)]]_ |? +4-4-1)-(2?-24+28-4)) 22 ya
x+2 x41 (x + 2)-(x +1) (x + 2)(x +1) a (x +2)(e41)

” (x? -x?)+(-144) - (x? -x?)+(- +4) 5 3

i. (x +2)(x +1) i (x + 2)(x +1) iu (x +2)(x +1)

Example 5.3-29

eee mae eae

al 2 Sean 2x Al _ om PE ie 3-(x+y) +(2x-x)| 4 Hf 3x4+3y 42x?

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

(x+3y+2x).1)-[4-x(0+y)] 3x +3y 42x? —4x(x + y)

x(x+y)-1 x(x+y)

2 2
(2x —4x )+3x +3y —4xy -2x? +3x+3y—4xy
x (x tc y) x(x+y)

Example 5.3-30
m n

nian nan

Practice Problems - Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions without Common Denominators

Section 5.3 Case II Practice Problems - Add or subtract the following algebraic fractions.
Reduce the answer to its lowest term.
Oe 2.9 ee
ik. Es
Ax? 2x3 x+4 x-l

3. De) eg Oe 4 x? io
a+b b eee a
yD) 5
S. Ax“y"z 5 -—
xy*z = — vere xe lt x

wh re ee 8. eS
2a+10 4a+5 x

ee eS
2 1 5
10, $222
a
Sor
Cc
et
b
x x+2 x-l bc a“b ac?

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Case III Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions

To multiply algebraic fractions by one another we first consider simple cases of algebraic
fractions where the numerator and the denominator are mostly monomials (Case IIIa). We then
consider more difficult algebraic expressions where the terms in the numerator and/or the
denominator are mostly polynomials and need to be factored first before reducing the algebraic
fraction to lower terms (Case IIIb).

Case IIIa Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases)

Algebraic fractions are multiplied by one another using the following steps:

Step 1 Write the algebraic expression in fraction form, i.e., write x or w’v?w? as si and
ue-vew?
, respectively.

Step 2 Multiply the numerator and the denominator of the algebraic fraction terms by one
another. Simplify the product to its lowest term.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to algebraic fractions are multiplied by one another:
Example 5.3-31
ulnar
x x3

Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

ce 4a | a4 Png
2 2 2
Step P 2 de) a ceca3
ES
2 Ba, x x Xx
2
x2

Example 5.3-32
abe2a|_
a be?

Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

a’b*c 2a |_|a2b2c-2a}_|2a3%c 2a*b

Step 2 Settee adbl bene eabelee ed ee
a be a-be abc c

Example 5.3-33

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3. Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Solution:

Step 1 ey
1 w
|= ON
2,2
es a
uv~ vw 1 uw? y-w?

Dh 9)
uvew | Ww u Dee) 2 Dae
si ko |_|uov'w
Step 2 ; = viw-l-w

Example 5.3-34

Solution:

Step 1

(x -3)-x-(x +3)-8x7

gai 1-(x? -9)-2x

Example 5.3-35

Solution:
Step 1

Step 2 4a? 2d ab” -4a? f 4a‘?

P ab? ab 2a*b*

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply algebraic fractions:

Example 5.3-36
y
fey alee pect xy? 2 x2 y? -
x x7y x-x?y xy xy x
os

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-37

i eee abc ae ab*c-a = a*b*c =

bc? Ueber 1-bc? b?c?

Example 5.3-38

x+1 x* -4 (x +1)-[(¢-2)(«+2)]|_ [x+2

‘(x4I)(x- 2-[(#+1)(¢-2)] -|]
Example 5.3-39
2 x*z3 = 2-x?23 x 2x*z3 Ls
x? y?2? Ayz x? y*2 dys 4x7 32?

Example 5.3-40

a’b°c? ab? = a’ bc? -ab* i abc? is

abc?” abc” -c? abc*

Example 5.3-41
a
1 ee ss l-a-3a’ 4 3a? are - 34
ie Ge 10a? 10a” 10
Example 5.3-42

ec? b?

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3. Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-45

x3(I + x)(x + 2) yt - x)(x + 2) Ar

eal) x? (I+ 4)

Practice Problems - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases)

Section 5.3 Case IIIa Practice Problems - Multiply the following algebraic fractions by one
another. Simplify the answer to its lowest term.

i Ait
exy 2 Ge Ba

] x? Su2v> pe
uw? ee
Bz —_— = 4
eyez? y Semone hoot:

See = gs re
x? 4x? eee 4
7 Sa*b*c be? 2 8 Sxyz 2x
ac sl 10 Vez.

, ave ?)a 0 ee (Ee

w Ww x? 2 x

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Case IIIb Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases)

Algebraic fractions are multiplied by one another using the following steps:
Step 1 Use a factoring method to factor the numerators and the denominators completely (see
Chapters 3 and 4).
Step 2 Simplify the algebraic expression by canceling the common terms in both the
numerator and the denominator. Multiply the numerators and the denominators by
one another.

Examples with Steps :

The following examples show the steps as to how algebraic fractions are multiplied by one
another:
Example 5.3-46

Solution:

Step 1 = (pale eee

x? (x +2)(x +1)

Step 2 (ee Died) x? (x +2) s

x? (x + 2)(x
+1)

ai xe1
x

Example 5.3-47
4x*+16x+15 x?-9 |_
x+3 Deter 5
Solution:

Step 4x?
+16x415
— x?-9 |_|(2x+3)(2x+5) (x-3)(x+3)
X+30 2x? ~x-15 x+3 (x —3)(2x
+5)
i (2x +3)(2x+5) (x-3)(x+3) a (2x +3)(2¥+5) (%-3)(4+3) | [2x4
Bye Se (eC S y+3. (¢-3)(2843) ual

Example 5.3-48
Sige 9x +18y a
2 ae
3x° —3xy x° +3xy+2y
a

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3. Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Solution:

Step 1 ey Seri8y | |FG=y) 9x +29)

3x? —3xy x? +3xy +2? 3x(x — y) (x + y)(x+2y)

e (x+y)e-y) Ae+2y) |_|(e+y)(H-y) 9¢+2r) |_[1 9]_[1-9

Sie 3x(x- y) (x + y)(x +2y) 3x(#- y) ean -[23)-|2]

3
3

Example 5.3-49
x? -x-2 5x2
x? 4+x-6 xe 4x

Solution:

Step 1 ease ane _|(=2)(@+1) 5x?

Se cksees( se oe (x — 2)(x +3) x(x +1)

Step 2 (x= 2)(e+1) _5x?_|_/(@-2)@+1)

(x - 2)(x +3) x(x +1)
_5x? 4x+3
(x -—2)(x +3) x(#+1) +7
-[-e
Coe

(x+3)-1] [x+3
Example 5.3-50
ae ee ee ee Oe
re ee
Solution:

Step 1 ak Se x (a LC
ES x+3]
|(x+1)(2x
+1) x x+3

x+3)(x4+1 1 x=— 3 X+3)(X4+1 1

Sten migay" A lee : ier

z =| (e=3)-11)_]_x=3
Qxt+1 x 1} |(2x+1)-x-1] |x(2x+1)

Additional Examples - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases)

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply algebraic fractions:

Example 5.3-51

_|&+3)(e=2) (&+2)(@=3)]_ |(#+3)(E-2) (4 +2)E-3)]_ [x43 1] _ [x43

~[@=2)@+2)—e-3) | [@=2)e42) 5-9 =(eelaleea
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Example 5.3-52
co Gr 6|| bee 2) |e eee) -3)-[)-(3]
2x-4 x? (x-2) x? 2(x-2) x? 2 x} [2-x| [2x
x

Example 5.3-53

x?—y? 3x? +10xy+8y? |_| (e-v)(e+y) Get4y)(et2y) 1

3x7 +.xy —4y? 2x4 2y x+2y| |(3x+4y)(x-y) 2(x + y) x+2y

_| @-y)¢+y) @t+4y)@+2y) 1 |_[l +27 1 -()-3]

(3x +4y)(#- y) 2(# + y) x+2y| |1 2 x42y] [1-2-1] [2
Example 5.3-54

Example 5.3-55
x? -x-6 eee a (x= 3)(% +2) 3(3x -1) ss (4-3)(x +2). 3(3x - 1) ae
x-3 6x2 4x-1 x-3 (2x +1)(3x-1) 4-3 (2x +1)(3x-1) 1 2x+

1-(2x+1)} L2x+1
Example 5.3-56
a’ +4a-5 a? +5a+6 7 (a+5)(a-1) (a+2)(a+3) _|(4+5)(@-1) (@+2)(a@+3)) [1 1]_ fa].
eee set (a—i)(a+2) (a+3)(a+3)| |(@—D(a+2) (a3)(a+3) -f}-f]-@
Example 5.3-57

4x2 SAY. ee + 9xy |_ x?—y?) _3x(x +3y) 4 4(x — y)(x + y) 3x(x + 3y)
x2 +4xy +3y? 2x? —2xy (x + y)(x +3y) 2x(x - y) (x + y)(x+3y) 2x(x - y)

EEE
6

Example 5.3-58 |
x? +2x-15 x7 +5x+6 2x? —-x-1]_|(x+5)(x-3)
(x+3)(x+2) (x-1)(2x41)
SES Se ee ees oes
_|(x+5)(t-3) (¢+3)(t+2) (¢-I(24+0 [2 ty-[E9) fe
(x+2)(4-1) 2(2¢+1) — (¥+3)(¢-3) peor Ox | 2

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Example 5.3-59
3x? + 14xy + By? 2x+y xy? 2, (3x +2y)(x+4y) 2x+y (x + y)(x-
2x? —xy- y? 3x* + Sxy+2y" 2x+8y (2x + y)(x - y) (3x + 2y)(x + y) 2(x +4y)

= (34+2Zy)(x+4y) 2x + Ey)
G= 7). ier. ee ea
(2x + y)(x- y) Gears) a(x + 4y) eeHeek
Example 5.3-60
2x7 4x-3 3x+3 |_|(2x+3)(x-1) 3{x+l) |_|(2t+3(e-f 3¢+0) |_f1
3 ]_[13
x7-1 2x3 43x? |(-1)+1) x?2(2x+3)| |@-DG+) x?2(2e+3)] [1 x2] [1-x?

Practice Problems - Multiplication of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases)

Section 5.3 Case IIIb Practice Problems - Multiply the following algebraic fractions by one
another. Simplify the answer to its lowest term.
1 x? +5x-6 x*-2x-3 = 9) x? 2x-4 =
, x" —9 x? +7x +6 sae uses) x

FN yO)FU a ra CS) eee

K = xy Dy? x+3y 2x" 4512 (x-1)

é 6x7 +.7x +2 x? 434 we 6 2x? 4x =3 x? -2x =

x? —16 ayo x 4+x° —2x 4x? 9

pears) Bx Se 9 SL ame hue he

"9x2 _9x-5 x2 45x46 a 6x2 +7x+2 4
9. x
4 at 10. 6x“
2 +17x+5 x
2] : a
Eee eis: x? ay Oe xo 4x

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

CaseIV __ Division of Algebraic Fractions

To divide algebraic fractions by one another we first consider simple cases of algebraic factions
where the numerator and the denominator are mostly monomials (Case IVa). We then consider
more difficult algebraic expressions where the terms in the numerator and/or the denominator are
mostly polynomials and need to be factored first before reducing the algebraic fraction to lower
terms (Case IVb).

Case IVa Division of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases)

Algebraic fractions are divided by one another using the following steps:

Step 1 Write the algebraic expression in fraction form, i.e., write x or u*v’w? as = and
Dales
Ww .
, respectively.

Step 2 Invert the second fraction and change the division sign to a multiplication sign.
Step 3 Multiply the numerator and the denominator of the algebraic fraction terms by one
another. Simplify the product to its lowest term, if possible.

Examples with Steps |

The following examples show the steps as to algebraic fractions are divided by one another:
Example 5.3-61
1 ” 3z =
eyz ry?

Solution:

StepI
1 Deo
Step 2 Sein eZ a - Z —3z
XV Oe? XV

1 oo
Step 3 a ree = 1 5

x yee 32 3xyzZ

Example 5.3-62
Dantes sa oe
3ab

Solution:
952
Step 1 Gaba ca a) aee a oe
3ab 1 3ab

Step 2 a°b? ab |_|a?b? 3ab

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

2 24
Gely

Step 3
21,2 3 212 3 3,5 318 224
tame
b* 3ab
a
a“b* -3ab 3a~b 3aeb
| ee
3a~b
E eae l-ab ab ab =
Example 5.3-63
xyz yy?
xyz? 2

Solution:
Step 1 [Not
Not Applicable]

2
Step 3 ee

Example 5.3-64

Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

Step 2

Step 3

Example 5.3-65

Solution:

Step 1

eS = [4 is = eo [3x
,1 |_|3x 22°
P poe Dy" Se ae po Dee siltoed

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

3
x
5 585 6 6 6x3
Step 3 SL A a | ee Ca
ee x>-] x? x? |

Additional Examples - Division of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases)

The following examples further illustrate how to divide algebraic fractions by one another:
Example 5.3-66

Example 5.3-68
3 nus = 3 wy ep: 3-wy a Bury = Buy -|2]
uv? wy u-v2 Ou u-v= -9u Our y2 gui v" 3v
v
Example 5.3-69

ee ifye xyz _
2xy l 2xy

Example 5.3-70

_ xyz] és xyz4 ‘2 xyz" pad

pee ne xt y2 24 oe
xy
Example 5.3-71

ury ur

v 2u3v

u
= ur -u2 ae uty iw u4 y pea |e

vy? -2u3y 2u>v4 2u3 2v3

v
Example 5.3-72

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

NO

N
<<

xy) | 544) _ (4
Se ie x’ yo Biy
y?
Example 5.3-75
2a*b ab” |_ 3a7b* 2a 30h?
tee De 1-1 1

ab
D2aib1)2)|2a2b | 200 a 2a
1-3a2b* | |3a2b2| | 30252

Practice Problems - Division of Algebraic Fractions (Simple Cases)

Section 5.3 Case IVa Practice Problems - Divide the following algebraic fractions. Simplify
the answer to its lowest term.

I; Ea
a) te D: es _
uwer uw
ay. vw
Die)!
3 arbre 24 Arges eos a
2ac xo yz

5 2
uw". “|. = a 2
ees 4
[y 4) -
y? XZ yz?

aD) 4xyz 8y
i 5 b poeta
4 ; 6 3 |lias 8 xy22 a yz =

| | bho
| aes |
\o | +|- — SS wo 3
Ww &
NO] wls
<s
we
<a xWw |
< oN
SSoe ale: walls
S
Ww Se VT 3= se,
SN

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Case IVb Division of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases)

Algebraic fractions are divided by one another using the following steps:
Step 1 Invert the second fraction and change the division sign to a multiplication sign.
Step 2 Use a factoring method to factor the numerator and the denominator completely (see
Chapters 3 and 4).
Step 3 Simplify the algebraic expression by canceling the common terms in both the
numerator and the denominator. Multiply the numerators and the denominators by
one another.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how algebraic fractions are divided by one another:
Example 5.3-76

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Example 5.3-77

Solution:
S 6x7 +1lx+3 3x41 ei
tep 1 Seg ae =
x-2 x-2 x-2 3x+1

x—2 3x +1 oP 3x+1

(3x +1)(2x+3) x-2 (3x +1)(2x+3) (t-2)}_ |(2x+3)

Step 3
pe) SS (x-2) (3x41) 1

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3. Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-78
2
xo +x2 ~6x+— Bore
‘ x3 42x
Solution:

Step 1 . Mla mt Eoin ee ees

l x4

Step 2 x (e+2) |_fx(e-2)(x+3)_ x2(x +2)

“(x —2)(x +2)
(x2) +2)1 l
:

Ec
Sy pa eae ee ee )(#+2)
EES 1
I (e=2)(x F2) I

Example 5.3-79

2x? Ok oulet ee
2x? hae. x? —25
Solution:
S oy 322 4 x? +3x-10 = 2x4 3x=2 x= 25
an 2x +7043 x? —25 D +3
provers) x*~ : +3x-10
-

ee 2x? -3x-2 7-25 |_| (x-2)(2x+1) (x-5)(x+5)

S 2x2 47x43 x243x-10] |(2x+1)(x+3) (x-2)(x+5)

stony (Ga G+) 949] _[E-Dee+) -9e+9]_[ 1-5)

= (2x+1)(x+3) (x-2)(x+5)] |(2t+D(x+3) (¥-2)(t+3)| |(x43) 1

Example 5.3-80
Ix? +x -3 ; Y —4543
ORE Sa x? -9
Solution:

eas,
x? Bay
x2 rate

BiG 3G- 1) (x —3)(x +3)

Step)2 (543)42) («—3)\e=I)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

step? (ODED +9)]_[R DED =E+D]_[Ox9) 1

. (e+3)(x+2) (x—3)(x—1)| |@+3)\(x+2) (-3)(e-D| |+2) 1
_|(@x+3)-1)2 |2x43
(x+2)-1 x+2

Additional Examples - Division of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases)

The following examples further illustrate how to divide algebraic fractions by one another:
Example 5.3-81

os - eta a (x+2)(x+3) x(e+l)]_[(e+2)(e+3) x(x+2)

x2 45x44 x72 4x x7 45x44 x43 (x +1)(x+4) (x +3) (x+1) (x +4) (x +3)

z (x +2) Pole (x+2)-x = |e)

H(x+4) 1] |(x+4)-d] Lit
Example 5.3-82
PERS)
oe 9) | es es | fd Pc) D120 43) Seale Roy
cc Pee ries 2 55 x3 (x-5)(x+5) x3 (x-5)(4+38)| [x_G—5)
x

mes
ee ee
x-(x—5) x(x —5)

Example 5.3-83
6x7 45x41 . 2 | 6x7 +5x4+1 3x*-2x-1]_ |6x? +5x41 1
2x* +7x+3 2x° +7x+3 I 2x° +7x+3 3x° -2x-1

_|(3x+1)(2x+1) 1 _| (34+1)(24+1) 1 a ites as fal

(2x+1)(x+3) (3x+1)(x-1)| |(2t+0)(x+3) (34+1)(x-1)] |(x+3) (x-1)] | (x+3)-(x-1)

1
~ |(x +3)(x-1)

Example 5.3-84
“eee (x-»)(x+») (ey) |_[e-Ye+y) (&-y)
Sx —Sy 3x +3xy 5(x — y) 3x(x + y) 5(x- y) 3x(x+ y)

Ello) e l e | (oye eee

Example 5.3-85
Wet Se Se2|S p=? ee
+5y+2]_ pa eae
eS _|(y-2) (y+2)(2y+1)
y+2 Dy? 4 5y 42| | os) y?-y-2 “pe ‘(y-2)(y+))_
eeabed
(y- )(y+]) | (y+2) (y-2)(¥+1)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

zs 1 (2y+)) x 1-(2y +1) _|2y+1

1 (y+]) 1-(y +1) y+l
Example 5.3-86
a’ b>c(a+ b) 7 a: —ab-—2b- © a”b3c(a+6b) a* +2ab —3b2 a a*b>c(a+6) (a-b)(a+3d)
ab*c3(a - b) a> + 2ab— 3b” ab*c3(a—b) ae ab be e ab*3(a-b

a?
o(a8)
ib (6-803) mmr Mero oe

[patel (x=2)(x+2) (x-2)(x+2)|_[(x-2)(¢+2) (e-2)(4+2)

x +5x46 x42 (x +3)(x+2) x+2 (x +3) (+2) (++2)

[2&2 ]_[=9-@-2) |_[@-26-9) aoe

Example 5.3-88

xt 44x43 in ee 1 (x+1)(x-2)
_|-(x-2) (x+3)(x+1)]_ | (4-2) (e+3)(e4+I]_ | 1 (~+3)]_ | dC +3) | (+3) ae
[Geena] [a eae) -[-4.8), 3) 6) eg
Example 5.3-89
Dear) x 1) ies as 9x3 || xe Dee serMell 2x
3) eel ar
Ae ghey ee 5 a rn (Ces) Cea: (3¢-1)(2x+1) (x-1)(¥+1)

~ (2x41) (x-1)| | (2x+1)-(x-1)| |(2x+1)(x-1)

Example 5.3-90
2
m-1 tm |_ m? -1 4m? +10m+4 S (m—1)(m+1) 2(2m +5m+2)
+3
6mAm? +10m+4| |6m+3 m3 +m? 3Qm+1) (m+ )

_|(m=1)(m+1) 2(2m+1)(m+2)]_ (m-1)(m+1) 2(2m+1)(m+2) Mu (m-1) 2(m+2)

“| 3Qm-+1) m?(m+i) (2m) (m1)
e (m—1)-2(m+2) se 2(m —1)(m +2)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Practice Problems - Division of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases)

Section 5.3 Case IVb Practice Problems - Divide the following algebraic fractions by one
another. Simplify the answer to its lowest term.
Pe 2 3 2
—2x- 5
ae
at eee
a 2). Bsa
Sy ee= =
x” =—25 x” +6X45 x

a Ok tree) On Gomes eee Cee

By ee el x? -x-6 x7-6x+9

‘ 2x? + 7x43, PE lomegess 6 32x37 y32 . xyz? zs

By elle) ox 4x a(x? +5x +6) 4x? (x +3)

7 2x7 +7x+3 , 2x* -3x-2 = 8 x? +Sxy+6y” _ x4 43x7y s

cod RAP Poeap) x? +5xy +4y? x? + 4xy

9 — aa
Sxt+llx+3
|3x? 4x41 _ Hf a®b’c(a—b)” a" (ab)
Be ee ee
2x7 + 5x +3 (x -1) c*(a +26) oa? +3ab +26?)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

‘Case V- Mixed Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Algebraic fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided using the following steps:
Step 1 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide the algebraic fractions.
Step 2 Perform additional math operations to reduce the expression to its lowest term.

| Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how math operations involving algebraic fractions
are performed:
Example 5.3-91

Solution:
] x x-l 35 oe ie
=
St 1 =
(2.4)+2 M z=|

a ee

ysy ‘y a
x x eA
x

Pe
Example 5.3-92

b 26

o Aaa
Solution:

b 1+85)|_ |1+5 14+885

1+b 1+85]_ ee -2b|-|(1+82)-

ee = [Beste t 8b2
Step 2 pienoh ee ee

_|(26-5)+(26?-887)! [5652] _ [oo] _[o _[i-6

< 2b? 2p? 2p? 2b
Example 5.3-93
2
2
Jes
ae
a
Solution: =
Uu uvw UV ul)_ eee) US uv WwW a
Step 1 (4
uvw
hadidihe ee
)+4 ae ||
(4ee a)”)ee
wg rey pa
ee |op
oO a2 + 2

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

2
Ae ky pew ae is u(uv w+1)
Step 2 pesto
Ww
|Ww hen |aa
w
ea NS
Ww

Example 5.3-94

Solution:

Step 1

x 5Rose x2 x2
“P x Gi x

Example 5.3-95

bes)
y-—|t+}
oY,
y+—}1=
MA
Solution:

[v—4)+(9+2) z (2-4}.(2.2) _ (i al i (2 y)+( )

syle. : Dat
Step 1
y y Law bay l-y l-y

GalGal ea
2
2

2
2

Vy

yo 4) ely
D

2
2

20 2 ee

_/2?=1))_ Poe
yy Jy

Additional Examples - Mixed Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

The following examples further illustrate how to solve math operations involving algebraic
fractions:
Example 5.3-96

os) oes
ae YA See

ty(x—yy+x)} oy
Example 5.3-97

(5-2) +(2-2)]= ($2)-(S3)]- Ee]-[Paee-9)

-peas
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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-98

Mansa 2a) sata

8a: 8a 64a? 64 a? 32
32

Note that another way of solving this class of problems is by simplifying each fraction term first
prior to performing the arithmetic operations as shown below. However, as we have mentioned
before, to minimize mistakes, it is good to develop the habit of performing all the math
operations first prior to simplifying the fractional expression.

A 2
p29 pp
iecap rs

Z- yz 2yz? yz? 2yz? yz? +2yz? 3y2?

eR.x°xX 2
es | | oo eee
x x
eeex | x
see

Example 5.3-101

Vee SUL ay. ut+v+2u 3utv uty. 3u+v|_

w w Ww Ww w Ww w w w

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3 Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.3-102

[ae POY ee be [yen al Pee

i: a ab? . a’ -ab* * a’b? e a’b* a. a?

Example 5.3-103

ral SpRee feeae

x x Ld] x Vox x-(x+1)/+1( ~ x)(x -1) q Yo Ley — SDyrary

*)+(e+x)+(v+y)! [(—ie? (4+ (e+ ))y ~[ereeteety] eaten

(x -1)(x +1) (x -1)(x +1) (x -1)(x +1) (x -1)(x+1)

es es
Example 5.3-106

ae

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.3. Math Operations Involving Algebraic Fractions

Section 5.3 Case V Practice Problems - Solve the following algebraic expressions. Simplify
the answer to its lowest term.

pen aN (2 ae jaa
E 2 b mee bc?

We Md
(eed a 2-4\=
> y? Zz y
4 ple) ese -
z Rae 2

ciel
Da a1 6 [eet
He We Al =is
: ? y (2 y2 ue Vv ;

a 1 Doe 2\_(4 nd
hes (+4) 8 (+2 oe

Deed 2; B
97! ae 10 (a-3)-2 ies —
9. [+s é
Zz xy y y ye2x

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

A simple algebraic fraction is a fraction in which neither the numerator nor the denominator
; i : ; -1 2x-1 3 5
contains a fraction with variables. For example, a bee ee > are 2 PRS ito eee are
a 3 x“ +2x-1 a’ +2a+l1
examples of simple algebraic fractions. A complex algebraic fraction is a fraction in which
either the numerator or the denominator (or both) contains an algebraic fraction. For example,
lenby @2x.~
a =J keea
ae and = are examples of complex algebraic fractions.
2 iGt.=
a
eee
x Xx

Note that an easy way to change complex algebraic fractions to simple algebraic fractions is by
multiplying the outer numerator by the outer denominator and the inner denominator by the inner
x2

numerator. For example, given the complex fraction se first obtain the numerator of the
9
simple fraction by multiply x* , the outer numerator, by 9 , the outer denominator. Next, obtain
the denominator of the simple fraction by multiply 5 , the inner denominator, by 2x , the inner
Xx
2 x

numerator. Therefore, the complex fraction ‘Sa

= can
:
be written as
x? .9 2
= 9x*
9x? a
a
9x?
OS
. 9X
Se
5-2x 10x 10x 10
9
which is a simple fraction. In this section addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
complex algebraic fractions (Cases I through III) are discussed. In addition, simplification of
complex algebraic expressions involving mixed operations is addressed in Case IV.

CaseI. Addition and Subtraction of Complex Algebraic Fractions

Complex algebraic fractions are added or subtracted using the following steps:
Step 1 Add or subtract the algebraic fractions in both the numerator and the denominator.
Note that the same process used in simplifying integer (arithmetic) fractions applies to
algebraic fractions (See Section 1.2).
Step 2 Change the complex algebraic fraction to a simple fraction . Reduce the algebraic
fraction to its lowest term, if possible.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how complex algebraic expressions are added and
subtracted:
Example 5.4-1

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations
a POP eS Involving
EVOLVING, Complex
VORIDICK Algebraic
AUQCDIAIC Fractions
CLACTON:

Solution:
: (1-3y)+(2-2x)
Step 1 FP =| =|

_.| Gy +4x)-6ty |_| 4x+3y |_| _4x+3y_

Step 2 6xy -(6x -15y) 6x —15y 3(2x — Sy)

Example 5.4-2

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

Example 5.4-3

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

_|0? +ab-db+a"|_|a* +0?

b(b—a) b(b-a)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-4

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

Example 5.4-5

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

Additional Examples - Addition and Subtraction of Complex Algebraic Fractions

The following examples further illustrate addition and subtraction of complex algebraic fractions:
Example 5.4-6

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-8

(1-3) -(1-2x)
2x -3y t (3y - 2x): 6xy Leglf 3y—2x wile sy aex, 4
(2-2y)+(5-3x) | 6xy -(4y + 15x) 4y+15x 4y+15x

60x]_| (3 -16y) + (-60x - 2x) |_ |-13y

_|(Gy-2x)-1-4-(4y +15x)|_[3y—2x-16y— -62x
(4y +15x)-1 4y+I15x 4y+15x 4y+15x

Example 5.4-12

I (+1) ed

_ |(Bx +6)-(4+3)]_ 3(x +2)

~|Gesa)Cea) fer

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

i (xy + 2)xy = 2+ xy
xy(1+2xy)| |1+2xy
Example 5.4-15

= ene ae
zoe ee
[(2-2)-4]+(1-5a)
evils) ee ee
5a(a-1) ali a2 1 2 Sa:a Sa

Example 5.4-16

a (x?~x-2)-x(x +2) 1

(5x +2)-x(x +2)

ke -x-2)-4(¢+2) (x?-x-2)-x +[1-(Sx +2)

£ e —x7 rae
WliaGerO) (G32) eke! |b 2 ox |) (5x +2)-x (Sx + 2)-x

Q x? =x? +(-245)x+2 7 Ree ox?

- x(5x +2) | x(5x+2)
Example 5.4-17

_|a?b-ab+a?| |a(ab-b+a)
. b-a . b-a

Example 5.4-18

Sea 44 ¥ a-b+a-(ab+1) b. ab+azbt+a a a(b+ab+1)

ab+1 6 (ab+1)-b b(ab+1) | | b(ab+1)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-19

¥ x +xy 41 m x7 + xy+]
hase ayy Say +1

Example 5.4-20

a [(x+2y)-»]-[I-(v-)] 2 xy+2y*—-y+x = 2y*+xy-ytx “Petes

=x) -y y(y-x) y(y-x) y(y-x)

7 (a—b)-b b(a-b) b(a-b) b(a—5b)

Example 5.4-22

_|(@+)-a 1 a (a-a)+(1-1) a? +1
l-(a@+1) al] Ll_a l-a a

[a-(a+0)|+(1-1)
1-(a+) (<?+ab+1)-(a+6)

(a+5)-(a2b+ab?
-1)
at+b

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

(2?+ab+1)-(4 +8) n

(4+5)-(ab+ ab? -1) a”b+ab*-1

[3-(x- y)]-[2-(«+)] 3x —-3y-—2x-2y x—-Sy

(x+y)x-y) (x + yx = y) (x + »x-y)
yy Z Bs
uy (x + v(x - y) (x+y\x-y)

_|(&=5y)-@
+vXt-y) - |]
2:(4+ »Xx- y) 2

Practice Problems - Addition and Subtraction of Complex Algebraic Fractions

Section 5.4 Case I Practice Problems - Simplify the following complex algebraic fractions.
Reduce the answer to its lowest term.
7-1 2x3 y7z caulk
3
1 =e = 2 4x?z l= 3. g =
wee : 2x 245
15a nol a
co |

4 ay, Se. i U5 rey!

oe Coma a 6, 2+ —xt4 =
a oy, 3
ye x+4

w ] fe ea 2 1
7 wel wil = 8. Xela 9 emilee ee
]-—— sis) ee
w-l x+1 x-l x+1

Ja rel
hy j 228
pes!
2
y-l

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Case II Multiplication of Complex Algebraic Fractions

Complex algebraic fractions are multiplied by one another using the following steps:
Step 1 Multiply the numerator and the denominator of the algebraic fraction terms by one
another.
Step 2 Change the complex algebraic fraction to a simple fraction. Reduce the algebraic
fraction to its lowest term, if possible.

: Examples with Steps _

The following examples show the steps as to how complex algebraic fractions are multiplied:
Example 5.4-26

Solution:

Step 1

p xeoxty? | lt? | [et yp?) 1

x

Example 5.4-27

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-28

Solution:

Step 1

54
516
b
316
ab b
4
Step 2 =|2 Sf oy |
H ab? | | a5p? 1 4

Example 5.4-29

Solution:

Step 1

u-v-w?

ae uy? 1 uy w> u
Step 2 uw
a TheeWwv
ee (al eee
-uw uv W
my
v

Example 5.4-30

Solution:

Step 1

Hamilton Education Guides

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Step 2

Ad ditional Examples - Multiplication of Complex Algebraic Fractions

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply complex algebraic fractions:
Example 5.4-31
2x xyz aes
eee 20 ee
Venta 1S eae ee
x? x?

Example 5.4-32
2, xe
a ge? Zz 1 < 2-357) et 6x43 - 6x4 3 ava
a, DPE PS a a) 1 Ae 6x2 y2 1
com 2 wey ONY sires ay
ax4y3 ax4y3

b2c?
1-a*b- abc?
ab*c? -1-ab4c

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-36

8) lb
ab? Sa b3

_|30a** |_
Sa*b>

Example 5.4-39

2a>b (22.2 2a*b

ab? a” ab?

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Section 5.4 Case II Practice Problems - Multiply the following complex algebraic expressions.
Simplify the answer to its lowest term.
y? 1 4x
1. —— > = ev ow ae
x7? ax3y 2. ax"y Y =
xy x4 i
xy

3
“
x
x
2

3x?
= 4
'
ay 2) Zs
y
1
Meee
3x

2x 5
18x y 4

2a*b? dab? l wv w mls

5 a? 3ab4 Bs 6 en
8 ass
3 6uv?
224 2
q Hee = xyz" oa ar
abc? aaa 8 : Senay ee
abe c2 ab~c? x xy

‘pom
08,5
aesy
x27?

erexy" ore4x'y a 10 <5 xz

=
2xy x? Noy. ot),

341
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Case III Division of Complex Algebraic Fractions

Complex algebraic fractions are divided by one another using the following steps:
28
Step 1 Write the algebraic expression in fraction form, 1.e., write xy? as ee

Step 2 a. Invert the second fraction in either the numerator or the denominator, or both.
b. Change the division sign to a multiplication sign.
c. Multiply the numerator and the denominator of the algebraic fraction terms by one
another.

Step 3 Change the complex algebraic fraction to a simple fraction. Reduce the algebraic
fraction to its lowest term, if possible.

| Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how complex algebraic fractions are divided:
Example 5.4-41

Solution:

Step1

Step2

wi3 -

Step 3 a) akala | ev |e | |
P F
ca
aD
Xan) ma
42
Xie),
A Dl |e
aay,
1 x

Example 5.4-42

Solution:

Step 1

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Step 2

Step 3

Example 5.4-43

Solution:
Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Example 5.4-44

Solution:
Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-45

Solution:

Step 1

The following examples further illustrate how to divide complex algebraic fractions:
Example 5.4-46

= 3x* yz? a 3x? yz? Ez

pee Be: Xz
Se
Example 5.4-47

Hamilton Education Guides 344

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-48

|" |=[2
Example 5.4-49

345
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Practice Problems - Division of Complex Algebraic Fractions

Section 5.4 Case III Practice Problems - Divide the following complex algebraic fractions.
Simplify the answer to its lowest term.

een aydh —+ xX
wpe
xy+ xy
22a Re,

ab”

272 3
eae b
= +22
b Z =
a 2
(gi
2=
b BE gE
2

oe
2
6x2 pea
are
8.
No No
9Q o II Uu =
y

ae
xy

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

CaseIV Mixed Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Complex algebraic fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided by one another using
the following steps:
Step 1 Change the complex algebraic fractions to simple algebraic fractions by performing
fractional operations as required.
Step 2 Add, subtract, multiply, or divide the algebraic fractions by each other. Simplify the
algebraic fraction to its lowest term, if possible.
Examples with Steps
The following examples show the steps as to how math operations involving complex algebraic
fractions are performed:
Example 5.4-56

Solution:

Step 1

Bye | Bia) nes

y(x+y) x+y] |y(x+y) x+y

(eg) | S|(2 aes lela

Step 2 y(xt+y) x+y cty xt x+y ]

aed
Example 5.4-57

Solution:

Step 1

347
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

(ea)jana ae hoa pe (1-a)-a? -ae

Step 2
a ag |= pe es = [2]

Example 5.4-58

Solution:
(1-3y)+(2-2x)
23) es _,| | Gy +4x)-6xy_
Step 1
6xy -(9x — 2y)

Gy+4x)-6xy _|]_[Gy+4x)6xy|]_[3y44x_1]_ [(3» + 4x)-1]-[1-(9x -2y)]

Step 2
6xy -(9x -2y) 6xy (9x —2y) 9x-2y 1 (9x -2y)-1

Bey eae ok eile (4x - 9x) +(3y +2y) Blox Syn -5(x— y)
9x —2y ox = ay 9x -—2y 9x —Zy
Example 5.4-59

Solution:

Step 1

Step 2

Example 5.4-60

Solution:

Step 1

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

y*(x+2y)-(y+x)
Step 2
yy? -x?)-y

y?(x+2y)-(y+4)
y"(y-x)(y+4)

The following examples further illustrate how to solve math operations involving complex
algebraic fractions:
Example 5.4-61

yt4x 4

poems od es ead a TS es sre Se

(3-y)-(1-2x) 3y-2x 3y-2x 3y-2x
2x-y 59 2xy x

_| (y +4x)-2xy ph % mm (y + 4x)-2xy — ACE eae Ane yd a

~ | 2xy-(3y-2x) 1-By-2x)] |2ty-By-2x) (3y-2x)| |[3y-2x 3y-2x 3y-2x

mele Ad aA Bley V1 | y = ey
3y -2x 3y—2x| |-(2x-3y) 2x-3y
Example 5.4-63

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.4-64

-(t- y) =| 1
Example 5.4-65
a-b-a-b a—b-a-b
a? —db+ab—b* |_| a* —ab+ ab—b?
ET ea Sm ay eae talFn] [ees eae nT Se |e oy = yl l
Gb

Ps als) ema oo le 4-(x+1)

x+1+1 x+2 (x +1)-(x +2)
ek ~+1

_[ ey] _[-
Example 5.4-68

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

ab* ab* b
b
Example 5.4-69

(4-1)+[1-x(x +2)]
x(x +2)-1

23 (uw?+1)

(u-1)(u? +u+1)

b3

a*b* a‘ ie a?
a

Example 5.4-72

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.4 Math Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Practice Problems - Mixed Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Section 5.4 Case IV Practice Problems - Solve the following complex algebraic fractions.
Simplify the answer to its lowest term.
2 i
a
a=

1, —$= 2, a
—b=
ae ar

ime ] 1 1
eee 7) ee
eee) ee ee ae ee
oly yee 1 ‘ |-xy
ea a4

Lae) i ; “->
6. 4 a
a4 (-4) =
paps Ye g b
y

ee ae
yl 1 2x, SY
a 5 oe 8 5 1 +(Sy+4x) =
-2 co eee
yet Sy 2x
] ] Ji
eh Fares sore
9 2¥ A= 10. ~*4x=
y-x =e
xy xy

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

In section 4.5 Case II, solutions to quadratic equations, which are a class of non-linear equations,
containing fractional coefficients were addressed. In this section, solutions to one variable linear
and non-linear equations containing algebraic fractions are discussed. Again, note that in dealing
with fractional equations the solution(s) may not satisfy the original equation. This is because
fractions may encounter division by zero which is undefined. Therefore, it is essential that the
solution(s) to a linear or non-linear equation be checked by substitution into the original equation
in order to ensure division by zero does not occur. One variable equations containing algebraic
fractions are solved using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Apply the fraction rules to simplify the algebraic expression.
b. Cross multiply the terms in both sides of the equation.
Step 2 Solve the equation. Check the answer(s) by substituting the solution(s) into the
original equation. Disregard any apparent solution(s).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how equations containing algebraic fractions are
solved:
Example 5.5-1
Epc ile ee 8)
pee 3
Solution:
-2)+(x-3 2x +3

|=
222), fier 6) 6)ea
ee
Step 2 Seater); Sees oey) ; Sor; Eee);|== 2
- 12

1 ios
‘ i2 ; -—-—=-10 (-12-2)+(-1 2-3)? -24-36?
Check ;1 ( 12)+>-((-12)=-12+
2 —.(-12)+—- ) ET ; +—++—*ae =-10 ; ———=-10
:
10 2 ?
: _ 60" 10 : aD ; -10=-10

Example 5.5-2
VEN Mir
eee
Solution:
; yet_y-1_,}.|[@+)-5]-[-1)-3]_ |], [5y+5-3y+3_|
ptep jee 2 3-5 15

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

gyRSA
aA | eala cale 8)-1=15-1]:[2y+8=15
BoE
Oe) a
a Oh (ay jaan

Step2 (ps1); EpBSVETT]; 07] Byers2-7]s[y=3]s|9=35

qEEEE)
ase sismene Meg ye95 2945-5) =(25%3)2 20529510 ts wo Eee
Check:
3 Sapa See e580? 3 a Ss St STEEL Gare
Example 5.5-3
Z 3 1
+ =—
2 to OX em 2
Solution:
Z 3 = 1 ls [2-(3x + 2)]+[3-(2x +5)] ‘ 6x+4+6x+4+15 aa)
Step 1 we
P 2S Sea (2x + 5)-(3x +2) 21? |6x7 +4x4+15x4+10 2

: ies
6x + x)
6x)+(15+4
( ) mel : heb : (12x +19)-2 =1-(6x? +19x +10)

6x +(4x+15x)+10 2] |6x*+19x+10 2

- |24x +38 = 6x7 +19x +10

Step 2 24x +38 = 6x? +19x +10] ; 6x7 + (19x — 24x) + 10-38 = 0]; |6x* —5x-28=0

; |(x— 2.62)(x +1.78) = 0

Therefore, the two apparent solutions are and

Check: 1.
2 3
(2-2.62)+5 "G-262)+2
2] Ps)
5 ; +
wi al
SOAS 786g Sk2)
Tae
ear
0246 a
?
; 0.195+0305=05 ; 05=0.5
Pains
Rete sr ps en A 8 a
" (2--178)+5 (3--1.78)+2—D356 oe Ae NN]

?
; 139-089=05 ; 05=0.5
Thus, x = 2.62 and x=-1.78 are both solutions to the original equation.
Example 5.5-4

Solution:

Step 1

Ee ea. Fa
-| +3

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

5 =ay+i=
P 7?+3]
Step? [y?-ay
tey?ay]:-y?)+(2y—39)
1-0] Fayed) Peay

02= 1"
Gers}
b-s} ps} a 03? 8? 4 ?

check: wet ae a ae
02 hear isa ios sain
Example 5.5-5
x+3 2 5
x-1 re x? +x —2
Solution:
Step eee {eee ra bas a
Sit ees x
(x -1)-(+2)

ae
ee ed eee ee ieee ss J+(2x43x4x)+6_
ySAERG Pie ay) — x? +(2x=x)-2

6x +6
SS 6x+6 (x? +x-2)=5-(x? +x-2]
coy oe os 8) ( )

Step 2 (6x +6)-(x? +x-2)=5-(x? +x-2] : (6x +6).(x? +4-2)=5-(x? +#-2)

5 (E6E5) ; =S=G ; GST}; |&==],|.-—1); eae

Check: 2016743 __ 0167 ? 5 _ 2833 -0.167? 5
viev=1 01673 (-0.1 67)" ZO167 2 * -1167 1833 0.0278-—0167-2

?
, 2833, 0167? 5 _ 5 499 4.0091--2337 ; -2337=-2337
1167 1833-2139
Additional Examples - Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

The following examples further illustrate how to solve equations containing algebraic fractions:
se5.5-6
6

2 2
Check oes 6-24+6-37, 12418?=5; io?
be ciate 2c
32 3.2 6 6 1

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

“ES5.5-7
4

ape y)
Check:
wie ; rey : eet
4°10." -A-T16" 222
2) we
Example 5.5-8

33=5|:2O-9=1G); B-=ar
? Se ?
srg Eee
Check: z
elie eect pels ae
(3--5)+1 2° -15+1 2° -14 2° 14 2 14
Example 5.5-9

Cue Baya) 3-5 1 15 1 [5s 1 8 8

Check:
Eie}o
or— ae Sins oe>2=2

Example 5.5-10
x —1)|+[3-(x +1) _[2x-243x+3_
CeoKce 1S
g (5x +1)-(x? -1)= (+1)(#-1)=4(-)], Seated);Ge=e=T];
Bead],|*-3
jee
9 2 Q.
Check: OE nas Sa Il~~ Se Ee Ly Lene ypeue —6.25 = -6.25
0.6+1 a eee 16 -04 036-1 —0.64 0.64

Example 5.5-11
ee
ut+l
a
aeaCe
eeee eel
| pee
S| ae =e
|3u* + 3u = 2u? +2u-u-1); |3u2 -2u? +3u-2ut+u+1=0 :|u2 +2u+1=0): (u+1) =0];|(w+1)?
=0

(u+1)
=40]; [w+1=0); [v=—1]
A second and perhaps easier way of solving this problem would be as follows:

Enea ewes | apne | eee

u+1 3 ut+l = 2073] eee
[ut ut+l 3]? [utl3 ; B(uri)=2-(u+ 0); Gur esr ee

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

Check:
irae
——==- |) apesele ul
Biecpeceenaeargess =oN know that-
‘ is undefined. Therefore, the original
equation has no solution.
Example 5.5-12
x-2+x+2 5.e1
x2 —2x+2x-4 :.x*-4

cao ee : ; : Ad Pas
x7 -244+2¢-4 x? | 2 coma

? ? ?7
Check: — eg ae anina 1-1.5)—(1-25) as
05+2 05-2 “a 25 515 02524 225715 375 25-15 3.75
pp ee ees 1
>
375a MATS= 315 3758) >
375 dS
Example 5.5-13
ati ee
ON a. 1) || \\(a+1)-7|\-(@:5) See1| ey Niles
[7ae7=5a
a Cini sea 1 fe eal a ar ne ie

[Gaz35=aI); a=] | =),

Chega _233 2ieas2 52831
Aja
(333-7) -(233-5)? _ 2331-1165 21
! E660
pie ar oe 5-7 “3 33) fee
71033 =033
Example 5.5-14

f=)
2 = =65); Rata Raed); Cae);
be 4e ? ?
145-4 4
Check fee
Sey 5
ee 5
be sce
5.5- {fz2a

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

Since division by zero is undefined, therefore, the

original equation has no solution.

Example 5.5-17

Sez | ED ALA] feeseneme [one

2 3 : 2-3 i 6 6
9) fea 6 1

(24),
ED), a),
Biull i Ri ae (lara)So2) oe PE etn ed
Check:
Sn Sea ee 2-3 6 1
Secon
5.5-18

2A 5 pee 3 3 1

2-28)+1? ?
Check:
a: 3 laa
eer 5; 28+
eit oe:1284 20=ire 5=5

Example 5.5-19

peed ec : a Re eed : east eo : (2x +1)-3x=2-(x? +x)

ae eS} 3 x(x +1) Bx oly yen ox

; ree
Thus, the solutions are [x = 0] and [4x +1=0]; : : »=-4)
jean? eS ; 7 , Ae
Check= 1) Re reenrce Substitution of x =0 into the original equation result in division by
x

zero which is undefined. Therefore, x =0 is not a solution.

1 “ ee = a 5 | + ==
ip —_eee ?
5 -44133=-26 6 ; -2.66=-2.66.
=025 02541 3:(-025)* 025 0.75 °-0.75 228
Thus, x = -0.25 is the solution to the original equation.
Example 5.5-20
peace, [(2a+1)-4]-[(a+3)-3] a] 8a+4-3a-91] |(8a-3a)+(-9+4)1
3 At ie 3-4 Bole 12 Poets 12 io}

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

;ja=2—
5
; |a@=2.2
Cheek (2-22)+1 224371 4441 5271 54 5271 . (54-4)-(52-3)?1 .216-1567 1
3 cE be Ween |Peeee ToD 3-4 = 12 2
aCeaiee 05a Tel
ies eae ie ae
2
Example 5.5-21

pea 2-Sa1

? 9
ee
Check: hae clora : ~$=-34 . 2a (= Je(1:3) We? ? 25-63
5 ——
£32 2
ee: ge SB
Example 5.5-22
: : z

"x x

s(@-0? =o]; |y(e-17

=+V0}; =T=0); RED
? ?
Check: 14752 tulle Sie Reape9)

Example 5.5-23

-5—e
10xe e
6x _2] ie e
|(10x-6x )-5 pa
oly | Se
c3 ee 335 Cae ee 2
8.

Check: (2:375)=1!_@:375)22
, 75-1_ 7522 , 65_ 75722 | (65-5)-(75:3)?2
; 3 Cee Wome) Bie go Fag Cielagsieee 3-5 ins
32.5— 22.5 2£2 10 ?*2 - 0,66
=0.66
15 3 1 3
Example 5.5-24
= a = ieee
x+1 x+1 Kaeaco Xe ol x+1 l x+l1 1

aa

k; 2-(-25)-4. 3 ?
—\—*— +—~_-=4 ; -5- veers 2-943?
=4; on:
—=4 ; —~=4; —=4
ace 35410, DS Piao se DiS? Lis ais 215° eos
$454

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 5.5 Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

Example 5.5-25
2H UI 2x) 1) 2x-1_ 2x ih (2x -1)-(3x -1)|-[2x-(x
+1) 6x? — 2x —3x+1-2x*
—2x _ 0
x+1 3x=1)’|- x41 3x=1 |’ (x + 1)-(3x -1) 3x7 3x1

(6x? -2x?)
+(2x-3x-2x)+1 2
=] Beata (4x? - 7x +1)-1=0-(3x? +2x-1)
3x? +(-x+3x)-1 "13x? +2x-1

| ; [@=159)(«= 0158) =0
Therefore, the solutions are and |x = 0.158

Check: 1.
(2-159)-1? 2-159 | 318-1? 318 | 2187318. 0.84 = 0.84
159+1 (3-159)-1 * 259 477-1” 259 3.77’
(2-0158)-1? 2.0158 | 0316-1? 0316 | -0684? 0316 spe eeae
0158+1 (3-0.158)-1 > PilS8ae 0474 eS 8056 ;

Thus, x =159 and x =0.158 are both solutions to the original equation.

Practice Problems - Solving One Variable Equations Containing Algebraic Fractions

Section 5.5 Practice Problems - Solve the following equations. Check for any apparent
solution(s) by substituting the solution(s) into the original equation.

ieee
2
yt 2x-1
ea 3
gex+5 ee
x+5

ie id aT
D2}, ae)
Sp eeueressx-3 Bhaye®
x+3 2 9
ere,
x-1
ea
x-l

7 Bite ee etel 8. gical feos Cee SLE 9. 1 & 2x e 1

3 3 RD eye sy G eS ¥+3 x7%7=-9° ¥=3

10 oaeee ae il ad
x7 42x x+2 x

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 6 Case Problems

Chapter 6
Logarithms
Quick Reference to Chapter 6 Case Problems
6.1 TA EROCUCTLOMCO MOB ATICIINS 50:25 ssa. -ccses acd soa ose Mee a oa ee ee lon ses ea 363
Case I - Logarithmic and Exponential Expressions, p. 363

2? =8 ; logy 23 = logy 8 ; 3 = logy 8|; |logy) 1000 =3 ; 10/2819 109 — 193 - 1000 = 10°
td

Case II - The Laws of Logarithm, p. 366

log, xy =log,x+log, y|; |log, =log,x—log, y|; |log, x” =m-log, x

6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms. .................0...ccccccccescessccessceesseceessecessceceseeenseeeeses 369

Case I - Computation of Common Logarithms, p. 369

logo 42,000] =; |logy) 4V55|=; |log;q 0.000314] =

Case II - Computation of Natural Logarithms, p. 379
I I i

Case III - Computation of Logarithms other than Base 10 or e, p. 385

47 004| ° - SLi al: 1s

lo ob ty lo 625] _. aes ae

Case IV - Computing Antilogarithms, p. 396

[iogs x= 0.4791 : [logs xx ==fog,
log,88| logy.4
logy.4 x=0.
x=0.479|

6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations. ....................cccccccesceseeeseessesseeseseneeeseens 400

Case I - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation Have the Same Base, p. 400

5 4x+2 ee ' (3?)" — 743%*1| (5?) ° = 195¢t1

625 |’ ‘

Case II - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation do not Have the Same Base, p. 405

6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equation ..................ccccccccescesceseeseeneeneenseneeeseenees 413

Case I - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (Simple Cases), p. 413
1
log, 9.00001 = —5} ; SUD ado ; |logg2=x+5

Case II - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (More Difficult Cases), p. 423

Hamilton Education Guides 361

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Quick Reference to Chapter 6 Case Problems

log; x + log; 6 = logy 8—logy 4); |In(x —5)+/nx

= logy In(x +2)+Inx =0

6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expression............ 431
Case I - Solving Numerical Expressions Using Logarithms, p. 431
3 3/9510
(0.00425)(0.00035)|=; |(3125)( 243) oa gd ag
2325
Case II - Expanding Logarithmic Expressions from a Single Term, p. 439
D
: laa oheas =;
w’ +2w-15

Case III - Combining Logarithmic Expressions into a Single Term, p. 446

log(x + 1)+ [2logx - 3log(x + 1) 2 log(x + 1)+ slog(x- 2) as (Jogi) 5+ logy x) — logyo 25| =

6.6 Advanced Logarithmic Problems POO e eee eee EHO OEE E ESET OSS OE HEE SE SES EES OSES ESE ESOS EE SEH ESE SEH OOOH ESE EO ES ESOS EOE 450

2 a1 m\™
B= 81+”) AKI
1

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Chapter 6 - Logarithms
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability to solve and simplify logarithmic
expressions. The laws of logarithms are addressed in Section 6.1. Computation of common
logarithms, natural logarithms, logarithms other than base 10 and e, and antilogarithms is
addressed in Section 6.2. Sections 6.3 and 6.4 show the steps as to how one variable exponential
and logarithmic equations are solved. The use of logarithms in solving numerical expressions,
expanding logarithmic expressions from a single logarithmic term, and combining logarithmic
expressions into a single logarithmic term are addressed in Section 6.5. Advanced logarithmic
problems are addressed in Section 6.6. Cases presented in each section are concluded by solving
additional examples with practice problems to further enhance the students ability. It is the
author’s hope that by the conclusion of this final chapter students have considerably improved
their math skills and have gained confidence to pursue more advanced math concepts.
6.1 Introduction to Logarithms
In this section students are introduced to logarithmic and exponential expressions (Case I) and
learn about the logarithmic laws (Case II).

CaseI _ Logarithmic and Exponential Expressions

The equations y=/og,x and x=a” are equivalent equations that determine the same functions.
This means that exponential expressions can be written in logarithmic form and logarithmic
expressions can be written in exponential form. This is because,
log, x=y 3 al8a* =a 5 x =a" 5) 05 a#l
and
xe a’ Sloe x=log Jam, login ay
The similarities between logarithms and exponents can be presented in the following way:

logarithm number x vi

loggx=y

|
base of logarithm

, = x=a’

Therefore, we see that logarithms are simply exponents!

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.1 Introduction to Logarithms

Note that the base a in logarithmic and exponential forms is the same. In the logarithmic form
this appears as the subscript and in the exponential form it is the number that is raised to a power.
Also note that x is a number in both the logarithmic and exponential forms and y is the
logarithm in the logarithmic form and the exponent in the exponential form. In this book;
1. Given y =/og,x, we refer to a as the base of the logarithm and x as the logarithm number, and

2. Given x =a”, we refer to a as the exponent base and y as the exponent power.
Exponential expressions can be written in their equivalent logarithmic form using the following
steps:
Step 1 Multiply both sides of the equation by log to the same base as the base of the
exponential function.
Step 2 Apply the logarithmic property log, a” =).
The following examples show the steps as to how exponential expressions are changed to
logarithmic expressions. This is another way of noting that logarithms are simply exponents.
Bs 1 sas el 1
a. 27 =8 ; log,
2? =log,8 ; 3=10g,8 ba eS 5 log33 * = logs ; -2= logs ©

c. 5° =125 g logs 5° = logs125 ; 3= logs 125 d. 643 =4 ; loge, 643 =loge,4 ; 3 = 08644
1 1
8
€@. 4% putt=2 ; logy4*5a=log,2 tom EY
;adBa _
f. e°? 05 =1.649 ;CaP Ine’?
a
apcid=1n1.649 ;; 0.5=1n1.649

= l = ] 1 1
g. 4 2 =a ; logs4 2 = 1084, 4 ees h. 5° =1 : logs 5° = logs| ; 0=logs1

Logarithmic expressions can also be written in their equivalent exponential form using the
following steps:
Step 1 Raise both sides of the equation to the same base as the base of the logarithm.
Step 2 Apply the logarithmic property a!%* = x.
The following examples show the steps as to how logarithmic expressions are changed to
exponential form:
a. og) 1000=3 ; 10/8010 _ 193 ; 1900
=103 b. log, 8=3 ; 2828-23 ; g=23
c. log; 0.001 =-3 ; 10/78109-! _ 19-3 ; 9,901
=10° d. Jog,81=4 ; 3/2838! 34 ; gi = 38
1

€. logy
1
—=—252
gin4 =2 ecy 2 ==2
he ges) f. logy 4=235=
oe2 =—ae 3 4==jhe
oe 4 i; jis aD, 2
g. logy 128=7 ; 2/082!28 97 ; 428-27 h. Jogig1=0 ; 10/810! ~19° ; 1=10°
Note: The subject of exponents is extensively addressed in Chapters 3 and 5 of the “Mastering
Algebra - An Introduction” book and hence is not addressed in this section. Students are
encouraged to review these chapters before pursuing with the remaining sections of this book.
The exponent laws are listed below for reference.

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Table 6.1-1: Exponent Laws I through 7

I. Multiplication : When multiplying positive exponential terms, if
bases a are the same, add the exponents m and
n.
II. Power of a Power When raising an exponential term to a power,
multiply the powers (exponents) m and n.

Ill. Power of a Product When raising a product to a power, raise each factor
a and b to the power m.

IV. Power of a Fraction When raising a fraction to a power, raise the

numerator and the denominator to the power m.

V. Division . When dividing exponential terms, if the bases a

are the same, subtract exponents m and n.

VI. Negative Power A non-zero base a raised to the —n power equals

1 divided by the base a to the n power.

VII. Zero Power A non-zero base a raised to the zero power is

always equal to 1.

A. Section 6.1 Case I Practice Problems - Write the following exponential expressions in their
equivalent logarithmic form:
i 2 OL oe 3. 77 =49
64
1 C 2
4. 642 =8 5. 814 =3 6. e =7389

ell al 1
Ie 27 Bas 8. 100 2 =— 9. 1253 =5

10. 1000° =1
B. Section 6.1 Case I Practice Problems - Write the following logarithmic expressions in their
equivalent exponential form:
1. Jog; 10000 = 4 2. log,64=3 3. logy) 01=-1

5. !
logy082 —=-5 6. log, 1 27=-3
4. =
logs;625=4 3 :

7. log;243=5 8. log, 256=8 9. logy 0.0001 = —4

10. log, 3125=-5

5

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CaselI The Laws of Logarithm

As was stated earlier, a logarithm is an exponent. Therefore, the laws of exponents can be
translated into the laws of logarithms by using the definition of logarithm:
y =log, x if and only if a” =x

There are three logarithmic laws, i.e., the product law, the quotient law, and the power law.
These laws are used in order to simplify logarithmic expressions and should be memorized.
Product Law: The product law of logarithms states that the logarithm of the product xy is equal
to the sum of the logarithms of x and y.

log, xy =log,x+t+log,gy x )0,y )0

Example 6.1-1: Rewrite each of the following logarithms as the sum of two or more logarithms.
a. log,4-3 = b. logi92-3xy = c. log33-32
Solution:
a. log,4-3 = logy4+log,3 = 1+log,3 Note: /og,4=1

b. log\y 2:3xy = log i 2 + logy9 3+ logiy x + logig y

C. log33-32 = log33+log332 = 1+ log; 32 Note: /og33=1

Quotient Law: The quotient law of logarithms states that the logarithm of the quotient ~ is
be
equal to the logarithm of the numerator x minus the logarithm of the denominator y.

loga = loga x —loga Y x )0,y )0

Example 6.1-2: Rewrite each of the following logarithms as the difference of two logarithms.
23 1000
a. logy— = b. log;9
— = C. eae
6 x 7
Solution:
S28 ee2
a. lesa = log,23-log,6

1000 _ =
D logi9 —— = logy 1000 —logyy x = 3-loxyg x Note: Jog), 1000 = 3
2
C. hos = logy2—logy7 = 1-log,7 Note: Jog, 2=1

Power Law: The power law of logarithms states that the logarithm of a number, or a variable x,
raised to a power m, 1.e., log,x” is equal to the product of the power m multiplied by the
logarithm of x.
log, x" =m-log,x x )0, and mis areal number

Example 6.1-3: Rewrite each of the following logarithms using the power law of the logarithms.
1
a. log;5° = b. logo4 = C; logy x5

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
a 6.1 Introduction tO
to Logarithms
On LOS art

Solution:
1 1
a. log, 53 = 3log3;5 b. logiy V4 = logio 43 = zlei04 Cc. log» ore 5082 x

Example 6.1-4: Use laws | through 3 to rewrite each of the following logarithms.
1
125 a
a 1033 = b. logy zd = c. logs3x3y?
vx y
Solution:
l
125 Fy
a. logs ae = log3125— log, vx = log; oe —log3x2 = 310g 5~> log’x
x
DS
b. logiy Se logo 25x — logio y? = log 25 + logyg xX —2logy9 y
Vv
1 1
c. logs3x3y* = logs3+logsx3 + logs y? = logs 3+ logs x+2logs y

The following are additional logarithmic rules which should also be memorized:
Rule No. I:
log, 1=0
Examples:
Diogs 1p=20 2. logg31 = 0 Slog ile) 4. logy1=0
2
sh logyg 1 =—0 6. logo. os | = Th log | = 0 8. loggo | = 0
3
Rule No. II:

Examples:
1. logjj10 =1 2. logy303 = 1 3. logze=Ine= 1 4. log 5=
3
ay logo 20°" 6. log0.07 007° =1 a logs = =] 8. logo9 100 =]

5
Rule No. III:
loga x for x <0 is not defined

Examples:
1. Jogi 0 is not defined 2. logy-2 is not defined 3. logjy—5 is not defined

4. logo40 is not defined 5. log,0=In0 is not defined 6. log, 0 is not defined

3

Rule No. IV:

alba — x forall x )0

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.1 Introduction to Logarithms

Examples:
log, 3
jee ear oe 1” =3 3. 0.178013 = 36 A. 10/28102 = 2
2
3,10835
5. 30/8s0!0 = 19 Spe PEGE ls al GeO ah = 9) 8 2 4 =5

Rule No. V:
loz, =xlog,@=x%
x1 =x.— Wjorall realx
Examples:
1. logy 2**! =(x+1)log, 2=(x+1)x1 = x+1 2. logy 10” =ulog;)10=uxl =u

2
3. logo, 013 = V3 logo) 01= 3x1 = v3 4. log, 4* =x? log44= x*x1 = x?

: 6. loge 5S = 3loge S23)3

. log (2) = 50g9(2) =5x1 = is) £ =
5 >

Table 6.1-2 summarizes the laws and the rules associated with logarithms:

Table 6.1-2: Summary of Logarithmic Laws and Rules

Product Law: log, xy =log,x+log,y x )0,y )0

Quotient Law: log, 1 log,x-log,y x )0,y )0

y “
Power Law: log,x™ =m-log,x x )0, and mis areal number

Rule No. I: log, 1=0 Rule No. II: Jog, a=1

Rule No. Ill: Jog,x for x <0 is not defined Rule No. IV: a/8¢*=x — forall x )0

Rule No. V: log, a* =xlog,a=xxl=x forall realx

Practice Problems - The Laws of Logarithm

Section 6.1 Case II Practice Problems - Simplify the following logarithmic expressions:
3
le loge s. 2. 0.02/080.022 = 3s logio —> =
\ x

4. logio 5 Oy = 5: logos 25x + logys i 6 i 2. ast

£10
1000

if log\00 9 = 8. logy V3 = 9. oa =
9
10. log,4-16 =

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

Most logarithmic expressions are either represented as a logarithm to the base 10, which is referred
to as the common logarithm, or as a logarithm to the base e, which is referred to as the natural
logarithm. However, logarithmic expressions can be represented in any base. In this section the
steps as to how logarithms to the base 10, e, or any other base are solved and simplified are
addressed in Cases I, II, and III, respectively. In addition, computation of antilogarithms is
addressed in Case IV. Note that logarithmic tables provide the answer to the logarithm of numbers
in both base 10 or e. A hand calculator can also provide the answer to logarithm of numbers in
both bases. Students are encouraged to learn the steps in using a logarithmic table shown in this —
section. However, with the accessibility of scientific calculators, the use of logarithmic tables is
minimized to cases where no hand calculators are available. Throughout this chapter logarithmic
problems are solved using a hand calculator. In addition, note that in this book the numerical
values of /ogj)x and /nx are rounded off to four decimal places. This, in many instances, result in
obtaining approximate answers to logarithmic expressions.

CaseI Computation of Common Logarithms

In this section base 10 logarithms, which are called common logarithms, are discussed.
Logarithms to the base 10 are written in the form of /og,)x or Jogx. Note that since the expression
logy x =6 is the same as x =10", it is easy to calculate the common logarithms of numbers that are
to the power of 10 as shown in Table 6.2-1.
Table 6.2-1: The Common Logarithm of Powers of 10

log} 0.000001 = logy 1x 10° == log; 1+logi) 10° = 0 —6]o¢1o10 = -6 <1 =a —6

log;q 9.00001 = logy) 1x10 = logy 1+ log, 10> = 0 —5102;910" = => x = 5

logy 0.0001 = logyy1x10~4 = logy 1+logjg10~* = 0-4logiy10 = 4x1 = -4

logy 0.001 = logyy1x10~> = logy 1+logyy 10 = 0-3logyy10 = -3x1 =

log}9 0.01 = log\y 1x10 = logig 1+ logy) 10 = 0-2/og;910 = -2x1

log9 0.1 = logig 1x10! = logig 1+ logy 107 =O nO = =e

logy 1= logyy1x10° = logyg 1+logyy 10° = 0-Ologyy10 = -0x1 = 0

log\y10 = logio 1x10! = logig 1+ logo 10! = 0+1log;910 = 1x1 = 1

log) 100 = logy 1107 = logyg

1+logy 10” = 0+2logyy10 = 2x1 = 2

1og19 1000 = logy) 1x10° = logyg

1+logy 10° = 0+3logi910 = 3x1 = 3

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Table 6.2-1 (Continued)

log; 10,000 = logy 1x 104 = logy 1+ log)
104 = 0+4logyg10 = 4x1 = 4

1og19 100,000 = logyy1x10° = logig

1+/ogi910° = 0+5logyg10 = 5x1 = 5

10g 0 1,000,000 = logiy1x10° = logyy

1+logy 10° = 0+ 6logiy10 = 6x1 = 6

In cases where numbers are not to the power of 10, we need to either use a table of common
logarithms or a calculator in order to find the common logarithm for the numbers. Table 6.2-2
gives the common logarithm of numbers between 1.0 and 9.99 in increments of 0.1. For example,
in order to find the common logarithm of a number such as x = 4.14 use the following steps:
Step 1 Identify number 4.1 by reading down the left hand column of the table labeled x.
Step 2 Move across the row until the column labeled 4 is reached.
Step 3 Read the value that is given in the intersection of the row with number 4.1 and the
column labeled 4, i.e., 0.6170. Therefore, Jog), 4.14 = 0.6170 .
x 0 1 eee 3 4 o) 6 is & 9

0.5465 0.5478 =05496= 0.5502 0.5514 0.5527. 0.5539 0.5551

3.6 | 0.5563 0.5575 0.5587 0.5599: 0.5611 =:0.5623 «0.5635. ~—-0.5647 =:0.5658 ~—0..5670
3.7 | 0.5682 0.5694 0.5705 0.5717 05729 0.5740 0.5752 0.5763 0.5775 0.5786
3.8 | 0.5798 0.5809 0.5821 0.5832 ~—-0,5843.— «0.5855 ~—s:0.5866 ~=—0.5877 «0.5888 ~—-0.5899
3.9 | 0.5911 0.5922 0.5933 0.5944 0.5955 0.5966 = 0.5977 —s:0.5988 ~=—:0.5999-—s: 0.6010

4.0 | 0.6021 0.6031 0.6042 0.6053 0.6064 0.6075 0.6085 0.6096 0.6107 0.6117
4.1 | 0.6128 0.6138 0.6149 0.6160 0.6170 0.6180 0.6191 0.6201 0.6212 0.6222
: 0.6243 0.6253 0.6263 0.6274 0.6284 0.6294 0.6304
4.3 | 0.6335 0.6345 0.6355 0.6365 0.6375 0.6385 0.6395 0.6405 0.6415 0.6425
44 | 0.6435 0.6444 0.6454 0.6464 0.6474 0.6484 0.6493 0.6503 0.6513 0.6522

45 | 0.6532 0.6542 0.6551 0.6561, 0.6571 0.6580 0.6590 0.6599

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Using Table 6.2-2 and the above steps one can find the common logarithm of the following
numbers:
logy 1.12 = 0.0492 log} 2.03 = 0.3075 logy 3.11 = 0.4928
log} 5.07 = 0.7050 logyy 1.49 = 0.1732 logyg 1.06 = 0.0253
1og}9 5.57 = 0.7459 logy 2.45 = 0.3892 log) 3.00 = 0.4771
logy 1.29 = 0.1106 log} 8.07 = 0.9069 logy 6.24 = 0.7952
logo 9.26 = 0.9666 logyy 2.22 = 0.3464 log\y 7.67 = 0.8848
log}9 5.21 = 0.7168 10g19 4.39 = 0.6425 logy 4.99 = 0.6981
log} 3.47 = 0.5403 logy 9.19 = 0.9633 logy 2.09 = 0.3201
log)o 7.28 = 0.8621 log} 5.33 = 0.7267 log}y 9.99 = 0.9996

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Practice Problems - Computation of Common Logarithms

A. Section 6.2 Case I Practice Problems - Use the Common Logarithms Table (Table 6.2-2) to
find the answer to the following logarithmic expressions:

1. logy) 3.57 = 2. logy) 3.08 = 3. log 4.53 =

4. logy 8.24 = 5. logy) 7.32 = Go login) =

7. logyy 212 = 8. logo 9.46 = 9. logy) 5.29 =

10. logy9 1.26 =

Note that in order to find the common logarithm of numbers that are greater than 9.99 use the
following steps:
Step 1 Write the logarithm number in scientific notation form, i.e., write /og;)200 as
logy 2.0 x 102%

Step 2 Apply the laws of logarithm and simplify the expression (see Table 6.1-2)

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how common logarithms are solved:

-
Example 6.2-1

Solution:

Step 2 logy
4.2 x104| =| logyo 4.2 + logy 10*| =] logyy 4.2 + 4 logy 10|= [0.6232
+4 x1

= |0.6232+4| = [4.6232
Example 6.2-2
2
log\o 45 SHS

Solution:
2
Ae 2
Step 1 logio 453) = 3 [810 45|= Bicett 45x 10!

2 1 2 = |2 EA
Step 2 52 (0810 45%10!|1 = 5 (login 45+ logo 10") = |5
(0.6532
+1)]= |= 1.6532) =

Example 6.2-3
log} 1000,000 | =
Solution:
Step 1 1.0x10°
10g} 1000,000 | =| og}

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

Step 2 +logy 10°] =|0

logyg 1.0 x109] = |ogy 1.0 + 6/og19 10] = = [6]
Example 6.2-4
logy, 0.000348 |=
Solution:
Step 1 log} 0.000348] = |logy
3.48 x104

Step 2 logy) —4/og;q 10|= [0.5416-4x1

3:48 x10+ |= |logo 3.48 + logyq 10~4| = |0.5416

= [Osai6=4]
=Casa)
Example 6.2-5
log\0 4/55|=
Solution:
1
Step 1 [ioe 455 = = net : 10°)x (55x oP

1 1
Step 2 oa (40x10°) x(55 x 0) - logyo(4.0 10°)+ logyo(5.5 x 10)2

= logyo (4.0 x1) +=logio(55% 10)= logo 40+ logio1 +=(logio 5.5 + logy 10)

= logy 4.0+0+ =(Jogi 55+1) = 0.6021 + =(0.7404 +1 = 0.60214

5 = [1.4723
Additional Examples - Computation of Common Logarithms
The following examples further illustrate how to solve common logarithms:
Example 6.2-6

2g10100]= [2ogi10 107]= [log10+lero10"= [027og3010]= [022]=

Another way of solving the above problem would be:

F2ei0100]= [loe1o(10-10)| = [ogio10+Zogi010]= [1]= 2 Note: /ogi910=1

Example 6.2-7
log) 125) = logy 1.25 x 107 =|logio 1.25 + logy, 107 = |0.0969
+ 2/og)9 10] = [0.0969+ 2|= |2.0969

Example 6.2-8
logy 2,350| = |logyg
2.35 x10°] = |logy 2.35 + logy 10°]= [0.37114 3/0g;9 10]= [03711 +3] = [3.3711
Example 6.2-9
logo 5,000] = |logo 5.0104] = logy) 5+ log; 104 = |0.6989
+ 4Jog; 10] = [0.6989+4 |= [4.6989

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Example 6.2-10
= |1og19
6.0x10°|= |log 6.0 + logyg 10°] = [0.7782
+0xlogig 10]= [0.7782
+0]= [0.7782
Example 6.2-11
Jogi 10]= log1.0 x 10! = logy 1+ logy, 10! =|0+1x log)9 10 =[0+1]= [1]
Example 6.2-12
logo35] = |logyy
3.5x10"| = |logyy 3.5 + logyg 10!|= [0.5441
+1 xlog) 10]= [0.5441 +1] = [1.5441
Example 6.2-13

Example 6.2-14
logo 0.334| = |logyo
334 x10 = |logy 3.34 + log)o 107! |= [0.5237
—1xlogiq 10]= [0.5237—1] = [0.4762
Example 6.2-15
logy 0.00007] = |/og}9
7.0 x10~>| = |1og19 7.0 + logyg 10~>| = [0.8451
—Slog; 10] = [0.8451—5] =
Example 6.2-16
logy 0.06| = |logy 6.0 x 10-7| = |ogo 6 + logyg
10-7| = [0.7782
—2/0g19 10|= [0.7782—2]=
Example 6.2-17
1

logy 253| = 5logio 25 = 5(2810 25x10") ~ 5[lest 25 + logo 10"|= [03979 + 1% logo 10]

= {03979 +1 = = = |0.4659

Example 6.2-18
log} 0.000314] = |ogy 3.14 x 10+] = |log; 3.14 + logig 10+ |=|0.4969
— 4log; 10| = [0.4969
—4]= [=3.5030
Example 6.2-19
logy43| = logy) 43x10! =|logio 4.3 + logy 10! = |0.6335
+1 x logyg 10] = [0.6335+1] = [1.6335

Example 6.2-20
log)y 0.0515] = |log;o S500 = logio S15 Flog gl0 = |logy 5.15 — 2 dogo10] = |0.7118
—2] = |-1.2882

Example 6.2-21
x107| = |logy9 7.82 + logy 107| = |ogyo 7.82 + 2/og4o10|= [0.8932 +2] = [2.8932
10g9782| = |logy 7.82
Example 6.2-22
11 15185
logi9 332 |= 51081033 = 51081033 x10! = 5[e810 33+ /ogio 10] =|5[05185+1 -[28)- 0.7593

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Example 6.2-23
;1 = slosio 55 = 5 [Hesio 55% 10"| = 5 [Hesio 55+ logo 10" =| [0.7404
logy 9/55|=|log19 553| 1 +1]

ie evil

eens 6.2-24

Logi23|= |1og10235=|_ |=| fi=logi0 23|= 5 |/o8i0 23% 10" = 5

1 | e810 23 + logig 10'] =| <[03617
1
1
+1]

isi oa

aides 6.2-25
— if 1
logo 3/4096 = [logig Yi024-4] = logio 145.4 == logiy 4V4 = logy 4:49 a logio 4 + logy 45

= 0.6021 + =logio 4]
= 0.6021 + =x 0.6021] = (0.6021 + 0.1204] SS
= 0.7225 |

or we can solve the above problem in the following way:

]
log 14096 eae 5logo 4096 = 5[Ho8i0 4.096 x 10°] = =|/o810 4.096 + logo 10°]

= 5[0.6124 + 3/ogio 10] = [06124 +3] = <= = [0.7225

Example 6.2-26
1
logy V147 |= |logy V49-3| =| logy N13 = logyy 7V3 = login 7 + logy V3 = |logio 7 + logy32

=|logio 7 +5!o8103|= 08451+—((0.4771)| = [0.8451+

0.2385] =[1.0836]
or

=|
1
fi
logo V147|= [logo 147?|=| logo 147|= 5 [e810 147 x107| - 5[e810147 + Logi 107|

= 5[01673 + 2/0819 10]= 5[01673+2 = as = [1.0836

Example 6.2-27

logy
2V250|= |logy 2V25-10| =| logy 2V5 -10| = |logi9(2-5)V10 |= |logyo 10V10 |= |/og;9 10 + logy) V10

=|=] =}1—]=
= {1+Jog), 102 |=|1+ —/og)9 10]=|1+—]

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Or,

1
logyo 2V 250) = logy 2 + logy V¥250}= logy 2+ logy 2502 — 03010 + —logig250

1
- 03010-+ -|logig 2.50% 107| - 03010 + 1[logo 2.50 + logig 10”| - 03010+ [03979 + 2/og19 10]

=|03010
++[03979+2]| =|03010
+=” |= [03010411985] = [14999] = [15]
2 2 ;
Example 6.2-28
1
logio 164 = logy) V216- = logio V6>.3 = logy 6-03 = logyo 6-33 = logyo 6 + logy9 33

1
= 10.7782
+ logio 3)= 0.7782 + (04771) = +0.1590] = (0.9372
[0.7782

or,

Logi648|= |20810(648)3a|= |
1
logo 648] = 5logio 648 x10? = 5[Hasta 6.48 + logo 107]

=eA3 10.8116 + 2/ogig 10] =ew310.8116 +2] se281161

ieaceeed fe ERP

Example 6.2-29
logo 3¥32 = logy 3¥81-4 = logy 3V3" -4 = logyo(3-3)V4 ce login 9¥/4 = logy) 9 + logy V4

=Be | 09542+
09ss2+ Logia
Losin|=
| ogsa2-+
o.9saz-++(06021)|=
£06021) 10.9542 +.0.1505] = [1.1047]

Hogi 34324
324 |
|= ei 34024)3|== Feaeeaipiacert lb
= oar71
oarT +t
+Logo
1ogi9
324]
324= orm + tiogiy324107]

1 1
= 0.4771+-[logio 324+ logo 10”| =|0.4771+
=[0.5105 +2log1o10}]=|0.4771
+-[05105 +2]

= |0.4771+ sale [0.4771

+ 0.6276 |= 1.1047|

Example 6.2-30
logo 75,300,000 |= |/og;9 7.53x107|= logo 7.53 + logy 107 =|logio 7.53 + 7 logy,10| = [0.8768
+ 7|= (7.8768

Example 6.2-31
+ 6]= [6.3856
10g} 2,430,000 |= |log} 2.43 x 10°|= logo 2.43+ logyo 10°] = logio 2.43 + 6log)9 10| = [0.3856

Example 6.2-32
+7]= [7.5263
3.36 x107} =| logy 3.36 + logyy 10’| = |logy9 3.36 + 710g) 10]= [0.5263
10810 33,600,000] = |Jogo

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Example 6.2-33
logy 81,200 |=| logyo
8.12 x104] = |ogy9 8.12 + logy 10°] = |logyo 8.12 + 410g}
910]= [0.9096
+4|= [4.9096
Example 6.2-34
logy 0.00283 = [ogi 2.8310] =logi9 2.83 + log1y 10>} = [logo 2.83 — 3/og}o10]= [0.4518-3]=
Example 6.2-35
logy 0.0406] =| logy 4.06 x 10-2| =| logy 4.06 + logy 107 |= |logy 4.06 — 210g1910|= [0.6085—2]= [1.3915
Example 6.2-36
logy 0.0000453 =[Jog1 45310] =logy) 4.53 + logy) 10->| =| logy 4.53 — 5logyq10|=[0.6561—5]= |-4.3439
Example 6.2-37
logy 0.000472] = |logy9
4.72 104] =|logy9 4.72 + logyg 10+ |= |logyo 4.72 - 4 logy 10]= [0.6739
—4]= [-3.3261
Example 6.2-38
1og19 82,200,000] =| log19
8.22 x107| =| logi9 8.22 + log}q 107|=|logyo 8.22 + 7 logy10]=[0.9149 +7] = [7.9149
Example 6.2-39

log} 2,000,000,000 |= |/og19 2.0

x10?|= logo 2.0 + log;9 10? = |/ogi9 2.0 + 9log;,10|=|0.3010
+ 9]= [9.3010

Example 6.2-40

10g} 9.00456 |= |/og\9 4.56 x 10-7|= log}o 4.56

+ logig 10-7]= log} 4.56
— 310g; 10} =| 0.6590
— 3}= |=2.3410

Practice Problems - Computation of Common Logarithms

B. Section 6.2 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following common logarithms:

1. logy 4,000 = 2. logy) 3V300 = 3. logi9 45,400,000 =

4. logy, 0.00023 = 5. logis? = 6. logy28 =

7. logy) 24568 = 8. log), 0.068 = 9. Jogo 0.00001 =

10. Jog; 450,000 =

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Table 6.2-2
Common Logarithms
x 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.0 0.0000 0.0043 0.0086 0.0128 0.0170 0.0212 0.0253 0.0294 0.0334 0.0374
1.1 0.0414 0.0453 0.0492 0.0531 0.0569 0.0607 0.0645 0.0682 0.0719 0.0755
1.2 0.0792 0.0828 0.0864 0.0899 0.0934 0.0969 0.1004 0.1038 0.1072 0.1106
1.3 0.1139 0.1173 0.1206 0.1239 0.1271 0.1303 0.1335 0.1367 0.1399 0.1430
1.4 0.1461 0.1492 0.1523 0.1553 0.1584 0.1614 0.1644 0.1673 0.1703 0.1732

1.5 0.1761 0.1790 0.1818 0.1847 0.1875 0.1903 0.1931 0.1959 0.1987 0.2014
1.6 0.2041 0.2068 0.2095 0.2122 0.2148 0.2175 0.2201 0.2227 0.2253 0.2279
1.7 0.2304 0.2330 0.2355 0.2380 0.2405 0.2430 0.2455 0.2480 0.2504 0.9529
1.8 0.2553 O2577, 0.2601 0.2625 0.2648 0.2672 0.2695 0.2718 0.2749 0.2765
1.9 0.2788 0.2810 0.2833 0.2856 0.2878 0.2900 0.2923 0.2945 0.2967 0.2989

2.0 0.3010 0.3032 0.3054 0.3075 0.3096 0.3118 0.3139 0.3160 0.3181 0.3201
2.1 0.3222 0.3243 0.3263 0.3284 0.3304 0.3324 0.3345 0.3365 0.3385 0.3404
2.2 0.3424 0.3444 0.3464 0.3483 0.3502 0.3522 0.3541 0.3560 0.3579 0.3598
2.3 0.3617 0.3636 0.3655 0.3674 0.3692 0.3711 0.3729 0.3747 0.3766 0.3784
2.4 0.3802 0.3820 0.3838 0.3856 0.3874 0.3892 0.3909 0.3927 0.3945 0.3962

2.5 0.3979 0.3997 0.4014 0.4031 0.4048 0.4065 0.4082 0.4099 0.4116 0.4133
2.6 0.4150 0.4166 0.4183 0.4200 0.4216 0.4232 0.4249 0.4265 0.4281 0.4298
27. 0.4314 0.4330 0.4346 0.4362 0.4378 0.4393 0.4409 0.4425 0.4440 0.4456
2.8 0.4472 0.4487 0.4502 0.4518 0.4533 0.4548 0.4564 0.4579 0.4594 0.4609
2.9 0.4624 0.4639 0.4654 0.4669 0.4683 0.4698 0.4713 0.4728 0.4742 0.4757

3.0 0.4771 0.4786 0.4800 0.4814 0.4829 0.4843 0.4857 0.4871 0.4886 0.4900
3.1 0.4914 0.4928 0.4942 0.4955 0.4969 0.4983 0.4997 0.5011 0.5024 0.5038
3.2 0.5051 0.5065 0.5079 0.5092 0.5105 0.5119 0.5132 0.5145 0.5159 Ooi72
3.3 0.5185 0.5198 0.5211 0.5224 0.5237 0.5250 0.5263 0.5276 0.5289 0.5302
3.4 0.5315 0.5328 0.5340 0.5353 0.5366 0.5378 0.5391 0.5403 0.5416 0.5428

3.5 0.5441 0.5453 0.5465 0.5478 0.5490 0.5502 0.5514 0.5527 0.5539 0.5551
3.6 0.5563 0.5575 0.5587 0.5599 0.5611 0.5623 0.5635 0.5647 0.5658 0.5670
3.7 0.5682 0.5694 0.5705 0.5717 0.5729 0.5740 0.5752 0.5763 0.5775 0.5786
3.8 0.5798 0.5809 0.5821 0.5832 0.5843 0.5855 0.5866 0.5877 0.5888 0.5899
3.9 0.5911 0.5922 0.5933 0.5944 0.5955 0.5966 0.5977 0.5988 0.5999 0.6010

4.0 0.6021 0.6031 0.6042 0.6053 0.6064 0.6075 0.6085 0.6096 0.6107 0.6117
4.1 0.6128 0.6138 0.6149 0.6160 0.6170 0.6180 0.6191 0.6201 0.6212 0.6222
4.2 0.6232 0.6243 0.6253 0.6263 0.6274 0.6284 0.6294 0.6304 0.6314 0.6325
4.3 0.6335 0.6345 0.6355 0.6365 0.6375 0.6385 0.6395 0.6405 0.6415 0.6425
4.4 0.6435 0.6444 0.6454 0.6464 0.6474 0.6484 0.6493 0.6503 0.6513 0.6522

4.5 0.6532 0.6542 0.6551 0.6561 0.6571 0.6580 0.6590 0.6599 0.6609 0.6618
4.6 0.6628 0.6637 0.6646 0.6656 0.6665 0.6675 0.6684 0.6693 0.6702 0.6712
4.7 0.6721 0.6730 0.6739 0.6749 0.6758 0.6767 0.6776 0.6785 0.6794 0.6803
4.8 0.6812 0.6821 0.6830 0.6839 0.6848 0.6857 0.6866 0.6875 0.6884 0.6893
4.9 0.6902 0.6911 0.6920 0.6928 0.6937 0.6946 0.6955 0.6964 0.6972 0.6981

5.0 0.6990 0.6998 0.7007 0.7016 0.7024 0.7033 0.7042 0.7050 0.7059 0:7067
5.1 0.7076 0.7084 0.7093 0.7101 0.7110 0.7118 0.7126 0.7135 0.7143 0.7152
5.2 0.7160 0.7168 0.7177 0.7185 0.7193 0.7202 0.7210 0.7218 0.7226 0.7235
5.3 0.7243 0.7251 0.7259 0.7267 0.7275 0.7284 0.7292 0.7300 0.7308 0.7316
5.4 0.7324 0.7332 0.7340 0.7348 0.7356 0.7364 0.7372 0.7380 0.7388 0.7396
x 0 2 3 4 5 6 es 8 9

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Table 6.2-2 (Continued)

Common Logarithms
x 0 1 2 3 4 > 6 7 8 9
5.5 | 0.7404 0.7412 0.7419 0.7427 0.7435 0.7443 0.7451 0.7459 0.7466 0.7474
5.6 0.7482 0.7490 0.7497 0.7505 0.7513 0.7520 0.7528 0.7536 0.7543 0.7551
5.7 0.7559 0.7566 0.7574 0.7582 0.7589 0.7597 0.7604 0.7612 0.7619 0.7627
5.8 0.1634 0.7642 0.7649 0.7657 0.7664 0.1672 0.7679 0.7686 0.7694 0.7701
5.9.1 0.7709 0.7716 0.7123 0.7731 0.7738 0.7745 0.7752 0.7760 0.7767 0.7774

6.0 | 0.7782 0.7789 0.7796 0.7803 0.7810 0.7818 0.7825 0.7832 0.7839 0.7846
6.1 0.7853 0.7860 0.7868 0.7875 0.7882 0.7889 0.7896 0.7903 0.7910 0.7917
6.2 0.7924 0.7931 0.7938 0.7945 0.7952 0.7959 0.7966 0.7973 0.7980 0.7987
6.3 0.7993 0.8000 0.8007 0.8014 0.8021 0.8028 0.8035 0.8041 0.8048 0.8055
6.4 0.8062 0.8069 0.8075 0.8082 0.8089 0.8096 0.8102 0.8109 0.8116 0.8122

6.5 0.8129 0.8136 0.8142 0.8149 0.8156 0.8162 0.8169 0.8176 0.8182 0.8189
6.6 0.8195 0.8202 0.8209 0.8215 0.8222 0.8228 0.8235 0.8241 0.8248 0.8254
6.7 | 0.8261 0.8267 0.8274 0.8280 0.8287 0.8293 0.8299 0.8306 0.8312 0.8319
6.8 | 0.8325 0.8331 0.8338 0.8344 0.8351 0.8357 0.8363 0.8370 0.8376 0.8382
6.9 0.8388 0.8395 0.8401 0.8407 0.8414 0.8420 0.8426 0.8432 0.8439 0.8445

7.0 0.8451 0.8457 0.8463 0.8470 0.8476 0.8482 0.8488 0.8494 0.8500 0.8506
7A 0.8513 0.8519 0.8525 0.8531 0.8537 0.8543 0.8549 0.8555 0.8561 0.8567
7.2 0.8673 0.8579 0.8585 0.8591 0.8597 0.8603 0.8609 0.8615 0.8621 0.8627
7.3 0.8633 0.8639 0.8645 0.8651 0.8657 0.8663 0.8669 0.8675 0.8681 0.8686
7.4 0.8692 0.8698 0.8704 0.8710 0.8716 0.8722 0.8727 0.8733 0.8739 0.8745

15 0.8751 0.8756 0.8762 0.8768 0.8774 0.8779 0.8785 0.8791 0.8797 0.8802
7.6 | 0.8808 0.8814 0.8820 0.8825 0.8831 0.8837 0.8842 0.8848 0.8854 0.8859
Te 0.8865 0.8871 0.8876 0.8876 0.8887 0.8893 0.8899 0.8904 0.8910 0.8915
7.8 0.8921 0.8927 0.8932 0.8938 0.8943 0.8949 0.8954 0.8960 0.8965 0.8971
oe 0.8976 0.8982 0.8987 0.8993 0.8998 0.9004 0.9009 0.9015 0.9020 0.9025

8.0 0.9031 0.9036 0.9042 0.9047 0.9053 0.9058 0.9063 0.9069 0.9074 0.9079
8.1 0.9085 0.9090 0.9096 0.9101 0.9106 0.9112 0.9117 0.9122 0.9128 0.9133
8.2 0.9138 0.9143 0.9149 0.9154 0.9159 0.9165 0.9170 0.9175 0.9180 0.9186
8.3 0.9191 0.9196 0.9201 0.9206 0.9212 0.9217 0.9222 0.9227 0.9232 0.9238
8.4 0.9243 0.9248 0.9253 0.9258 0.9263 0.9269 0.9274 0.9279 0.9284 0.9289

8.5 0.9294 0.9299 0.9304 0.9309 0.9315 0.9320 0.9325 0.9330 0.9335 0.9340
8.6 0.9345 0.9350 0.9355 0.9360 0.9365 0.9370 0.9375 0.9380 0.9385 0.9390
8.7 | 0.9395 0.9400 0.9405 0.9410 0.9415 0.9420 0.9425 0.9430 0.9435 0.9440
8.8 0.9445 0.9450 0.9455 0.9460 0.9465 0.9469 0.9474 0.9479 0.9484 0.9489
8.9 | 0.9494 0.9499 0.9504 0.9509 0.9513 0.9518 0.9523 0.9528 0.9533 0.9538

9.0 0.9542 0.9547 0.9552 0.9557 0.9562 0.9566 0.9571 0.9576 0.9581 0.9586
9.1 0.9590 0.9595 0.9600 0.9605 0.9609 0.9614 0.9619 0.9624 0.9628 0.9633
9.2 0.9638 0.9643 0.9647 0.9652 0.9657 0.9661 0.9666 0.9671 0.9675 0.9680
9.3 0.9685 0.9689 0.9694 0.9699 0.9703 0.9708 0.9713 0.9717 0.9722 0.9727
9.4 0.9731 0.9736 0.9741 0.9745 0.9750 0.9754 0.9759 0.9763 0.9768 0.9773

95 | 0.9777 0.9782 0.9786 0.9791 0.9795 0.9800 0.9805 0.9809 0.9814 0.9818
9.6 | 0.9823 0.9827 0.9832 0.9836 0.9841 0.9845 0.9850 0.9854 0.9859 0.9863
9.7 | 0.9868 0.9872 0.9877 0.9881 0.9886 0.9890 0.9894 0.9899 0.9903 0.9908
982) 0.9912 0.9917 0.9921 0.9926 0.9930 0.9934 0.9939 0.9943 0.9948 0.9952
9.5.) 0.9956 0.9961 0.9965 0.9969 0.9974 0.9978 0.9983 0.9987 0.9991 0.9996
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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Case II Computation of Natural Logarithms

In this section base e logarithms, which are also called natural logarithms, are discussed.
Logarithmic expressions using base e are written in the form of /Jog,x or Inx. The letter e
represents an irrational number and is approximately equal to 2.718282. A calculator or a table of
natural logarithms is used in order to find the natural logarithm of numbers. Table 6.2-3 gives
the natural logarithm of numbers in various increments. To obtain natural logarithm of numbers
other than those indicated in Table 6.2-3 use the following steps and a hand calculator.
Step 1 Write the logarithm number in scientific notation form, i.e., write 250 as In2.5x107.
Step 2 Apply the laws of logarithm and simplify the expression (see Table 6.1-2).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how natural logarithms are solved:
Example 6.2-41
In100| = Note: /n= log,

Solution:
Step 1 [in100}
=[imi.0x10?|
Step 2
Example 6.2-42
[70,0001]=
Solution:
Step 1 [in0:0001)
=[in1.0x10~4]
Step 2
Example 6.2-43
=

ne =
Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

ib
|J 1D Uae ed Aly 1
Step 2 InVe3 |=|Ine3_ |=|Ine3 2|=|Ine3*2 |=|Ine®| = gine = eo =

Example 6.2-44
150
In——|=
Oi
Solution:
50
150 130 50 |= |In——
In| =|In—| = |In— 5.010
Step 1
27 iH 9 9.0x 10

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1
Step 2 peoees =|in5.010!
— 9.0 x10°| = (225.0 + in10") —(In9.0 + in10° )
9.0 x10

= |(1.6094 + 2.3026) — (2.1972 + In1)| = |(3.912)-(2.1972 + 0)| = =

Example 6.2-45
1

51n4-362| =
Solution:
1 1 1
= ba 2x=—
Step 1 51n4-362 -lsna(0 -5in4-6 2|=[5in4-6] =[5in24] =|5in2.4 x10!

Step 2 ~ =|5(0.8755 +2.3026)| = =

Additional Examples - Computation of Natural Logarithms

The following examples further illustrate how to solve natural logarithms:

Example 6.2-46

in200 =[in2.0x10] = In2.0

+In107 |= [0.6931
+ 2/710] = [0.6931
+2x 2.3026] = [0.6931+ 4.6052

= |5.2983
Example 6.2-47
In2,450| = |in2.45
x10°} = |n2.45
+In10°| = [0.8961
+3/10] = [0.8961
+3x2.3026] = [0.8961
+6.9078

= |7.8039
Example 6.2-48

/n60,000 =(mn6.0x104] = In6.0

+In10*| = [1.7917
+4 In10] =[1.79171+
4 x23026] = [179171+9.2104

-
Example 6.2-49

[in8] = [ins.0 x10°| = [in8.0+ in10°|= [2.0794 Ini]= [2.07940] = (2.0794)

Example 6.2-50
1
mame
InV81|=|n812|=|—In8 5I (/n81x 10!) 5I (in81+ini0" =|; (2.0919 43945
+23026) -[28)- 2.1972
or we can solve the above problem in the following way:
u 1 1

Example 6.2-51
f i

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- -
Example 6.2-52
1
|
In254\=|- fi
In25| 1
= in2.5 1 (in25 + ini!) = (09163 +23026) = =“ = [0.8047
x10! = _
Example 6.2-53
4 1
in34/256 |=|in34/44 Beste = = = |In1.2
+In10] = [0.1823
+ 2.3026

= [2.4849] or,
4 1

n34256 |=|in34/44 |= = =|In3

+ In4] =[1.0986
+13863] = [2.4849
Example 6.2-54
in76,000,000] = [in7.6
x10’| = |n7.6
+In107 |= [2.0281
+ 7/110] = [2.0281
+7 x 2.3026] =([2.0281+161182

=
Example 6.2-55
In 0.00024 |= |/n2.4 x10~*] = |n2.4
+In10~+| = [0.8755
—41n10] = [0.8755
—4x 2.3026] = [0.8755
—9.2104

-
Example 6.2-56

1n81,000] = |in8.1
x104] =|In8.1+ In104} = [2.0919
+4110] = [2.0919
+4x 23026] = [2.0919 +9.2104

-
Example 6.2-57
1 1

In2v2s
V250 |=|In2 x5V10 |= |/m10V10 |= [Jn10 x102 |= |/n10 +In102|; = |/n10
mi0x102}=[int0+1n102] +I—/n10] = |2.3026
=|in10-++ 1—x23026
i is
= |2.3026 +1.1513] = [3.4539

Example 6.2-58
1
in3/44 |= ap sind = zindax10) = 5(in4+ into!) = 5(14816 +23026) = — = [12614]
Example 6.2-59
in0.05] =|/n5.0
x10~2| = |/n5.0
+In10~*| = [175.0
—2In10] = [1.6094
—2 x2.3026] = [1.6094
—4.6052

-
Example 6.2-60

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Example 6.2-61
1
= 3x
1 3
= 3

2 2 2

Example 6.2-62
3

ih e2
pales = 3nd-[3)-E5]
Example 6.2-63

= = [In2 —31n3| =| 0.69 31

—3x 3.2958] =
1—93
1.0986 |= |0.6 [£2.6027
n2)-
3

Example 6.2-64

Binz =|3(In5 -1 = {ins 1 in7] = {1.60041 «1.9459] =|3(1.6094

-inJ/7)| = Instn? —0.9729)

= =
Example 6.2-65
1

=
Example 6.2-66
1 1

=|In2+1n34]| = In2+2In3 = 0.6931 + x1.0986 = 0.69314 = [0.6931

+0.2746

=
Example 6.2-67
2 2s

Example 6.2-68
2
= 2
3 = = a
Woe = Ine3 —Ine = ya ae — 2 lel = 2/1 = (2x1)-(1x3) = 2-3 = =!
e 3 3 Sal Spel 3 3

Another way of solving the above problem is by using the exponent laws as follows:
2 2

|= in| Ine3 -e'|=|Ine3 -e 1|=|Ine3 !|=|Ine 31 |=|Ine 3 |=|me 3/= eee

e e 3

=)
] 1 — |j—~—
1

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Example 6.2-69
Py)
3 u
—

ine =|InV3e2 —In4| = In(3e*)3 —In4\= sln3e? — Ind = 5(in3+ Ine?)— Ind = 5(n3+2ine) — Ind

=aa3 (1:0986 + 2 x 1) - 13863 me= 31 (110986 + 2) - 13863 =|—{—

3.0986 ~13863) = [1.0329
-13863] = -0,3534

Example 6.2-70

——_—_—_—_—— =|Ine3 —Ine

€ e

3 3 ey | 3x1 3 3 3

| Practice Problems - Computation of Natural Logarithms

Section 6.2 Case II Practice Problems - Find the values of the following natural logarithms:

WERE See = 3. In0.0007=

4. 1n255,000= Sane = ta hia

216

7. In3/500
5)
= 8. Lae
2 —
9. 500Ine> 3 =

2
10. 493 =

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Table 6.2-3
Natural Logarithms
n log.n n log.n n log.n n log.n n log.n
4.5 1.5041 9.0 2.1972 17.0 2.8332 170 5.1358
0.1 -2.3026 4.6 1.5261 9.1 2.2083 17.2 2.8449 175 5.1648
0.2 -1.6094 4.7 1.5476 9.2 2.2192 17.4 2.8565 180 5.1930
0.3 -1.2040 4.8 1.5686 9.3 2.2300 17.6 2.8679 185 5.2204
0.4 -0.9163 4.9 1.5892 9.4 2.2407 17.8 2.8792 190 5.2470

0.5 -0.6931 5.0 1.6094 9.5 2.2513 18.0 2.8904 195 5.2730
0.6 -0.5108 5.1 1.6292 9.6 2.2618 18.2 2.9014 200 5.2983
0.7 -0.3567 5.2 1.6487 9.7 peVP)\| 18.4 2.9124 250 S215
0.8 -0.2231 5.3 1.6677 9.8 2.2824 18.6 2.9232 300 5.7038
0.9 -0.1054 5.4 1.6864 9.9 2.2925 18.8 2.9339 350 5.8579

1.0 0.0000 5.5 1.7047 10.0 2.3026 19.0 2.9444 400 5.9915
1.1 0.0953 5.6 1.7228 10.2 2.3224 19.2 2.9549 450 6.1092
152 0.1823 5.7 1.7405 10.4 2.3418 19.4 2.9653 500 6.2146
1.3 0.2624 5.8 IBTE: 10.6 2.3609 (19.6 2.9755 550 6.3099
1.4 0.3365 5.9 1.7750 10.8 2.3795 —-:19.8 2.9857 600 6.3969

1.5 0.4055 6.0 1.7918 11.0 2.3979 20 2.9957 650 6.4770

1.6 0.4700 6.1 1.8083 11.2 2.4159 25 3.2189 700 6.5511
1.7 0.5306 6.2 1.8245 11.4 2.4336 30 3.4012 750 6.6201
1.8 0.5878 6.3 1.8405 11.6 2.4510 35 3.5553 800 6.6846
1.9 0.6419 6.4 1.8563 11.8 2.4681 40 3.6889 850 6.7452

2.0 0.6931 6.5 1.8718 12.0 2.4849 45 3.8067 900 6.8024

2.1 0.7419 6.6 1.8871 12.2 2.5014 50 3.9120 950 6.8565
22 0.7885 6.7 1.9021 12.4 2.5014 55 4.0073 1000 6.9078
2.3 0.8329 6.8 1.9169 12.6 DSSS) 60 4.0943 1050 6.9565
2.4 0.8755 6.9 1.9315 12.8 2.5494 65 4.1744 1100 7.0031

2.5 0.9163 7.0 1.9459 13.0 2.5649 70 4.2485 1150 7.0475

2.6 0.9555 7A 1.9601 13.2 2.5802 715 4.3175 1200 7.0901
27 0.9933 72, 1.9741 13.4 2.5953 80 4.3820 1250 7.1309
2.8 1.0296 73 1.9879 13.6 2.6101 85 4.4427 1300 7.1701
29 1.0647 7.4 2.0015 13.8 2.6247 90 4.4998 1350 7.2079

3.0 1.0986 75 2.0149 14.0 2.6391 95 4.5539 1400 7.2442

3.1 1.1314 7.6 2.0281 14,2 26932, 100 4.6052 1450 7.2793
3.2 1.1632 Ter. 2.04122 14.4 2.6672 105 4.6540 1500 SY
3.3 1.1939 7.8 2.0541 14.6 2.6810 110 4.7005 1550 7.3460
3.4 1.2238 7.9 2.0669 14.8 2.6946 115 4.7449 1600 7.3778

3.5 1.2528 8.0 2.0794 15.0 2.7081 120 4.7875 1650 7.4085
3.6 1.2809 8.1 2.0919 15.2 2.7213 125 4.8283 1700 7.4384
SL 1.3083 8.2 2.1041 15.4 2.7344 130 4.8676 1750 7.4674
3.8 1.3350 8.3 2.1163 15.6 2.7473 135 4.9053 1800 7.4955
3.9 1.3610 8.4 2.1282 15.8 2.7600 —-140 4.9416 1850 7.5229

4.0 1.3863 8.5 2.1401 16.0 2.7726 145 4.9767 1900 7.5496
4.1 1.4110 8.6 2.1518 16.2 2.7850 150 5.0106 1950 USES
4,2 1.4351 8.7 2.1633 16.4 2.7973 155 5.0434 2000 . 7.6009
4.3 1.4586 8.8 2.1748 16.6 2.8094 160 5.0752 3000 8.0064
44 1.4816 8.9 2.1861 16.8 2.8214 165 5.1059 4000 8.2940
x 0 1 2 3 4 § 6 2 8

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Case III Computation of Logarithms other than Base 10 or ¢

Logarithms other than base 10 or e are solved by using the following general rule:

log, b= fogiob
logiya
log; 5 _ 0.699
For example, Jog,;5 = ~8l0° = Mie 1.465 ; logy28 = fogi8 _ 09031 _ _1 999
logo 3 0.4771 : logio 0.2 —0.6989

logs2 l
= fO8i0B: re 0010"
0301 0.4306 ; logg7 = fogig7 _ 0.8451 _ 0.9358
logig5 0.6990 logjy8 0.9031
The steps in solving this class of logarithms are as follows:
Step 1 Change the logarithm number to an exponential number with a base similar to the
base of the logarithm, i.e., change Jog;81 to Jog33*.
Note: If a logarithm number can not be changed to an exponential number with a
base similar to the base of the logarithm, we then change the given logarithm to a
common logarithm by using the general equation Jog, b= iio :
0810 4
Step 2 Apply the laws of logarithm and solve the logarithmic expression (see Table 6.1-2).

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how logarithms other than base 10 or e are solved:
Example 6.2-71
log3 Vv 243 |=

Solution:
1
S 1 ] 5
V 243 |= |log; 2432 |=|—log3 243] = |—log;3

1 5|_|1 5 5 5
—log33°| =|—x 5log3 3) =|=—/ =(—<
1 = |—| =| 25

or we can solve the above example in the following way:

1

Il. Step1 rg 2432See

log; V243 |=| log, Bows
|=|— 249
log, 243

1 1 logy 243| | 1 logy) 2.43x107

ee
|__|= See
1 logy 2.43 + logy
107
Step 2 <"" |= i
— log; 243) = = 0810
2 2 logig3 2 log) 3.0x10 2 logo
3+ logyo 10

_| 1 Jogi 2.43+2]_|1 0.385642] _|1 2.3856 -|bxs|=|3]= an

patra ree. | (Mea 2.04771] |2 2

III. Step1 log; V243 |= |log3 15.59

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

logo 15.59 logy 1.559 x 10! logy 1559 + logy 10'| _ |logi 1559 +1
Step 2 P [ees 1559]=|—-*——
log3 15.59] =| |=
logy 3.0 x10° logi9 3 + logyq 10° logo 3+0

fe
= |e ee ae =
ea 2
Example 6.2-72
io 3 |=
e102
Solution:
I. Step 1 logs —— =| log, 3—log4 1024] =|logy
3- log, 4°

stu =| 4771 sx
stu
0g

3
° 1 ——|=]] 0.00293

tep 2
meee
lez,000293] =|10819
fous0am =ed
210.00293]
eon? 4
_|logy)
=| 293x1073
logo 4
say3 a
|= esse =|2 =
[421]

Example 6.2-73
log, 27|=
p
Solution:
1

I. Stepi = — = 2= = 27
x

CA |

Step 2

or we can solve the given logarithmic expression in the following way:

II. Step 1 = ee
3

log}927
Step 2 lo 2
P logio 0.333

- |e 14314
3 HereTle 484
ee )-S
Example 6.2-74

[2800025]=
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

logo 2.5 + logyo 10!

Step 2
logo 2.0 + log 10°

Example 6.2-75

Solution:

I. Step1 et
Se cee | Oe
a\7° 8) heseee si 81
(3) 625. 625

Step 2 or,

II. Step 1 10g 5) = [hogy g£5

ie 8] 0.6 8]

iD 1ogi9 625 logyg 81 |_ |l0g19 625 — logo 81

Step 2 logo 6 es = |logy6625 — logy6 81] =
log,9 9.6 logiy 0.6 logy 0.6

_ |logy 6.25 x10? — logy 81x10! |_ log} 6.25 + logyo 107/= log\o 8.1 —logyo 10!
logy 6.0 x 107! logo 6.0 + logig 107!

_| oe
logy 6.25 +2 - is7902-0208
0908-1] _ |238)
0.888 Ea =
Se aa [28 :

IIt. Step1

—— |= logy 7.716 x 10°

logo logo 7.716
+logy 10°
Step 2 logy
¢7.716| =| 2 7.716
logy 0.6 logo 6.0 x tire logo 6.0 + logio 10n

__ |logyo 7.716 +0] _ eo

log} 6.0 -1 att |

The above examples show that logarithms can be solved in different ways. Students are
encouraged to practice solving the additional problems given below in more than one way.

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Additional Examples - Computation of Logarithms other than Base 10 or e

The following examples further illustrate how to solve logarithms other than base 10 or e
Example 6.2-76

een = [logos 64= [or28lea] = [oes2=6] = [6)-()]- == BI

or we can also solve the above problem in the following way:
16 16 1 ”)
IL {logs
082 64| =|log, 082 64
— |=|Jog, 082 —|=[log>
4 082
1— log,
C82
4]=|0—log,
$2
27| =|0-2/og, 2|==[-2x1]=
[2x1]
=
Ey)

Example 6.2-77
l 3 = =

1 logio 0.008 logy 8 x 10

= a5
log) 8 + logy 10 |e_ ||logy 8-3
IL. \tog<——| =\/oe2 0.008'|=| 210 — | = |e ee es

a- ae 3 ~ Feu = By
eee Feu

Example 6.2-78
1
A l 1 1
logy V9 = logo 95 = pice — =

Example 6. ing
79

=e -|se1
Example 6.2-80

es
log; 243 -log, 9|= |log3°
1og33° —log33?| = [Stog3 3-2log3
3]=|(5x1)- (2«1)| = [5=2]
=B)

26)|

ee
ae we can also solve the above logarithm, after it has been simplified, in the following

og,7B es
ES
lo 3 ee
a 6.2-81
1

= (log, 2° + logs 2”) 3(0og22+2t0g22)|= *(9x1+2x1)|= *(0+2)|=|4|=[55] or

2 2 2 2 2

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1 3
I. [log 12048 |= |/og(2048)2| =| 2~ Jog, 2048] =| 1 2810 2048) _ |1 2.04810"
logio
2 logig2 Ds logo2

_ |1 logy 2.048 + logy

lyme ers ae10°} _ Gomeni
[1 03113+3]_ [1 33113] fi
iae ern elPeeled 1]
eae or
ogi9 2 2 03010 203010] |2 p} ‘

logyy 45.25} _|logy) 4.525x10!| _|logy) 4.525+log,,10'| [0.6556

Ill. |Jog> J2048 |= |/og, 45.25] =|—210 itt dl Ned Ue ICU
== |= ete eet
fog 2048 logo 2 logio 2 logio 2 0.3010

¥ ae = Fant y
= |165%8) = sael-
Example 6.2-82
I. {Zogo,01 0.0001] = |logy 91(0.01 x 0.01)| = |Zogo9}0.01 + logy9}0.01] = = or,

II. logo.o1 0.0001) = logo.o1 Fx 10+ = l0g0.01 1+ logo.o1 10= =|0- 4 logy 01 10|= Ryrieeio lO
logyo 9.01

oe SO ln |Pe aay lien ae Or,

eeeeigeniali
Syl |e
slate
ks oat
i ae

-4 -4
igs Ey Cy] ag a ses — |£0819 1+ fogjq 10 |_ |0- 4/081910 “|
log} 0.01 logyy 1x 107 logiy 1+ logy 10° 0-2logiy10| [2x1

r a
-4]-]-@
Example 6.2-83
logg 10.0001] = |logo, (0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1)| = |Jogo 0.1 + logo 0.14 logy 0.1+ + logo, 0.1] = = [4]
or,
logo 0.0001 logy 1x 104 logyg 1+ 80
logy) 10~
—_| =|0-4/og;y10)|_|-4x1]_|4
—__ =" |= ea Fat
II. [logy ; 0.0001} = |—2!2 ——_ |= | "49 ——__| = 8°
log\o 0.1 logig1x107! logig 1+ logy9 107! 0 -1/og\9 10 =1x] 1 ul

Example 6.2-84
been
i!: [/eg0,01 0.001]
0.001] = Zogo.01(0.01
[/eg0,01 0.001) (0.01 xx
Zogo.01(0.01 0.1) 1080.01
0.1)=|/Jogo
x0.1) 0.01++logo.o1
010.01 logo.o1 0.1|
0.1== [ego]
0.1) 0.1) == f=
1+ logo 010.1| ]1+ Jogo
SO 0.01

—] E c%

logy 1+ logyy 107 0 — 2/ogiq 10 =2 2} 12) B

logyy 1x10 5 |S logy9

_||
logy 0.001)ee eels
3 0 -3/0g19 10
ero1+ logooe10 ee ee a]
Te lserO OT sce
logio 0.01 logio 1x 1072 logo 1+ logio 10-2 0 —2logy 10 —2x1 2

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

Example 6.2-85
| == ] = 16
0.25|)\=|-2'* Note: 025°¢ = ——
0.25 16|=
logo25
logo2516| ogy
80.25 |-2logs
025 = |-2
ps0.25-2|= logy25 0.25
25025 [2x1] = 2) Gee ~ 00605

log,
16|=|—_210—_ |=|
II. logo25 16|
16 1.2041
— J = [22]
0025 16| Jog) 025| |—0.6021
Example 6.2-86

Example 6.2-87

I. [logi¢ 256]= a = ESATO s £819 256+ logioI | = ee

2;
=~ ae a
ee logyo 1.6 x 10" logy 1.6 + logy 10! rote a
Example 6.2-88
log}, 768) = logy6(256 x 3) = |log)6
256 + logy, 3)= logy 16° + logy. 3 =|2 logy,
16+ logi6¢ 3

a SORTA p+are
27m = [2+03962]
0.3962| ==[23962] or,
5 108102 |= p+27m
[2.396

2
UL. [lose768]= ae
oe ~ an
fete oglogy 768+ ong10"tO")[85442]
1.6 + logy ore _(28854
eat _pep
Example 6.2-89
-3
=[3x1]= [33] Note: (2) eS

or,
logo 8 ES
II. }lo 8|= [logos 8|cy ated LYae fe! Peau
[logos8]= logy, 0.5 ES

Example 6.2-90

I. |/ogys32| =| logos 8-4] = |logos

8+loggs 4|=| logy 0.5°> + loggs 0.5-7| =|-3/ogo 50.5—2logys 05

= = =[5] or,

10g 32+ logy 10"|_ eet e eh -

1
32]= pea2 pesioee
I. [logos
ee logig5.0x10'| | logy 5.0+ logyy 107! psa1 =|

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

Example 6.2-91
Le = 1 :

4
Ill. oes—|=|lo,
log\g 0.2
"981092
oa]=|
ES
|| 288 |—Ea
loss
5][ozs
fea 02] logig5 0.6989
eae 6.2- Ec

Example 6.2-93
]
joes ae
2 =[-3x1]=[23]
=iOe # Note:(2)
=3 ees eee
7
ee en els
ed3 gr 8) | Saeaa Stes
5 Gh Pil

logi93375 peal
We 1080 weal= |10g.66663375|
3375|=
208065563375 10g 0.6666| ea
ere 6.2-94

ry fn) [ome -SEDHED u(t)" otee bafta

1
3
i
3
1
—)

1
3
1
=)

5
1
G
—

O|—
apie
9

me = [log33339|= ale ea

-
nF ee ale -|582
Example 6.2-95

ie eee a ere -|oue

1He
org
1296 |=|1og9
zu
16661296]=ie1666 | pe7783 jeaiolaseeiri
7783 ees
0.7783.
= [4]

ieeere 6.2-96
a 0.1
{ogo
930.003] =70803(0.03 xx0.1)
0.1)= |10go,03 0.03 +logo 3 0.1]== |1+ logo o3 0.1]= a

log) 3 —21ogy9 10 0.4771 —2 =15229

1+
=
<i|= [20S] = [EE] or,

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

log,0.003] _ [—25228] _ [2.5228

0003]=|!2810°00| 25228) | 25228 — [ese]
agg950.003]
II. [Z0g0,03
£0.03 10g19 0.03 | ps
Example 6.2-97

I. log; 375V5|= logs(375 x v5) =|logs x3)+logs I 5|=|(logs 125+ logs 3) + =1 logs 5
375 + logs V5|=|/ogs(125

=|logs 5° +
I
logs3+—|= =
1 =|3+—+1
1 7
=|—~4 log. 3|=3—4——
1 log93
|= 0
04771
ome 2 logio5 0.6990

= B5+0.6825] = [4.1825]

logs
logs375v5
375V5| =[logs 375
375x 2-236] =|logs 838.525|=ae
x2-236 838.525) Fo
_|2
£7*">
|=[4.1825]
Example 6.2-98
1 1
log> 48/2 |= logn(48 x92) =|log> 48 + log, 2 = log>(16 x 3) + logy ar = tO OA tae a eae

l 3
= Wes logs3 + = Woes log = 7 eg ae = eoes = Zip eive
5 5 5 5 5 logy2

=| ‘c * 03010
+77) = [43+15849] = [57849]
can6.2-99
oes |= Jog; 1 log, 2000] =10-
= 10-log,2x10°3| -(10g32+ logs 10°)= (logs
(logs 2
2 +310g310)|

_|_[logio2,,/ogi010]/_| [03010 , 1 ]/_| [03010 3 22010 e185]

logig3 logi03 0.4771 0.4771 0.4771 0.4771 Qe

ef = Ca = a-
Example 6.2-100

1085 eos logs 1—logs 5*|=|0- 4logs 5]=[4x1]=[4] or,

IL. toes2-|= logs 1.6 x10] =| logs 16 + logs 1073 |= |22810!

_306, 19)= |2S10 16_ /081010
625 logig 5 logo 5 logig5

_[02041, 1 ]_[oz0a1__3_) _[02041-3] _ [27959] _

0.6989 0.6989 0.6989 0.6989 0.6989 0.6989

3 SU
—~|=|logs0.0016|
Ill. oes et|
eg
0.0016] _ =
aareeteed| alcarogy xs
[-2.

Pager
6.2-101
9
= |log3 9 — log; 54| =|log3 3° — log3(27 x 2)| =|2/og33- [/og3 27 + log; 2]} =|2- [loa33 + log, 2|

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0810 ;

= [21-06=31 ]]
[1.631

Il. ae9 = |log30.1666| = |/o ene

0.1666
bel
= cree
—0.7783
= |-1.631

Example 6.2-102

eas log\9 33 1.5185

logs 333|= |{281033 = [15185 — Gime
1S5| —aa
Example 6.2-103

1. [ese]=[lss8"]= iesn8]=Gll= (2)or, [ay]

=|0805]
=969]= ma
4

Example 6.2-104
2 2
5 A 8
ae log, e” + log, e3 = TG RAE = Ie = 242 are -|§ or,
3 3 3| 3 3

2 22 a 2) 02) S42 Slot ee:

Example 6.2-105
us WwW

> 0Q oo Il S oq Il | WwW~ie) | Ww x ° tasfa’) | | ll ll ll | | oo

aN
inNl
ae Nl SS Ww |
xX
x |CO
—|— — 00
|—
Nile N|— Nile PSMes
oe
See
aN

Example 6.2-106

10g9 35,100] = ae = esata = es JEAo ~ ees = pees

logig 2 + logy 10! eee pees
en esata

= —— = [3.4936
Example 6.2-107
Zogsy 7000] —= |seu
£9810 7000}— |{/9810 7x
/ * 10° -— ||e
£9810 T+1 0810
a 10° aS
— | 9810 7+3 =~ ees = [22632]
seu logy 5x10! sant a ae
Example 6.2-108
as logy 4.3 + llogyy 10 __ |£0819
4.3+1
logyo 1.2 + llogyg 10 ogg 1.2+1

e- [0888521 ie1838 _ ise

Pom a

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Example 6.2-109
1
ke l
3x=— 3
=
logs
3° |= log3(3°) =|) |e Pee 3 3
5loss -2-]- 5
Example 6.2-110
=)
a9) logi(2] |=|2e, $|-l= BI
1

3 3 3
Example 6.2-111
1
5 1 or,
I. |logag 7|= |logag V49 |=| logag 492| = 5lo849 49 = aes

logig
7|_| logy 7.0x10°| _ |logyg 7.0 + logyy 10° |_ Ree (ee
_ ] = |2S
207,= |Se
|Sf
10, oe) ==|
aes logy) 49 x10! logy 4.9 + logy 10! a fee

Example 6.2-112
1
x 1 ] 2+1 3
I. logys5 125 = [logys 25-5] = logys 25 + logos 5 = 1+ logys5 252 = HUGG -|+3]-P=)-2|-9

or we can solve the problem in the following way:

el
Hl. [foz35125|= ue : teenie)A|pesiolear socal | 2 ee _- 728]i
2

25 ae logo 2.5 + logo 10! ood Feel

Example 6.2-113
Feita
tog, V1 | a 2,
tog, V1 | = Feita — $logy 11 apie

Example 6.2-114

ifaw )|-
[Few Hogs

1 logyy 2.0x10'} _|logi92+log;,10-!| _[03010—1

25 logy 5x 10° logig 5 + logy 10° 0.699 + 0

_|=0.699| _ oy
0.699
Example 6.2-115

I. |logy>3/——— |= =|!3802
log |e
Gog} log =e
[3/9802 53] logg> 02> |=1-3 x a logo
13/7802" 0.
20.2 0.2
502 V0.008

=[-logo2 0.2] =)
or we can solve the above problem in the following way:

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

1
IL. |Jogo>
1
3}-—— |= logo ¥/125|=|log
leat
> 1253| =|=Jogy
1 logyo125|_|1_ logyg 125x107
5125|=|—x —2!9 = |=|_ x —210
502 ¥0.008 oe aunte Sy eanelecl es cierepacttual

—|1, !08191.25+logig10"|_|1 ,0.0969+2] _[1

2
2.0969 =|bx-a]=|-1]= El
3 Jogi 2+logy10- | [3 0301-1 | [3 -0699| [2 1

Practice Problems - Computation of Logarithms other than Base 10 or e |

Section 6.2 Case III Practice Problems - Solve the following logarithms:
1
i 10E4 5g = De log; 162 = 2 logso 600 =

oye
4. log, 16 = o OE ae 6. 1ogoo4 0.0004 =
2

Wye
7. log, 32¥4 = 8. 10g 3 a = Eh Ueneein=os
5

10. log,30¥2 =

395
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

CaseIV Computing Antilogarithms

The antilogarithm of a number y is simply the logarithm to the base a raised to the number y,
i.€., antilog, y=a”. Note that some books use the notation Jog! to represent the antilog so that
log, |y =a”. In this book we simply raise the base to the number y. For example, to obtain the
antilogarithm of y where y=/og,x we raise both sides of the equation to the base a so that
a’ =a'a* or a? =x. This is a less confusing notation than Jog,'y = log, '(log, x) which is the
same as log, !y=x. To calculate the antilogarithm of a number use the following steps:

Step 1 Raise both sides of the equation to the same base as the base of the logarithm, i.e.,
write log, x =b as a!8a* =?
Step2 Apply the logarithmic rule No. IV to solve for the variable x, i.e., change a!8* = a?
to x =a’. Check the answer by substituting the solution into the original equation.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps in calculating antilogarithms:
Example 6.2-116

Solution:
Step 1 |
Step 2
Check:
?
/og31.693=0.479 ;
logo2819 1.693
1679“0,479
” ; 922
286 ?_9.479 ; 0.4=
86 79
0.479
08103 0.4771 —
Example 6.2-117
log3 x = log, 8
Solution:

? 2 9
?
3 1.4314 f
Check: log3 Y= logo 8 - logio 27 = log 23 : logio 27 =3lo
logy 3 logo 3
Example 6.2-118
logs x = log, 8
Solution:

Step p 1 logs85 x is
= log, logio 8
§4 8| ; |logs85 x = logy 10°}.
0.9031
4 3 |]1085x pease iesiais| |i logs
0.6021|° x ==1.5

Step 2 [iogsx=15};[s!ees =5!5]; [x=5!); =113]

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

? logyy 11.2 ?logyy8 , 1.05 ? 0.9031

Check: Jogs11.2=log,8 ; losis
logig 5 logy 4 7 0.699 0.6021

Example 6.2-119
logo.4 x = 0.479
Solution:
9
Step 1 logy4x = 0.479| ; |0.4/0804* = 0,4°47

Step 2 o.gleeo4*
—9.49479].|,
0.49479]
— -[= 0.645]
logy, 0.645? ?
Check: Jog, 0.645 =0.479
= ;» £0810 0.049 © 9.479 , 01904 «0.479 - 0.479 =0.479
logy 0.4 ~03979
Example 6.2-120
logi x = log; 25
Solution:
logy x = log; V25 : fonctions! log3
x =ig
; |log 5]; logyo x = E102
Step 1
0810

2 ee (very alee

? ? ?
Check: /og,9 31.6=log3
J25 ; 15=10g35 ; [seis eeUS) > 15=15
logiy 3 04771

Additional Examples - Computing Antilogarithms

The following examples further illustrate how to find the antilogarithms of logarithmic expressions:
Example 6.2-121
Given log, x =b where a=10 and b = 0.2822 find x, the antilog of b.

logy
x=0.2822] ; [10/2810*= 1097822 - [= 100282] . x = 1.915
ee ?

Check: logyo EOS = 02822 5 logig 9152=0.2822 ; —- 0.2822 ; 0.2822

= 0.2822
logio 10

Example 6.2-122
Given Jog, x= where a=2 and b=0.2822 find x, the antilog of b.

logy = = 02822) : SESSETG

? ?
Check: Jog, 1.216=0.2822 7
; fogig L216=0.2822; 0.0849 =0,2822 ; 0.2822 = 0.2822
logy 2 0.3010
Example 6.2-123
Given Jog, x=b where a=8 and b=0.56 find x, the antilog of b.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

[easx=056); [aves*=9955];[x=89]; [x=3.204)

? ?
Check: Joge 3.204=0.56 ; i810 S20 aee 05056 * 9 56 ; 0.56=0.56
ae logy 8 0.9030
Example 6.2-124
Given Jog, x=b where a=0.02 and b = 0.345 find x, the antilog of 6.

logy02x = 0.345] ; [0.02/280.02* = 0.02934} ; » [x = 0.259

? 0.259 ?
Check: ogo 9 0.259=0345 ; 128109259 _ 345 ; -0.586 =0345
?
; 0345 = 0345
| log 0.02 -1.698
Example 6.2-125
Given log, x =b where a=10 and b= -0.5801 find x, the antilog of b.

Toggs
-=205801] ;ope
[10/80™
—=19-5801]
19-5801] .. [y=
19-0580
|,=19-5801] l=agem|
«|,= ese Wy+=],
enh oe =038

? p
Check: /og;9 0.263=- 0.5801; a - 0.5801; a =se ) 5801 ; -0.5801 =-0.5801
ogio|
Example 6.2-126
Given log, x=b where a=0.001 and b =.075 find x, the antilog of 5.

{logo
oo1x=0.075|; [o.001/280.001*=0.001975]
;[x =0.001975] ;[x= 0.596]
log, 0.596” ? ?
Check: Jogo 09; 0.596=0.075 : OEE gee Penal oS 075 ; mlCaal ae 075 ; 0.075 = 0.075
10g 0.001 logi9 10° =
Example 6.2-127
Given log, x=6b where a=6and b=0.795 find x, the antilog of b.

Togs x=0.795]; [2ee* =6075] [x=6°75]; [x=A156

? logy9 4.156 ? ?
Check: og, 4.156=0.795 ; 28104198
“9795 , 0.6186“ ya95 - 9.795
=0.795
logiy 6 0.7782

Example 6.2-128
Given log, x =6 where a= 2 and b =-0346 find x, the antilog of b.

Hog yg
mxx=-0346];
-0.346) [logy 44x = -0346] ;[414/
*—144
1414-03465].|
1414-0346
— ].
a Gee

? logyy
Check: Jog; 4140.887=-0346 ; —2!0810 0.887
—"" ?__ 9346 ; ——"~=
—0.0521?
— 0.346 ; -0.346 = -0.346
pee logy 1414 01504
Example 6.2-129
Given log, x =b where a=100 and b=0.5 find x, the antilog of 6b.

logo9 *= 05] ; [100/810*= 100°5)

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.2 Computation Involving Logarithms

2 ]onic 10e?WEE
Check: log\99 10=0.5 5 =U 5 Es
logo 100 2

Example 6.2-130
Given Jog, x=b where a=0.7 and b=-3 find x, the antilog of b.

fosoyr= forte =079)sfe=079] |e]; = 5]: SBOE 0.7 .

, ? ?
Check: Jogo 72.915=-3 ; Ui OTE aE : edad =-3; -3=-3
logy 0.7 0.1549
Practice Problems - Computing Antilogarithms

Section 6.2 Case IV Practice Problems - Given Jog, x =5 find x, the antilog of 6, for the
following values of a and 6:
1. a=10and b=0.453 2. a=O0land b=0.08 3. a=2and b=-0543

4. a=0.03andb=04 5. a=+v3and b=-2 6. a=100

and b=0.04

7. az=2andb=3 8. a=10and b=-135 9. a=4and b=-23

10. a=1000 and b=0.03

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

In this section one variable exponetial expressions with and without similar bases on both sides
of the equation (Cases I and II, respectively) are addressed.

CaseI _ Both Sides of the Exponential Equation Have the Same Base

The steps in solving one variable exponential equations when the base on both sides of the
equation is the same are as follows:
Step 1 Write both sides of the equation in exponential form with similar bases, i.e., write
5xtl = ne as 5xtl eS sat .

2
Step 2 Equate the exponents on both sides of the exponential expression, i.e., write 5**! = 5~+
as x+1=-4

Step 3 Solve for the unknown variable x. Check the answer by substituting the solution into
the original equation.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how one variable exponential expressions with
similar bases on both sides of the equation are solved:
Example 6.3-1
343*t! _ |
7
Solution:
x+l

Step 2 [3*+3 771). Bea]

Step3 HES;=i]
(Gexd= ;
Gea, [*--4]
4 443 1 1 l
ri? ? oe, Boe (ees, 2
Check: 343 3) =1 ; 343 3 =1; 343 3-1, (7°) Doe rye Wane lane dt
7 G 7 i 7 Ter ee
Example 6.3-2
g4x+2_ |
625
Solution:

Step 1 se? |] eee

Step 2 [s#+? =54]: a 2=—a]

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
O 6.3 Solving One
NG Ve Variable
Varad Exponential
EXponential Equations
Equations

Step 3 [4x+2=-4]; [4x=-4—2] ; [4x=-6]=

3
4x-—+2?
12
-—+2? ?
Gheckis 912) a2 eer a ccs?
ail. 2alisgayelly
625 625 625 625 625

Example 6.3-3

(3?) 243*1!
Solution:
Step 1 (3)x = 243**1). 3 = (a5)'+1 - [32% = 35(*4)) - [32 =35e+5]

Step2 [2=3**5],
5
Step 3 ‘ ;3x=5);
Sey PESath) age gt cae. NaNO Pate Oe a
Check: (37) 3294368 a, eoa04ges, $38 29437 3 3 =(35) ec) Smee
wipe 10
$373 =3, ©

Example 6.3-4
16%1! ml

8
Solution:

sep foo] 0) - 2]aa +1

Step2 —[at#*4# =2];

Step 3 ere); ESS]; GE; |x=-3] i

7 ew 3 3 3
SC)
——+1?] —?] -—?] 4x-— 2] -——?] 371 i il

Ee 8 (
ar
8
ON ene
8
eo
8 8
a=
8 8 8

Example 6.3-5
5* 52x41 a 625

Solution:
Step 1 5* 52xtl = 625]: 5x+(2x+1) = 54 . (53+! -54]

Step 2

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

Step3 x= d=i];Baza];
Gal]
? Te
Check: 5!.5(2*)+1
2625 ; 5!. 53-625 : 5l#3 695 :54=625 + 625=625

Additional Examples - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation Have the Same Base

The following examples further illustrate how to solve exponential expressions with similar
bases on both sides of the equation:
Example 6.3-6
pe299*=a7];
9 29) =] f52+1=99];oer =9];Bead];
? ?
Check33-0-34 275 3-134.=27; gle4 S27
2 3 3827 27 =27
Example 6.3-7

la**5 =1024]; [a**5 =49); (e255); E=5-5]; =O)

? ??
Check: 4°+°=1024 ; 4°=1024 ; 1024=1024
Example 6.3-8

AS) fe
Check: (37) =312 ; 32*4-6561; 38 6561 6561
=6561
Example 6.3-9

srase] [sx=(52)") [oe=209], FN]; emery; aaa); aw); a

? ? 7 ae ?
Ghieckesy 250 085 = 25 q905 -(s?) 5 eg ss ee
“Be
6.3-10

2 |e
2 =) eg x2?
-143 4!
P =
4 ? =
4 a
4
Check: (s 21253) + 52221953: 542495 3 ech | Be eS. eg ent
Example 6.3-11

Se cere Le egPpa rome hime i ets

Check: @ 2 -a%=92 a2 <a? a2 ;qa2 =a ES da ee

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

Been
6.3-12

Example 6.3-13

ae
1 -1+8 1 Pl 21 1
--+2 --? 2 ? ? — -—?
Check: 125 4-5 Seale sale 5 42522.5 25°4.5 eu54051054 25 4agee
ge eee Be Sag
Se 5) oe 5 ot eben ee.
Example 6.3-14

52k43 1a5k+4 _ 95]. |52k+3 (5°)k+4 = 25] - |524+3 53(k+4) _ 52 5(24+3)+(3k-+12) _

, [ss*+5 =52]; (See15=2] ; [Sk=2-15] ; Be=—13]; |k=-*>

13 13 —26 -13 —26+15 —13+20 -11 i
2x—-—+3 =——+4? —+ 3 hl 3 ? 7 == 3 ? 5
Checks: «© '<12505 2505.5 (5°) 5 Sr pa ad | each ae (5 Pex
NM 47 4 aly 25 eles 102 29
BESS SOS OSSu 5S oS Oe 5a 5) 5 hrs Rl ye 52 saan
Example 6.3-15

e*) =647];2*?=(29)'| b2=2] bP 25], aeee ew

Check (24) ?=64? _ 24%3 (2°)
? 912 ?96%2 . 912 _ 912

Example 6.3-16

4* .43 =(47*
y=)
a5) eee Geeea) Bes [x=3]
TEAS: faut ial ESC aaTom grLea Cee ae
Check: 45.47=|4 5] 345 =145| 545. a3 ed he aern

Example 6.3-17

peas (=), a) a], Geeera), Becwed aed; [-1]

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

ee 34 148 She
Check: 27°°2=32"" : 272-32 ; (3°)? =3253 2232+ 3°2 S32 rests
Example 6.3-18

pr? =2),br? 24); pas); Pea]; BE

9 ?
p 1 aoa at jee!
Check a) ge 0 ee =
16 Gua (= 16. 16) 16
Example 6.3-19

ported
39- Fe aes
ae . [369-1 -3-3

1 1 -5 —j— 6 —5+3 -7 —2 2 Hi
x-=+1 -=-2? ] —+l1 D4 —?] —- —? 4] Bie
: So ee oS Ga ey ee
ONG 3 : 27s aH 27 94| a

ca
salle ge a Ge Shee
3

: Tas Do ee Tae,
san
6.3-20

,
ae 7
ae =12+7 4 1 59 59 Dig oes
Check: 128 7° =— 3128 7 =; 128 7=2° (2”) ao, eee BT, ue
2
7 =>

Practice Problems - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation Have the Same Base

Section 6.3 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following exponential expressions:
il. 3x42 33% 43 a qu-2our3 a 2 12524 = 59+3

2
4. 5**7 — 695 5. (4°) = 256¢+2 6. 23k-1,52 _ 9k-4

Ti 243” = (372 Sat] ga-3 ,a=3._

8. 45atl 04 ie
Opto Gil
16 512

10. (3°) = gi

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

Case IL Both Sides of the Exponential Equation do not Have the Same Base
The steps in solving one variable exponential equations when the base on both sides of the
equation is not the same are as follows:
Step 1 Multiply both sides of the equation by a logarithm having the same base as the
exponent base, i.e., write 5**! =3 as logs 5**! = logs3.
Step 2 a. Apply the logarithmic rules to simplify the equation, i.e., write Jog; 5**! = log,3 as
x+1=Jlog;3 (see Section 6.1).
b. Solve for the unknown variable x.
c. Check the answer by substituting the solution into the original equation.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how one variable exponential expressions without
similar bases on both sides of the equation are solved:
Example 6.3-21
3% =5
Solution:
Step 1 ; |/og33* = log;5

Step 2 Te= log35| ;; |xlog3

log;3* 3 2= log; |5]; See
|x-1=log35 5oe
[eos x=logo
ate BH 5

-|x= a ; [x = 1.4649

?
Check: 3!464=5 ; 5=5
Example 6.3-22

Solution:
Step =3] [logy 4?**3 = logy3
; [ae 2H45) = 3] [4243
ded)e
+3 = log,3 [B og193
(ay og)
Step 2 ;
log, 42x+3 = log, 3}; (2x +3)log, = log,3) ;|2x
logig4

—2.2076 ;
3 - [2x = 0.7924-3] ; [2x = -2.2076] ; - [x = -1.1038

Check: 47#1038-2 .4-11038+5 ?<3 . 4-31038 ? . — 221723? : 3 ?

|438962 _3 323
4 .
Example 6.3-23
pees?
Solution:
Step 1 2.3% =3.57*] 5 |logio(2-3*)= logio(3-5**)

Hamilton Education Guides 405

 Step 2 logio(2 : a = logia(3 : oa 5 logo 2+ logig p= logo 3+ logi Seer

- [logo 2 + x logo 3 = logy 3 — 2x logo 5]; [03010 + 0.4771x = 0.4771 —2 x 0.6989x

=-1.875x] ; 0.1761 =
0.094]
[x
[0.3010—0.4771 = —13979x — 0.4771 x] ; [-0.1761 —1.875
5
Check: 2-3 0,094=O
2, 8520,094
aot .
ceo 4.30094, 3:5 .-0188 .5; 2x11087=3x Sue
l ; en pea
ES

* 2217 =2217
Example 6.3-24
log; 81! = 21|=
Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

f=]
Step 2 logs81'"!
= 2r|;|log,(34) = 2¢/; ogy 3**-))
=24]; [logs 3484 = 24] ; [r=
4=24]

ys

ca ea,|4}, 2) a
? ?? ? V ?
Check: log; 81°7!=2x2 3; log;81=4 ; log334=4 ; 4log33=4 3 4x1=4 3 4=4
Example 6.3-25

Solution:

Step 1 ;ine™ = nfa* 2°)

Step 2 eS In(® See) ; [3x Ine = In4* + In2*~*] ;|-3x = xIn4+(x —2)in2

5 3x =xln4+xIn2—-2In2| ; |-3x = 1.386x + 0.693x — 2 x 0.693] ; |-3x = 2.079x — 1386

p= BS
; 2.079x
|-3x— = -1386] ; |-5.079x = —1386] Sa) | 0.273]
x =

Gheck™ 2222 E0275 20273-2 . ,-0819-

2 40273, n-1727. _ | ee 1 1.46
9

2208105 91.727 > 2268 3310

; 0.441 = 0441

Additional Examples - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation do not Have the Same Base |
The following examples further illustrate how to solve exponential expressions without similar
bases on both sides of the equation:
Example 6.3-26

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

logig 5
* eas) 0.6989
x= nar 14649—1] ; [x= 0.4649
10

Note that we can multiply both sides of the equation by log to any base. For example, let’s
multiply both sides of the above equation by Jogo, i.e.,

Tk [s+ 5]. logy) 3**! = logy95| ; (x + 1)logy9

3=logig 5}; aye ese : Pees
logy 3 logo3

=04771
OS ~1); (146491) ;[= 0.4649)
or, let’s multiply both sides of the equation by Jogg

Il. [s+ =5]. logg 3**! = logg5| ; |(x+1)logg

3=log 5]; ene es : pee ctl | ee
logg 3 logs 3

- —10810
l 5xlogo 88
Sxi _ ogi 5 _ 2-8 1.4649
—1]:0.4649]
[x=
logiq 8 x logyo 30 ~ logio 3 x=SO
477]

or, let’s multiply both sides of the equation by the natural logarithm (Jog, = In).

IV. gett 5]. In3**!

= In5}; (x +1)In3
= In5} ; rt1= 2 ; x= TO al]
lx = LE, x = 14649-1
n n

: [x = 0.4649
Therefore, irregardless of the logarithm base, where both sides of the equation are multiplied
by, the final answer is always the same. In this book, to simplify the process, we multiply
both sides of the logarithmic expression by either a logarithm having the same base as the
base given in the left hand side of the equation, or by a natural logarithm (log, =/n). For
example, if the problem is stated as:
1. 2*+!.2**3 =5. Since the base on the left hand side is 2 therefore, we multiply both sides
by either Jog, or In.
2. 3*t!=5. Since the base on the left hand side is 3 therefore, we multiply both sides by
either Jog; or In.
3. e* =5*** Since the base on the left hand side is e therefore, we multiply both sides by
log, =In.
Example 6.3-27
Se gi >=OSH
2*=
ogy 2*
[2* =7]: [logy 77); jx
logy|
log7|
= log logy7] ; [x= logy7| ; |x
=logy}
logy 22=
xlogy >=OSH |x = 2.8074]

Check: 278074=
“7 -7=7
Example 6.3-28

pg 2],OO ag): 245): [logs = loans] [Ox low,

2low
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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

logig 5 0.6989
: (2x+4)x1 = logy5} .5 |2x +4 -= logs5| ;-|2x |2x == logy — 5-4} 54]: |2x
|2x =—>=—
ee? - 34]; |2x = ——_
03010 -4

—1.6783
5 [2x = 2.3217
-4] ; [2x = -16783 fr, x = —0.8392
? ? ? ty
Check: 20.8392 +1 | 5—-0.8392+3 _ 5 : 79.1608 | 52.1608 _ 5 ; 79.1608+2.1608 _ 5 ; 723216 5 BL II Nn

Example 6.3-29

; logs(4 3) = log;(5°* 5 |log; 4+ log33 ~* = 2xlog35| ; |log3 4 —xlog3 3 = 2x log35

; |log3 4-—x x1 = 2x log; 5} ; |log3;4—x

= 2x log; 5} ; |-2x log; 5— x = —log34| ; |2xlog35
+x = log34

log; 4 log34 log34

‘ x(2log3 5 +1) = log34 : eee ; x= — 3 a ee 3|x=
21og35+1 log;5° +1 log325+1

SUT(oyfapes TET
AG 2.9299+1

We can also solve this problem by multiplying both sides by the natural logarithm, i.e.,

4.37% =52]. In4-3-*) = Inf5*) - |ind

+In3-* = 2xin5| : [Ind—xIn3
=2xIn5] : [nd —xIn3
=2xIn

3 |-2xIn5
— x In3 = —In4} ; |2x1n5+xIn3
= In4}; x(21n5 + In3) = In4 : paree EE : eee tt
21n5+In3 Ins? + 1n3

y= = See
= 0.321
p= y= = See fesesDeSNO)

Check: 4.370321!—
” 5203211 A 750.6422 : ele : 4-0.7028= a8i11 ed
: sy WI38111
sor 1.4229
Example 6.3-30

je = 2774)5line) =n(2* 1);[Se ne = (x — 1)ln] ; E3x x1 = ind — nd]; [Bx xn—In

5 [3x —xIn2
= —In2} ; [3x +xIn2
= In2] ; |x(3+
In2) =In2} ; |x = ne : pepe
Auchica 1) aiEE
3+In2 3+.0.6932|?|" 3.6932
; |x = 0.1877
Check: 7301877) =2018 cf . 9‘Rant
al
9
2 77-1 . 205 631_ -08123 . ee ee 1 ]
205631 508123 ? 1756 1.756
Example 6.3-31

[e-** =4*-3]. Infe**) = In(a*ae —4x Ine = (x -3)in4];[-4x

xIn4-3in4]
x1 = ; xIn4—3in4]
[-4x=

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

; [4x=xIn4
=—3ind) ; [4xxin
4=3inA] ; [x(4+In4) =3in4 j= Set), pire
3
3) cetne
4+In4|’ 4+1n4|’ 4+In4

aus = 588: [x= 0.7721]

oe ei?
Check: ¢74(07721)240.721 3. 2730884” 4-2.2079 . We Slope, | a 1
> 730884 422279 ? 5194 2194
Example 6.3-32

5.33% = 2.4] In5-3*) = In(2-4-*) :|In5

+In3* = in2+In4~| : [Ind+3xIn3
=In2—xIn4

; [3xdn3+xIn4
=In2—In5] ;|x(31n3
+In4) =In2-In5}| ; x(in3° + Ind)= In2—Ins 5 |x(In27
+In4) =In2- Ins

ee in2—In5 als Wee0.6931 — 1.6094 le

os eeLeOet 9163 —0.1957
in27+In4 3,2958 +13863 |’ = 8s Eee wE
2 Lome le
Check: 5-3 3(-0.1957) ands
? (-0.1957) 5.305871 _ 9 , 40.1957 5. =2-13116 5 5-——=2.623
30.5871 19059

?
;_ =2.623 ; 2.623 =2.623
1.9059
Example 6.3-33
x

42.9% = Ses"

ne +In2+ =1n5

Aewe +/n2+1

0.6745
Sie 9 9
Check 4 tetera
Oi or 409872
8 0
5, ee > 15960-1.5960=5h: . 2.547 =2.547
19631
Example 6.3-34

ox 3%! =ge. In(2* -3*"") = In(4e™*) -|in2®

+In3* = Ind + Ine~*| ;|xin2+(x—1)In3
=In4- 2xIne

= In4 + In3
= In4 —2x] ; |xIn2+xIn3+2x
: [xIn2 +x In3 - In3 = In4- 2x x1] ; |xin2 +x In3—In3

x(In2.+I n3 +2)
p= ns n(4-3) p= a p= oa . [= 0.6553]
s[x(i n2-+1 2)=n3+2)
=In4+
4+In3};
Ind +In3|
=In3| ee o
Pa:3)+
s o _1792+ Mies

303447
oe
a: emer
a

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

a LP 15749 eed
570 - ; 1.078
= 1.078
1.4604 ri 3.7084 ° 1.4604 ~ 3.7084

Example 6.3-35

eas 2x
e3 .2%2 .3*+4 ov : ; [ine 3 +In2*-2 = In3**4 + ine*

; Ine +(x-2)In2=(x+4)In3+xine : Svclxln2~2in2= xIn3+41n3 +>

2% 2 4 2x 4 2 2
2 ee tale =xln3+In3" +x}; Sa Sa a +In2°|-1x plied = /n81+/n4

ae In81+In4 ees i ‘ly= 5 Wf SO : x = —7.8234

cs 2 l —0.33
— 0.4056
33
Fo te tee 3 3

2(-7.8234) ; :
Check: ¢ 3. -277:8234-2 34 | ,-7.8234
_3-38234
=3-7.8234+4 | ,-78234 . ,-52156 »-9.82 )

‘Ga es (es | je
fee es
452156 598234 438234 478234? 18412 906.02 66.72 249838
9

5 0.00543 x 0.001 103=0.01499 x 0.0004 Reale eae 10° =599x10~°

Example 6.3-36

[e** =47-3]. ine"* = ing?9| - —4x Ine =(x -3)in4 3 [-4x xl=xln4—31n4} ; |-4x = 13863x
—3 x 13863

5 [4x —13863x
= —4.1589] ; [4x +1.3863x
= 4.1589] ; |5.3863x
= 4.1589] ; <= ; |x = 0.7721

9 9 5
Check: e~4(0.772!) £40.7721-3 . .-30884©4-2.2279 . 1
> 530884 42.2279 > 5104. 2194
Example 6.3-37
x x x

5237 744 |: H")=af rt ; |n5+In3* =In7+In44 : InS+xIn3=In7+7 Ind

; 116094 + 1.0986x = 1.9459 + 13863 x i = [1.6094 — 19459 = 0.3466x — 1.0986x | ; |-0.3365 = -0.752x

; [0.3365 = 0.752x] ; |x = a : [x = 0.4475

» 0.4475 ; r
Check: 5: 30477) 7740805 531.635= 7748175 =7-11678 . 8S ls= 817s

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.3 Solving One Variable Exponential Equations

Example 6.3-38

6-2! =5.3¢H1]. In(6-2') = In(5-3'*") ; [in6+In2! = In5+In3" 4}; [In6 +11n2 = Ind +(t+1)In3

; [1.792 + 0.693¢ = 1.609 + (t+1)1.099} ; |1.792 - 1.609 = (t+ 1)1.099 — 0.693z] ; [0.183 = 1.0997 + 1.099 — 0.6937

0.4067] ; |r= - page p= 2.261

916
; [0.183 — 1.099 = 0.4067] ; [-0.=
? iy i ?
Check: 6-26 5-5. - 0 one ne me a3 7an 5 125=125
Example 6.3-39
t

logy 512! =1+1|; logs (8°) =1+1];|logg 8°*! =1+1); |logg

8% =141); Br=e+1); [B¢—r=1]; 2r=l]
i
s|=—|;2 [€£05]
0. Sie, ? ?
Check: log, 512° =0541; logs (8°) =15 3 logg8°*°> =15 3 loge
8h =15 3 15=15
Example 6.3-40

2 ]

? 0.5 ? ? ?
Check: log, 32° =05+2 ; log(2°) a5 log,(2°*°*)=25 > logy 225 =25 3 25=25

i Go a ED. oo
Example 6.3-41
ee Es 3

Check: (eons ee ae 3 ¥519627 ; 3=¥27 ; 3=We 33

Sin

Example 6.3-42
=1 a1 ibee1 eS1

24 | OSe 1a 03010ee1= tee

Check: logo
75 0.5=— ; saan
Jc 7 ==
3” log;9 0125 3 ° -09030 3° 3 3
Example 6.3-43

| (eres eee
: (4 -1)e* =(1+4)e~* = In5—x
. [pe =se7*] : In3e* = InSe~*| ; |In3+ Ine* = In5+ Ine] ; [In3+x

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0.5108
5 |x+x =In5—In3}; 2x = Ins : [2x = 1n1.6667| ; [2x = 0.5108 [= 254; x = 0.2554

0.2554 ! ]
ieee 20-2554 _ ,-0.2554 2 te is 90.2554 ibek 12909 — 12909 ui 1.2909 - 0.7746 ? 1
Be r 25540-02554
e +e 4 02554haces 4 l 7a 1 4” 12909+0.7746 4
20.2554
1.2909
+1.2909
——
i
; eles ; 0.25=025
2.0655 4
Example 6.3-44
1
: 9 =e 1
vex De 1 1
sp-t=e%
4=2(e*" + Inve) . ee A : ne
Ry tee)
2 2 2 2
de
; [2t = 0.4055 = 0.4055 1— 0.2027
—
sje = Je =3) Ine”! = In1.5 ; |2t ne = 0.4055]

?
? o2*0.2027 4 ve] » 4=2| =1 ? l ? l
Check: 4=2( 24054 4 Ine2 4=215+1ine] : 4=A{15+4x1)
2 2

? 9
5 4=2(15+05) ; 4=2x2 5 4=4
Example 6.3-45
4
/ = 2 = 4 ~ 4
lopye er =3log,
Ve* |;|2log, e+e * =3log, e3|;|2+e >" =3x~ loge e spre 3x4}

4
? ? - ?
Check: log, e? +¢2*%
9! =3log, Vet ; 2log, ete 3% 73! =3log,e° ; 2log, e+ 2° =3 x =loge e
? ?
P2408=f 2 2422455424

Practice Problems - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation do not Have the Same Base

Section 6.3 Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following expressions using the logarithmic
properties:
1. 5% =9 DD eee es 34) log, 3271 = 3x

4. e 2H = ou gu-2 5. 3x1 3xt2 = 6

7. 236 enor 8. 2=e +inde

10. log,2=0.5

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

In this section one variable logarithmic expressions are addressed in Cases J and II. Note that the
steps in solving one variable logarithmic equations that are in the form of, or can be reduced to
the form of, Jog, x =b are similar to what we have already learned in Section 6.2 Case IV, which
is merely obtaining the antilogarithm of a number.

CaseI _Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (Simple Cases)

One variable logarithmic equations are solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Apply the logarithmic laws to simplify the equation. (In cases were the equation is in
the form of Jog, x =b raise both sides of the equation to the same base as the base of
the logarithm, i.e., write Jog, x =b as a'8a* =q° .)

Step 2 Solve for the unknown variable. (In cases were the equation is in the form of log, x =b
the variable x is equal to x=a?.) Check the answer by substituting the solution into
the original equation.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how one variable logarithmic equations are solved:
Example 6.4-1

Solution:
Step1 ——_[loggu=
2);[22 =2|
step? beet),
1 i
(42257.
is7 We ee
[e—4]
a” ? A ”
Check: logy 4=-2 5 logy 2-* =-2 3 -2log,2=-2 ; -2x1=-2 ; -2=-2

Example 6.4-2
log, 0.00001 = —5
Solution:

Step 1 iog,, 0.00001 = -5] ;

Step 2 ;[oo0001=x°5]; 3
? ? ? ?
Check: /0g;, 0.00001=-5 ; logy 10° =-5 ; -Slogyg10=-5 ; -Sx1=-5 3 -S=-5
Example 6.4-3
log, (x- l)=-1
5
Solution:
1 logy (x-1) ic

aie eas ee
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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

081 (x-1) (a tat es 1x5 3 i

we? sue Peresin lelian si: i ina sa

: z=su1); Hed
ae pe i
Check: log | (6aie -1; ee SSE logs (4) =-1 ; -1xctog,(4)=-1 ; -lxl=-1 5; -l1=-1
5 5 5 5
Example 6.4-4
]
NS

Solution:
logy =
1 Rs
Step 1 logy == -3)3 Lu "Sau?

logy~ 1
Step 2 u Es dF

y= xLe
1.709 =e
_ 1709 a
1.709)
=

2 ? :2.
Check: logy wee
Re —-3;5 logy 709 Ce —=3 5 10g1.709 1.709? =-3 ; —31og) 709 1.709=-—3 ; -3x1l

eee
Example 6.4-5

Sept (ogg), 7
Solution:

| ez, =]; fr4):

? a
_
? ? 2
Check: 83 =0333 ; logs 8=0333
ogg 2=- 4.667+5 3 logg =*1=0333 ; 1 0.333
3
> 0333 = 0333

Additional Examples - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (Simple Cases)

The following examples further illustrate how to solve one variable logarithmic equations
Example 6.4-6

jogs xx =3|
Hogs = 3); [6286 =6°]; [x=69]; [k=210]

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

3° ? ?
Check: eee o6= 3 ; logs6°=3 ; 3logs 6=3 ; 3x1=3 ; 3=3
Example 6.4-7

[fog w=2); [2!82" =2?)-[u=22]; w=a]

? ?
Check: oe On ee 2log,2=2 ; 2x1=2 3 2=2
Example 6.4-8
log, y =) =)
] iu : WS< 3 32
log; y=-5 5 (2) 2 -() 2 y=(2)
5 2 2 2 Lette 1

pes
? pew 12 ?
Check: Jog, 32=-5 ; tog, (4) =-5 ; -Slog, piece 5 -5xl=-5 ; -5=-5
2 2 2
Example 6.4-9

1. [logan16= 9]; [22216 =2];fio=2"] [24=2") =A) or,

ML. Fe
[log216=w pe slog,=w) ; Hx1=w); =a]
Check: tice a hlog,2: ae 4log, 2=oe 5 4x1=hg 3 4=4
Example 6.4-10
log, x =3 —3
log; x =-3 : (2) 4 -(1) : x=(2) : : i: ‘ x= 64
=4 4 4 4 1

Check: Jog, 64=-3

? (rcs
; tog, (4) =-—3 ; -3log, TA
1
4 4 4
Example 6.4-11
es v

pare}

(eee | eee
Check: log,a —=2
36 ; lo et
P =
6 =2°: 2lo bes

Example 6.4-12

: = 1 |, _1x1000
logoi2s u=—1]; 0,125/080.125"
= 0.1257}: |u=0.1257']; ree AC TSS

=is:
100"); w= 8)
ion Poveh -l=-1
Check: ee Poa te LOSS nee 3 logoi251- toe ps 0125= 218, 0-1=-1;

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

Example 6.4-13

2];[0.0625/2800625*
x=2s
[logo.06 |»=
=2];0.06257] ;[x= 0.0039]
? ?
Check: 1ogo.9605 0.0039 =Dae logins 00625" any3 21ogy.625 0.0625=2 5 2x1=2 5 2=2
Example 6.4-14
1 log, (x+1) 1 =p) 1 =—2
log (x +1) =-2]; (4) 2 -(2) : v+i-(2) :

Check:
I=) mene
jog (G41)=-2 ; logy 42-2 : tog (4) ==); “2log 5=-2 ; -2xl=-2
2a ? ?
; -2=-2
5 ji pi
Example 6.4-15
ee.
ee Pa —=-

, ?
Check:
a nt eee has) 02521025
4” logiyl6 4° 1.2040
Example 6.4-16

a Pee eel

1
ies l 1 |Neneaons tae ee
5 [y= Note: |=] “ = —— = —-=—=+2 =—— = =3

GP 8 >>
oa ote:(3) eB 5

1
? ies ? ?
Check: Jog 3=- > A tog, (4) ee : Se 3-5 ; areas 3 ee
9 9 9
Example 6.4-17
1 1 10 1 1

;[u=2!9]
;(=1024)
logyy2 ? 0.30103 ? ee
Check wrongGE, 2 Ott eect
logo 1024 py 9 030103
3.0103 7a one
Des a el
pcan
6.4-18

Check: PON ee logy 107es 3h aise tO 3 Siege 5 3=-3

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

Example 6.4-19
ea Fae eee
Fae eee 0.4472]
Es

? is ?
Check: are ee 2h:=, q .. Se,
* ogy 0.4472 -0.34949
Example 6.4-20

logy
04=1);[we 4 = wt] [or =whom=wt];etd)
Check: logio feo 5 logy 107 (aSie 9 Se noni tae

Example 6.4-21
ao
Poe ee
Sua a > ?

|
?

logie 2s
Nl =
Check: 7= <=,S a ll~
4 N|e le (aoe
Ola
ee)
9
Example 6.4-22
1
1 log. 7 55) ] =)
u == ‘ee a 5

s|R2=x|5[r=2);
x
ea p

? ? ?
Check: log, = Die; log,
2“ =-2 ; —2log, 22-2 ; —2xl=-2 : 22-2
Example 6.4-23

logs" = 5 |log3 27 —log3t= 5}; |—log3

t = —log327+5| ; |log3 t = log; 27-5] ; |log3t
= log33° —5

;|log;
log; tt=
= 3log33-5};
3log33-5 Jlog;
{log t
t =
=3x1-5|
3x1-5];;|log3t
log; t==3-5|
3-5];; Hogs
[logs =-2];
2];pint
[32 =
37),
3°], fea] t=
e-

? ? ? ?
Check: /og3 i ; log; BAR Ae : logs ===5; log3 vee 5 ; log33°=5; se Sao = Serle

9
? 3 Y 33 32 ? ? ? ?
Check: a oe
/og;— logy 5 ; log;
=5 aes * ; log33°=5 ; 5log33=5 ; 5=5
log,3°*=5
crs 35

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

Example 6.4-24

EB ee
Check: Jogs1=03 logs 10° “0: 0x logs 10 0 5 0=0 Note: Jog, 1 is always equal to zero
? .

somes 6.4-25

Check: Jog,1=ine log, 10° ine; Raeni0e 0; 0=0 Note: 10°=1

Example 6.4-26
os

Prat») 5[) ope

Check:log, \=a logy 10°= ; 0x/ogy 10=OO =0

8 8 8
Example 6.4-27
I. [logs
Togs 0.125
0.125 ==u)
u| ; [g!2#8025 — 3] = [o125
0125
0.125=
-8"]-[s-!
8"|
84|; =8]: (w=—1]

?
logyo 0.125 ? , - 70.9031 a
Check: Jogg 0.125=-1 ; 5 Sei
logio 8 0.9031
Example 6.4-28

a ES oe
iF log, 05=
0.5=x| ;|x=-0.5

Ill. |log4 0.5=x} ; |log4(0.25

x2)=x] ; logy 0.25+ logy 2 =x}; |log, 47! +logy2=x

;|-lxlogg 4+ P8107
°810
2
=x};)-1x1+ 2500=x];EeOS=x);—05)
ES
? logyy 0.5 a _ -0.3010 ?
Check: Jog, 05=-05 ; 5 ; ——=-05 ; -05=-05
oe logio 4 0.6021
Example 6.4-29

Peas=7);haart=e [eared;|+-(0)], 022], eg [r=]

] ?
— i sal al ae |Bea | 1
Check: logie Elbe; logie 162 =e Xlogi. 16=—4 x l= —se =
SI GY ee ANIA IO a SORES >
Check:
4 0.602171. u
logie oe : fogi04 as jo
2 ” Iogio 1652) © 120425 27
b) =
az 2

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

.—6. =e

?
Check: logi2s 5 ~S 09— NO
nn
— N Nnwile

elo) Semel I
Check: logins 5 bes 5 Le
3 ” logig 12553 420960 3 3°83
Example 6.4-31

5 ee a
; 4
LI
Check: logs
?
3=-1 +2 ; loge) 814 Sa OE VAG ACER i
med, “alien 4x1 er OE eS
Example 6.4-32

L ae
— :
oe3
1
logy—

? ? ?
Check:
sey -4=ates Aeee ee —4=0- log, 0 =:; -4=-4]og,2 ; -4=-4xl ; 4=-4

Example 6.4-33
1

y= logs 1 1085-2
rape
1 1 “3

? ?
Check:
= -3=oe: -3=aR ee ; -3=0-Jogs5° ; -3=—3logs5; eae -3=-3
Example 6.4-34
l0g3-—
1 =
i u+2-= logs = ;[gut?=3 7243]; et? gies ; [a4t? =37°] ; [w+2=—-5]; (w@=-7] or,

=—5 xlogy 3|;[w+2=-5x1]; [w+2=-5|

Ll. u+2= logs = p u+2=logs-5 -|u+2=log33 | ;|u+2

? a @ ? y
Check: -1+2= logs ; -5=/og;1-log;243 ; -5=0-log33° ; -5=-Slog35 ; -S=-Sx1 3 -S=-S

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

Example 6.4-35

Check: -1-1== 1639001: -2=Pale os PSEA eee -2=-2

Example 6.4-36
1
wl =ln (See cke =; le" 10 = e719}; [w-10=-10]; [w=0] or,
€ e

ee
Il. porat ==10a) br t0Eron a aO
e=10 S210 <ivel : a0
Check: 0-10==In-t5 E10]’ Ine! ee sidine 210-108: -10=-10

Example 6.4-37

II. p= +tne; psinet ine v=2xlIne+3xIne|; v =(2x1)+(3x1) -[v=243]; [v=5]

(a

ZG ? ? ?
Check: 5=In— + Ine? ; 5=Ine* +Ine? 3 5=2Ine+3lne 3 5=(2x1)+(3x1) 3 5=5
é

ae6.4-38

Check:
ee Seer 2 ; log,4 ieove Die Ae2:2=ae aw)
Example 6.4-39

ioga(=+2)= V6];jogs(+2) =Ve"|[logs +2)=4]; [ate =9];(ex7=4096]; (EEAO9a)

z ? ? ? i
Check: /ogg(4094+2)=V16; logg(4096)=4 ; logg84=4 ; 4logg8=4 ; 4x1=4 5 4=4
Example 6.4-40
1) = £81016) | 06 1.2041
login3 ||” 0.4771 [loan(u1) =2524] ; [logs(u~1)=2524]

? i
logy 5.75? 0.7597 ?
Check: Jog (6.75-1)=/0g316 ; logy 5.75=2.524 ; “9 =2524 ; =2,524 ; 2.524 =2.524
log)o 2 0.3010

Example 6.4-41

logs(w
+1)=logs625]; [s!2es("*!) —585625] « [w+1 = 605]; [w=625—1] ; [w=624]

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
i 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations
ti Me Variable Logarithmic Equations

Check: Jogs(624+1)= logs 625 ; logs 625= logs 625

Example 6.4-42
1 1] |
log4 y = = + logyo 1000 ; logy y = = + logyg 10° : logs y= > + 3logig 10 : logs y= >+3x1 : logy y =>+3

i 1-1)+(3-2 =7
FLW stooe a es pay= ED) ;|togy y=**"); Hogs
y=2
2-1 2 Z eeeey 243],[pater
v4’

3} y = V16384] ; |y =128

? ? ?
Check: logs 128=— +logue1000 ; logy eee 5 2.107 mad
logio4 2 0.6020 2”
a 6.4- ipa

? ?

bee Hogi, 2708S 14313

Example 6.4-44

pee =2),be =39); Gases) Gea); Bea); [x--]

Ree
(heck 3 >

Example 6.4-45

loons=0] er) -9°) be) Beate), Bessa); eT); [=

11 Siler, 3 3
—-—+4? 1 3. == 43 per ? 43 2x-= ?
Check: 64 2” ==— ; 64 pe Cree ea ce (s eee ts beg en ee

Example 6.4-46
1 1

CC ees ear eg es “F 3 547988

)
Co el meg eroerolenla re ee 3

Example 6.4-47_ Given 5=2'%° solve for b.

Solution: Note that 5 = 28° = 5/°8°. Since 5/85 = 2/85, we observe that by equating the
terms on both sides of the equality [6
=2].
?
Check: 5=2/7825 ; 5=5

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

= 6.4-48

Check: logo 10,000 A, logy) 104 oe 5 4]ogy) 10=oe 4x1=ns 5 4=4

Example 6.4-49 Show that:
te ? ie
logy 128 + logy 5aloe 64] ; |log> 64:2 + log, 27! =log, 64] ; |log, 64 + logy 2 — logy 2=log, 64

?
; |log> 64+1-1=log, 64| ; |logz 64 = log, 64

as
6.4-50 Show that:

os61296+ ta 22]- log, 64 +106 5 istogg

|4log, 64logge? 2 Wer eine
Tete 2

? Z
;|4x1-2x1=2] ;|4-2=2]; [2=2]
Practice Problems - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (Simple Cases)

Section 6.4 Case I Practice Problems - Solve the following logarithmic equations:
le x44 = logy — 2. yesm te” Sale = logy —
=x + log, 8

4. log3(x+2)=5 5. log,x =3+log35 6. log, 1000 =3

Lene SS ]= 8. log3t=-— ] oS == ]
243 Soe ts aaa
10. x+3=log7

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

CaselII Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (More Difficult Cases)

The more difficult class of one variable loagrithmic equations are solved using the following steps:
Step I Apply the logarithmic laws to reduce the equation to the form of Jog, x =b.
Step 2 Solve for the unknown variable x. Check the answer by substituting the solution into
the original equation.

_ Examples with Steps

-

The following examples show the steps as to how one variable logarithmic equations are solved:
Example 6.4-51
log3 x + log3 6 = log, 8 — log, 4

Solution:
8
Step 1 log3 x + log3 6 = log, 8 — log, 4| ; |log3 6x = logy 7 ; log; 6x = logy2] ; |log3 6x =1

Step 2 Jog; 6x 24).

= 1 aa
|2/0g36x
_ 41].
ea
Beis
= eel
#3]
aole =

? ¢ ?
Check: /og; 0.5 + log; 6=logy 8 — log) 4 3 log;0.5x 6=log, : + lopp3=log>2>; 1=1

Example 6.4-52
In(x = 5)+Inx = log,2
Solution:
Step 1 [nes]
:
n=¥ logy] , na(x—s) _ 2 —=2802);
08102),
na(x—5)= 22019], [nate 9)=05
mc) 02010 , [inx(x—3) =05]

Step2— _[ina(e—3) =05]sLel™O9 =£05] G9) =165] 2 sx=165];fe?—5x—105=0

5+V316 5+5.62 5 = 95.62
1 ee ee es =Oorx- =0
‘ 2 vs 2

5 |(x - 5.31)=0 or (x +031)=0);

or ?
Check: 1. Substitute x = 5.31 into the original equation. Then, /n(531-5)+/n531=log, 2
? ? ?
; n0.314+1n53 pee Ses 5 In531x 03 eee > 1n1.6461=0.5 ; 05=0.5. Therefore,
logi 4 0.6020
x = 531 is the solution.
?
2. Substitute x =-031 into the original equation: Then, /n(-0.31-5)+ /n(-031)=log, 2

; In(-5.31) + In(-031)=log,2. The in of negative numbers is not defined. Thus,

i . °

x =—031 is not a solution.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

Example 6.4-53

Solution:
Step 1 [Hogg x + logs 7= 2};[logs 7x=2|

Step2 [legs 72-2);[88 =67]

id
EGA]; |=“;
corme sys ed
64 ys)
(ETE
? ? ? ? ? ?
Check: /ogs 9.14 + ogg 7=2 3 logg7x914=2 ; logg64=2 ; logg8*=2 ; 2logg8=2 ; 2x1=2
3;2=2

Example 6.4-54

Solution:
108105 0.6989
Step 1 logs*= logy
THOR 5];
9s \logs
Oksx= Sa,Fave ; |logs85 x*== 7 6989 ; [logs x =—1

Step2 [logs]; esses]; [.=1] aoa

? login 0.2? logigS , -0.6989? 0.6989 | |
Check: Jog; 0.2=/ogo75 ;
login5 logyy 0.2” 0.6989 -0.6989 ”
Example 6.4-55 2
Inx —In10=1n5+I1n3
Solution:

Step I Inx —In10

= /In5 +In3} 5 |Inx = In5 +In3 + In10| ; |inx = In5-3-10| ; |inx
= 1n150

Step2 [nx
=7150); [e™*= "1; [=129]
a ? ae ?
Check: /n150-/n10=/n5+in3 ; In =In5-3 : In =InI5 : In =In15 lalis=ini5

| Additional Examples - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (More Difficult Cases)

The following examples further illustrate how to solve one variable logarithmic equations:
Example 6.4-56

[od +2)+nx=0}; [Inx(x-+2)=0];let“) = fx(ee2)=1]; be?var]; bh?2x—1= 9]

~(-1+./2)=0
orx-(=1- V2)= 0]; [x—(-1+1.414)
=0orx-(-1-1414)=0

;|(x -0.414) = 0 or (x +2.414) = 0]; [x=0.414] or [x

=-2.414]
?
Check: 1. Substitute x = 0.414 into the original equation. Then, /n(0.414 +2)-n0.414=0

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

? ?
; n2.414-1n0.414=0 ; 0.881-0.881=0 ; 0=0. Therefore, x =0.414 is the solution.
F , bie ! 2
2. Substitute x = -2.414 into the original equation: Then, In(-2.414 + 2) - In-2.414=0
?
; In(-0.414)-1n2.414=0. The mm of negative numbers is not defined. Thus, x =-2.414
is not a solution.
Example 6.4-57
x+2
+2 Bie: 2
x xX

: aes
Ie |"
fre
73801 |=:
—6.3891 |’ a
6.3891’
: xaos

2 ?
Check: In(0.3130
+2) -In0.3130=2 ; 0.8385-(-11615)=2 ; 0.8385+11615=2 ; 2=2
Example 6.4-58
2-x
= In— =

| eee x—(-2+ V6)=0 or x-(-2-V6)

= 0];[x-(-2 +2449) = 0 or x -(-2-2.449)=0

(x — 0.449) = 0 or (x +.4.449) = 0}; or

?
Check: 1. Substitute x = 0.449 into the original equation. Then, /n(2- 0.449)-In(3 + 0.449)=1n0.449
?
A. ?
5 In1.551- 1n3.449=1n0.449 ; 0.4389-1238=-0.8 ; -0.8=-0.8. Thus, x = 0.449 is the
solution.
?
2. Substitute x =-—4.449 into the original equation: Then, In(2 + 4.449)-In(3 - 4.449)=1n4.449
?
; In6.449 — In(-1.449)=1n4.449.. The In of negative numbers is not defined. Therefore,
x =-4.449 is not a solution.
Example 6.4-59 5

[ode1)=ins]; em) =o5]; feat=s], RES=T; EW

?
Check: In(4+1)=In5 ; In5=In5 ; 1.609
=1.609
Example 6.4-60
(fog20=Tnx]; [E3010= nx]; [19010 =o>]; [e120 =x]; [E=36729)
2
Check: Jog20=/n3.6729 ; 1301 =1301
Example 6.4-61

logy (x +1) + logs 243 = log, 16 ‘ logy (x +1) + log; 3° = logy 2° ; logy(x+1)+5=4 ; logy(x +1)=4-5

1—2 1

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

?
!2 Se
?
4 logig 05, "4 _ -0.3010
Check: Jog (-0.5 + 1)+ log3 243=log 16 ; logy 0.5+log33° +5=4
A a
=log, 2° ; aE
=
0.3010
. 3 D b)

?
;-14+5=4 ;4=4
Example 6.4-62
x+l
+1 logs —~— x+1
logs(x +1) = logs x +2 : logs(x +1)-logs x =2 : logs —— =2 dace 9 EBS res
62

areal);
B=); = 4|;eo
9
Y ry
Check: 1n(0.3130
+2)-1n0.3130=2 ; 0.8385-(-1.1615)= 2 ; 0.838541.1615=2 ; 2=2

Example 6.4-63
1
logy => rT
x

}=0orx-(45%4) <0 ;|x-—037=0orx+027=0

or
?
Check: 1. Substitute x = 0.37 into the original equation. Then, /og,9(0.37 +1)-ogg 0377 =1
? ? ?
5 logy 1.37
—logo 0.1369=1 ; 0.137-(-0.863)=1 ; 0.137+0.863=1 ; 1=1. Therefore,
x = 0.37 is the solution.
?
2. Substitute x =-0.27 into the original equation: Then, /og,9(-0.27 + 1)- log} (-0.27) =
?
5 logig 0.73 -2log;9(-0.27)=1. The logarithm of negative numbers is not defined.
Therefore, x = —0.27 is not a solution.
Example 6.4-64

Ee=S=7T;
ES); =-18]; a—aaweT
2 ?? ??
Check: In(0.3130
+2) —1n0.3130=2 ; 0.8385-(-1.1615)=2 ; 0.8385+1.1615=2 ; 2=2
Example 6.4-65
logy(x? -2
loga(x +10) = logs (x? -2)|; gieaterio) bale? ;|e+10=x?
~2];;|x?-x—-10-2=0

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

: ‘ oo : a
Check: 1. Substitute x=4 into the original equation. Then, Jog, (4+10)=/og, (+?- 2)
?
5 logy 14=logy(16-2) ; log, 14=log,14. Therefore, x =4 is the first solution.
: : woe ; I
2. Substitute x =-3 into the original equation: Then, /og,(-3+ 10)=logy (3) - 2|
?
; logy 7=log>(9-2) ; logy 7=log,7. Therefore, x = -3 is the second solution.
Example 6.4-66

logyoa(* +5) = logo3]; ; [e+5=3];[e=3-5];

?
Check: log.o3(-2 + = logo 03 3 ; 100.03 j= logo.03 3

Example 6.4-67

PAlO=
5)=P +) [MO = 7 , fo=eesea];Ee=eeT=);
=a]; |x=];
?
Check: In(10-4)=In(4+2) ; n6=In6 ; 1.7918 =1.7918
Example 6.4-68
eee

x x

1: =, : :
: x-( +274) = Oorx-(! st) =0 § pee) 2)peal ees Sr
2 2 2 2

- [x— 1.62 = 0 or x + 0.62 = 0]; =1.62]

[x or [x =-0.62,
?
Check: 1. Substitute x =1.62 into the original equation. Then, /n(1.62 + 1)-/1.62=/n1.62
? ?
> In2.62 —In1.62=In1.62 ; In =Inl.62 ; In\.62 =1n1.62. Therefore, x = 1.62 is the

solution.
7
2. Substitute x =-0.62 into the original equation: Then, /n(-0.62 +1)-/n(-0.62)=/n(-0.62)
?
; In0.38— In(-0.62)=/n(-0.62). The /n of negative numbers is not defined. Therefore,
x =—0.62 is not a solution.
Example 6.4-69

garage 53);[owex=5];[45 = #9);Ertoag[= 0%), EeeaOa

Begesios..? 5. 21d 00787 ?5 signe%as ss
?
084 5=5 5 bocinges
heck: Jog4084 204.8+ logy
Che logig4 logio4 0.6021 0.6021
Note that we can also check the answer in the following way:
? 5=5 3; logy(5x ? ? Jogo 1024? 3.0103?
.5
RETR
Check: : Jog, 204.8+
: logy Soran) )
5 204.8)=5.* logO24 l024=5 55 5 ate = 5

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

Example 6.4-70
In25 =
AOS
Inx — = oat
1n25 =e
pea «fas
e=25] [25x =1]

Check: 1. /n02- Onis In0.2—In0.008="nd : In = In25

ins ; In25

2. In(-02) - In(-0.2)° =1n25. The nof negative numbers is not defined. Therefore,
x =-02 is not a solution.
Example 6.4-71
logo 50 1.6989
log; (xcu:2) + log; 4 = log; 50} ; |log3 4(x + 2) = log; 50} ; |/og3 4(x + 2) = aaa ; |log3 4(x + 2) = ari
10 :

[easaes2)=35609]; [3H0% 7)=59559]: 42)=50];HeeB=50); GESO=E]; =a]

;|e= =]; e105)
? ? ?
Check: /Jog3(10.5 +2) + log; 4=/0g350 ; log312.5+log34=l0g350 ; log; 4 x12.5=log3 50
; log; 50 = log; 50
Example 6.4-72
2

eas aa) ae fs —)=o) RET]ana[=a]

(4
7 2238) E= 2236)
Se) OF eee
Z 2

: [x-1.618 = 0 or x +0.618=0]; or [x = -0.618

Check: 1. Substitute x=0 into the original equation. Then, /og(0-1)+ erica . The In of

zero and negative numbers is not defined. Thus, x = 0 is not a solution.

2. Substitute x =1.618 into the original equation. inet oe{618-1)+2lagl618=log 618

5 log 0.618 + log 1.6187 Bocto ae log 0.618

+log2.618=” 1og618 : log 0.618 x 2.618= log1.618
; log1.618 = log1618. Thus, x =1.618 is the solution.
?
3. Substitute x = -0.618 into the original equation: Then, log(-0.618 — 1)+ 2log(-0.618)=
; log(-0.618). Since the /n of negative numbers is not defined therefore, x = -0.618
is not a solution.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate
$< Level 6.4 Solving One
rs OO, Whe Variable
Variable Logarithmic
Logarithmic Equations
Equations

Example 6.4-73

(x41) =x +3)
In(3x +1) —In(x +3) =Ine| net
| =or);
1]: Je. x#3 =e!]-| AEs ,[Bys1=2.718(2 43)
* ;[3x+1=2.718(¢ +3)
> 2718

5 (3x +1 = 2.718x
+8.154] ; [3x —2.718x
= 8.154 —1] ; [0.282x
= 7.154] ; r= -|x=25.4]

? v v
Check: In(3 x 25.4 +1)-In(25.4+3)=Ine ; In772-In284=1 ; 435-335=1 ; 1=1
Example 6.4-74

oge(8—
x)=loge] [6te69) = beet) feeewl] RoT=ze; Bea]; [s-2); ES
?
Check: Jog,(8-3.5)=logg(3.5+1) ; loge 4.5 = loge 4.5
Example 6.4-75

ars= (HEE; [AS eM 9:

>
Check: In1.6+/n15=In8; In5x16=aya In8= In8
Example 6.4-76
6
logy 6 — logy x = logy
logy—
4}; logy x° = logy 4 (2.2 =20m8 cere
x
s}r=3]; Gans)
? ?
Check: Jog, 6 —log, 1.5=log, 4 ; logy <=log, 4 ; log, 4=logy4

Example 6.4-77
logyS= ns]12810
ere.
5tna};}OSS nx]; 3OTO= a]; [e292 =oe]5.79 =; [ESTO]
Pe =ins

Check: logy 5=In10195 ; 108105* in10.95 : 0.6989 5219 : 2.2219=2.3219

logy 2 0.3010
Example 6.4-78
l o 0.8451
logy 0.4 —0.3979

OEE mee ame ed ee ol eee

? logo 0.0969? logyy7 , -1.0137’ 0.8451

Check: /og3 0.0969=logy47 ; 5 -2.124 = -2.124
logio3 —dlogyy 0.4 > 0.4771 =-0.3979
Example 6.4-79
9
81
logs x + logs 6 = log; 81—log39} ; |logs DEAS SSG ; |logs 6x = log39| ; |logs 6x = log; 32

25 |
6x =2| ;.[5!
: [logs 6x = 2log33} ; |logs |5.°85°* ox_ 52].
=5 Saale
|, (er=);|x=2) x las= 4.1667

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.4 Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations

:? ? 81 ? ?
Check: Jog; 4.1667 + logs 6=/og381-log39 ; logs 6 x 4.1667 =logs > ; logs 25=l0g39 ; logs 5° =log33°
?
5 2logs 5=2log33 3 2x1=2x1 3 2=2
Example 6.4-80

[lees(©=1)=logs25=logs625);logs(x—1)legs5?=ons5;[legs —1)-2=4] [logs 1)=4+2]

; [logs(x1)=6]; ses) 59]; [1 =15605) ; [=15626]
? ? 56 ?
Check: logs (15626 - 1)— logs 25=logs 625 ; logs 52 logs se =logs er logs See <s

? ue
; logs Boe 5- =logs 5a 5 logs 56-2 —Jogs5* ; logs 54 =logs5* 3 4=4

Practice Problems - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (More Difficult Cases)

Section 6.4 Case II Practice Problems - Solve the following equations using the logarithmic
properties:
1. log; 6-log3u=log;27 2. logsx=logys9 2) logs(x +2) — logs 4 = logs 50

4. log(x +2)+logx = log10 5. In(x +2) =In(5-x) 6. log3(x +1)+log3 x = log39

7. log(x +2)—log(x+3)=logl0 8. logg(x +2)= logg(10- x) 9. logy(x +2)+logs 5 = logy 310

10. logo(x +8)-log, x = logy 16

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

One of the advantages of working with logarithms is that numerical expressions that are being
added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided by one another can be solved using the logarithmic laws
without the use of hand calculators, as shown in Case I. In addition, using the laws of logarithm,
logarithmic expressions can either be expanded to simpler logarithmic terms (Case II) or be
combined to a single term (Case III).

Case I Solving Numerical Expressions Using Logarithms

In section 6.2 Case IV we learned how to find the antilogarithm of numbers. In this section we
use the logarithmic laws and the approach we learned in computing antilogarithms to solve for
numerical expressions such as radicals, decimals, or exponents that are either added, subtracted,
multiplied, or divided by one another. The following show the steps as to how math operations
involving numerical expressions are solved using the laws of logarithm.
Step 1 a. Let a variable such as x be equal to the given numerical expression.
b. Multiply both sides of the equation by a logarithm to any base. (To simplify the
process select log to the base 10.)
Step 2 Apply the laws of logarithm to reduce the equation to the form of Jogi) x =).

Step 3 Solve for the variable x by taking the antilogarithm of the number.
Note: Since the answers to logarithm numbers are rounded to the first four digits therefore, the
computation of numerical numbers, in many instances, result in approximate values.

Examples with Steps _

The following examples show the steps as to how numerical expressions are solved using the
logarithmic properties:
Example 6.5-1
(0.00425)(0.00035) |=
Solution:
Step 1 Let x = (0.00425)(0.00035)| then; |/ogx= /og(0.00425)0.00035)

Step 2 logx = log(0.00425\0.00035)| ; |logx= log 0.00425 + log 0.00035

; |logx = log4.25 x fone log3.5 x 104 5 |logx =log4.25+ log10~> + log3.5 + log10~4

: |logx = log 4.25 —31og10 + log3.5 — 41og10} ; |logx = 0.6284 —3 + 0.5441—4

; |logx = —5.8275

l =
Step 3 logx = -5.8275]| ; |108* =10 °°] ; |x = 14876x10°

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

Example 6.5-2
0.319 |=
Solution:
Step 1 Let x = 40.319 |then; |/ogj9 x = logyo V0.319

1
= ]
Step 2 logig x = logyy V0.319} ; |logyo x = logy 0.3192 |; |logig x = 7 [810 0.319

> 1 ED
‘ logio x = 5lozio 3.19 x10 ! 5 logo x = 5 (losio3.19 + log;9 10 ')

—0.4962
5 |logigx= 5(05038 -1) : |logygx= Sale logyox= -0.2481

logy x = —0.2481
hy
5
a
10 °810
eee
*¥ = 10
CH a
A Rec wemt Maem Wee be OL ol lhlpe
~~ 197705 és x = 0.5648
Step 3

Example 6.5-3

Solution:
-
Step 1 then; logo x= logio 662>

Step 2 logiy x = login 66> 5 |ogi9 x = 2.51og)9 66} ; |og}9 x = 2.5log;9 6.6 x 10!

- |logig x = 2.5|log19 6.6+logy 10'| ; [logyo x = 2.5[0.8195+1]] ; [ogy x = 2.5 x 18195

; |logig x = 4.5488

Step 3 logy x = 4.5488] ; [10!0810* = 1945488) . |x = 3.5383 x 104

Example 6.5-4
2
325) =

Solution:
2 2
Step 1 Let x = 3253) then; |/ogj9 x = logy, 3253

2
q 2
Step 2 logyy x = logyy 3253) ; |logyg x = 3 [810 325] ; |\logi9 x = =logic 3.25 x 102

5: |logig x =_2a logy 3.25 + logy 10 2 2

; |logig x= 3105! 19+ 2]] ; |logy9 x = 1.6746

Step 3 logyyx= 1.6746] ; [10/810 * — 191-6746) . » [x = 47.2715

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

GG
Example 6.5-5

Solution:

Step 1 Let x = (¥i25)(42*-3) then; |/og9x= logio(’ 125)( 24.3)

1 1

Step 2 logo x= logyo(¥125)(4 24 33) : logo x= logo 1253 -2-34

‘ us ] 1
5 logio x= logyo 1253 oS logo 2+ logi 34 5 logio x= 3 (810 125+ logio 2+ 70810 3

: logy x = =x 2.0969 + 030104 x047712 ; |/0g19 x = 0.6989 + 0.3010 + 0.1193

; |Jogi9
x =11192

Step 3 logyg
x =1.1192| ; [10/2810*= 191119 [y= 10!) . x = 13.1583

Additional Examples - Solving Numerical Expressions Using Logarithms

Use the logarithmic laws to compute the following numerical expressions:
Example 6.5-6
(385)(0.0002)| ; |Let x = (38.5\(0.0002)] then; |/og}9x = Jog}9(38.5)(0.0002)| ; |/og19 x = log)g 38.5 + logy 0.0002

: |logig x = logy 3.85 x 10! + logyy 2.0 x10] ; |ogyo x = 1ogyy 3.85 + logy 10! + logyy 2.0 + logy, 10

; [ogi x = logyg 3.85 + logo 10 + logy, 2.0 — 410g; 10] ; |Jogy9 x = 0.5855 + 1+ 0.3010 — 4] ; |ogy9 x = —2.1135

x l l

As was stated earlier, these types of problems can be solved using Jog to any base. Let’s
solve the above problem using /og,.

; |log x = logy 3.85 x 10! + logy 2.0 x 10+ ; |log> x = log, 3.85 + logy 10! + logy 2.0 + logy 10m

log} 3.85 logj910 logyy92.0 , log,y 10

5 |logy x = logy 3.85 + logy 10 + logy 2.0 — 4logy 10} ; logpe ee S10 ee eel
logig2 — logyy2 (Login 2 logy 2

al ore + logy 10 + log} 2.0 -— 4 log) 10 ‘pee

log9 3.85 0.5855 1+03010-—4
+1+ BENS 8)
flag = 2235]
f log}o 2 0.3010 0.3010

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; [logyx = =70216 5 pesaa peat ae

I
r=1 |; E0007
Note that the final answer using either /og;) or Jog, is the same - as it should be. To simplify
the process, the remaining examples are solved using /ogj). However, students are
encouraged to practice solving the remaining problems using logarithm to bases such as /og;,
logg, and logy. Your answers should be the same as the answers shown in examples 6.5-7
through 6.5-25.
Example 6.5-7

Example 6.5-8

eo eee. 250)(0025)|te eee SOMO |eee RRL

; [logx = log 8.25% 10? + 1og25 x10];

Example 6.5-9

;frolae® =107283] | =1075] : [x=10624107]

Example 6.5-10
: then; |/og19 x = logy 269° 5 |40819 x = 0.05 log) 26} 5 |/og19 x = 0.05/og;9 2.6 x 10!

: |logigx= 0.03]ogio2.6 + logig 10'| ; |ogigx= 0.05[0.4149

+1]]; [Zogyox= 0.05 x1.4149] ; [Jogigx= 0.0707

5 [10/2810* — 199-0707 - [x=1000707] . x= 11768

Bball om
Example 6.5-11

32.5 |= [32.52] ; |Let x =32.52 |then; |logx

= log32.52|; logx =~ log325 : logx = =log325x10!

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving MathNPR
Operations
—$—$—
e e e EONS and
an Algebraic
DG COTAIC Expressions
EXPTeSSIONS

1
logx = ~|log325+ logi0'| logx = [0511941] logx = +x15119 : [logx
=0.7559

Example 6.5-12
x 1 Z
/2.45|= ; |Let x = 2.453] then; |/ogy9 x = logo 2.453] ; |logig x = 5Ho8i02.45] ; |logig x = ;x 0.3892

; [logio
x=012973) ; [10/810* = 1901297]; |1091973]
= ;[x=13481
Example 6.5-13
1 1 1

432.5 ae Let
x =32.54| then; |log x = 1log32.54 | ; logx = 7log325 ; logx = 1og325x 10!

logx = 1 |log325 + logi0"|

; ;|logx = 71 [05119+ I]; ]logx
1 15119] ; [logx
=~ =03779

=(fohsio* = 10°?!" |< - [x = 2.3873]

Example 6.5-14

|4.03!2|-|Zer x = 4.03'2| then: logig x = logy 4.03'} ; |logyg x = 1.2 logy 4.03] ; |logy x = 12 x 0.6053

- [logy
x= 0.7264] ; |10/810* = 19°.7264 |e =1007264) . x = 5.3259
Example 6.5-15

=|228 2 3}=|228 6]: |Letx=228 6| then; |/ogiy

x =log228 6

- |logig x = - £logo 22.8] ; |log,9 x = -2x 13579] : [logy9x= 0.2263] ; |10/°810* = 19~°2763| .

fn 1 a 1 Papo

Example 6.5-16

-
1
-|
1
-;1 1 I
~ 3/0810 Dion 10!
then; logio 2.5 logo 55 3 5 logio x= 10810 3) 5 logio x=
;

1
logy) x = ~ [lose 5.5 + logyo 10") ;ogio x = ~ [0.7404+I]] ; Jlogig x =~, x1.7404) ; [logig x = -0.5801

10/0810 ¥ — 1905801] . Sih BS ree

i ; x= 0.2629

Hamilton Education Guides 435

 Example 6.5-17
; |logx = -0.02 x -0.2218
as
lo then; |/ogx= log0.6-°*| : [logx= —0.02/og0.6|

- [x= 10102
; |logx = 0.0044} ; 19/0810 * = 190.0044

Example 6.5-18
Z1 =1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1
iat 1 wa1e 1 1
Ls a1
(¥35.2)(¥2°-3) = (3°-2)5 (23-3) =13 3 25.2 *, 3313125 21633 |=19.05 20>

el co ig 1 i!
= eel Let
x = 6-25 -33] then; |logx
= log6-25 -33| ; |logx = log6 + log2> +log33

1
g log x = log6 + ~log2+ log3 logx = 0.7782-+— x 03010-+- x 04771 ; |logx = 0.7782 + 0.0602 + 0.1590

- [ogx = 0.9974] ; [10/2810* — 1009974] . - [x = 9.9403

Example 6.5-19
0.025 0.025 0.025
——
5650 | ; | Let x = 5650
——| then; |/ogyo§10 x = logy
F10 ——
5650 ; |/og\9S10 x = logy£10 0.025
— log),
£10 5650

; |logi9 x = logy 2.5 x Kes log} 5.65 x 10° 5 |logyg x = logy 2.5 + logyo (ree (lozio 5.65 + logyo 10°)

logo x= logio 2.5- 2logyo 10- logio 5.65 — 31og)o 10 : logo x = 0.3979 — 2 — 0.7520 -3 A log x =—-5,3541

WlOlogyox
eo se—10 1-5-3541 2 5.3541 eet! 9 oer | eaeah x = 4.4248
x10 ~6
2.2599 x10°
Example 6.5-20
2
5 |log19 x = logyy 555 — logy 0.285 3

2
: logo x = logi9 555x10° += logo 0.285 : logo x = logig 555 x10? + =logyo 285x107!

logo x =(log19 555 + logio 107} + 2= (logig 2.85 log; 10!) logy = (0.7443 +2)+=(0.4548-1)

; |logy9 x = 2.7443 — 03635] ; }logyg

x =23809] ; [10!0810*— 1923809 - [x=1023809] . x = 240.380
Example 6.5-21

0.00028}
ee = | 0.00028 | | et x :
then; |/og\9 x = logy 0.00028
1 |3|20810 x = /og19 0.00028 — log; 2-33:
2.33 2.33

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
——
a 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions
PeTAHONS ANG AUZCOLAIC EXPICSSIONS:

1
logy x = logiy 2.8104 — en2+ logy »); logio x= logio 2.8 + logio 104 = (rog1o2+ 5Ho8i03

1
5 |/0g10 x = logyy 2.8 — 410g19 10 — log) 2- 3 0810 3} ; |/ogio x = 0.4471-4-0.3010- ;x 0.4771

[esa
=40785 lao = 10-49] [e040].
=10* gs = 90510
Example 6.5-22
1 1 1
254) 253 then;
1253) | Let x = ——_| 253 31
:1
|/ogj9 x = logyy —° 5 logyo x = logy 253 —logyy 1255
¥125 EL 1
1255 1255 1255

, l l 1 aga | 2
: LUMI! SAT OI rashfC S LUST ole Sip = SLeeileey AML

: logio x= 5(2810 2.5+ logio 10']= 5(2810 125+ logio 10°] 5 logio x= 5(2810 2.5+ 1)= 5(/ozi0 1.25+ 2)

5 |logyg x = (03979 +1)- 5(0.0969 +2)|; |logy9 x = = - — ; |logig x = 0.4659 — 0.4194

- [ogg x = 0.0465] ; [10/2810*= 199465] . [,

190465]
— Fe =11130
Example 6.5-23

0.0005"!
logyo x = 1og\9 ——>—] 5 |/0810 ¥ = /ogi0 0.00057! — logy 5.233
4
5.233

|
; |Jog19 x = —logy9 9.0005 — lo8i0 5.23] ; |logy9 x = —logyo 5.0 x 10 = x x 0.7185

; |logig x = -(logio 5.0 + logio 10-*)- 0.2395 | ; |logiy x = -(logy9 5.0 — 4logio 10) = 0.2395

—4)-0.2395] ; [logyx= 3.0615] ; [10!0819*= 10°99] ;

; logygx= (0.6990 - [x = 1152.13
Example 6.5-24
1 2 l ZI 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 Ass
257 see los? |ay5me2 has | |2572 71258 | estes)
243-27 3-3

ae 1 2
Ie BN
; |logig x = logio > [logig x = logyg 2.57 2 -1.253 —logyo 9
9

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

; logo x= logo 2.57

= 2+
1
52) —
logio 1253 log\o 9
2
- logio x= “35 (0810 2.57 + 3 (810 1.25 -—0.9542

3 |logigx = 5 x 0.4099 + x 0.0969 — 0.9542] ; |logi9 x = —0.2049 + 0.0646 — 0.9542

] 1
- [ogi x= =1.0945] ; [10/2810 — 19710945] . , A bberrrenr fae

Example 6.5-25
1 1 1
35 33 2510 _|35 395103
2510 dl peeenes5 3.95103
10) |
rene eae 3,53 .25103
232 232 232 232
1 1
- llogigx= logyy 35° -25103 — logy 2.327| ; jlogigx= logo 3.5° + logy 25103 — logy 2.327

I
; logy x = 3logiy9 3.5+ 5lo8io 2510 —2logyp 2.32] ; \logig x =3 x 0.5441+ 3 (2810 2.51x 10? —2 x 0.3655

logo x = 16323 + =(logig 251 + logio 10°) - 0.7310 logy x = 16323 += 03997 += x3-0.7310

; [logy x = 1.6323 + 0.1332 +1- 0.7310] ; |logy x = 2.0345] ; [10/810 * = 1074} ; [x = 108.26

Practice Problems - Solving Numerical Expressions Using Logarithms

Section 6.5 Case I Practice Problems - Use the properties of logarithm to solve each expression:

1. (0.00025)(12,000,000) = 2. (8755)(0.000165) = 3 035 =

A= 5. 5.093 = 6. 0.983°° =
225

0.000577
Mae ees _ jpgeee
EEFe 1.
55540:002 33,512 9. 2355 =
0.235°
10.
See
(0.00008) v3.05°

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math
e e et Operations and Algebraic
PEI ATIONS ANG AIZCOTAIC Expressions
EX DICSBIORS

Casell_ Expanding Logarithmic Expressions From a Single Term

Logarithmic expressions are expanded to single logarithmic terms using the following steps:
Step 1 Simplify the logarithmic expression by factoring the numerator and/or the denominator,
if necessary.
Step 2 Apply the properties of logarithm and simplify further.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how logarithmic expressions are expanded:
Example 6.5-26
l
OS ee |

Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

2
l
Step 2 logi) = |=
V(e+2)°

Example 6.5-27
5w2
Lido prerermneal fe
w~ +2w-15

Solution:
Sw Sw
"ei "Wo
3Mw5)
1 In————__ |= | n-————_~

2
Step Z sare =|In5w? — In|(w-3w +5) =|In5+Inw- — [In(w — 3) +In(w +5)|

= |In5 +2Inw — In(w —3)-In(w

+5)

Example 6.5-28
2x(x + 2) Z
In
sea
Solution:
x(x + 2) ct 2x(x + 2)

et “Gated

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

Step 2 ee =| In2x(x +2) -log(x — 1x +1)|=|/n2x + In(x +2) - [n(x —1)+In(x + 1)]

= |In2x + In(x +2)- [én(x -1)+In(x + 1)] = |In2 + Inx + In(x +2) - In(x - 1)- In(x +1)

Example 6.5-29
3
log3 — a log3 27\|=
(2x -3)
Solution:
Step 1 Not Applicable

3
9 3
Step 2 log; a — log; 27| = |log3 z Ee log 33|= log; RS log; (2x - 3) —3log33
(2x - 3) (2x - 3)

Example 6.5-30
- a ee ICH - ToT]
ise
o 2x7 = x-3
+ logg ——|=
* 64x3(x +6)
Solution:

ON eS 1 (2x —3)(x +1) e

Step 1 logs —.———+ logg ——| = |logg ———.—— + log 512
a Serco PG ee eeeaee

(2x -3)(x +1) 3)71 (2x —3)(x +1) a

a LB eee lf (3 = logy ———" Jon, 8”
. 8° x3(x +6) me = 8° x3(x +6) oe

20 =o hx atl - =
Step 2 ose eg Te = loge|(2x - 3x + 1)]- logs|8?x°(x + 6)]+ logy 8 :

= |loge (2x = 3)+ loge (x + 1)- [2logs 8+ loge x + logs (x + 6)|—3logg 8

= logg(2x — 3) + logg(x +1)-[2 x1+3logg x + logg(x + 6)|—3x1

[legs(2x~3)+
logge+1)2 Seasx—logal+6)-3]
= |logg(2x —3)
+logg(x +1)-2-3logg x — logg(x + 6) -

= logs (2x = 3) + logs (x+ 1)—3logg x- logs (x+ 6)=

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms nog
in Solving Math
$$$ reece Nath Operations and Algebraic
Uperations ane Algeoraic Expressions
Expressions

Additional Examples - Expanding Logarithmic Expressions From a Single Term

The following examples further illustrate how to expand logarithmic expressions using the
properties of logarithms:
Example 6.5-31

=IIn (x?+) (e=1)]=tna(e-1) = Infx? +1) + In(x -1)- Inx + In(x +1)

= Bin{x? +1)+In(x—1)—[Inx + 2In(x +1) = 3in(x? +1)+dn(x 1) -Inx-2in(x +1)

Note: Jog(x + y) #logx +log y because logx+logy=logxy. The logarithmic expression /og(x + y)
can not be simplified any further. For example, Infx? + i#Inx” +In1 or log3(3y +5) # log; 3y + log; 5
Example 6.5-32
[2 A
lieia Invx? +2 ~ I (x
+1)? x?)= Infx? +2)2 ~ In (x
+1)°x?] = Infx?+2) [n(x +1)" +Inx’|
(x+1)°x? 2

= sin(x? +2)—[3in(x+1)+2In3] = 5in(x? +2)-3ln(x+1)-2inx

Example 6.5-33

i Z 1
os bf st) |i) = Iny? + In(y+1)2 — 4ln(y-1) = 3in y+ In(y +1)—4in(y -1)

Example 6.5-34
BD
eae = in Va?+1(2x +1) |-infx(0 +1) = Invx? +1 + In(2x +1)-[Inx? + In(x +1)
x°'(x+1

= |in{x? +1)?: + dn(2x-+1)—[3inx

+In(x +1)] = 5in(x?
1
+1)+In(2x+1)-3lnx-In(x+1)
Example 6.5-35
Fipmary 2 3 1 3
peeleGs, ri|= in Yewi(e+2) -In/t+3)- Ine? =|int+1 -Int?
+ In(t +2)? -In(t+3)3
Vt4+3

= (Pn Pare) eat = Jin(t+1) +20n(t+2)-Lin(t+3)-2int

eed 3 2 4 3 2
Example 6.5-36
3 4
ee (z +1)
+inz}= In)S2(z-+1)*|—In(22—1)+ Inz? = In + Inz? +In(z+1)* —In(2z-1) + Inz?
2z-1

44]
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

=|In5+2Inz>
+4In(z +1)—In(2z-1)| = [In5 + 6Inz + 4In(z +1) — In(2z-1)
Example 6.5-37
x(vx +1\2x +1) ieeu[a(vi) |
= logyo|x(Vx-+1}(2x-+1) — log; 10 = logi9 x + logig SBS + log)(2x +1) -1

;
logig x + logyg(x
+1)2 +3/ogyo(2x +1)-1] = |/og19 x+5 logy9(x +1) + 3logy(2x +1)-1

Example 6.5-38
/ 1

= in Vw ~1) - infav(w—1)]+2ine = In(w° -1)2 —[/n4w-+ In(w-1)]+2x1

= sw’ —1)- [ind ne + nwt) +2 |=zin(w’®

: -1)=In4—Inw -In(w -1) +2

Example 6.5-39

logix” +x- 6)=—10g2x| = log|(x + 3)\(x = 2) = [log2 + log x| =

Example 6.5-40

=|log(t —3) -log{t? -4) = |log(t - 3)—-[log(t

-2)(t+2)]]= |log(t — 3) — log(t - 2) - log(t + 2)
tT -

Example 6.5-41

3(u+ 2) == [og
euce SD)
ogme 3(u +2) log (w—2)—
|logu"(u—2 log u+2)]=[
)— lg [Hogu + +1oe(u—2)]
(ut ) = fogr? [le+
og(u- )]-[/og3 og(u+2)|

= |2logu+ log(u = 2)tO et log(u ts2)

Example 6.5-42
2 2

Example 6.5-43

= |log (x a 2) = log|(x - I\(x + 2)|— log(x _ 3) = log(x - 1)+ log(x + 2)- log(x =a 3)

Example 6.5-44

e2 2
3y+1
faa og = log(3y +1)" — log y® = 2log(3y +1) — 6log y

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5_Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

Example 6.5-45

5 1
= |[n(x +2)2 -In(x +3)

= |5tn x +2) —In(x

+3)
or, we can solve the above problem in the following way:

aera Vin
+2)—tnx-+3)?]|
x =] fon(x +2) 2x+3)]

= sin(x + 2)- In( x +3)

niet Sxl) 1 1
= = 5|!oex? — log(4x — 3)+ jlloe(3x + 1)— log x]

1 1 2 1 1 1
= 52 logx — log(4x - 3)]+ zlloe(3 = 1)— log x] = 58 x= 5 (84x = 3) + 3 08(3x + 1)- Fads x

Example 6.5-47
2
100(x — 2
= |logig 100 + logy9(x “yp logio(x? -3) = 2 + 2logio(x — 2) - logyo(x - V3\x + v3)

= 2+ 2logio(x -2)-[logio(x - V3)+ logio(x + V3) = 2+ 2log19(x -2) — log1o( x - V3)— Jog o(x + V3)

Example 6.5-48

2 1 2 1 #2 8+1 2 9

We can also solve the above problem in the following way:

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Example 6.5-49

=|log :aN 3 = log|(x + 3)\(x = 5)|_ log|(x - A\(x + 4)|

= |log(x +3)+ log(x -5)- [/og(x —4)+log(x + 4)] = |log(x +3) + log(x — 5)- log(x - 4)- log(x +4)

Example 6.5-50
1
eG]. as = Inf
x?-2) = aonb ae ea ~ In x- V2 x+ v2]

= In3-+Inx + In(x~1)-[In{x ~ V2)+ nx +-v2)] = In3+Inx +=In(x~1) ~ In(x - 2) - In x+ v2)

Example 6.5-51

/ 3»2 ie “ty s+v=2|-|1 (v= iv +2)

a Ve 6 :

1
= 5[lesio(» - Xv +2) logio(» +3v 2) = 5 [log10(y 1) + logio(v + 2) - logyo(v + 3) — logyo(v—2)|

Example 6.5-52
1
5 \> 1 a)
| + § log3u7| =|=|1 I el
| °810 31 OS10 M a

5 |
= 5 [5/80 u— logio(2u—3)| + logyy 3 +2logyo u = 7 08104 — 5 logio(2u— 3) + logio3+ 2logyou

| 9 1
= (5+2)logiou- 4 logio(2u-3) + login = 3 [08104 — 5 !08 19 (2u - 3) + log you

Example 6.5-53
6t? -t-1 (3¢ + 1(2¢
-1)
arFt |) seers
logy >—— |= |logy ~<A |= ]log
We
(3t+ 1(2t
-1) - logy 1? Vt+1

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

e a s) 3 3
=|logioy + logio(y - 3) 5 logio » - 2logio y + logio(y -3)— 5 loaio » - [2-4] logig y + logyo(y
-3)

4-3 1
= (4-3) logig y + logio(y -3)|= 7 0810 9 + loB10(y-3)

We can also solve the above problem in the following way:

ar
4-3
51 51 1

Example 6.5-55

logio a = logyy(2v - 3)- logio(v* v1 + 2v) = logy (2v - 3)= [oso v4 logy9 V1+ 2v|
v-v1+2v

id 1
= |logyo(2v - 3)— 3 logy v —logyo(1+ 2v)2 aa logyo(2v = 3)—3logiyv- 7 [0810 (I+ 2v)

Practice Problems - Expanding Logarithmic Expressions From a Single Term

Section 6.5 Case II Practice Problems - Expand the following logarithmic expressions:

3x = 2 3
1. ‘Sram Fa 9. ie (1-x) = 3 fon 3x (x +1) =

(1+ x) (x-1)

Mae 64x35 5 eee eae ; 125y°(Y{y +2] z

‘ 8 (x-1)4 x? +3x+2 aPC 1 ta
8(y -1)2

1252? ee 0810
ae
oe 2 9. 1083 Tingasee
ae ee
qs 1085 aa Ra: =

v8(z-1) udaaia 2(x -1)2

64t7(t
+1)
10. log,O84 —~=—
3/7 =

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

Case III Combining Logarithmic Expressions into a Single Term

Logarithmic expressions are combined into a single term using the following steps:
Step 1 Apply the logarithmic rules No. 1 through 5, as appropriate (see Section 6.1, Table
6.1-2).
Step 2 Apply the laws of logarithm such as the product and quotient laws to combine the
logarithmic expression into a single logarithm.

Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how logarithmic expressions are combined into a
single logarithmic term:
Example 6.5-56
(2log\9 5 +3log u) — logy 10) =
Solution:

Step 1 (2/0810 5 +3logy9 u)= logo 10 |

= (logic 52 Se logo uw) logio 10

= (losio 25 + logio uw|— logg 10

Step 2 (Hogio 25 + logio u°)— Jogi 10 =| logy 25u3 — logy 10|=

Example 6.5-57
log(x + 1)+ [2logx - 3log(x 4+ 1)] =

Solution:

Step 1 lost + 1)+ [2logx — 3 log(x + 1) |

= log(x + 1)+ [iegx? _ log(x + 1)

Step 2 log(x +1)+ logx? - log(x + 1) =|log(x +1) + log al

(x + 1)

2 2)
=|log— |= log =———
(x +1) x“ +2x4+1

Example 6.5-58

2log(x + 1)+ 5loa(x _ 2)|

= log(x rs1) =

Solution:

Step 1 2log(x +1)+ slog(x - 2)—log(x +1)|= ox + 1)’ + log(x - 2)s|

— log(x +1)

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5_Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

Step 2

og +] = tog|(x-+1) Hx-2)]

Example 6.5-59
(4logy 2 + logy x) — (2logy 3 +3log, x)| =
Solution:

Step 1 (4log, 2+ log x) = (2logy 3+3log> x) = (log,pe log x) (log,32 4 log x')

= (logy 16+ log x) - (log,9+ log 2

Step 2 (log, 16 + log zm)= (log,9 + logs x°) ~ (log, 16- x) = (log,9- a

= |log,
16x —log, 9x3] = togye = log, +.
9x 9x
x2

Example 6.5-60
(Jogio 4+ log\ Q) +(2 logyo 0+2logio 2) =

Solution:
Step 1 (Jogo 4+ logio Q) +(2 logio Q0+2logi¢ 2) = (Jogo 4+ logio Q) +(logio Of a6 logo 2?)

= |(Jogyo 4 + logio Q) +(Jogio Q* + logy 4)

Step 2 (csi 4 + logy Q) +(logio Q? + logig ‘ = |logio(4-Q)+ logio(4-07

= |!osio(42-407)] = :
Additional Examples - Combining Logarithmic Expressions into a Single Term

The following examples further illustrate how to combine logarithmic expressions into a single
logarithmic term:
Example 6.5-61
(log; 5+log3 x) = (3log3x +2log3 5) =|log3 5x - (log;x? + log; *] = |log3 5x - (logsxP + log; 25)

3 1
=|log3 5x — log; 25x" |= | Oks eas:
5x

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions

Example 6.5-62

(logy
(logy 2—logy
logzu)
u)
u +(2log,
+(2log u—
u-log,
log, 8)|
8) =|lag,?
oe, +(Iog2
++0821?
(log, 12
u> ——Ioe2
1.8)
log, 8)
8 = oes?
—+ +toen
logy —

“et fd

Example 6.5-63
bs x
(Jogio $+ logio x) = logio 25| = logo 5x - logio 25|= =

5
Example 6.5-64
(2logi9
(2logi9 ais¥+logy
logio 5)
5)+(3logig
+(3logig ee
x+logo
Logi 3)
3)
3) =|(logi0
((ezi0x?
?++fogi05)+
logio 5)
5)+ (losi0
(losi0 x3°
++/osi03)
+/osi03)
logo 3) = |logig 5x?
5x?++logio
logy3x?
3x?

= logyo(5x? -3x°] = logo 15x?*3 = |logyo 15x°

Example 6.5-65
1
(2logs 5+ logs w) - 5108s13) = (logsnee: logs w)—logs132|= (logs 25 + logs w) — logs V13 SS,

25w
=|logs 25w
— logs V13| = |logs —=

Example 6.5-66
1 u rr ee
(5logy w— logy 5)+ (2
logy w- Ak? 3)= (log,Woe log 5]+| logo w - log, 32 =|log, —
; + logy ue
—

Example 6.5-67

2log(x — 1)+ slos(x + 2)—logx|=

Example 6.5-68
[2logig u- 3logio(u + 1)]+ [2logio(u + 1)—2logio 5| = [gio ue - logig(u+ 1)+ [egio(u+ iy’ — logig 5°]

Hamilton Education Guides 448

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
e 6.5 Use of Logarithms in Solving Math Operations and Algebraic Expressions
e Re ee ECLA CER PICSSIONS)

Example 6.5-69

Slog x —|log x — log(x -1)] log x° —[log x - log(x -1)] = logx> Elegiars =
x-

x ‘(x-1 x" (x-1

log?) = fog 2) al log x*(x —1)

Example 6.5-70
]
1
a=

(10g615-+10%63) +2logs » = opt 3?)

+ y? = (i036 15 - loge V3)+ loge We

15 2 Smee) 15 4
=|logg
ees
+ loge y~|=|lo
nea (2. )= |logg —y
“B
Practice Problems - Combining Logarithmic Expressions into a Single Term

Section 6.5 Case III Practice Problems - Combine the following logarithmic expressions into a
single logarithmic term:
1. 2logg5+4loggu+logg10 = 2. (4log3
2-log; u)+(2log33-3log3u) =

3. 3logyg x + [logio(x -2)—logio(x

+1)] = 4. [log(x -1)-3log(x
+2)]-logx =

5. (tog 7- 41081 3)+ 3logy x = 6. log43-(log43+2log4x) =

x =
-1)+log2]
7. [2logx +3log(x -1)|—[2/og( 8. (Jogiq 12 - 21ogy9 3) + 2logyy x =

12-3logio 2) — (logy 3- 2/ogig ) =

9. (logio 10. log(x +1) —[3log(x +2)-3/ogx] =

449
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.6 Advanced Logarithmic Problems

6.6 Advanced Logarithmic Problems

This chapter is concluded by addressing logarithmic and exponential problems that have practical
application in physics, chemistry, and applied mathematics. Note that this class of problems is
solved for a specific number assigned to each variable. For further practice, students are
encouraged to solve and check the answer by selecting other values. Exponential equations are
solved using the following steps:
Step 1 Substitute the constant values into the original equation and simplify the equation as
appropriate.
Step 2 a. Multiply both sides of the equation by either Jog) or a logarithm having the same
base as the base of the exponential expression.
b. Solve for the unknown variable by applying the logarithmic laws. Check the
answer by substituting the solution into the original equation.

| Examples with Steps

The following examples show the steps as to how exponential equations are solved using the
logarthmic properties:
Example 6.6-1
Given K = K,(1+r)' solve for ¢ if K = 4000, Ky =1000, and r =0.04.
Solution:
4

; [0.6021
=+ x 0.017] ; [0.6021
= 0.01724] ; 1 ; [t= 35.42

v2 ? ?
Check: 4000=1000(1+ 0.04 Vee 5 4000=1000 x 1.047°4? ; 4000=1000 x 4.0 ; 4000 = 4000
Example 6.6-2
Given M= Mo(1-e*) solve for ¢ if M=30, My =40, and k=10.
Solution:

Step 1 Vie Mo(I-e™) :130= 40(1- e710) apa

es:4 Aygr tte) 34 _ clon) Jet o-t0r| igetoe So

Sod | 4 5) 4 $ 4

Pon ; 1
Step 2 em =) log, e We lone, ;|-10r = Jog, 1— log, 4];|-10t
=0-log, 4

Hamilton Education Guides 450

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
a YD6.6 Advanced
ACVanC OC Logarithmic Problems
Logaritomic Fropiems:

: [l0r
=log, 4]; = Be ; a - [1= 0.1386
Chee 9
30=40{1—e71*01386) 2
; 30=40(1- ?
713%) - 30=40 ?
—40071386 - 39=40- ae
a
? 4 »
: 30=40- ; 30=40-10 ; 30=30

Example 6.6-3
nt

Given B= B(1+™) solve for ¢ if B=300, By =100, m=5, and n=2.

n

Solution:
3
nt 2t 2t 2t
Step 1 B= Bo 1+”) : 300 = 100(1+] : bales ‘ eee ; pe
n 2 100 I 2

72t 72t 7
Step 2 a 3 foste= = ez, s O21) BUFO = 5 log) 3 = 2t log) 3.5

5 [0.4771 = 2t x 0.5441] ; [0.4771 = 1.08822] ; |¢ = weal, ; | = 0.4384

1.0882
9 5) 20.4384 9 5) 98768 9 7 4 5) 08768 9 7 08768
Check: 300=100{ 1+ >) : 300= 100(1+5 x 300=100{ ) ‘i ua aw a

% 2
- 300=100 x 3.5876 - 399=100x3 ; 300 =300
Example 6.6-4
t

Given Y=Y-4 2000 solve for ¢ if Y=10 and Y =SY.

Solution:
t t t t

poekie
0.2=4 2000] - log,
pisses
0.2=l0g44 2000}: |og,0.2=-
ens lees alee
2000,
Togg 4 ::|=2MOe
9"|3) oss Ame "2000
eee

ps eae 8 11608 = a - [t = 1160

x2000]
8 ; [¢ = 2321.6
0.6021 2000
5 _ 2321.6 : _ 23216 ; ' ah
Check: 10=50-4 2000 ; 19=50-4 2000 ; 19=50.4711608 . 10=50- Tag : lis ; 10=10

Example 6.6-5
Given Q=Qe™ solve for t if Q=20, Q) =50, and k=0.002.
Solution:

Step [Deoye*]sans 20 oa)

: Ae eae 0.0021 -10.4=e a 0.002

Hamilton Education Guides 45]

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.6 Advanced Logarithmic Problems

Step 2 : |log, 0.4 = log, e°°"! : [-0.9163 = -0.002t log, e| ; [-0.9163 = -0.002r

_ 09163
| ? 1 ?
Check: ee:
Sie 50e -0.9163
-. 20="50 x 309183 ; 20=50 x — =
; 20=50x04

: 20=20

Additional Examples - Advanced Logarithmic Problems

The following examples further illustrate how to solve exponential equations using the
logarithmic properties:
Example 6.6-6
Given y= yo(I-e*] solve for 7 il y=5, yp =30, and k=2;

y= yo(I-e*)];|5=30(1-e™") = (1-e™) ==(I-e*) - (01667—1= —e~2"| - |-0.8333

==e"
6

; 10.8333
=e | ; |Jog, 0.8333
= log, e *"|: |-0.1824
= —2rlog, e}; [-0.1824
= 21]; oe : [t= 0.0911
2 ? 7 ?
Check: 5=30(1—e?*011) 5=30(I- e018?) s=3¢(1-—gir]
70 5=30{1- : )
1.1998
? ?
; 5=30(1- 0.8334) ; 5=30x 01667 ; 5=5
Example 6.6-7
Given A= 492! solve for + if 4=2°and 4 =4.

? ?
Check: 2524.24! ; 25=4.23 ;25222.23 ;
Example 6.6-8
Given K = Ko solve for x if K =125and
Ky =

k= Kor
Ko fi25=5-5|
Ee 25: S525
;|—=—|;|— P|=—}; [x=-2]
=—|;|—

Another way sats]

of the above problem would be:

| Aeon |

Togs1=109525); [x=0-oes3);r=legs); DT ; ESA

? te
Check: 125=5—
= - 125=5-52;125= 3°25°; 125125

Hamilton Education Guides 452

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
$ 6.6 Advanced
aSSSSSSSSSSSSS—S———SO_ Avanced Logarithmic
Logarithmic Problems
Problems

Example 6.6-9
Given y= Yo: =~ solve for x if y= 40,
yp =20, and a=05.

y=y 40 =20 abe) 2pad | - fr

[>=vo; re
10-20 e 05 | ]1 1 ete |?|e? 86 ome
: |log, 2 = log, 1- loge(I2 enti :|0.6931 = 0- loge(|: 95) {0.6931 = = loge(

ee
-|-0.6931 loge(| e acs
Isle ees
me
0.5x
|soar
ee =t-e?*| | =1-e°5*)eee ; los 1-20

; ; |/og, 0.5 = log, ert. ; log,

|log. 0.0.5==0.5x]
0.5x| ;|—0.6931
= 0.5x| eee |x
1.3862)
=

pr tan | “OT awat § 40°] oan + 40"7<9g 54095 §

ebanc
v
I eke 20 ? 20 Ts) 290
Check: 40=20 40 =40

Example 6.6-10
Given N = Noe“ solve for ¢ if N=4Ny) andk =0.05.
4N 4
0

t=me = Se
; |= 27.726
i=me = 288
I Y i

Example 6.6-11
Given W = W(4-e*"-?) solve for ¢ if W=20andM =1000.

W =W(4-e8-?) 20 = 1000(4- e*?) At =(4—e?) Jaadne 0,02-4=-e4-?

1000 50

» ee) : 398 = e4-2]. log,

3.98 =log, e™*| : [13813
= 4t —2] ; [138134
2=4¢] ; [33813
=4¢

= [r= 0.8453 |
? ? ? i
Check: = ee ; 20=1000(4- 2338-2) ; 20=1000(4—e!8!) ; 20=1000(4
-39797)
?
; 20=1000 x 0.020 ; 20=20

Example 6.6-12
Given N = Noe? solve for ¢ if N=5, No =25, and k=0.05.

N = Noe HY) - [5 = 250-050) 5 _ ,-01051+0.05) . «fo. =270.051+0.05]

5

Hamilton Education Guides 453

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.6 Advanced Logarithmic Problems

log, 0.2 = log, e ©+9.) « [Jog, 0.2 = -0.05t + 0.05] ; [-1.6094 = -0.051 + 0.05] ; |-1.6094 — 0.05 = -0.05¢

1.6594
; [16594 = -0.05¢] ; )¢= =|; [f= 33.188

Check:
7
§ = 25¢~0.05(33.188-1)
?
5 =25¢e70.05x32.188
; ?
5 =25e71:6094 £595
ES

Example 6.6-13
Given B= Bye™ solve for x if B=10, By =2, and k=0.01.

[a=mye]ome],
- [16094
=—0.01x] - |-1:50%4
— |. [k= 160.94
? ? ?
Ghiecks10= Jeg. 08 10 = 2c 102 x5; 10=10
Example 6.6-14
Given F = F(i-eM] solve for ¢ if F=-2Fy, and k=2.

Bae oes3=oes) ; LooRc=a |= 8), Ge

ose85
? ? ?
Check: -2F = Fo(1-e7*53) 5 -2F = F(1—e185) ; -2Fy=Fo(1-3) 5 -2Fy = -2Fy
Example 6.6-15
a

Given K+10=K,y-2 590 solve for a if K=25 and Ky =10.

a a a a a

K+10=Kg-2 5000]; |25+10=10-2 5000); = 2 5000 Coe logy 3.5 = logy2 5000

logy 3.5 a 0.5441 a a

; |—2** — = -——_/0g, 2]; = -—— |; /18075=—- : la = -9037.5|
2 erooroeene5000" 71030102 =5000'|° 5000 ESS
_ 9037.5 :
Check: 25+10=10-2 5000 ; 35=10-2!8°75 . 3519.35 ; 35=35
Example 6.6-16
r
Given P= Sats solve for n if P=500, S=2000, and r=012.
1-(1+r

$00 == 0.12
2000
et 1~-1)0-7
aT

Hamilton Education Guides 454

Mastering Algebra
$$
SSSSS - IntermediateSsSSS
Level 6.6SSSSS
Advanced
sSSSs SssSSSSSSS AVanced Logarithmic
Logarithmic
SSS-O Problems
Problems

Ix{1-112""] = 4x 012); [1-112 = 0.48] ; |-112-" = 048-1]; [112-" = 0.52] : |Jog,151127” = logy1052

5 |—” gun
= logy 120.52] ; |-n = BaD|
10g} 9.52
; |-n= agp |:
—0.2839
=57703]
5 |—n B== -5.7703]
; |;|—*
f=
— = = —79).
5105
[w= 5.7703
-In=

? ? ?
Check: 500=2000 2 el : 500 =2000|— Os ; s00=2000] —O1|
1-(1+ 0.12) 1-112 1- 0.5199
0.12
; 500=2000 012_ 500= =2000x025 ; 500 =500
0.4801
Example 6.6-17
Given L=10logi0 7 solve for J if J) =10-8 and L=100.

L=10legi0 7; 100 = 100K 10 S

107 8 [314 2810 4 —/o81010 *) ; [10 = logig 1+8

my
Check: 100=Lieieals
a 100=“10 logy 100 —10log;9 1078 : 100=“10x24 80 logo 10 ; 100=20+80

; 100 =100
Example 6.6-18
nk
Given y = Pf —_| solve for r if V=4, P=2, n=1, and k=12.
10 n

: nk Fi 1-12 2 , 12 A 12 . 12
= : 4=A{1+ } ;|—= ee) : 2=(1+7 3 |/ D&I (1+ |
| , 100-1 100 100 CoO EO 165

03010 r
- (03010 = 12/ ree, eee [a+ =/ | r
- |0.02508 {10 0.02508 240 logio(1+555)
o8i0| 1o0/|?) 12. t00 °810\ "100

Lose44=1+ 2 = os944—1=
eae ooseas =] P= 5.944)
1-12 9 9 2
5.944
Check: 4==2(1+ae
; 4= 2(1+0.05944)'* 5 4=2(1.05944)! > 4=2x19998 ; 4=4
100-1
Example 6.6-19
Given W = “£)solve for vy if W=5000, T=373, R=10, n=2, and vo =10.

5000
W= -nero| 10-373. if“ ; 5000
“£ s0--2037.4(74) ~7460(in,
[5000==-7460{ int0); = ane
-In10)|
nvp- - In10)

+2.3026 =Inv [F524 = v7];[eb =os], vy = 5.1161

i
=Inv » — 2.3026] ; |-0.6702
; [-0.6702

455
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level 6.6 Advanced Logarithmic Problems

te ?
Gheck: 5000=-2: 10-373- in S81) ; 5000=— 7460-1n 0.5116 ; 5000=—7460--0.6702 ; 5000
= 5000

Example 6.6-20
Given A= 4)-4*'+°? solve for ¢ if A=1000 and 4p = 100.
10

; [logy10 =42 + 0.2]; ogy10_ 2=44|;|———

-0.2=4r|; [6608-02
=41];| 14608] — 03682
=|; [15
log
Z10 4 H

? ? i ?
Check: 1000=100.44%93652+02 + 1990=100-4!4608+92 - 1999=100-4!%8 ; 1000=100-10
; 1000 =1000

Practice Problems - Advanced Logarithmic Problems

Section 6.6 Practice Problems - Solve the following equations using the logarithmic properties:
kt
1. Given p=A(1+2] SOlVe0l (le h=200)) = 10 = ond ee

2. Given A= A) +ke™ solve for ¢ if A4=100, 4) =10, and k=2.

3. Given bose solve for ¢ if B=200, By =25, k=5, and a=0.01.

4. Given N = Noe 25000 solve for ¢ if N=2 and Ny =5N.

5. Given Q = Qp(1- m)°°* solve for ¢ if Q=04, Q) =40, and m=05.

kr
6. Given K =Ko4 20 solve for r if K=5Ky, Ky =01, and k=1.

7. Given M= Vig ae) solve for ¢ if M=5, My =500, and k=01.

8. Given Y=(1+r)” solve for if Y=10, % =2, and r=025.

9. Given A= Ao(2*")4 In Ay solve for ¢ if 4=10 and 4) = 0.02.

10. Given U=Upe*""!+2 solve for ¢ if U=8 and Uy =4.

Hamilton Education Guides 456

 Appendix - Exercise Solutions
Chapter 1 Solutions:

ee 3 at 2. (-20)x(-8) = +160 = 160

3. (-33)+(-14) = -33-14 = -47 4, (-18)-(-5) = (-18)+(5) = -18+5 = -13

5. = -12
= -20+8 8
(-20)+ 6 = -S = -1

Section 1.1b Solutions - Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

1. (28+4)x3
= (7)x3 = 7x3 = 21
2. 250+(15+3) = 250+(5) = 250+5 = 255
3. 28+[(23+5)x8] = 28+[(28)
x8]= 28+ [28x 8] = 28 + [224] = 28+224= 0.125
4. [(255-15) +20]+8 = [(240)
+20]+8 = [240+ 20]+8 = [12]+8 = 12+8 = 20
5. [230+(15x 2)]+12 = [230+ (30)]+12 = [230+30]+12 = [7.67] +12 = 7.67412 = 1967
6. 55x|(28+2)+3] = 55x[(30)+3] = 55x[30+3] = 55x[10] = 55x10 = 550
Section 1.2a Solutions - Simplifying Integer Fractions

fees ee 0 2 pen ee
, 1504 1502307- 5 1S pul82o 5

3 ee ee Eee ys 4. — is in its lowest

term.
15 15=5 3 3

ee eee ee ope 388 alllgl

6 6+3 2 2 6 6+3 2 2

32 3 2 3x5) (2x8)? S16 at

eg sk S 8x5 40 40
Te deh EVP ON ate a) eee) ae 5 _ 28 5 _ (28x 6)+(5x32)
2: 34243 = (247) 42 8x4 EG 6 aD) 26 OS 6 32x6
41
— 168+160 _ 328 = 41 7

Hamilton Education Guides 457

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

Pipes fOr.4 -(2 es = (540) (6x8) 4x1+(4% 32(2 (es we

LORS aK aes 1 1x8 1 8 1

sp NN ee 11—
1x8 8 8 2 2
2
5
: ele _ (Bx8)+(1x16)) 1 Se)
7 “\M6"+87556 16x8 6 128 6 128/ 6 128 6 16 6 16x6
23
_ 30+16 _ 46 _ 23
96 96 48
48

Section 1.2b Cases III and IV Solutions - Subtracting Integer Fractions with or without a Common Denominator

tee eeae
5 5 5

Deen
(2 4) (550) 8-15? 7)
35 4 5x4 20 20
1
Petre
ent 8 I
15s Sls 15 “ 5

—]
eee eee ext) Ox)) 1 = (a2) 1 (a) de
Sar 4 083 8 4/ 3 8x4 3 52 3 Bye foe Sar

_ (-1«3)-(Ix8) _ -3-8 _ 1
8x3 24 24
1
: Ele (2x 6)-(1x8)) 2 ee np (xs\-2 x12) 19
SOAS 8x 6 5 48 58 VAS /2m5 48 ed be) 12x5 60

6 [es meee eee) Z Ee - 8) _ 28-13 _ 28 13 _ (28x24) +(13x1)

rs) 1 8x3 1 24 1 24 1 24 1 24 1x 24

H672+13' 685.13

125
Ce C0 eT Ate
8 6 8 6 1 8x 6x1 ° 3 3

Sry |
3 798 = TX9x6 _ Tx3x2 _ 7x3x2 _ 7x3x1 _ 21 © 01
eee oan ae 1x4x1 a) ilsems il 2 D,

D 4 3
4 BA 9 ra ee ra Ree a ee eee
ey ky I Bh 1 te Tis lx1lx1x8x1 . 1

Hamilton Education Guides 458

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

saa ees pease (243), (S)._ (6),(3) _ 6

1 5
ee ad 8
3 1

55 a) 8 Se) il a3 Spel | <2 55) 2 oS) 2 B3x 2 l1lx1 11

Lil

6. (10004) «(23x 4). = 0

5 Soya LOO

——10%ss0. 10° 4 10x 4 ‘Rak

oe Ye a 1

R16)eR NS 1D Seen ST OMe RE Aan a aod Ee eaeT eA oT.

ctv? 1
2 1
: [eel A [22 Be 4x 32 ee ee go) xl ee
16-32 16: «10/1 16x11} 1 it) ae tH eer AS ei
1 1
(0 6
iB = 12 2 a 12 | 9x16 12 eS 12 (2) 120 es
Am eee | eee = = +) =) = 2S Ss ee = 18
Shit mAs 27 1 8x 27 1 x3 eos eerie 5 Ix?

11
5 Gee = eee 2x 8 +2 = (PU) .2 (2,2 -1,2 3 Urs Bi a 4
205 20° 4) 1 20x 4 1 4x2) 1 S/d! = Soule eS 120 “SIS

(ee) al
6 (eS) (at | (420). (1) _ |4x30} | 1x38 aes eee:
PINGS "30)-
XS. 335 Sit BUNS) 4 18x8}| | 3x4 1x2) x4 De Ne 2 4
pa 1
5)
ee ee Xe 2x? 8
7 aia Oeee eee ee ee

83 13 1 26 ( 4) 67 7
= = 20— 5 ee ee ho eeeGe
4 ay 3 5 ; 5 5 10 10

5 a - 4 16)
2 2 113 113

Section 1.3a Case I Solutions - Real Numbers Raised to Positive Integer Exponents

i 43 = 4.4.4 = 64 2. (-10)* = -10--10--10--10 = +10000

3. 0.25° = 0.25-0.25-0.25 = 0.0156 4, 12° = 12-12-12-12-12 = 248832

ch -(3)° = -(3-3-3-3-3) = -243 6. 489° ee= 1

459
Hamilton Education Guides
Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

Section 1.3a Case II Solutions - Real Numbers Raised to Negative Integer Exponents

1 ee 1 ol
ig ee
ee 1 1 (25) =4 ee
4 4-4-4 64 ey (-5)* —(-5)-(-5)-(-5)-(C5) 625

2) Sue be aay) 4 OS ee eee

ieee 0.253 (0.25) -(0.25)-(0.25) 0.0156 125 12+12-12-12-12 248832

=i asl ae Ne ein 2S ole eel pest

eS TASS 35S. G81 cape 482 48-48 2304

Sd, pie ae ye aig 2-(a? -a°)-(6° 6?) = 2-(a*5).(6%) = 2a°b?

3 Gavea ce 4 243 qp4p5 2 —*(aa!) .(6%o's') = -=(a?*1) (945) me _2 3,12

: 3 3 3

4. 23 2? x24 x34 x= (2°2) (x4 34 x‘) = Ee ad 25 . x4 = 32x 4

5. (x-» 2)0 Pee ML tee ee. = (w?w'} (23212?) se (w?*4) (2342) EO

6. 29.4?.4?.2?.4! = (2.2?).(4?.4? 4!) = (20).(4?4241) = 27.45 = 4.1024 = 4096

Section 1.3b Case II Solutions - Dividing Positive Integer Exponents

= 1 1 1
ae ah (aeea li\aS
Jp “ets alge abe :
2. rh
Se Sn gh
a a! 1 1 1 1

bce? _ abich Sue)

. (22 }(e?e"} _ (2SN }-(cOS eee ee

ae hi re bb po eb BP
i 3
i tes D
(rs?) -
2
9-(rs?) 7 9Ors2 Do9eEs D7 a.9rgea! oren =e 4|—]

(2rs) r (2r's)-1 rr") s 2 es Zr are one 2\,3

5 ee pr
2p°q° Tees 4
_2p'gpr wil (°4 *)-(r4r ; - q oe poy hae 13
lkGal des 3
(ae)
:
Op gt eS peg
42
Sn =e
pape dail pte a= ary
oe.
ae |mer
3\ Pp
953 om0 Des 2 D3
‘ (xi! (« m ‘i (x i )-(4 ! i (x I} )-(a a h2 3K? e 13)73)2 , p3-3+2 2 7 PP?

k¢Pm k4Pm? k¢ Pm? k4BP m> (azancanl ae (1421) mi kim? km>

Section 1.3b Case III Solutions - Adding and Subtracting Positive Integer Exponents

Le x? + Axy—2x? -2xy+ 23 = (x? - 2x?) + (4x9- 2ay)+23 = (1-2)x? +(4-2)xy+z° = -x* +2xy +23

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

2. (a?+20? +43) —(4a +20)=(a3 + 2a? +43) +(-4a3 - 20) = a? +20 + 64~403-20 = (23 - 4a) + 2a? + (64
-20)
= (1-4)a? + 2a? +44 = -3a3 +20? + 44
3. 3x4 42x742x4 -(x* = 2x? +3) = 3x44 2x? 4204 +(—x4 42x? 3) = 3x4 42x? 4 2x4 x4 4202-3
= (3x4 + 2x4 - x4)+ (2x? +2x2)-3 = (842-I)x* + (242)? -3 = dat + 4x? —3
4. -(-219a3 + 2/70? -5*)— (41349 -20) = (+2130 -2/7a? +53) + (49a + 20) = 21343 - 21a? +125-417a? +20
= (21548 - 413a)— 21a? +(125 +20) = (2-4)/9a3 - 21a? +145 = -213a3 - 207? + 145
(m°" anhis +3m?") + 5m a (m'" = 4m”) + (2m = 3m") + 5m Sp ain?” — nl oe

= (m” —2m°")+(—4m?" — 32") n>"+ (4 3)” + 5m = ma" — 7m" + Sm

+5m= (1-2)
6. 20= (-729 + 32-5) +(32° 2 +4) +52 +20 = 725 432-5423 244452420
(-725+32-5)-(-325 +24) +524
= (-
Tz? +3z 5)+ (3z-z+5z)+(-5+4+ 20) = (-7+3)z? +(3-1+5)z+19
= 42° +72+19
Section 1.3¢ Case I Solutions - Multiplying Negative Integer Exponents

1. g°32")-(2°-3° 2] B3e 5-1.5 9ele (ss caer 23 2!) e (22 blame) we oe

1 1 bat
35.93 243-8 1944
oe Reh eg = (a-Sa-ta)-(675-) a Cea Bey rahe ie
a

a lars) (a:b?) = (a? 6?) (4-5) = (a-* °°) (ab?) = a4 6% 0-6? = (a4 -a') (66 6)
= (a-**") (6) eon poe aa

4. (-2)*(r-?s?1)_ ( os) = ( * Postrst-s. = exer ae a [oa | (:1)

es ar) (511) (2°?) S ar ‘2 re aes = 1 fest)

: (4) atvsatyy 2 (4 (222-4) .(v-$vy) " = eel ie) i. [2).22yo

=|) l (|: l = (2 | t= (2). - 625

256/ 224 256/ 4.y4 256-4) 4 1024/7 »4 40244

he 0a
Ser Sia?
ney alg
Eirehdied aol ,(92
1290)
Pus Roe38a [9-18240) |-(3?)
ad lf ol) 922
152-5) we=21.3 Sega ee
wae a

Section 1.3c Case II Solutions - Dividing Negative Integer Exponents

Porm igre iy eh men x!

S6a7 lbs?) > ba7' B= 3acan) Saue 3q! = 3a

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oe) S 3) sa ay Sore 2) ie
a3) 3.(-3)* 3-(-3--3--3--3) 3-(+81) 3-81 243 9

: y3yw sy Syhyl ——.27-(-3)? wh? = -27-(-3--3)

wi _ (27-9) w4 _ _ 243w4
; (yyw (3)2 703 ne yo y! y4

? a 2b a Sy 2 a 2424 —2 b2 2 L b2 fe b2

ay a3y! (a °a?a°) (>?y'] Ae 2+1 a? y a‘y?

Section 1.3¢ Case III Solutions - Adding and Subtracting Negative Integer Exponents

wea
ae ere (2x Gx | aye) (2 Ore: (I s\ee
é ee cae ar eee
x x

= —
4 +
4 =
(-4-x)+(4-2"] _ 4x? =4x _ 4x(x-1) _ 4(x-1) _ 4(x-1) _ 4(x-1)
2 2 3 3 3 all ee 2

Sy + 4y) sy 42 = lio)" +40) (7 3 ay] +23 = [144](xy)'+(1-3)y? +27

2
=a 5(xy) 2 —2y “+2 he ae
-2-4,4-[
Ciese g Soa 3)A
es
(5-y )-(2-9)
es eee
Lat Spo xy |)
ee
ay ayo7 8 xyry 8 xy 8

7 8. xy? 8xy3 8xy3 8xy3 8xy3y7!

_ xy? +40y-16x _ xy” + 40y - 16x

ee
AA Tp
Xe EC Oyei <2a = 4x ees a+(y(ee +5y
yee rege: |ee= 4x | +(1+5)y =3O= 4x ye +6y eae = 4s ey50 a (4 y°)+(6-3)
5 = dy?
+
5 6x
ey, x-y xy

oe ee (m= —3m> + m| 43m = one = (m-? —3m>+ 1+3m? = m>4 (-m +3m>- i+ 3m

= mm? + 3m >— 143m? = (m+ 3m) +(—m™ + 3m)—1= (143

+(-143)m?
) 1 = 4S 42m? 1
2 5
= é cll eta al (4-77) +(2-m°) 1 (ae _ Am? +2m 1
5 9) ae i) = 7 a
5 D2 5 2)
m sm m m m +m m m 1

fegeee 5\|_ 7 2 3
& (4m + 2m’) (1m') _ 4m? +2m>—m! _™ (4+ 2m - nm’) 442m—mS _ 442mm _ =mS+2m3+4
pels 1 sak at! mm mm ne

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

—2 2
6. (2°) +(a™s) ~6a~° +3a 4h? = (a>?) + (a5) — 6a°6 3a b- =a ° 4a (be Gas aoebe
_[«,,4 6 An2
(a°§6a")
+(ao? + 30-46?) = (1- 6)a® +(143)a4b? = -Sa6
+4ato? = 24 we Rares,
a a a® a’

=a 4 + 4G'b
6,2 0a" (—5 44a°b*
sd 242 — -5+4a*b”242 — 4a°b”
_ —-5+4a°b* 2 p2 —5
aot4 lO yi 704 = lod 0°

_ Section 1.4a Case I Solutions - Roots and Radical Expressions

49g = J98 = J49.2 = V7?.2 = 72 2. 3V75 = 3V25-3 = 3V5?-3 = (3-5)V3 = 15¥3

#125 = 753 =5 4. 93125 = Ys =5

4162 = 481.2 = ¥34.2 = 342 6. ¥192 = Vi92 = J64-3 = V8?.3 = 83

Section 1.4a Case II Solutions - Rational, Irrational, Real, and Imaginary Numbers

1. :: is a rational and real number I, V45 = 9-5 = 35 ; iS an irrational and real number

3. 450; is arational and real number S58 ie ats?

4. Rg ; is an irrational and real number
10

5. -—wv-S5 ; is not
a real number Ee Sees
6. , ; iS an irrational and real number

Section 1.4a Case III Solutions - Simplifying Radical Expressions with Real Numbers as a Radicand

(LAr ee ee eae a,

2. 54 = V9-5 = J(3-3)-5 = J[3'-3!)-5 = V3" -5 = V3?-5 =

3, —V500 = -V100-5 = -J(10-10)-5 = - 10" -10")-5 = [10]. = Vio? 5 = -10v5

4, ¥3°.5 = 395
5. ¥216 = V216 = V36-6 = |(6-6)-6 = pay = V6l"!.6 = V62-6 = 6v6

6. - 2445.2=-2Alat.2= Faas (4-2) = A -8

Section 1.4b Case I Solutions - Multiplying Monomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers

1. V72-V75 = V36-2-V25-3 = V62-2-¥5?-3 = 6V2 -5V3 = (6-5)\W2-3 = 30V6

2, -3V20-2V32 = -3V4-5-2V16-2 = -3V2?-5-2V42.2 = -(3-2)V5-(2-4)V2=-6V5 -8V2 = -(6-8)V5-2 = -48V/10

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3, ¥16-¥27 = Vie W277 = Va? 9-3 = 4.V3?-3 = (4-3)v3 = 12v3

4, J64-J100- /54 = V8? - V10? ./9-6 = (8-10)- V3?-6= (80-3)V6 = 240V6

5. —Vi25--2V98 = +2V25-5-J49-2 = 25? 5.72.2 = (2-3)V5-7V2 = (10-7)V5-2 = 70VI0

6. 625-4/324.a8 = Y54 Ye1-4-Y16-3 = 5.434.4.424.3 = 5.304.298 = (5.3.2)/4-3 = 308/12

Section 1.4b Case II Solutions - Multiplying Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers _

1. (23 +1)-(2+ 2) = (2-2)v3 + (2v3-v2) + (1-2) + (1:V2)= 4/3+ 2V3-2 +24 V2 = 4/3+2V6 + V2+2

2, (1+-5)-(vB + v5)= (1+ 45)-(va-2 + ¥5)= (1+ V5)-(V2?-2 + v5)= (1+ V5).(2v2+ v5)

= (1-2v2) + (1-V5) + (2v2-V5) + (J5-V5)= 22 + V5+ 2v2-5 + V5-5 = 2v2+ V5+ 2vi0 + V5?

= 2V2 + V5 +2V10+5

3. (2 V2)-(3-+ v2)= (2-3) +(2-v2)-(3- V2)-(V2-v2) = 6+ 202-3V2 - 2-2 = 6+ (2-3)V2 - V2?

6-492
=(6-2) V2 = 4-2

tbo) (5-F) = (5098).

(5-A) 505) (5-15) - 508) (5-585
= (5-5) -(5-5)W5 + (5-V5)- (sv5- V5)= 25-25v5
+sv5-SV5-5 = 25+ (-25+
5)v/5 - V5?

= 25-205 —5.5 = 25-20V5

-25 = (25-25)-20V5 = -20V5

5 (2+) (168) = 2-6).(82"02) = (2-8). (267-2) = (2-8). (2-5)

= (2-2)-(2-3)v2
+(2:V6)-(3V2 V6) = 4- 6V2+ 2V6- 3V2-6 = 4-62
+2V6 -3vi2

= 4-6/2
+2V6 -3V4-3 = 4—-6V2
+2V6 —3V2? -3 = 4-62
+2V6 -(3-2)V3 = 4-62 +2V6 - 6V3

6 (esi)
(J Al= -8). (05.6%) = 0-8) (US+3)= 8) (03
= (2-3)v5 + (2-3) -(3V5- V5)-(3- V5)= 6v5 +6 -3V5.5
-3V5 = 6V5 +6-3V5? ~3V5 = 65 +6-(3-5)-3v5
~

= 65 -3V5
+6-15 = (6-35-9 = 3V5-9 = 3[V5-3]

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

Section 1.4b Case III Solutions - Multiplying Monomial and Binomial Expressions in Radical Form, with Real Numbers
1. 2V3-(2+V2) = (2-2)V3 +(2V3-v/2) = 4V3 +2V3-2 = 4v3+2V6 = 2(2V/3
+V6)
2, V5-(v8
+V5) = (V5.8) +(v5-V/5) = (v5-8)+(V5-5) = Ja0+vs? = V4-10+5 = v2?1045 = 5+2V10
3, -V8-(3-v3) = -V4-2.(3-V3)= -V2?-2.(3-v3)= -2V2-(3- v2)+(2v2-3)
V3)= (-(2:3)
+2V2-3 = -6V2 +2v6 = 26
= ~6V2 -32}

4. 44/98-(3-v2°) = 449-2 -(3- v2] =4 P.2.(3—v2? 2" = (4-72 -(3-2V2) = 282 -(3- 2v2}

= (28-3) ~(28.2).(J2 V2) = 842 ~56{V2-2) = 842 -S6v2? = s4v/2~(56-2) = 842-112 = 4212
-28)
+416-2) = 24 .3-(54-4
s. 48.(4[324 +432) = 16-3 -(Yar-4 42" .2)=24 -(4
+242)
= (2-3)-(
9/4)+(2-2)-(¥3 +24/6)
¥392) = 6-(3-4) +4-(43-2} = 6/12 +496 = 2(3¥12
6. 25-(Ja5 +481) = 2V5-( v3?543) = 205-(3v5+3)= (2-3)(V5-v5)+ (2-35
9-5+¥3")= aV5-(
= (V5-5) +6V5 = (6-5) +6V5 = 30+ 6V5 = 65+v5)
+6v5 = 6v'5?
Section 1.4b Case IV Solutions - Rationalizing Radical Expressions - Monomial Denominators with Real Numbers

Pe Bae aye ae a) ea) ae) 2

ne 2

1
Si dhePee We eee ee
5
3 cate ae = — =>—

| Nn Nn io)
I
13/25 _1/¥25_ V2?) _1/ ¥asx¥a |_1{ ¥25-4) _1 ¥oo
i ee
Vig
a
Vea
alae
Wa 22 a alr ae) ara) ala) 2

The following are two other ways to solve this problem:

[25
[32 _ 2 = 895.93 = 42°? = $2? - Va or, Lr Rao ae
8 2

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3
hoe af = 3vi02 ee 63-10 30 30 Pea nal -(2 |
~5J3000 ” 5V100-30 sy4o2.30__(5-10)v30 5930 SS Aa 30 30

_ 3(_1xv30_) _ 3/_V30_ ByeE Sy eed ka oe

seen ed 50

7 7 leva _ 7x(1- V7) 1-v7) 71- V7}

i¢u7 tev] 12N7 (1+ V7)x(1- v7) (+ (0-7)-(-v 7)-(V7-V7) 147-77

teVi8 19D _ a2 _ WE _ 2-33 _ (1-32) x(2-)

em EUR
ay oy Weedpier fee (2+3V2) x(2-3v2)
(1-2) (1-3) V2-(2-3)V2 +(3-3)-(V2-V2) 932-62 +9/2-2 _ 2-(3+6)v2+9V2? _ 2-92 +(9-2)
+(2-3v2 -(3-3)-(v2-
(2-2)—(2-3 2
+62 -9V2-2
)V2 v2) 4-6V 4—9y22 4—(9-2)
_ 2-942 +18 _ (2+18)-92 __ 20-9v2
4-18 =14 14
Bodh Ope ae ee (v5- v5)-(v5 v2}
Ws+2 5+d2 Vs-W2 (J5-+2)x(V5-v2) —(V5-v5)-(v5- V2)+ (v2-v5) -(V2-v2)
J5:5 —J5.2 - vs? - Ji0 5-10 _ 5-10
Meee ioe eae 42a Aine
6 0 ei te ok ee =a vise _ B-¥5)> is (3-v7) +(3-2) -(v5-
V7)-(2-v5]
NT ONA ofp jo 7-2 “IT +2 (/7- 2)x (v7 +2} (V7.vi)++(2-V7) -(2- v7)- (2-2)
_ 3V7+6-V5-7-2v5 ie ee Ce
Aah seh eye har yee, 7-4 3

-3+V3 _ -3+v3 | 4- V5 (-3+ v3)x(4-¥5)

~(3-4) +(3-v5) +(4- V3)-(v3- v5)
arVs 4tds 4-J5 (44 V5)x(4—V5) (4-4) —(4-V5) +(4-V5)-(V5-V5)
a1ay5
+4y3 85 12 b3N5 +403 VIS | 35 4403
VIS 12 SVS 4 4v3 15 —12
16 — 45 + 45 - V5.5 16-752 16-5 11

svi _ 3-vi3-v3 _ 3-V3) (3-3) ss

6-3)-(-V3)-(3-3)+(V3-V8) 9-3-3
4v3
3403 3403 3-03 (3+ V3)x(3- 3) Gre (3.V3)+ (3.v3)- (v3-¥3) 92345 459/92 (a3

9- (3+ 33 +3? _ 9-64343 _ (9+3)-6V3 _ 12 ae _ 2-V3) 9_

1

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

a. Section 1.4b Case VI Solutions - Adding and Subtracting Radical Terms

1. 5V¥3+8V3 = (5+8)V
=¥3
13¥3 |
2. 293 -4¥3 = (2-4)¥3 = -293
3. 1245 +895 +243 = (12+8+2)45
= 2245
4. avab
- bab + cVab = (a-b+c)Vab

5. 3xUx 20x + 40x? = (3x-2x)Ye tarde? = ¥e + ax¥x?

6. 5%2+8%5 cannot be simplified

Section 1.5a Case I Solutions - Classification of Polynomials

Polynomials Standard Form Type Degree No. of Terms

ox 6
feeseen 2x3 +3x-6 trinomial 3 3

2e-oy 2 Gy 42 binomial 8 2

3. 2wt+6w? +8w> 8w> + 6w? + 2w trinomial 5 3

4. 6y 6y monomial | 1

ee AEDS monomial 0 1

6. -16+2x4 94°16 binomial 4 2

Section 1.5a Case II Solutions - Simplifying Polynomials

1, x? +4x—-8x? +3x-5x° -5x = (-x3 - 5x3) + (4x + 3x 5x) - 82? = (-1-5)x3 +(4+3-5)x—8x?
= ~6x° + 2x-8x? = -6x° - 8x7 +2x
2. 2yt+2y?-54+4y—Sy24+14+y = (2y +4y +») +(2y -5y4) + (541) = (24+441)y+(2-5)y3-4 = 7y-3y3-4
==3y° ¢7y=4
3. 2a°+2a?-344a5
+a? = (20° +4a°)
+(2a? +a)—3 = (2+ 4)a° +(2+1)a? -3 = 6a5 +3a7-3
4. 3x42x4 + 2x3 — Ix — 5x4 = (3x - 7x) + (2x4 - 5x4) +249 = (3- 7)x + (2-5)x4 +229 = dy
-3x4 + 2x?
= 3x4 42x39 —4x
5. 2rs+4r?s? —20+4 2rs- Spee = (2rs + 2rs) + (4r3s° - Sree) + (-20- 3) = (2 + 2)rs + (4 - 5)r?s° — 23

ada s = 23 = _r>s> + 4rs —23

6. Qxyz + 2x3 y3z3 +10-4xyz-4 = (2xyz — 4xyz) + 2x3 y32? + (10-4) = (2 - 4)xyz + 2x? y7z? +6 = -2xyz+ 2x7 yz? +6

= 2x3 y3z3 —2xyz+6

Section 1.5b Case I a Solutions - Multiplying Monomials by Monomials

ile (2ax)-(3a7x?) = (2-3)-(a-a?) -(x-x?) = 6-qit? .xl? = §g3x3

7, (5x?y?)-(2x)-(4y) = (5-2-4)-(x?-x}-(»? -y) = 40.x74! ae = 40x" y

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

(6x2)? (3:2) -(-2x) = 1-(ax2)-(-28) = -(3-2)- (32-2)= 6.22" = ~62°

= 12{2?9). (yt?) = 12xy8
4. (x2y)-(Bay)-(4x3y?) = (8-4)(x? -x-29)-(y-y-y2)
Nn
|3x?y?).(2xy°).(5x°y] = (3x?y?)- (2x) -(5y) = (3-2-5)(x? -x)-(y? -y| = 30x74! ey = 30x? y3

6. (8a?)
| -(2a)-(3a76*) = (8-2-3)(a?-a-a?)-(b? -b°) = 48a7*"? 5°? = 48a55°

1. 2.(5x? + 6x-2x? x45) = 2-|{sx? -2x?)+(6x-x)+5| = 2.|(5—

2)? +(6-1)x
+5]= 2-[3x? +5x+5]
= (2-3)x? +(2-5)x+(2-5) = 6x? +10x +10
2. (2x?y-Sy? +3x?y-2y? +3)-(3x7y?) = |(27» + 3x7») +(-5y? -2y?} +3 (s)
= |(2+3)x?y-+(-S-2)y? +3].(3x2?) = [522-797 +3)-(3x?y?]
= (5-3)-(x? -x?)-(y-y?)=(7-3)-x? (y? -y?)+(3-3)x?y? = 15.x2+2 _ yl? 591-2 2? + 9x2 y?

= 15x*ty> —21x7y4 +9x7y?

3. -(5x3 +22? -5+3x—2x°).(-2x)" = |(s*°-2x3)+2x ~ 54 3x]-4x” BS 2)x° 6 2e? 523s]

4x2
= [3x°42x? +3x—5]-4x7 = (3-4)-(x3 x?) + (2-4)-(x? 2?) + (3-4)-(x- x?) -(5-4)x?

aul2 tt Sexe + ans 20y =i ox Rx + 12x 20y-

4. 6w-(4w+2w? +2-3w4w?) = 6-|(4w ~ 3) + (20? +?) +2]= 6w-|(4-3)w+ (241? +2] = 6w-[w+3w? +2]

= ow -[3w? +w+2| = (6-3)-(w? -w) + 6(w-w) +(2-6)w = 18w2*! + 6w? +12w = 18h? + 6w2 +120

5: 2x-(ax?)" (5x? +3x—2x? +x-2} = 2x Ax". (5x? ~2x)+(3x+3)-2] = (2-4)(x-x4)-[(5-2)x? +(B+1)x-2]

~ 8x° -[3x? + 4x -2] = (8-3)-(x5 -x?) + (8-4)-(x° -x)-(8-2)x° = 24.52 432.5541 _16y5 = 24x7 + 32x —16x5

& (Vi62+ Vx -2x? + Vi6x3)-(2x°) = (/8r-2 + 32x —2x2 + x3) -(2x3) = (52-2 + 3x ~22? + 4x3).(223)

= (9V2 +3x—2x? + dx?).(2x9) = (9-2)V2x3 +(3-2)-(x-29) -(2-2)-(x?-x3) + (4-2)-(x3 2)

= 18V2x3 + 6x!*3 — 4x243 4.85343 = 18203 + 6x4 — 4x5 48x = 8x® — 4x5 + 6x4 4.18/23

Section 1.5b Case II Solutions - Multiplying Binomials by Binomials

1. (x +3)(x-2) = (x-x)-(2-x)+(3-x)-(2-3) = x? -2x4+3x-6 = x? +(-2x 43x)-6 = x? +(-2+3)x-6

= eo 6

2. (-y +8)(y-6) = -(y-y)+(6-y)+(8- y)-(8-6) = -y? + 6y + 8y-48 = -y? +(6y

+8y)—48 = -y? +(648)y
-48

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

= -y*+14y-48

3. (x?-2ay)[-y? + 239) = {2?-y?) +22? -a)y42x(y-y2) —(2-2)(a-a)(y-») = 329? 4208p 42099 — ax?
= (=x?y?- 4x? y?) 4 2x3y 4 ay) = (-1-4)x?y? + 2x3 y 4 Day? = 5x?y?+2x9y
+Day? = 2xFy Sx? y? + 239
4. (a —a?\(a-6) = (a?-a)-(6-a°)-(a? -a)+(6-a2) = a! ~ 6a? a? +60? = a* + (-6a? —a*) + 60”
= at +(-6-1)a3 + 6a? = a4 —70° +60?
5. (vx?~20vz5
(ve—4)= (Va? -2xvx?#*)(
Ue—4)= (Va?sat aaa?
a?x!(Ve-4
= [xvx - 2x(x-x)V
[Vo-4)= [xv-ox-x? V(x ~ 4)= [avr 2x9ve]Vx- 4)
= x(x - Vx)- (4:xvx) = (22°vx - Vix)+(2-4)x3 vx = x(Vx-x) — dxvx - 2x3 Vx +827 vx

SA ade oe Vx? 4 ax? 5 = x-x—4xVx — 2x3 -x 48x? 5,5 = x2 — Axedx — 2x4 + 8x3 Vx

= -2x44 8x9Vx + x? — davx

6 (FAG25) FOF 0)- (PF Pr -w

= (x y? VP oy -P] = (x;y? Wy? Pay -P]

= (y-y2\(Vy? Wy) - 90? Wo) -9?(A? Wo) +(W? Wo) = AD? -y AP?» HAD? -y

= fy? - yy? - yy? +Uy? = (v?-y)-(v-9)-(v? a) ty = ot -y? = ty = yy? -y? +

y72x7y* _ x¥(B6-2)y" _ # (6?-2)y7" 6 {y?-»?) _ Oy-yv2 _- by 2 = 6/2

“Ixy? Day? I2ay” 12y? 12y? I2y*tay?y?}
eben ee
nae ND
y? 2

3.3.4 36fx3x71).(y4y)-(242 aol aes

see
pe 33-4 : 74(x2y22|
4. sony: y:Sao 2 ue = gece) eae aa) Z oe)

Hamilton Education Guides 469

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

3 , 3a2b2c3 : 2(,2,-1).[3,-1
a?(b7b }.(c%e ie 3q2 oe
2163-1 , 3b! ¢2
~9a2p2¢3 £ 9a2b2¢3 Ga2b23
is (a aaa CS cow Eee Cee ee See 2. 2-2
¥27a°b3c3 beV 33 a° bea"? bie!Va? a? eras a ava

ice she. = 3bc = -3be?

a ae 1

2 aeSi\h( eel Sei nigel

241mn? —— Dhln® — 2 mn? _ 2{mm J-(n n es 2m ).(n 2m?n' mn
12/7 mn 121°mn Pn) n! lee [ee | u

Section 1.5b Case IIIb Solutions - Dividing Binomials by Monomials

13
DoT AGE eke ae 41
—12 12 3
3
2 3. -1 3, .-2 251
; x y3z44x2y? x y3z 4x? y? eh xyz! 4 Ax2y? Z & x (» y ) 2 ]
—2xy7z ~2xy7z -2xy?z 2x! yz! Bxly?z A212 ' (» y

2 ai eaae xy) 2x! xty de

on yz 22° _y®z 2 z

3 —2 3,-2
; Feb be : -a°b°e abe . abe abie2 ® (a°a }-(6°% (a2-2
a }-(c2-2
c

2a boc ~a*b*¢? a’b?c? abe” sa"bece cre b*b!

ia p>2 igwaiter: Wed de Dee a. ee

col p27} a p}

; p43 = 3535 : plattc3 — ailp33 _ bla’ aa(6Sh -C _ abVac?

abi mas - a(b-b)Ve
be

Va?btc® av b2*2¢2#242 a6
sf : (c?Serer © a(b-B)(e-e-c)
me i ‘)

EB abVac? —ab?iJc 5 abVac> rab? Ve - abv ac? _ ab’ Vc 2 Vac? = Ve S Vac? Ve

ab*c? ab*c3 abc? abc? ab*c? (625-1)-c3 (3?5-*)-c3 pee co pa ae

Mai We Yue? Ye
ble pe ; bee

3, -1 2_-1
; enc aml = mnel ml 4 mnt ml” A mn oa = (m m }:(n n P77) ol mm y27! 27}

; mnl mnl mal mil nl yp! sp] 1 i ee 1 Z n

mn |! 2 I
+— = m°n+—

6 36y" 2 —18y) 3
_ 36y 2 3}
ly. 36 y2 ,_By
2 3
ya 2 2y 3 2a],
A4y*y 42 Sure
y 4y Js |
ey, 3-1
-9y -9y —-9y dy Py y! y! 1 1 1 1
1 2
= a ee 2y? —4y

Hamilton Education Guides 470

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

_ Section 1.5b Case IIc Solutions - Dividing Polynomials by Polynomials

1. Divide 3x? +10x+7 by x+3. 2. Divide x4 + 7x? +13x? +17x+10 by x+5.
3x +1 x 4 Ox- 43x42
x+3 )43x2 +10x+7 x45 jer! + Ix) + 13x? + 17x +10
ey a ea Fe
+3x°+ 9x Rei Rae)
+ x+7 3 5
= = +2x”> + 13x
+ x+3 — 3- 7
—— +2x~ +10x
+4
2
The answer is 3x+1 with remainder of +4, or + 3x0 + 17x
+ 3x7 + 15x
3x4+14+
x+3 + 2x+10

+ 2x +10
0
The answer is x° + 2x? +3x+2 with remainder of zero.

3. Divide x° =x =2x* =x? + 2x° 45x —10 by x— 2, 4. Divide -2x4 + 5x? -—4x* +16x-15 by -2x+5.
Noe ee eS aes

aD )+x6 ee en ey 10 —2x+5 20° 454) — 4x 4 16415

+x° +2x $2x4 45x

+ 4 Ox! -4x? +16x

+ x°+2x4 +4x? +10x

sg he + 6x-15
Peri Re + 6x+15

+5x —10 0
25x +10 The answer is x° +2x—3 with remainder of zero.

0
The answer is x> + x4 — x? +5 with remainder of zero.

5. Divide 2x4 —13x° +13x? +15x-35 by x-5. 6. Divide -2x4 + 7x? —6x? —2x+3 by -2x43.
Oy 8x = 2x45 yo Ox ed
pas toe 13x 13x> 15x35 25 3 |x + IX SON NS
+2x4 +10x? +2x4 433°
— 3x3 +13x? +4x3 — 6x?
+ 3x3 +15x? +4x?
+6x?

2x? +15x Boe

+2 x7 +10x +2x+ 3
+ 5x —35 c
- The answer is x® — 2x? +1 with remainder of zero.
oS pean)
— 10

The answer is 2x? — 3x? —2x+5 with remainder of — 10, or

10
Dd
ok ete ip
x-5

Hamilton Education Guides 471

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

1. (x3 +2x5 -3+2)+(3x3

+x-2°) = (2x5 +23 -3x-+2)+(-x°
+3x? +x)= (2x5-x5)+(2°
+ax°)+(3x +2)+2
= (2-1)x> +(1+3)x3 +(-341)x+2 = x5+4x° -2x+2

2 (y-y? +2y4 +3y?-3)+(2y4 + v3 +5-y”) = (24 +3y?-y? + y-3) +(2y4 +? -y? +5}
= (274 +294) 4 y3 + (3p? -y?-y?) + y+ (345) = (2+2)y4 +? +B-1-I)y?
+42 = dy tyr ty? ty?
3. (3x —3x? + 5x—3)—(-2x + 5-2? +2) = (3x-3x? + 5x -3) + (2x-54 x? 2) = (3x? 43x + 5x3) +(x? +2x-5-2}
= (-3x? +x?) 4 (3x 45x +2x)+(-3-5-2) = (-3+1)x? +(3+5+42)x-10 = -2x? +10x-10

4. (292+ 2x? y2 + 4ayz)+ (4x2 92-2? yz + 2x2] - (2x? y2+292 + 4392)+ (4x? 92 - x? y2 + 2097]

- (2x? y2 + 4x? yz — x? yz)+ (92 + 402 +2002) = (244-1)x?yz+(14+442)axyz = Sx?

yz+7292

5. (-2ab-3+2a76?) +(—3ab + ab? +2(ab)°} = (-2ab-3+2a7b?)

+(-3ab +06? +2)
= (2a7b? - 2ab-3)+ (a2? - 3ab+2)= (2076? +076?) + (-2ab- 3ab) + (-3+ 2) = (2+ 1)a7b? +(-2-3)ab-1
= 3a7b* —S5ab-1

6. (sx° mig Axe +3x4x?)—(x-3? +x* - 3x°] = (sx° SS ye +3x 4x?) 4(—x 43x? as) +3x°)

= (sx° +3x5)-x° +(-4x4 -x4}+(x? +3x?) +(3x- x) = (5+3)x° ae (-4- ES +(1+3)x? +(3- I)x

= 8x® — x5 — 5x4 44x72 42x

Section 1.5b Case V Solutions - Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Vertically

“ xo tx? 42x
le (x?+2x4x°)+(3x—2x)] = (x?+x? +2x) +(-2x9 +33} = 3
— 2x + 3x

- x3 4x72 45x

I, (y+y? +3y5 +4)+(-24»? +3y? +2y} = (sy? +y? +y+4)+ (y? +3y7) +2y-2]

= (3yFee
+y +y+4)+[(143)y 2 +2y-2] = (3yTes?
+y +y+d)+(4y 2 +2y-2) = 3y> + y?; + ytd
+4y°+2y-2

3y>+5y?+3y4+2

8). (x3 +x? -343x7) -(-2x3 -5x +5} 3 * +(x? +32?) —3]+(20 + 52-5} “4 * + (1+3)x? -3]+(2x3 + 5x-5)

sig Aet s
= (x3 +4x? -3}+ (2x3 + 5x5] = es ‘
Dy +5x-5

3x? +4x? +5x-8

Hamilton Education Guides 472

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 1 Solutions

4. (2°#32742 =22" —42+2)+(2? +425 +2° = [-"+ (32? - 22?) + (2-42) +2 +(42° +2? +1)

5 ae
tone e te
= [2° + (3-2)2? +(1-4)z +2]+(425 + 2? +1)=( 542? -3242)+(425 +2? +1] =
4z>+ 2? el

5z> +22? —3z+3

5. ~{a° - 2a +a+2-3a°) +(-2a3 - 40-3) - (-a3 + 2a-a-2+3a°) + (-2a° - 4a -3}

(32° -a*)+(2a-a)~2]+(~20° - 4a -3} = [(s-)a° + (2-1)a-2]+(-2a° -4a-3)
Poy reer ee)
= (20° + a-2)+(-2a - 40-3) = 4
—2a~ -4a-3

0a° -3a-5

6. (u? +2u+ w+ 5)+(—2u? ~3~5u-8} = [ + (2u-+u) +5]+[-2u? - su (-3-8)| = [- + (2+1)u+5]+[-207 - 5u-1]

toy 43045
= (uw?+3u+5)+(-2u? — 5u-11) =
2 oeries |

=p" 2p —6

473
Hamilton Education Guides
 Chapter 2 Solutions:
Section 2.1 Solutions - Introduction to Linear Equations
1. Determine whether 2 is the solution to each of the following equations:
y ?
a. 3-2-2=10 ; 6—2=10 ; 4#10. Therefore, 2 is not the solution to 3x-2=10.
? ?
b. -—2-24+3=2 ; -44+3=2 ; -142. Therefore, 2 is not the solutionto -2x+3=x.
? ?
c. 6-2=2-24+1 ; 4=4+1; 425. Therefore, 2 is not the solutionto 6—x
= 2x +1.
? ?
d. 2-2-8=—3-2+2 ; 4-8=—6+2 ; -4=-4. Therefore, 2 is the solution to 2x -8=-3x+2.

2. Determine if y = —2 is the solution to the following equations:

?
a. —2+3=-2:2 ;1#-4. Therefore, y=-2 isnot the solutionto y+3=-—2y.
? ?
b. (6--2)-2=(8--2)+2 ; -12-2=-16+2 ; -14=-14. Therefore, y = —2 is the solution to 6y + y = 8y+2.
? ?
c. 6+(3--2)=0 ; 6-6=0 ; 0=0. Therefore, y =-2 is the solutionto 6+3y =0.
Z ?
d. 3--2=5-(-2) ; -6=5+2 ; -6#7. Therefore, y=-—2 isnot the solutionto 3y=S-y.

3. Given the algebraic equation 2x —8 =(x-5)+3, does x=0, x =-1, and x =6 satisfy the original equation?

ae lectin — Opin 2x-8=(x-5)+3. Then, 2.0-8-(0-5) +3 : ele ; -8#-2. Therefore, x = 0 does not

satisfy 2x -8=(x-5)+3.
2 2
b. Let x=-1 in 2x-8=(x-5)+3. Then, (2--1)-8=(-1-5)+3 ; -2-8=-6+3 ; -10#-3. Therefore, x =—1
does not satisfy 2x -8=(x-5)+3.
? 2
c. Let x=6 in 2x-8=(x-5)+3. Then, 2-6-8=(6-5)+3 ; 12-8=1+3 ; 4=4. Therefore, x=6 satisfies
2x-8=(x-5)+3.
4. Does a=2 satisfy any of the following equations?
2 ?
a. 3-2+2=4-2 ; 6+2=8 ; 8=8. Therefore, a=2 is the solution to 3a+2= 4a.
y ?
b. 347-2=18 ; 3+14=18 ; 17#18. Therefore, a=2 is not the solutionto 34+ 7a=18.
2 2
ec —5-2+3=-3-2-1 ; -10+3=—-6-1 ; -7=-7. Therefore, a=2 is the solution to -5a+3=-3a-1.
?
d. 8=2+3; 8%#5. Therefore, a=2 isnot the solutionto 8=a+3.

Section 2.2 Case I Solutions - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Equations

[ex Sloe Ss— 12 13a ext

= 250-4 = 25

2 Wh 20 8-84 = 20-8 - 0+ h=12 > h= 12

3, Surg § debts a seks) Seed) s ese 8 sets

A351 OS ote — 1 OD = eae

5. 28s
x= 3 eee Sai 1.7 28 cal6 Sr 6S
Breas $y 3 (2-8)+3 3 16+3 a3
6 ae ete19 3 ee 19+3 Se 22
882 88
ed
8 8
ys ee
8 ae We eS
ae
er
“ee
ty

Hamilton Education Guides 474

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 2 Solutions

J, Opp al= 4049

9} °
eel Age pee Ssprete40 ; w= 2-49 3 x=167-49 ; x=-3.23
3 3 3 3
Geei 3 yd Wee pericean
a) ts 0-0 ss2 (2-5)+3 _(2:3)+1 &
pea goal
eae ee Ga ey ee eee he 5 3
)
So a3
eeioaee maak 13-3) Jeleles)
4(-75 wer 2g 25) avewenl eo
ewes
53 5-3 15 15
2 De Dee A 4
== 654) = yi 242.4 (6-3)+2 (2-5)+4 . 18 +2 10+4_
Min teg 5 seg? tye gio eNom,
+

(20-5)+ (14-3) 100 + 42 142

3.5 Ging iG a ee ae
2 2 (3-5)
+2 15+2
10. y-238=-35 3 y-238+238
=-3= +238; y+0=-————
+238 ; y= + 2.38 ; y=- 24238

> y=-3.44+238 ; y=-102

1-3) 4-2 =
I ei feyae 2 OR SPM eth BP PEG BD) Be ah 53 ee ee ees
2 2 3 2 3 pas) iz 3 3 =| =!

3 5), : OED weir! : le ey : eae, 01387 =—h. WS ; -0.187=h ; h=-0.187

8 S32 1A JO9) 16 -1 -l
1. Note that in cases where the variable, in this case /, is in the right hand side of the equation we can solve for h without
isolating the variable to the left hand side by applying the multiplication or division rules. However, in the very last step we
should move the variable h to the left hand side of the equation and the solution to the right hand side of the equation.
2. Another method of solving for 4 is by applying the addition or subtraction rules as shown below:

BO oe heh a 0 ee
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 jag eee:
Bie peas he IST
ap 16
4, ~=-2;2.$=2-9-8;
x=-16
8 g
oeee = ee
aie
4
1 1 2eS) “u=-
lel :
Gal u=—-——
eo 241 ;
A? ye SBT
=-—;
oes 3 y= —-——
-—4y=——-—
3-8 5 “= - 3-4
—
6. 2-—u=-l-;
8 2 8 2 8 a6 7 18 Da Tyas Ae) iG (au)
pe eta H7)
17
, 4 a
7. -we= cds ( ale 7 ge eee ane Re beatae =-18
5 5 5 Teel
et 21s a1) ere 24
radar Aak
14 14
9 DRT NG ee =-.0. see Fe ese eee ee ee 2 ly gs
28) 28 28 10-28 280 28 2
10
Rae 28 2

Hamilton Education Guides 475

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 2 Solutions

Section 2.2 Case III Solutions - Mixed Operations Involving Linear Equations

1. 3x-20=5x-8 ; 3x-20+20=5x-8+20 ; 3x+0=5x4+12 ; 3x=5x+12 5 3x—-Sx=5x-—5x+12 ; -2x=0+12

Sea bh eee 12
—2 -2 2
2. -6y+2=-34+10y ; -6y—-10y+2=-3+10y-10y ; -l6y+2=-3+0 ; -l6y+2=-3 ; -l6y+2-2=-3-2

-I6y -5 5
AIG
5 Viele OS 3 16 Hy pS ym
16 =i6 yy, Se
16 ey
y 0.913

2h OT EN EE Ye ie Pe peed | heney ey Ey eg
= =) = = =2

4. 5x- = A155 Sp-343=-1543 5 Sx+0=-12 5 Sx=-12; B=? x=-Z ; x=-24

Se dees 44-4=-3-4 5 Ue ag ether ate = -28

iB 25-3y=2y ; 25-3y-2y=2y—2y ; 25-Sy=0 5 25-25-5y= 0-25 ; 0-Sy=-25 ; ~Sy=-25 ; Va

2
y 5 y

8. 10y+2=8y ; 10y+2-2=8y-2 ; 10y+0=8y-2 ; 10y=8y-2 ; 10y-8y

= 8y-8y-2 ; 2y=0-2 ; 2y=-2

Bae52 ee 2
5
aeBese Nery a ft |
ey
2 2 2 2 i) 92 3 Si 3-7 2
9. =x45=12
+ —x4+5-5=12-5 ;
3 3 a2 —440512—5
5 x27
Genie ¢yo
=x = =-7 s XS 5 yet
Wao alt obese. Dey p= sh
lO.

10 et ore Ap dae ee Oe ee Ne a ae ee
2 2 Se oP?

1 (-2-2)+ (-1-3) -4-3 -7 Tae 7-1 ; m=—7

; -3m+0=-<-= ; -3m= 3m =——._
; -3m=—
; -—:-3Im=-—--— 5 m=——
a: 6 al TOE ORE TS
; m=0.388

Section 2.3 Case I Solutions - Solving Linear Equations Containing Parentheses and Brackets

i Rae: IS RIA eyNs

BA CEES AN ea Boa,Na a Ti ‘ Uri See eS

2. 24+3(x-1)=-3-(x+5) ; 2+3x-3=-3-x-5 ; (2-3)+3x=(-3-5)—x ; -14+3x=-8-x ; -14+14+3x=-841-x

; : : 4x -7
; 0+3x=-7-x ; 3x=-7-x 5 3x+x=-7-x4+x 5 4x=-74+0; 4x=-7; moe = —LaS

3. 2-3Hx-1)+5x=0 ; 2-3x4+345x=0 ; (2+3)+(-3x+5x)=0 ; 54+2x=0 ; +$-5+2x=0-5 ; 04 2x=-5

Hamilton Education Guides 476

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 2 Solutions

5 27 ==5% ee
aS wiou: 3 x=-2.5
2 2 2

4, —4(-x+1)-3x =2Ax-1) ; 4x-4-3x=2x-2; (4x -3x)-4=2x-2 ; x-4=2x-2 ; x-2x-4=2x-2x-2

; —x-4=0-2 ; -x-4=-2 ; -x-444=-24+4; -x+0=2;-x=2; = 2 3;x=—2

zt FS)
5. 25-(x-2)|-(x-3)=0 ; 25-x+2]-x+3=0 ; 97-x]-x+3=0; 14-2x-x43=0; (14 +3) +(-2x-x)=0

; 17-3x
=0 ; 17-17-3x=0-17 ; 0-3x=-17 ; -3x=-17 ; oe ; xe ; X=5.67

6. (x—5)—[3(x-1)+2]=2 ; (x-5)-[3x-3+2]=2 ; x-5-[3x-1]=2 ; x-5-3x41=2 ; (x-3x)+(-541)=2

5 -2x-4=2 ; -2x-44+4=24+4 ; -2x+0=6 ; -2x=6; Siete. a ; x=-3

CIMeo! 2

| OFX
= 3x99 3 x =3x— 5 3 x — 3x = 3x —3x—5 3 —2e =0=—5 2 =—2x=_S ¢ Pia 3 ee 3 Aea7S)
i a)
8. -[(5-x)+(3-4x)|=8 ; [5-x+3-4x]=8 ; {(5+3)+(-x-4x)]=8 ; [8-5x]=8 ; -8+5x=8

; 84+8+4+5x=8+8 ; 04+5x=16 ; 5x =16 ; eee

rier eos: x=32

9. 3+4(2x+5)—4x =3-3x ; 342x+5-4x=3-3x ; (34+5)+(2x-

4x) =3-3x ; 8-2x =3-3x ; 8-8-2x=3-8-3x
; O- 2x =-5-3x ; -2x =-5—3x ; -2x+3x=-5-3x4+3x ; x=-5+0 5; x=-5

10. 6(x-2)-2(x
+1) =3(x+2) ; 6x-12-2x-2=3x+6 ; (6x —2x)+(-12-2)=3x+6 ; 4x-14=3x+6
; 4x —3x -14=3x -3x+6 ; x-14=0+6 ; x-14=6 ; x-144+14=6+4+14 5 x+0=20 ; x=20

Section 2.3 Case II Solutions - Solving Linear Equations Containing Integer Fractions

Pe
fees Deal:
Ee a stl yeeel 5 yya aS (y-5)-(2-
ee y) ga
S5y-2y gr ee
3y 3y 5
aac yan Caletpn tA aS 2-5 10 10 101
5 3y-1= 5-10 3y=50 ; P=; ya; y=167

A second way to solve this problem is as follows:

1 Loa 1-5)-(2-1 59
ty aayts ; Iie oye ay 4S ; a7 nots (1-Hp =5 (ees ¥=5 3 |= ae
2 2 10

: a y=s 5-5-5 ; 2-9 : ea ee y= 0; yt ; (3y -50)-1=10-0

- 3y—50=0 ; 3y-50+50=0450 ; 3y+0=50 ; 3y=50 ; v2 ; y= y= 1667

Des ea eo ta) ; (7+) 5, wet 83 ; = =3 ; sx=3 ; aor ; >x=2

x yeByehs dpe 1B2 (Ldetet (AEA) 8,0)eds de

477
Hamilton Education Guides
 u (u-3) -(1-) 3u-u 2u_ 6 2u_ 18 9
pete 4 3 3 3 Spa ae x 2 1
2-3
1—=2-s ;
(1-3)+2 (2-5)+3
= +—+—__5 3 s+ ——-
3+2
= ——5 3 s+ —=—S
10+3 3 5+ —-—=—s-—3
5 13 Tee 13.
5+0=—=s5-—=
5
i ie Taiesraatiel akeWaits orm lke 2hota fe eg RC Giese gs 3
i365 Isesla 135 13 5 s 13s 5 (5-s)-(13s-1) 5 5s-13s_ 5
> S=—s—— ; s——s=—s—-—Ss-—; S—-—s=0-— 3; —--— = - = 5 SS =-—
S43 Sar cSé. WS oS 5 ceo Mare 3 1-5 3 5 3
—8s 5 —24s 25 DS
5;—=-—; -8s-3=-5-5
; -24s=-25; =+— ; s=— ; s=1.04
= oe 540 WStA Pe 04 ey
aly ety ee
1-3) 3)+ +2 ie vee es = Ele shed ad
3 Se
Z ee
AES 3 3 3 ae 3 el

ape eae Gane al Ce Oe es

| ee 4 1
2 2 (1-4)+1 2-e4ei aks 5 WOES 5 sn
x-—=l-—x ;x--= X¥ X=] = —_X3 NSS = — XS X= = — = — 2X —— XS —x-—=0
3 3 4 3 4 3 A AS TA A 3
14) 21-5
Se ee r-Sr4002 ; x-Sxa2 :[1-3)ro2 ; (1-2), =2; ( ( pees
anes tae 3 3 Aes ie A 3 1-4 3

| [bse a RAM Va Ge YT,

4 cui lames 3
1-3)+(1-2
52 es eres 2142 5 42 res 40s (142 fees; (142 3 ( ( a5 ee
123 133 3

epee ey es
3 3 3 3 1
pci, Saat Len (4:3)+2 (2:5)+3_ (1-4) +1 12sZeer0.3 4s aloe uldiowm 5 e | 5
Bee ies ee : = Sy ee a |)eee
Se ee 3 5 4 3 5 OR eo oi ck? ee 4
(e 5) — (13 ye § (2) SUP ALS Sorbie ae Weed eee
; 3-5 MARAIS A 1S) od Sidhe SA a 1 ee

1. 5 pe

; 6-6+—1+—r=0-6 ; 0+—t+—t=-6; t+ 21-6; (142), : se 2) 6; (+4) = 6

Din S 2-5 10

9 10 9 10 6 10 6-10 60
10 9 10 9 19 cor ee
; —t=-6 ; —-— =— a Se ee Se A =— 5 =

A second way to solve this problem is as follows:

1 2 1 (1-5) +2 1 ee. 1 7 1
; :
6+—t=t—-l—t - ; ; 6+ :—t=t-——t;;
; 6+—-t=t-——_1¢ Sieelo—t=t--t;
cio at aes (1 Jes 6405 =(1-
—t=|1-—I|¢; (1-14)

Hamilton Education Guides 478

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 2 Solutions

5 6+05¢=—-O4t ; 6+ 05t+ 0.4t = -0.41+0.4t ; 6+09t=0 ; 6-6+09t=0-6 ; 04+09t=-6 ; 0.9t=-6 : O9t -6

09 09

1. 035-0.2x=0.5+
01x ; 035-02
-01x =05+4 01x
x-Olx ; 035-03x =05+0 ; 035-03x=05
Js 5
MGS = 0505
t=) =035 900 035O15 = S057
=Ole ee ee me nee
67.» =03 ae 160.3 10
i 10 2
: oes ; x=-05
2
Oh 5.2x + 0.1(x = 0.25) =0.2x ; 5.2x + Ox — 0.025=0.2x ; 5.3x-0.025=0.2x ; 53x -0.2x - 0.025 = 0.2x - 0.2x
25
; 51x -0.025=0 ; 51x —0.025+ 0.025=0+ 0.025 ; SIx+0= 0.025 ; 51x =0.025 ; = 2 = [x= ase
10
_ 25-10 | 25
= it tate ()0049
PaiGOeS1 "5100"
100
3. 0.4(x - 2)-0.2(x-1) = 0.25 ; 0.4x - 08-0.2x + 0.2=0.25 ; [0.4x -0.2x]+(0.2- 08) = 0.25 ; 02x - 0.6 = 0.25
85.
02x— 064 06=025+06 ; 02x40=085 ; 02x=085, = 28 , ,2100. ,_ SS |435
02 02 2 100-2 20
10
4. 12x + 0.56—0.6x =125x ; (12x = 0.6x) + 0.56=125x ; 0.6x +056=125x ; 0.6x —1.25x + 0.56 =1.25x — 1.25x
56
: -0.65x + 0.56=0 ; —0.65x + 0.56 - 056=0-0.56 ; -0.65x+0=-056 ; -0.65x = -0.56 ; ALES Te ——__ = ——_;; LT =+ eal)
965° 2065 7hea 65
100
_= 56-100 -x=—
«56 : x=0862
2
100-65 65
By (x - 05) -[(x+01)-3x] =-x : x-05-[x + 0.1-3x] = —x x - 05 -[0.1- 2x] =-x ; x -05-01+2x
=-x

5 (x + 2x) +(-0.5- 01) =-x ; 3x-06=-x 5 3x+x-06=-x+x 5 4x-0.6=0 ; 4x-06+06=0+406 ; 4x+0=06

6 3
Las
g Ale ON) 2 Ta UL Pon
SSeS ah4 pee,
LokSik"
icy aex eles
5a ene 0.15
1 2

6. 5(0.02x + 0.002) - 0.5x = 1.25 ; O1x +0.01- 05x =125 ; (01x - 05x) + 0.01=125 ; -0.4x + 0.01=125
124 31

; -0.4x + 0.01- 0.01=1.25-

0.01 ; oe
-0.4x+0=124 ; aye
-0.4x=124 ;pee 124 eg ee100.
eae oa 4 Rebaeeel
100-4 ° x SL10
10
1
;x=-3— ; x=-31
10

05x = -(2-2.5x)+28 ; 0Sx=-2+25x+28 ; 05x =(-2+28)+25x ; 05x = 08+ 25x ; 05x — 25x =08 + 25x - 25x

479
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 2 Solutions

8 4
; -2x=0.8+0 ; -2x=08 ;
-1x
7
08
ae EX
10
D eX
8-1
Wy x
4
10

1
8. 135-0.5(x+0.2)=0 ; 135-05x-01=0 ; -05x+(135-01)=0 ; -05x+125=0 ; -0.5x
+125-125 =0-125
Ee. 25
05x -125 1.25
55 Soi 05 *
5% aS
100 123-10
100-5
55 SSS x
25
=—0
;od -0.5x +0 =-— 125 ;ie -0.5x =-— ears ~ “03 = 05
— ; ——— 8 8 ; x=25

10
9. 05[-(08x-0.2)-5]=22x ; 05[-081 +02-5]=22x ; 05[-08x-48]= 22x ; -0.4x-24= 22x

> -0.4x -2.2x -2.4=2.2x-2.2x ; -2.6x-24=0 ; -26x-244+24=04+24 5 -26x+0=24 ; -2.6x=24

24 2
-26x =24 5 x=-U
10 5 x=-——
24-10 5 x=-=;
12 x=-0,923
SY) 2 ee eee 13
10 13

10. 0.25x -1.3+(1.2x-1.7)

=-2.8 ; 0.25x-13+12x-17=-28 ; (0.25x +1.2x) +(-17-13) =-28 ; 145x-3=-28
2 10
Mg 28oa WASPS 002 14Se 02 es Oy wee ee 088
148 1.45 145 10-145 145
100
Section 2.4 Solutions - Formulas

1. lL V=mth;V=ahr?;ir oh
—= th SoA ee
Yr r ence 5 LEV V
71Yr r BF oF lie ry aer YO
ig ae
”

ar

2. 1. 2x+2y=3(x+y)—-5 ; 2x+2y=3x4+3y-5 5 2x-3x+2y=(3x-3x)+3y—-5 5 -x+2y=0+3y-5

> —x+2y=3y-5; -x +(2y—2y) =3y-2y-5 ;-x+0=y-5;-x=y-5; = .2-° xa >; x=-yt+5

Il. 2x+2y =3(x+y)-S ; (2x-2x)+2y=(Bx-2x)+3y-5 ; O+2y=x+3y-5 3 2y=x+3y-5

; 2y -3y=x+(3y-3y)-5 3 —y=x+0-5 ; -y=x-5; 22> ; y= > y=-x+5

2 1p 27 2a

ce eee ey se I. d=n;4£-%,4_,;,.4
i ip r Ma was t t

1 2 2 l DR 2 ] 1 1
5. IL y y-b==x+—b;
5 3 y y—b-=b=—-x+—=b-=b
3 a 3 3 ; y y-b-=b==x+0;
3 ne) y y—b-067b=—x
0.676 Fy ; y-167b=—
y-167b ra

1
: 3-(y- 1676) =3-> x ; 3y-50lb=x ; x=3y-5.01b

] 22 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
gv y bea
3 ; bee
y 5 b= ae tbh
3 3 y papa
3 ==
se ; y—b-0.67b
y-b-067b=—xae; y-167b=—
1.675 a

1 1 -167b
iy—y-l6lb=—s— y 7 0-16]b=—x— yp 6 16h
=0930 ay ee ee033x-y ee
0.33x-
3 ile PPD GTS ETE 1.67

Hamilton Education Guides 480

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 2 Solutions

Pe
piers ; 3-y=1-(a-b-c) 3 3y=a-b-c ; 3y-a=(a-a)-b-c ; 3y-a=0-b-c

; 3y-a=-b-c F Sysatb se
; 3y-a+b=(-b+b)-c ; 3y-a+b=0-c ; 3y-at+b=-c

; -By-at+b)=c ; -3yt+a-b=c ; c=-3y+a-b

7 L m=?—-b ear
m —b
; m-x=(y—b)-1; me=y-b ; mxt+b=y-b+b; m+b=y ; y=me+b

Il. m= y : =m_y-b 5 mex=(y-b)-1 5 me=y—b 5 m—y=y—y—b 5 me—y=0-b ; me—y=-b

m-y — mx—y

1 2h V D 2
8 L Vasm hn ya DE 3 yet (mh) ;3v=m7n; VET : Belg
3 3 1 3 r2-h_ r2h r2h r*h
1 2p V 2D) 2

3 3 1 3 mh = th ” oh
ae Ps WwW BV
BRE See
Rs Sanh
ie =
Nes,
2 2 2
Ti Eee
ps illlen JON E OA (wn); 3y¥=m'n; a2 Fon na
3 3 1 3 po ae pt)
2
v), I bepete: a0 ee ee ee ee
m m m

I. E= me? ; ==
c c Cc c

LON. y—(2x-3y)+3=5y-x 3 y—-2x+3y+3=Sy-x ; (y +3y)-2x+3=Sy-x ; 4y-2x+3=Sy-x

: (4y -4y)-2x+3=Sy-4y-x 3 0O-2x+3=y-x ; -2x+3=y-x ; -2x+3-3=y-x-3 ; -2x+0=y-x-3

- -3
3 -2x=y—x-3 3 -2xtx=y-X+4-3; -x=y-3; a oe ; x=-(y -3) 3; x=3-y

Il. y—(2x-3y)+3=5y-x > y-2x+3yt+3=S5y-x ; (y +3y)-2x+3=Sy-x 3 4y-2x+3=Sy-x

: (4y -5y)-2x+3=Sy-Sy-x 3 -y—2x+3=0-x 3; -y-—2x+3=-x ; ~y +(-2x + 2x)+3=-x + 2x

x-—3 x-3
5 —-y+04+3=x 3; -y+3=x 3 -y+3—-3=x-3 ; -y+O0=x-3 5; -y=x-3 ; == 1 -y=— > y=3-x

Section 2.5 Case I Solutions - Addition and Subtraction of Linear Inequalities

1. x-10)12 ; x-10+10)12+10
; x+0)12+10 ; x)22

2. —3s-u+8; -34+us—utut8 ; -3+us0+8 ; -3+us8 ; -34+34+us8+3; O0+usll susil

3 S(-x45: 84x(—x4x45 5 84x (OTS. 84x(55 8-8 +x(5-—8 ; 0+x(-3 5 x(—-3

4. 32+w2-28 ; 32-32+w2-28-32 ; 0+w2-6; w2-6

Hamilton Education Guides 481

 2-3) +2 6+2 8
S: 0654122 : aos a65+1) 2)*? _ 965 ; O+¢) — 0.65 ; By gh ; t)2.67-0.65 ; ¢) 2.02
3

6. B18 5 34S US go Fhe 2 (Bad oF? 5 (Ds 522

le 08+w21_ +09 : os-o8+w2*" 99-08 : O+w2 s+ 01 : we +01 ; w2133+01 ; w21.43

1-7) +2 2-8)+3
P89 142742 4 omen
WS 8B 199 Fanta he 19
8. n12 = 423, OD? 4

2ancor 24nd 2D en Bed ; POD 5, MRET 4 28 5 03.66

9. y-1255-25 Ree rie y+0s-"* 4125 : ys- 24125 » y<-2.754+125

;ys-15

10. Pe es 2) 2 oe ee ee Sy ae IEE:
Ep aa we 3 ele San ed a rs ae 5.7

Bl 24 2:1 2
l OD eg eae
4y)-—;-—-4y)-=--; es ==at 3 ea?
=— ; y)-0167

1-3)+2 ;
2. aL ee ies eee RET ee Ne roeSCL inchs CLE gee
3 3 3 3 3 3} 3 Dates Die 2 3: 2

$3 SUE 0) Oh hk RO On a 0h a Oh th ee
5 5 5 5 S) 94 Se 5-2

1 ; me 2 1.-2h 2 1 1
(
;h(-= wayy of solving
Another g the
the p problemis: —(-—2h
re ; ROE ay ; -—)h;-—)h
—-—)—— ia ay) or h¢ =
h(-—=

TOs Se EY Ree Sebaypened ee | | ey 4|

7 7 1
w w w
5 oe
= ae
5 ; -2-—)-5--2 T
; —)+10; w) 10

l 1 (2-4)+1 . (1-5)+1 0 841 51 9: 065-49 6 4 6-4 24

ye ae
rie bei i au) = eee ae
A. ogu es)
ed fe 6 et)
oLath ee oe a i
Bede Lewes o i seeds
ee
ae =O:
ee
2-4)+3 :
yf “2x S2241 g eel +=; pee Sti pel ; —2. galled : sgl +t 4) ‘ eriled se

| 15 See 15-1
+ ae -2x > 4 a > x z 4 od 5 > a TS > a PE x a= 1.875

24
3.28x _ 2.4 2.4 10 24-100 2400
SOO 4a 2—
35 x2— 3; x2>—— 5x2 3; x>— ;x20.
Foe Ik g 508 oF 128s, “als 328y 4a80
100
1 1
9. pris : ay eae ie tye ays

Hamilton Education Guides 482

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 2 Solutions

1 8 5-3)+1 2-4)+3 15+1

10. ery A ) pee = (SE BB Bat
a x(-2s ox Sateco
4 3 4 g) 4 3 4 3 4 3
S16. 165011 16 11 16514 16 4 I! 16 4 16-4
eX OS Oa et — rn oer
3 Spe, 3 4 3s i ela: Ay 11

1. -2x-9)9x-20 ; -2x-9x-9)9x-9x-20 ; -Ilx-9) 0-20 ; -Ilx-9)-20 ; -llx-9+9)-204+9

-IIx , -Il
; -llx+0) ) -11 ; -llx)-11;
) Sir —_;
aay 7 X{1

De 15x+3S20x ; 15x -—20x +35 20x—20x ; -5x+3<0 ; -5x+3-350-3 ; -5x+0S-3 ; -Sx<-3; S23
- -5
3
;x2>+—
; x2>06
5
‘ : 4x. 5 5 ]
3 sea eget te O10 8 3A a Oe eg eg

4. -12t+4)4t-8 ; -12t—4t+4) 4¢-4¢-8 ; -16¢+4)0-8 ; -16f+4)-8 ; -l6r+4-4)-8-4 ; -16t+0)-12

—16t ,-12 12 3
; -l6¢)-12 ; —— eo +— 3; ¢(—; ¢(0.75
) 76 $= ( 16 n (

5. —4w-528w+l17 ; -4w-8w-52 8w-8w+17 ; -12w-5204+17 ; -12w-5217 ; -12W-5+5217+5

; -l12w+0222 ; -l2w2>22 ; Be 2s. pee y eg eae : Pei ; ws<-183

-12 -12 12 6 6

6. 10y—4(4y-12 ; l0y—4y-4(4y—4y-12 ; 6y-4( 0-12 ; 6y—4(-12 ;6y-44+4(-1244 ; 6y+0(-8

by 8 4 1
5 OPCS
y « 5 SKS
rN =P 5 y —-—;
3 yi —l=
3 ; y y(-133

pl ei ep ues Mie bea bei oiist) |e meh qa) es)

: 3 SY 5% 43 3 5 * 3 3 ge S105 eae 3 3 5-3
y . 24+85 109 y y
;ta0 e : a aa 3° WPA
2 Do 3? eis 194) 2 y) 21.81

3-5)+4 2-3)4+1
8 32) G04, GH LTR eo a ee geet Eeem Taewine, Lar y Eepelea! eae
5 3 5 3 5 3 )» 3 ay 3} 6 5
19-3)-(7-5 re
BEER ea Edy, ;—(t; eae ; 147(t or t)1.47. A second
way to solve
this problem is as follows:
5-3 15 15 15

4
—
(ree
2— ;3-—-t is ar hee
34
3—-¢(2—
1 (3:5)+4
; +—_\—__- t (+—__
— (2-3)4+1 ae a
—
aga 3} 5 ( 3 ( 3 5 ( 3 5 ( 3 a

OU ONE
Wl gy pebeollg pn
7-5)-(19-3 = 2
eee
22
5 3 5 5 3. iS 3 3-5 15 15 15
2-5)+3
9. “342 w-22 $ ii eae B ee oe :B4-w2- ; -3.4-w2>-2.6

0.8
>; -3.44+34-w2>-26+34 ; 0-w208 ; -w208 ;or ;ws-08

10. 0.48x+2.5(15x-0.35 ; 0.48x — 15x +2.5( 15x —15x -035 ; -102x+25( 0-035 ; -102x
+25 ( -035

: -1.02x + 2.5+035(-—035+035 ; -1.02x+285(0 ; -102x +2.85—285 (0-285 ; -1.02x+0(-—2.85

285
ti Bygee -102 . -2.85
2.85 285. 100 285-100 Be 2°2
285 te 9 BE 508
.
+ =102x(—285 5 5 *) 9g + 7? * gp ° Os pope 100102 2”
100

Hamilton Education Guides 483

 Chapter 3 Solutions:
e

Vege 5x = 5 2x<x? = S-xoxx

b. 15x = 3-5-x
Therefore, the common terms are 5 and x. Thus, G.C.F.= 5-x = 5x
Ds Gk 18x? y>z4 = SUAS aesehWen ee ee = 2-3-3-X:X-
VV Y°7°2°2°Z
b. 24xy*z> = §.3-x-y2-y2 22.29 = 2-4-3-x-yoy yryez-zez-2" = 2-2-2-3-X-V VV y°2-2°2°Z°Z

the common terms are 2, 3, X, y, Y, ¥, Z, Z, Z, z,and z. Thus, G.C.F.= 2-3-x-y-y-y-z-z-2-z

Therefore,
= 6xy>z*

3. a 16a*be? = 2:8-a-a-b-c-c* = 2-2-4-a-a-b-c-c-¢ = 2:2-2-2-a-a-b-c-e-c

b. 38ab4c? = 2-19-a-b?-b* -c? = 2:19-a-b-b-b-b-c-c
c. 6a*be = 2-3-a-a*-b-c
= 2-3-a-a-a-b-c
Therefore, the common terms are 2, a, b, and c. Thus, G.C.F.= 2-a-b-c = 2abe
4. a. post = prepreg? og? = Pe oi ae ae eS =PLrererererhS°S°S°S

b. 47°57 = 2-2-r-r?-5-5 =2-2-r-rer-s:s

c. 3rs =3-r-s
Therefore, the common terms are r and s. Thus, G.C.F.= r-s = rs
5. a. 10u2vw? = 2:5-u-u-w-w? = 2:5:u-u-wewew
b. 2uvew? = 2-u-v-v?
-w-w = 2-u-v-vevewew
Cc. uv? A)
54 a Y)

Therefore, the common terms are u and v. Thus, G.C.F.= u-v = uv

6. a 19a°b? = 19-a-a>-b-b* =19-a-a-a:b-b-b
b. 12ab* = 2-6-a-b-b = 2-2-3-a-bcb
c. 6ab = 2-3-a-b
Therefore, the common terms are a and b. Thus, G.C.F.= a-b = ab
i & SUbaye S Mollsosgosyovs
ba2x
= 2x
O,
There is no common terms among the three monomials.

8. a. 25p°q’ =S-S- ppg -GPa=SSp pga Gg =S : Ppp4g-q:4Gqd = 55° PD 4°4-4-9°9-9-9

bs Spd
= 52p-¢
c. p= pp? = p-p-p
Therefore, the common term is p. Thus, G.C.F.= p

9. a. a’b’c = a-a*-b-b*-c =a-a-a-b-b-b-c

b. a’b’ =a? -a>-b*
-b° = a-a-a-a*-a*-b-b-b-b?
-b2 = a-a-a:a-a-:a-a-b-b-b-b-b-b-b
Therefore,
the common terms are a, a, a, b, b, and b. Thus, G.C.F.= a-a-a-b-b-b = a? b?
10. a z= z-z4 = 2-22 -2z* = 2-2-2-2+2
b. wyez = x-yryr-z EASA) Vi AD B95

C. 3x? y = Oe key
There is no common terms among the three monomials.

Section 3.1 Case Il Solutions - Factoring the Greatest Common Factor to Binomial and Polynomial Terms

il. a. 18x3y> = 2-9-x-x7 - yy? = 2-3-3-x-xex yryey

b. 12x? 9226 -y -x vy =:222-32x-

xy
Therefore, the common terms are 2, 3, x, x, and y. This implies that G.C.F.= 2-3-x-x-y = 6x7y. Thus,

Hamilton Education Guides 484

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 3 Solutions

18x3y3 -12x2y = 6x7 y(3xy? - 2}

2. @eso7b°c =3-acasb-b* c= 3sa+a= b-bib: c
b; 15ab%c" = 3-5-a-bebscsc? =3.5.a-b-b-c-e+c
Therefore, the common terms are 3, a, b, b, and c. This implies that G.C.F.= 3-a-b-b-c = 3ab*c . Thus,
3a2b3c
+15ab2c3 = 3ab?c(ab + 5c”)
Sena: xyz? = x-yezez? =F 29S Vor 074984

b. 4x7 y?z9 = 2-2-x-x-y-y-z? 2° = 2-2-x-x-yeyezez-zz? = P15 9105 g0890 PO orga rgaracr.0ts

Therefore, the common terms are x, y, z, z, and z. This implies that G.C.F.= x-y-z-z-z = xyz? . Thus,
Dee Opes
xyz? +4x7y?z° zZ = xy25(1 + 4292"]
4. a 25p° =5-5:p-p* =5:5-p' pp
Des, Des
b. Sp°q’ = 5-p-p-q-q° =5-p-p-q-9-4
CEP Dd
Therefore, the common term is p. This implies that G.C.F.= p. Thus, 25p* +5p*q° + pq = p(25p? + 5pq? +4)

Sa ose = preset
b. rst? = Ser-s:t-t
Therefore, the common terms are r , s , and ¢ . This implies that G.C.F.= r-s-t = rst. Thus, r?s?t —5rst?
= rst(rs — St)

6. a. 36x°yz> = 2-18-x+x2 + y-z-2? ZL OR RORY

Ze 2 Dlg 3 Nake ys 2s
b. 4xy?z4 = D Dax yayone wz = 2:2-xX- yy zZ+Zz-z-Z

C. 12x3y3z = 226 xx” yey” 24 SF We IYB JOG OHAOR GOI IPO 0.64
Therefore, the common terms are 2, 2, x, y, and z. This implies that G.C.F.= 2-:2-x-y-z = 4xyz. Thus,

36x? yz? + A4xy?z4 - 12x? y3z = 4xy2(9x72? + y23 -3xy?)

7. a. 17ab2c*d? =17-a-b-b-c-c-d-d? =17-a-b-b-c-c-d-d-d

by Ja°bc='1-a-a" «hc =17a-a-a-b-¢
¢. 8a*cd? = 2:4-a-a-0-d:d =2:2:2-a-a-c-d-d
Therefore, the common terms are a, and c. This implies that G.C.F.= a-c = ac. Thus,

17ab2c2d? —7a3be +8a2cd2 = ac(17b? ed? ~Ta*b + 8d”)

8. a. Spq°r =5-p-q:q:r

Cc. 20p*qr? => 4-5-p-p* gerer? — 2:2:5:p:p-p-q:r-r-r

Therefore, the common terms are 5, p, and q. This implies that G.C.F.= 5-p-q = 5pq. Thus,

Spq°r+30p-q° —20p°qr? = Spq(qr + 6pq - 4p*r* |

oea: 9x? y7z = 3-3-x-xX-y-y-z

Ds Shige = Shogeo por
Therefore, the common terms are 3, x, y, and z. This implies that G.C.F. = 3-x-y-z = 3xyz. Thus,

9x? yz —3xyz = 3.xy2(3xy - 1)

10. a. Tabe*?d =7-a-b-c-c-d

b. 49a3b? = 7-7-a-a?-b-b* =7-7-a:a-a-b-b-b
c. 14a2b3d = 2:7-a-:a-b-b? -d =2-7-a-a-b-b-b-d
Therefore, the common terms are 7, a ,and b. This implies that G.C.F. = 7-a-b = Jab. Thus,
Jabe2d + 49a3b? -14a2b3d = Tab(c?d +7a*b? - 2ab?d)

485
Hamilton Education Guides
 Section 3.2 Solutions - Factoring Polynomials Using the Grouping Method

1. 2ab-5b-6a+15 = b(2a-5)-3(2a-5) = (2a-5)(b-3)

2. yr4dy?+y+d = y?(y+4)+(y
+4) = (vt 4)[y?
+1)
3. 42x? y +2Ixy—
70x —35 = 2lxy(2x
+1)-35(2x +1) = (2x+1)(21xy-35)
4, (x+y) +(xty) xty = (ety) + (rey)? +(x4y) = (x4 yl y)? +(+y) +1]= (x v)fe+ a)flx+y) +1] +1]
5. 4(a+b)” +32a+32b = 4(a+b)’ +32(a+b) = 4(a+b)[(a+b) +8] = 4(a+b)[a+b+8]
6. 36r3s—6r25-+18r—3 = 6r2s(6r-1) +3(6r-1) = (6r-1)(6r?s
+3)= 3(6r-1)(2r?s +1)
7. 3u? +7u+2 = 3u? + 6u+ut2 = 3u(ut2)+ut+2 = 3u(u+2)+(u+2) = (w+2)(3u+1)
8. 25(p+q)* +5(p+q)° +2p+2q = 25(p+q)" +5(p+q) + 2(p+4q) = (p+4q) 25(p+q) +5(p+4)+ 2]
= (p+4){5(0+a)[5(0+4)" +1]+2

9. ax? + bx? —ax*y” — bx? y? = x3(a+b)-x’y*(a+0) = (a+b)(x>-x?y?] = x*(a+ b)(x- »”)

10. 673s? +6r+972s? +9 = 6r(r25? +1)+9[r25? +1) = (r2s? +1](6r+9) = 3{r7s? + 1)(2r
+3)

Section 3.3 Case I Solutions - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax? + bx+c where a=1

l. x? -2x-15 = (x+3)(x-5) 2. y?-9y+8 = (y-1)(y-8)

3. ¢? +2t-15 = (t-3)(t+5) 4. y*—2y+11 is prime
5. x? +10x+21 = (x+3)(x+7) 6. u°+4u-32 = (u-4)(u+8)
7. a> +9a+18 = (a+3)(a+6) 8. w?-11w+30 = (w-6)(w-5)
9. x? -8x-20 = (x+2)(x-10) 10. v? +120v +2000 = (v + 20)(v
+100)

Section 3.3 Case II Solutions - Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax” + bx +c where a )1

1. 10x? + 11-35 = 10x? +(25-14)x-—35 = 10x? + 25x -14x-35 = 5x(2x +5)—7(2x +5) = (2x+5)(5x-7)
SS 6x? —x-12 = 6x7 +(-9+8)x—12 = 6x? -9x+8x-12 = 3x(2x-3)+4(2x-3) = (2x-3)(3x+4)
3. -Ix? +46x +21 = -7x? +(49-3)x
+21 = -7x? + 49x —3x +21 = 7x(-x
+7) +3(-x +7) = (-x+7)(7x+3)
4. 6x? —11xy + 3y = 3y? +(-11x)y + 6x? = 3y? + (-9 — 2)xy+ 6x? = 3y? — Oxy — 2xy + 6x? = 3y(y - 3x) — 2x(y - 3x)

= (y - 3x) (3y - 2x)

5. 6x? +x-40 = 6x? +(16-15)x-40 = 6x? +16x-15x—40 = 2x(3x

+8)-5(3x +8) = (3x+8)(2x-5)
6. 2x? +3x-27 = 2x7 +(9-6)x-27 = 2x7 +9x—6x-27 = x(2x+9)-3(2x
+9) = (2x+9)(x-3)
7. 12x? +10y? —23xy = 12x? +(-23y)x+10y? = 12x? +(-8y-15y)x +10y? = 12x? -8yx—15yx
+10y?
= 4x(3x - 2y) —5y(3x-2y) = (3x -2y) (4x-5y)

Hamilton Education Guides 486

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 3 Solutions

8. Sx? 17x +14 = Sx? +(-10-7)x

+14 = 5x? -10x-7x+14 = 5x(x-2)-7(x-2) = (x-2)(5x-7)
9. 18x* +9x—20 = 18x? +(24-15)x—20 = 18x? +24x-15x-20 = 6x(3x
+4)-5(3x +4) = (3x + 4)(6x - 5)
10. 27x? + 42x +16 = 27x? +(18 +24)x+16 = 27x? +18x+24x
+16 = 9x(3x
+2)+8(3x +2) = (3x +2)(9x4 8)
Section 3.4 Case I Solutions - Factoring Polynomials Using the Difference of Two Squares Method

I. x? 16x = x(x? -16) = x(x? 4?) = x(x—4)(x

+4)
2 (x+1)° -(y+3)* = [(x+1)-(v+3)][(x +1) + (9 +3)] = (x +1- y-3)(x 414+ y +3) = (x-y-2)(x+y +4)

3. 8 -8ir = r* -81) = (? =97) = 11? -9)(? +9) = fe? -3°)(0? +9) = (¢-3)(+3)(1? +9)
4. (x? + 10x +25)— y? = (x +5)? - y? = [(x+5)-y] f(x +5) +y] = (x +5—y) (+543) = (x-y +5) (x+y 45)
5. 4-9? = e(c?
-9) = e7(c? -32) = e*(e-3\(c+3)
6. p*-q?-4q-4 = p? - (7? +4q+4) = p? -(q+2)° =[p- iy (q+2)]=(p-4-2)(p+4+2)
7. x2~y? +46y-9 = x? -(? - 6y +9) = x? Z-( = [x-(y-3)][x
+(v-3)] = (e- 9 +3)(x+ »-3)
8. le

Note that the answer is in the same form as a* +b” which is a prime polynomial and can not be factored.

9, m®—256 = m® -167 = (m8 s 16}(m8 +16) = (mi? ~ 42)(m8 +16) = (m4 ~ (m4 +4)(m® +16)

Se RNR a a
10. (ss 1); =[r- (s+7)|[r + (s+7)| = (r-s-7) (r+5+7)

Section 3.4 Case II Solutions - Factoring Polynomials Using the Sum and Difference of Two Cubes Method

3 2
1. 4x544= 4{x +1) = a(x” +1) - (2?) +) = 4x? bi x? 1+? |= 4x? +1)(x4- x? +1)

2 x°yo 48 = ary +2? = (x?,? )'+23 = (x25?

(x*y +2/(02y? Pape 5 *y 2422 |= (xty? +a)
xty! Sx +4)

3. (x +2) =y? = (642) -y See

= (x2) alae +(x+2)-y a x y+2)|(x+2)? +(x+2)y+9?|

4. 2°18 = o(r5— 64) = 27? -43) =a() ~43| == ar

272-4](2) § 4:7 2442] = or? —4)(r4 + ar? +16)

J: (x=7) +7 =(@-7) +y° Gy. 71)+yl[(x-7)

A —(x- 7). pty? = (x+9-7)[(x- 7? -(&-
Tv+97]
6. x°y? +x7y? = x8y?(x8y3 +1) = y7l(9) +P = eyo) +1] (») -(m)-14+0]}
= 8 y"{(ay + t[(-9)? = +f}

7. 21a‘ -125a = a{27a3 125) = af3°a? -5*) = a{(3a)? a = a{(3a- 5)[(34) +34a-54+5?
= a(3a - 5)(9a? + 15a + 25)

Hamilton Education Guides 487

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 3 Solutions

8. x y+64x7y4 = x?y(x? +64y°) = x?y(x? +43y'] = |x? +(4)'] = yf(xe ays? ~x-4y+(4y)’}}

= x7y (x+4y)(x? — 4xy + 16,’)]

9. we(vei) = +(o41) = fur (r+ dpe? -a-(v

+1)#(>+1)?] = (ery + i)fu?—u(v+t)+(v+9)?]
10. a3-(b+7)> = a3 -(b+7)° = [a-(b+7)][a” +a-(b+ 1) +(b+7)"| = (a-b-7)[a* +a(b+ 7)+(6+7)|
Section 3.5 Case I Solutions - Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

1. x2 418x481 = x? +18x+92 = x? +2-(x-9)4+9? = (x+9)?

2. 9464p? -48p = 64p? — 48p +9 = 87 p? ~ 48p +3? = (8p) -2-(8p-3)
+3? = (8p-3)

3. 9w? +25+30w = 9w? +30w +25 = 32w? +30w +5? = (3w)” +2-(3w-5)
+5? = (3w+5)°
A 254k? 10m =k? —10K25 = kb 2 -(hs 5) 45 a= (k= 5)
5, 49x? -84x +36 = 72x? - 847467 = (7x) -2-(7x-6)+6? = (7x-6)"
6. 1+16z +6422 = 642? +162 +1 = 8227 +16z41" = (8z)’ +2-(82-1)
+12 = (82+1)"
7. 100u4 — 40u2v? +4v4 = 102? — 40u2v? +22v? = (100?)° = 2.(10.? -2y?) + (20?) = (100? - 292)"
8. 49p? -126pq+81q? = 77 p? -126pq +9? = (7p) -2-(7p-9q) +(99)° = (7p- 94)"

9. 5x4 -30x2y? +9y4 = 52x? -30x2y2 437y? = (sx2)’ ~2.(5x? -3y?) +(3y?)" = (sx? =3y?)
10. 9x? +12xy + 4y? mi axe + 12xy + 2? re (3x)? +2+(3x-2y)+(2y)? = (3x +2y)?

Section 3.5 Case II Solutions - Factoring Other Types of Polynomials

1. a° + 7a? -9a~63 = a*(a+7)-9a+7) = (a+7)(a? -9) = (a+ 7)(a? -3?) = (a+ 7\(a-3\(a+3)
2. 2x?-+16x-40 = 2{x? +8x-20) = 2(x+10)(x-2)
3. a?—b? +9a+9b = (a? b*)+9(a+b) = (a-b)(a
+b)+9(a+5) = (a+b)[(a—5)
+9]
4. 6y2 +39y+60 = 3(2y? +13y +20) = 32)? +13y +20) = 3[2y7 +(8+ S)y +20| = 32y? + 8y +5y +20]
= 3[2y(y
+4)+5(y+4)] = 3[(y +4)(2»+5)] = 3(y + 4)(2y +5)
5. 2w3—4w?—16w = 2w(w? - 2-8) = 2w(w
—4)(w +2)
6. -25x4+70x2y—49y2 = ~(25x4 —70x?y + 49y?) = -(523? -10x2y+ Py?) = {(s) ~2-(5x? 1») +(09)

~ -(5x? -1y)"
7. 12y3+26y2 +10y = 2y(6y? +13y+5) = 2y[6y? +(3+10)y +5] = 2y[6y? +3y-+10y+5] = 2y[3y(2y
+1)+5(2y +1)]

Hamilton Education Guides 488

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 3 Solutions

= 2y|(2y +1)(3y+5)] = 2y(2y+1)(3y +5)

24x? + 74x? —35x = x(24x? + 74x35) = x[24x? + (84-10)x-35] = x[24x? + 84x -10x ~35]
= x[12x(2x +7) — 5(2x + 7)] = x|(2x +7)(12x-5)] = x(2x +7) (12x - 5)

24x? + 78x +45 = 3(8x? + 26x +15) = 3[8x? + (20+ 6)x +15] = 38x? +20x+
6x+15] = 3[4x(2x+5) +3(2x+5)]
= 3[(2x + 5)(4x+3)] = 3(2x+5)(4x+3)

10. 16u® —256u* = 16u4(ué : 16) - tous (w - 47) = 16u4(u? ~ 4)(u? +4) = 16u4(uw?. 2)(u +4)
= 16u*(u-2)(u +2)(u? +4)

489
Hamilton Education Guides
 Chapter 4 Solutions:
Section 4.1 Solutions - Quadratic Equations and the Quadratic Formula

1. First - Write the quadratic equation 3x =—-5+ 2x* in standard form ax” + bx+c=0.
—2x? 5 2x? 43x =-5+0 5 -2x? 43x =-5 5 -2x? +3x45=-545
3x = —542x2 5 ~2x? 43x =—-5+2x?
5 -2x? +3x+5=0
Second - Equate the a, b, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.
Thus, a=-2, b=3,and c=5

2. First - Write the quadratic equation 2x* =5 instandard form ax? + bx +c=0.
2x? =5 ; 2x? -5=5-5 ; 2x” -5=0 which
isthe same as 2x” + 0x -5=0
Second - Equate the a, 6, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.
Thus, a=2, b=0,and c=-5

3. First - Write the quadratic equation 3w* —5w =2 in standard form aw? + bw+c=0.
3w? -Sw=2 ; 3w* -5w-2=2-2 ; 3w? —Sw-2=0
Second - Equate the a, b, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.
Thus, a=3, b=-5,and c=-2

4. First - Write the quadratic equation 15 = — y? —3 in standard form ay’ +by+c=0.

I5=-y93 yy + 1s]e=y ty 3 fy +188 0-3 2 y 415

= 3 15 tgs
3 +o ea
; which is the same as y? + Oy +18=0
Second - Equate the a, b, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.
Thus, a=1, b=0, and c=18

5. First - Write the quadratic equation x? +3 = 5x in standard form ax? + bx+c=0.

x? +3=5x : x* —5x+3=5x—5x : x7 = 5x 4350

Second - Equate the a, b, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.
Thus, a=1, b=-5,and c=3

6. First - Write the quadratic equation —y* +2 =3u in standard form au* +butc=0.
-u? +2=3u : -u? —3u+2=3u—3u : —u? —3u+2=0
Second - Equate the a, b, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.
Thus, a=-1, b=-3,and c=2

7. The quadratic equation y? +5y-—2=0 is already in standard form ay’ + by+c=0. Therefore, simply equate the a, b,
and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation to obtain a=1, b=5,and c=-2.
8. First - Write the quadratic equation -3x? =2x-1 in standard form ax” +bx+c=0.

=3y) = Oy ly es = 2x 20-1 > —3x* 2x

=01; —3r° vel | 93 Sv ell
: =3y* —2¥41=0
Second - Equate the a, 6, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.
Thus, a=-3, b=-2,and c=1

9. First - Write the quadratic equation p? = p-1 in standard form ap” +bp+c=0.

p’=p-1;
2
p’-p=p-p-1;
2
p’-p=0-1; p*-p=-1; p?-p+1=-14+1; p*-p+1=0

Hamilton Education Guides 490

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

Second - Equate the a, b, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.

Thus, a=1, b=-1, and c=1

10. First - Write the quadratic equation 3x-—2= x? in standard form ax2 + bx+c=0.

3x —2'= x" : ane +3x-2=x7 — x? : =y os

=20

Second - Equate the a, b, and c coefficients with the coefficients of the given quadratic equation.

Thus, a=-1, b=3,and c=-2

Section 4.2 Case I Solutions - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? + bx +c where a=1

1. x? =-5x-6 Write the equation in standard form, i.e., x? + 5x+6=0.

Cle — leno — Seeangec = Om lnens

Given: x
_ -bt vb? - 4ac :
pe SENS AKIKO =
aNes ie
3 50
Seve a
ep5 therefore,
2a Deal 2 D 2
—S+
5+1 r 2
I x= a ae an
2 rags ean We
3

2 2
? ?
Check: I. Letx=-2 in x? =-5x-6 ; (-2)’=(-5x-2)-6 ; 4=10-6 ; 4=4
>? 2
Il. Letx=-3 in x? =-5x-6 ; (-3)° =(-5x-3)-6 ; 9=15-6 ; 9=9
Therefore, the equation x? +5x+6=0 can be factored to (x+ 2)(x+3) =i

2: We — 40y = -300 Write the equation in standard form, i.e., y? —40y+300=0.

Let: a=1, b=-40 , and c=300. Then,

Given) =
-pive?—4ac __ ye -(-40)4 4(-40)°
-4x1300 :
_ 40+ V1600- 1200 »_y y=_ 40+ V400
dacs 2a 4 a 4 2 2
30
40+ ¥202 40 +20 40 +20 60 30
; y=———_; y=——_ therefore, I. y= 3; y=— 3; y=— ; y=30 = and
2 a 2 2 1

I =
40-20
> y=—:
1 10
y=—; y=10
2 pes oe
fe ?
Check: I. Let y=30 in y? — 40y = -300 ; (30)° — 40-30=— 300 ; 900-1200=-— 300 ; -300=-300
¥ ?
II. Let y=10 in y? — 40y =-300 ; (10)? — 40-10=— 300 ; 100-400=—300 ; -300=-300

Therefore, the equation y? — 40y +300 =0 can be factored to (y- 30) (yr- 10) =0.

3. =x = —5- +20 Write the equation in standard form, i.e., x? -x-20=0.

Let: a=1,6=-1,and c=-20. Then,

_pevb?—4ac -(-!)#y(-1)?-4x1x-20 14 Ji+80 1¢v81 14.V9?

Given:
j 2
x Oooo"
i 7x =
oo 5 x+=
=e 7 A =
) >
2

Hamilton Education Guides 491

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

5
a 5
Stee therefore, I. SSL Bi ee and
2 2 2 1

II. x =——
5
1-9
;x=-—7 3;x=-—;
3x 1
$4 x=-4

2 ?
Check 1 x
Tei Sin a a F000
oy 25 20 = 5
u ?
I. Letx=-4 in -x=-x?+20; -(-4)=-(-4)? +20 5 4=-16+20 ; 4=4
Therefore, the equation x” — x - 20 = 0 can be factored to (x —5)(x +4) = 0.

4. x7+3x44=0 The equation is already in standard form.

Let: a=1,6=3 ,and c=4. Then,

iven:
—btVb?-4ac . _ -34V3?-4x1x4 | 4BeOS? eee!)
Given: x =ys 5s7x
x = 5
axl = 5

Since the number under the radical is negative (an imaginary number), the given equation is not factorable.

x? ~80-2x=0 Write the equation in standard form, i.e., x? —2x-80=0.

Let: a=1,b=-2 ,and c=-80. Then,

5 DP
(2) 41-
(2)? 80 >
2 320
Va >
eee
D) > ae
2+ 18?
Dexa 2
10
meals : welds ee ; x=10 and
2 Ve
8
2-18 16 8
x =— ;x=-—;x=--—; x=-8
wv 2 1
mt ? #
Check: I. Letx=10 in x? -80-2x=0 ; 10? -80-2-10=0 ; 100-80-20=0 ; 100-100=0 ; 0=0
? 2 ?
Il. Letx=-8 in x? -80-2x=0 ; (-8)’ -80-2-(-8)=0 ; 64-80+16=0 ; 80-80=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation yoy 80 = 0 can be factored to (x - 10) (x + 8) =0.

6. x7 +4x+4=0 The equation is already in standard form.

etaea = leo = 4eandsc = 4— Then,

Given: x=
-b+vb* —4ac |
:
a hea? 4x14 ya ht VI6-16 ed eet
2a 2x1 p) i e
‘ 2)
> x Sse5 5 x SS i
es 53 = —2 In this case the equation has one repeated solution, i.c., x =—2 and x=-2.

? I ?
Check: Letx=-2 in x? +4x+4=0; (-2)7 +4-(-2)+4=0 ; 4-8+4=0 ; 8-8=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation x” + 4x +4=0 can be factored to (x + 2)(x+ 2)=0.

7, -6=-w' +w Write the equation in standard form, i.e. w? - w-6=0

Let: a@=1 , b=—-1 , and c=-6. Then,

Hamilton Education Guides 492

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

Given:
en:
wa wetve2=4ac
w=———qcx—
_
Ww
-(-I)#y(-1)" -4x1x-6
=; pa
1+ v1+24 1+ J25 ; 1+.¥5?
2a a1 , 2 Kees lea a)
lees
Poe aes therefore, I. w=——:w=

? ?
Check 1" Zerwadun —6=—w2 + ~6=-(37) +3 262203 6-6
2 ? 2 ?
I. Letw=-2 in -6=-w*+w ; -6=-(-2)° +(-2) ; -6=-4-2 ; -6=-6
Therefore, the equation w“ 2 — w-—6=0 can be factored to (w — 3)(w+2)=0.

8. 4x=x? Write the equation in standard form, i.e., x? 4x =0.

cing — e e ——4 eandic—0rmlinen:

Given:
-b+¥b? — 4ac
x = ——————_;x=
-(-4)+ y(-4)’
-4x10 :yy 4tvi6-0 :x=
| 4tvi6 |
[x=
ae va?
2a 2x1 2D) 2 2
+ -_

Ree heretone. I. ae Lee! eraG and

2 2 2
4
Il. BoD pete eee
2 2 1

Check: I. Letx=0in 4x=x?

; 4-0=07 ; 0=0
I. Letx=4in 4x=x*
; 4-4=4" ;16=16
Therefore, the equation x” — 4x = 0 can be factored to (x + 0)(x— 4) =0 which is the same as x(x- 4) =0.

9. z? -37z-120=0 The equation is already in standard form

Let: a=1, b=-37 , and c=-120. Then,

Given:
-p+Vo?-4ac
z= ——————_ 3 z
._ -(-37)#y(-37)* -4«1x-120 | _ 37+ V1369+ 480 _ 37+ Vi849
.
2a 2x1 2 : 2
2 40
Mele NES By eye! therefore, if. pa eee Be BO, oak and
D, 2 2 2 1
5
fee eee eee
2 2 1
v u ?
Check: I. Letz=40 in z? —37z-120=0 ; 40° -37-40-120=0 ; 1600—1480-120=0 ; 1600-1600=0 ; 0=0
? ? 1
I. Letz=-3 in z* -372z-120=0 ; (-3)° —37-(-3)-120=0 ; 9+111-120=0 ; 120-120=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation z* —37z -120=0 can be factored to (z- 40) (z+3) =0.

10. x*-20=-8x Write the equation in standard form, i.e., x* +8x-20=0

Let: a=1,b56=8 ,and c= -20. Then,

_ -b+vb?
-4ac _-8+ v8" EA x20 a Cee —8+V144 | -8+V12?
Given: oes me Tora dae ax] >
2 yea 2

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2
—-8+ —8 +12 4 2
7 x= ee therefore, I. Sols ==ee ean.
2 2 2 1
10
IL. facta ee 16
2 fe 1
? ?
Check: I. Letx=2 in x*-20=-8x ; 27-20=-8-2 ; 4-20=-16 ; -16=-16
? ?
Il. Letx=-10 in x? -20=-8x ; (-10)” -20=-8-(-10) ; 100-20=+80 ; 80=80
Therefore, the equation x + 8x —20=0 can be factored to (x - 2)(x+10)=0. ;

Section 4.2 Case II Solutions - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? + bx +c where a)1

1. 4u? +6u+1=0 The quadratic equation is already in standard form.

etumca— 4 ep — Gmeanduc—lesthens

—btVb?-4ac 6+ V67-4x4x1 6 V36-16 J 6EN20 coe a7

ee ga. Se oe et 8
therefore, 1h. Oe : u=-=> 5 w= -019 and

Ce ee ees
8 8
The solution set is {-131, - 0.9} ;
9 ? ?
Check: I. Letu=-019 in 4u? +6u+1=0 ; 4-(-019)” +6--019+1=0 ; 4-0.036-114+1=0 ; 014-114+1=0
?
; 114-114=0 ; 0=0
2 u v ?
I. Letu=-131 in 4u? +6u+1=0 ; 4-(-131)° +6--131+1=0 ; 4-1716-7.86+1=0 ; 686-786 +1=0
?
; 786—786=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 4u? + 6u+1=0 can be factored to (u + 0.19) (u + 131) =0.

2. 4w? +10w=-3 Write the equation in standard form, i.e., 4w? +10w+3=0.

eta — Ap — lO andee—> nen:

~bt Vb? —4ac | _-10+V107-4x4x3 | -10+ VI00-48 | -104 V52

Given: w=—————_ ; w= ——________—_
> w= —————__ ; w
2a 2x4 8 8
aes =
pment a, therefore, IIs ij gana x eee ; w=-035 and
8 8 8

Il. eel a Sree ere SEY

8 8
The solution set is {-2.15, - 0.35} .
? 2 ?
Check: I. Letw=-035 in 4w? +10w=-3 ; 4-(-035)* +10--035=-3 ; 4-0123-35=-3 ; 05-35=-3

? vu 2
Il. Letw=-215 in 4w? +10w=-3 ; 4-(-215)? +10--215=-3 ; 4-462-215=-3 ; 185—215=-3
2 —3.='—3
Therefore, the equation 4w* +10w +3=0 can be factored to (w + 0.35) (w + 2.15) =0.

3. 6x? +4x-2=0 The quadratic equation is already in standard form.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

Let: a=6, b=4 ,and c=-2. Then,

Gike: ea DoE? = 4ac - ye AEA? -4x6x-2 ya tt v16+ 48 pg ote 4 v8?

2a : 2x6 : 12 : 12 12
4 —4+8 4
SS ; therefore, if. G = 5) x
;x=—2 2 3 =— x= 0.33
;;x=0. and
3
-4-8 12 1
12 i; a eae
II x= A =-— A = —— 5 =-]

The solution set is {-1, 0.33} :

? ? ?
Check: I. Letx=033 in 6x?+4x-2=0 ; 6-0337 +4-033-2=0 ; 6-0111+132-2=0 ; 067+132-2=0
?
ed — =) OO
2 2 ? ? ?
Il. Letx=-lin 6x“ +4x-2=0; 6-(-1) +4--1-2=0 ; 6-1-4-2=0 ; 6-6=0; 0=0

Therefore, the equation 6x” +4x—2=0 can be factored to (x - 033) (x+ 1)=0.

4. 15y? +3=-14y Write the equation in standard form, ie., 15y* +14y+3=0.
cia — lo ep> = 4eeand ce—sielhen:

Given:
y= bt vb? ~ 4a M4
=
y(-14)" - 4x15 x3 _ y= 74 Vi96 — 180 ; y=
-14+V16 | yeris# 4?
2a > > a}
DASE 65) 30 30 30

-14+4 -14+4 10 1
2 y Ve therefore, il, y = 30 3; y y=-—
30 3 y y=-—;
3 J y=-033 and
3

14-4 ig 5
I]
=~ a 30 >; y=-— 3
30 3 y=-—; 2 p=-06
The solution set is {-0.6, — 0.33} .
? ? ?
Check I. Let
y= -0.33 in 15y? +3=-l4y ; 15-(-033)? + 3=-14--0.33 ; 15-0108+3=4.62 ; 162+3=4.62
; 4.62
= 4.62
ee ? ?
Il. Let y=-0.6 in 15y? +3=-]4y ; 15-(-0.6) + 3=—-14--0.6 ; 15-036+3=84 ; 54+3=84 ; 84=84

Therefore, the equation 15 age +3=-14y can be factored to (y + 0.6) (w + 0.33) =0.

5. 257 5x9 3=0 The equation is in standard form.

eta) ep = —— Seerandac —ssieeliicns

GVen = ———
—b+ Vb? -4ac -(-5)+y(-5)’ -4x2x3 CE Pe tae Upc 9)

therefore, lL x=—35x=

ace —_
Il. x~=— ; x ll
aR
NA|
|AW

The solution set is {1, 15} :

2 2 ? 2
Check lL Letx=1 in 2x? = 5x 4+3=0 5 ON = 5143920 ; 2-1-5+3=0 ; 2-5+3=0 ; 5-5=0; 0=0
? ? ?
Il. Letx=15 in 2x? -5x4+3=0 ; 2-15* —5-154+3=0 ; 2-225-75+3=0 ; 45-75+3=0

Hamilton Education Guides 495

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

?
; 75-75=0 ; 0=0

Therefore, the equation 2x? — 5x +3=0 can be factored to (x - 1)(x-15)=0.

6. 2x? +xy- a =) x is varaible Write the equation in standard form, i.e., ox? + yx — y? =1()e

Use Gee . eaiy , eine! c=-y?. Then,

Given: aaa
—b+Vb? —4ac | SN -4x2x-y?
te paral ah
+8y? -yt yoy Ppa SY
> 2x2 4 : 4

-y+3 Zz 1
therefore, If. jx as hs : = 3;x=—y ; x=05y and
4 4 2
2
-y-3y —4y 4
x
= r 3 a 53aX
7h y

The solution set is {-y, osy} ;

I. Letx=O5y in 2x? +xy-y? =0; 2-(05y)° 2 +(05y)-y—y?=0

: ; 2-025y? 2 +05y* eee
— y*=0
? 7
: 05y? +0.5y* -y* =0 : y?-y?=0 aO—a()
? ? ui
Il. Letx=-—y in 2x? +xy-y’? =0 : 22-5) +(-y)-y-y?=0 ; Dy? —y? yy? =0 3 2y? -~2y* =0 ; 0=0

Therefore, the equation 2x? +xy- y? = 0 can be factored to (x+ y)(x-05y) =0.

7. 6x? +7x-3=0 The equation is already in standard form.

Veta Ob — and eo eelinen:

Given: x = ——————
-b+Vb? —4ac
x S$ <>;
T4V7 -4x6x- x5s5
-7+ J49+72 sexOS
ee noes
xe
ge
2x6 12 12 iP
Gf =
i x= ee, therefore, I x= ia nani : ae : x=033 and
12 12 12 3
3
3
II. ys felinl eee 2 nett : x=-15
12 a 2

The solution set is {-15, 0.33} :

? ? ?
Check I. Let x=033 in 6x? +7x-3=0 ; 6-(033)? +7-033-3=0 ; 6-011+231-3=0 ; 0.66+231-3=0
2
55 — Oem i140)
; 5 ? ? ?
Il. Letx=-15 in 6x? +7x-3=0 ; 6-(-15)? +7--15-3=0 ; 6-2.25-105-3=0 ; 135-105—3=0
?
is — 185 —0920=0

Therefore, the equation 6x” + 7x —3=0 can be factored to (x +15)(x-033)=0.

8. 5x2 ='—3X Write the equation in standard form, i.e., 5° 43x =0.

Veta — ian — Seance —l0en hens

—btVb2 —4ac ~3+ 3? -4x5x0 -3+/9_0 34/9 —3+732

Given: x = -——___—__
5, x = ——_—_________;; xy = ———__ ; x= o 5e=
2a Oe: . 10 ate 10RL dy VeO
Bes =
OS oss therefore, I 38 sa eee er. 0 and
10 10 10

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

42 te
Checks 1, Letx=0an Sx? ==3x -5.07=—3.0 «5-0=-3-0 : 0=0
? ?
Il. Leyee® in 5x7 =-3x g s.(-3) we ine ; glee : ee
5 5 25 ee Sree)

The solution set is {-

=.of
:

Therefore, the equation 5x? +3x=0 can be factored to (x + 0)(x+ 3)= 0 which is the same as x(x+ 3)=0.

Note that this equation can further be simplified in order to obtain the original form of the quadratic equation as follows:
: : 2 2
.x(2+3)=0 : ee : (223) -0 : oneaeze
ae leeT g sien,
Hoo g (5x? +3x)-1=0-5
5 1-5 5 5)
; 5x? +3x=0
9. 3x7 +4x+5=0 The equation is already in standard form

ct — Se — 4 andic— one inen:

Given: 9x = ————
—b+ Vb? — 4ac
5.x = — —. 5
44+ V4? -4x3x5 5=
~4+ V16-
560 x = —4+ /-44
2a 2x3 6 6
Since the number under the radical is a negative number (an imaginary number) therefore, the equation 3x7 +4x+5=0
has no real solutions.
10. ay +13y+10=0 The equation is in standard form.

etaa = —30 p= 1S anduc= 10h nen:

y=—
b+Vb? —4ac ;, y= iS VIS? — 4x-3x10 C»O y=eae
713 # De
V169aD+ 120e 134.4289
Given:
2a 2x-3 —6 -6

z
-13+
Be Sau pee
-13+
aM, therefore, y=
-
Lee
‘ ae a 0 Ge and
-6 -6 -6 -6 3
3
b)
IL ee etd sgh =5
-6 -6 1
The solution set is {-0.66, 5} .
? u ?
Check 1. Let y=5 in —3y? +13y+10=0 ; -3-5? +13-5+10=0 ; -3-25+ 65+10=0 ; -75+65+10=0
?
; -75+75=0 ; 0=0
? ?
Il. Let y=-0.66 in -3y? +13y+10=0 ; -3-(-0.66)* +13--066+10=0 ; -3-0.436-858+10=0
0 7
; -132-—858+10=0 ; -10+10=0 ; 0=0

Therefore, the equation -3y? +13y+10=0 can be factored to (y + 0.66)(y-5) =0.

Section 4.3 Solutions - Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Square Root Property Method

1. First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation (2y + 5)? = 36, i.e., \(2y ve5)? = +/36

Second - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., (2yt 5) = +36 ; 2y+5= +6

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

Therefore
the two solutions are: I. 2y+5=-6 ; 2y=-6-5 ; 2y=—-ll, re ek : ee ; y=-55 and

Il. 2y+5=+6 ; 2y=6-5 ; 2yv=1; “ya 0: ee ; y=05

Thus, the solution set is {-5.5, 0.5} and the equation (2y +5) = 36 can be factored to (y + 5.5)(y-0.5) = 0.

Check: I. Let y=-55 in (2y +5)’ =36 ; (2-=55 45)? =36 (ii b5)2036 (26/036 16 436 1136-36
Il. Let y=05 in (2y+5)° =36 ; (2-05 +5)? =36 (145)? =36 Nee 36 oes
: : , D
2. First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation (x + 1)? = eriee (x + 1) +V7
Second - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., ,|(x + 1)? = +J/7 ec DOS)

Therefore the two solutions are: I. x+1=-2.65 ; x =-2.65-1; x=-3.65 and

Il. x+1=4+2.65 ; x=2.65-1; x=1.65

Thus, the solution set is {-3.65, 1.65} and the equation (x + 1)? = 7 can be factored to (x + 3.65) (x - 1.65) =0.
2
Check: I. Let x=-365 in (x+1)? =7; (-365+1)=7 ; (-265)?=7 5 7=7
M betx=165 in (x41) 2 = 75 (16541) 237) = 2657 =7
a
- 7 =7
; : ; 2 : 2
3. First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation (2x _ 3) =ileeirex (2% - 3) = +1

Second - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., (2x - 3)? = +/1 ; 2x -3=+1

Therefore
the two solutions are: I. 2x 3a-1 5 Wa-143 5 Wa 25 Bet xal sxe and

2
Il. eee 1s ee eee
2a? 1
Thus, the solution set is {1,2} and the equation (2x-3)° =1 can be factored to (x-1)(x-2)=0.
? ? ?
Check: I. Letx=1 in (2x-3)? =1; (2-1-3)? =1; (2-3)? =1; (-1)?=1; I=1
2 >? 2? vu
Me lene=2 in “(2x3) =e2 3) (4- Seat al tel

4. First - Write the equation x? +3=0 inthe form of x? =b 5 Bp x? =-3

Second - Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., ABE = +/-3
Since the number under the radical is a negative number (an imaginary number) therefore, the equation x* +3=0 has no
real solutions.

5. First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation (y - 5)? =5,10¢., (y = 5)? = +5

Second - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., (y- 5)? =+V5 3 y-S=2+2.24
Therefore the two solutions are: I. y—5=-2.24 ; y=-224+5 ; y=2.76 and

I, y=5=4224 5 y=22445 3; y=724

Thus, the solution set is {-2.76, 7.24} and the equation (yr- 5)? = 5 can be factored to (yr- 2.76) (yr 7.24) =1()5
? ?
Check: I. Let y=2.76 in (y-5)° =5 ; (276-5)? =5; (-224)? =5 ;5=5
>?
Il. Let y=724 in (y-3)? =5 ; (124-5)? =5 ; (224)?
=5 ; 5=5
6. First - Write the equation 16x? — 25=0 in the form of ax” =b, ie., 16x? =25

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2
Second - Divide both sides of the equation 16x? =25 by the coefficient of x, i.e., = = ° ci 2

Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., Vx? = +>

Fourth - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., x = +5

js ; 5 5
Therefore, the solution set is {-
Z $Iand the equation 16x” —25=0 can be factored to (x- 5)(x= 2)= 0 which is

the same as (4x - 5)(4x + 5)=0.

5 i ? 25 ? ?
Check: I. Let x=-= in 16yo 5 = 0anl6- & -25=0 ; 16-=-25=0 ; 25-25=0 ; 0=0

Il. Letx=-—
5 in 16x? -25= 0 ; 16- (
5) —25=0
say oe ; 16-—
-—25=0
ieee ; 25-25=0
? ; 0=0
4 4 16
7. First - Write the equation x? — 49 = 0 in the form of x2 =b,i.e., x2 =49

Second - Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., Vx? =+/49

Third - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., x = +7

Therefore, the solution set is {-7, 7.\ and the equation x” = 49 can be factored to (x-7)(x+7)=0.
? ?
Check: I. Letx=-7 in x*-49=0; (-7)°-49=0 ; 49-49=0 ; 0=0
? ?
Il. Letx=7 in x*-49=0 ; 77-49=0 ; 49-49=0 ; 0=0
8. First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation (3x - 1)’ =25,i¢., ¥(3x- 1)? = +25

Second - Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., (3x = 1)? = +J/25 ; 3x —1=+5

Therefore, the two solutions are: I. 3x-1=-S5S ; 3x=-5+1; 3x=-4; =. -+ ; x =-133 and

2
Il. 3x-1=
45: 3x=541 9 3xe6.: = Spare oye
Thus, the solution set is {-1.33, 2} and the equation (3x - 1)” = 25 can be factored to (x + 1.33)(x-2)=0.
Check: I. Letx=-133 in (3x-1)’ =25; (3.1331)? =25 (4-1)? =25 (-5)? =25 , $2225 ; 25=25
Il. Letx=2 in (3x1)? =25 ; (32-1)? =25 (6-1)? =25 , $2225 ; 25=25
9. First - Take the square root of both sides of the equation (x- 2)? =-7, i.e, y(x-2)? =+v-7
Since the number under the radical is a negative number (an imaginary number) therefore, the equation (x - 2)? =-7 has
no real solutions.

10. First -Take the square root of both sides of the equation Cal
-= — ies x- x)
fag

ot
Second- Simplify the terms on both sides to obtain the solutions, i.e., Peal oe
[x=2) Tee

1 1 igoa | -1+1 0
the two solutions are:
Therefore I. eens Sa ee 3 x POG 0 and

TL Re Sep aise
yeyaa eS

Hamilton Education Guides 499

 2
2 pcg
Thus, the solution set is ‘03}and the equation (x
- 1) = ;can be factored to (x + 0)(«- 2)=0 which is the

2
same as =(2-=) =0 or x(3x-2)=0.

Lye al 1h
@heckleLlerx
— Our (x4 5 : (0-1)

fin dese ee
a et ( a
x 3 ge 3ae 3 a a ee
9° 3 i

Section 4.4 Case I Solutions - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax’ +bx+c=0, where a=1, by Completing the Square

1. First - Write the equation x? + 10x -2=0 in the form of x? + bx =-c, ie, x7 +10x =2.
2 2

Second
- Complete the square and simplify. x? +10x =2 5 x? +10x+
fo
4
fo
=2+/—| ; x? +10x+5%=2+57

» x? +10x+25=2+25 ; x? +10x+25=27 ; (x +5)? =27

Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

(x +5)? =27; J(x+5)? =+V27 ; x+5=+519. Therefore,

I x+5=+519 ; x=519-5 ; x=019 and II. x+5=-519 ; x=-519-5 ; x=-1019
The solution set is {-10.19, 0.19} :

Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I. Letx=019 in x? +10x-2=0 ; 0197 +10-019-2=0 2 0036 +19-2=0 3 2-220 ; 0=0

Il. Letx=-1019 in x? +10x-2=0; (-1019) +10--1019-2=0 : 1038 -1019-2=0 : 1019 -1019=0

ea O—10
Therefore, the equation x? +10x-—2=0 can be factored to (x+ 10.19) (x- 0.19) =0.

2. First - Write the equation x? —x-1=0 inthe form of x* +bx =-c mien ie ae,
2 2
Second
- Complete the square and simplify. x? -x=1; x? =4(-4) -1+(-4) sx? -x4Ts142

z
; (x= - =1.25
z
Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for x.

(x-4) ==) ABS 2 =) Saw) & x- 2=41118 ; x -0.5=+1118. Therefore,

I. x-O5=+41118 ; x=1118+05 ; x=1618 and WW. x-05=-1118 ; x=-1118+05 ; x=-0.618

The solution set is {~-0.618, 1.618} .
Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I Letx=1618 in x?-x-1=0 ; 16187 -1618-1=0 3 2618 -1618-1=0 : 2.618 -2618=0 7 0=0

Il. Letx=-0618 in x?-x-1=0; (-0.618) - (0618) -1=0 : 0381 +0618 -1=0 ; 0618 +0.618=0
em) =a()
Therefore, the equation x? -x-1=0 can be factored to (x + 0.618)(x — 1.618)=0.
3. First - Write the equation x(x + 2) = 80 in the form of x? + bx =—c ie, x7 +2x=80.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

Second - Complete the square and simplify. x? +2x = 80 5x7 42x+ (=): = 80+ (5); 5x? +2x+1=80+1

; (x+1)° =81
Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

(x +A)s =81 ; ¥(x+1) =+J81 ; x+1=+9. Therefore,

I. x+1=+9;x=9-1;x=8 and II. x+1=-9; x=-9-1; x=-10
The solution set is {-10, 8} ;

Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I. Letx=8 in x(x+2)=80 ; 8(8 + 2)=80 8-10=80 ; 80=80

I. Letx=-10 in x(x +2)=80 ; -10(-10+ 2) =80 -10--8=80 ; 80 = 80
Therefore, the equation x(x + 2) = 80 can be factored to (x + 10)(x - 8) =0.

4. First
-Write the equation y? —10y+5=0 in the form of y’ +by=-c, ie, y? -10y=-5.
2 2
5 5
Second
- Complete the square and simplify. y? —-10y=-5 ; y? —10y+ o =-5+ 3 : y? -10y+5° =-5+5°

; y? -10y+25=-5+25 ; y? -10y+25=20 ; (y—5)” = 20

Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for y.

(y-5)? =20; y(y-5)? =+V20 ; y-5=+447. Therefore,

I y-5=+447 ; y=4474+5; y=947 and Il. y-S5=-447 ; y=-447+5 ; y=053

The solution set is {0.53, 9.47} :

Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I. Let y=053 in y?-10y+5=0 ; 053° _10-05345=0 : 03-53+5=0 : 5353-0 > 0=0

Il. Let y=947 in y?-10y+5=0 ; 947? ~10-9.47+5=0 897-9474 520 : 94.7-94.7=0 5 0=0
Therefore, the equation y” -10y+5=0 can be factored to (y — 0.53)(y — 9.47) = 0.
5. First - Write the equation x? +4x-—5=0 in the form of x* + bx =-c Ass x7 +4x=5.
2 \?
aes 2 +4x By=5 ; x° +4x+
Second - Complete the square and simplify. x“ Lie
3 =S+ 4)
3 36.3 x°+4x4+2° 2 ==54+2 2

5x2 44x44=544 5 x7 4+4x44=9; (x +2)? =9

Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

(x +2) =9; (x +2) =+J/9 ; x+2=+43. Therefore,

lL x4+2=+43 ;x=3-2;x=1 and Il. x+2=-3 ; x=-2-3; x=-5
The solution set is {-5, 1} ;

Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I Letx=lin x*+4x-5=0; 2 44-1-5=0 : 1+4-5=0 5-5-0 ; 0=0

I. Letx=-5 in x*+4x-5=0; (-5)2+4.(-s)-5=0 : 25-20-5=0 ‘ 25-2520 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation x? +4x-—5=0 can be factored to (x+ 5)(x- 1)=0.

6. The equation y? + 4y =14 is already in the form of Ve + by=-c.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

‘ 5 , 2 2
the square and simplify. y? +4y=14
First - Complete : yp +4yt s yr +4yt2 =14+2

2
> y+ 4y44=1444 ; yp?+4yt4=18 ; (y+2)° =18
Second - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for y.

(y+2)° =8; (y +2) =+V18 ; y+2=+44.24. Therefore,

I. y+2=44.24 ; y=424-2; y=224 and Il. y+2=-4.24 ; y=-4.24-2 ; y=-6.24

The solution set is {-6.24, 2.24} :

Third - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I. Let y=224 in y?+4y=14 ; 2.24? $4-224=14 : asiK, 5 14=14

Il. Let y=-6.24 in y?+4y=14 ; (-6.24)° tetsu 39-25-14 ;14=14

Therefore, the equation y? +4y=14 can be factored to (yt 6.24) (yr 2.24) =0.

; 1
7. First - Write the equation we + = 7= 0 inthe form of w? + bw=-c ices we + Ps = = ;

eel 1 Pie Sal \ ne Se a et

- Complete
Second - lete the
th squareandd simplify.
simplify. w w2+-w=—
ait 5 ; w w2+—a a) -1,(4)
> 6 : w ab ae
Sp SS
Reo AG

el sho (iso)2(1 2)). 5 sali”

5 we t+ow+ — =+———_5, wot ew t+ — =
S36 oP aa! Inet ness ( a = 38
—— 5 w t+ewt—H=— 5 |wt
gun 36 2-36 S36, Carers Wee:
Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for w.

120 38 1 [38 1
(»+ 4) =—; (»o 1) =+,J/— ; w+—=+V0527 ; w+ 0167=+0.726. Therefore,
6 2: 6 72 6

I. w+0167=+0.726 ; w=0.726-0167 ; w=056 and II. w+0167=-0.726 ; w=-0.726— 0.167

; w=-089 The solution set is {-0.89, 0.56} ;

Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
Merl 1 g ? ?
I. Letw=056 in w? ae 8 ; 0.567 + 5-056->=0 ; 031+
019 —05=0)5505—05=05; 0=0

1 ? ? ?
II. Let w=-089 in w+ nies ;=0 ; (-0.89)? + ;-(-0.89) — 570 ; 0.79-0.29-05=0 ; 0.79-0.79=0
em Oi—a())

Therefore, the equation we ;w- ;= 0 can be factored to (w + 0.89) (w - 0.56) =0.

: Ee :
8. The equation z°4+3z= ae is already in the form of z*+bz=-c.

2 23
First - Complete the square and simplify. Patent; 27 432+(3] =-7 (3) Met api eels 5et
4 4
2
Rhee ae Paar 2nd (243) =2
4 4 4 4 2
Second - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for z .

(-+3)
a =2 ‘ (2+3)
a7 ip) e ee
3 Therefore,

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

3 3
I. Zieet tlt : a ; Z=-15+1414 ; z=-0.086 and Il. z+5=-1414 : z=-5-1414 ;

; z=-15-1414 ; 7=-2.914 The solution set is {-2.914, — 0.086} .

Third - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
?
I. Letz=-Ol in 1 2? +3z= oak (-0.086)” + 3-(-0.086)= 0.25 ; 0.008 - 0.258=-d 0.25 ; -0.25 = -0.25
u 2
I. Letz=-2914 in 2*+3z= -+ ; (-2.914)° +3-(-2914)=- 0.25 ; 849-8.74=- 025 ; -0.25 =-025

Therefore, the equation z°+3z= -4 can be factored to (z+ 2.914) (z+ 0.086) =0.

Sag
First - Write the equation z? +—z-—=0 in the form of z* +bz =-c, ie, iene
ier ?? 3 2
2 2
Second
- Complete the square and simplify. z? oe 5 2? +22+(3] -1.(2) Eze pig eS
3 2 6 ZENG 3 SS Ae Bo

oe
5 2° +7 + —
S25. (1236) (25-2)_ 5,2 =4 Ses
= + =z 4+ =
936 50—; Z
et +=—Z
5 5 ==—
a6 (
;|z+
ae=—86
36 2-36 3 36 72 3 36 72 6 72
Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for z.
2 2
[2+2) eo S (2+) =+/°° : are 1194 ; z+083=+1.09. Therefore,
6 72 6 V2 6

I. z+083=+109 ; z=109-083 ; z=026 and Il. z+083=-109 ; z=-109-083 ; z=-192

The solution set is {-1.92, 0.26} .
Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
; Ne ORE pe we (ye! ? ?
eerez 102 Onn z Bae = a 0.26 eg NEO ; 0.07+ 0.43-0.5=0 ; 0.5-05=0 ; 0=0

? 2 ?
Ip hefzi= 192 ahs aa +o2-5=0 ; (-192)° +5-(-192)-5=0 ; 37-32-05=0 ; 3.7-37=0 ; 0=0

Therefore, the equation z+ sz-+ =0 can be factored to (z+ 1.92) (z~ 0.26) =0.

10. The equation x? — 6x =-4 is already in the form of x? +bx=-c.

ene a
6 6
First
- Complete the square and simplify. x? -6x=-4; x? —6x4 i =—-4+ ar) tx = 6x8" =-443?

4 x* —6x+9=-44+9 : x? —6x4+9=5 : (x-3) =)

Second - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

(x-3)? =5 ; J(x-3)? =4V5 ; x-3=4224. Therefore,

I. x-3=42.24 ; x=2.24+3; x=524 and Il. x-3=-2.24 ; x=-2.244+3 ; x=0.76
The solution set is {0.76, 5.24} .
Third - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I. Letx=0.76 in x*-6x=-4; 0.767 - 6-0.76=- 4 ; 057- 457=- 4;-4=-4

? ?
IL Letx=524 in x? -6x=-4 ; 524? -6-524=-4 ; 2745-3145=—4 ; -4=-4
Therefore, the equation x” — 6x = —4 can be factored to (x - 0.76)(x - 5.24) =0.

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Section 4.4 Case II Solutions - Solving Quadratic Equations of the Form ax? + bx +c =0, where a) 1, by Completing the Square

1. First - Write the equation 4u2 + 6u+1=0 inthe form of au? + bu=-c mcr 4u? +6u=-1.
3
in . ; ; Ouae 4. 6 it.
Second - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of u“, i.e., 7 uo + yiu=— a ue + Be = 7.

2 2
j
- Complete the square and simplify.
Third j j
u 2 eS
3 u ele
getre ae 3 7
(3) Sel ry)
res(2) . 5
u 20>. getewe 16 nee
ty o7

Apes e048)| fea pecs | (v3) 2 eiies

ri 4-16 E 4 64. 4 64
: 16
Fourth - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for u .

(«+3) =—;
ge 5 (u+3)
34 =+J—
[5 ; u4+—=+V0313
3 ; u+0.75=+056. Therefore,
4 16 4 16 4
I. u+0.75= 40.56 ; u=056-0.75 ; u=-019 and Il. u+0.75=-056 ; u=-056-0.75 ; w=-131
The solution set is {-131, - 0.19} .

Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
? tl Ve
I. Letu=-019 in 4u? +6u+1=0 ; 4-(-019)? +6--019+1=0 ; 4-0.036-114+1=0 ; 014-114+1=0
?
; 114-114=0 ; 0=0
2 v ? ?
I. Letw=-131 in 4u? +6u+1=0 ; 4-(-131)° +6--131+1=0 ; 4-1716-786+1=0 ; 686-786+1=0
9

5 786-786=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 4u? + 6u+1=0 can be factored to (u + 131)(u+ 0.19) =0.

2. The equation 4w* +10w =-3 is already in standard form of aw’ +bw=-c.
5
: Sok ; ; i Qs 45 16 Bee)
First
- Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient ofw”, i.e., ri a aan 3; Ww a wan
2

Second - Complete the square and simplify. wes

5
dn
3 Be
3 5 we Sel 3) ==34(2)
5) A Sa ‘yi
Se— w+ yhh or —BE
aes =
2 4 2 4 4 \4 2 16 4 16
13
(
=
ay=
Sud Tie | | ayOS et]
-48 +100 ( al $2 (et]a =
13
4 4-16 4 64 4 re 4 16

Third - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for w.

Be 13 5\2 B 5
:) SAGs
(.ney 3
Ter +09. Therefore,
25= +09.
—=+V08130.813 ;;w+125=
(»pee
> 16
I. w+125=+09 ; w=09-125 ; w=-035 and Il. w+125=-09 ; w=-0.9-125 ; w=-2.15
The solution set is {-2.15, = 0.35} ;

Fourth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I. Letw=-035 in 4w*+10w=-3 ; 4-(-035) + 10--035=-3 4-0123-35=~3 05-35=-3 ; -3=-3

Il. Let w=-215 in 4w? +10w=-3 ; 4.(-2115)? +10--215=-3 : 4-462-215=-3 : 185—215=-3 ; -3=-3
Therefore, the equation 4w +10w =-3 can be factored to (w + 2.15) (w + 0.35) =0.

3. First - Write the equation 6x” +4x-—2=0 in the form of ax? + bx =-c, ie, 6x2 +4x=2.

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2
Second
- Divide both sides of
the equation by the coefficient of x7, ie., gx ttxad 3 poem
3 3
3 3
#3 2
2 2
Third - Complete the square and simplify. Fee? ea Z nor a x2 +254(1) -14(4)
3 3 3 6 3 |6 3 3 3 3
3 3
2 2 2
pee ce rete (x44) =O
1-9)+(1-3
(544) =243 (541) ya)
3 Had 9 3 3-9 3 27 3 27
Fourth - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .
2 2)
1 12 | 1 |
(x+4) ee 2 (x+4) S85 a jrtaat 0.44 ; x+033=+0.66. Therefore,

I. x+033=+0.66 ; x=0.66-033 ; x=033 and Il. x+033=-0.66 ; x=-0.66-033 ; x=-1

The solution set is {-1, 0.33} .
Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
? ? ?
I. Letx=033 in 6x7 +4x-2=0; 6 -(033)° +4-033-2=0 ; 6-011+132-2=0 ; 0.664+132-2=0
2
; 2-2=0 ; 0=0
, ? ? ? ?
I. Letx=-l in 6x? +4x-2=0 ; 6-(-1)° +4--1-2=0 ; 6-1-4-2=0 ; 6-4-2=0 ; 6-6=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation 6x” +4x-—2=0 can be factored to (x - 033) (x+ 1)=0.

4. First - Write the equation 15y? +3=-14y in the form of ay? + by =-c ,i.€., 15y? +14y=-3.

Second
- Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of y? , Le, y? as ee 3 y? peltRites
13 15 13 15 5
2 2
14 (eee & 1 (= > 14 196 1. 196
Third = Complete the square. 7+ ——y=——< oo 4+—yt || ee hb ee
eG eh ye ok: eee ape | pee Ne AAG 5 ao) sw ogge tae O00
TaN 4
.
14| — (-1-900)
(2 | Ss
+(196-5) ( eS=||ah =——S=—
-900 + 980 8 ( PS=||a 80
SS
( a
bl r=] SS
4
30 5-900 15 4500 15 4300 15), E225
15 225
Fourth - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for y.
D 2

y Fe15) 225 y |15 ee

225
a ee
15
Cpe ay 04GE
1016 Melee
I. y+046=+013 ; y=013-046 ; y=-033 and II. y+046=-013 ; y=-013-0.46 ; y=-059
The solution set is {-0.59, - 0.33} :

Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
? ? ?
I. Let y=-033 in 15y? +3=-14y ; 15- (-033)? + 3=-14--033 ; 15-0108+3=4.62 ; 162+3=4.62
; 4.62 = 4.62
et ? 2
II. Let y=-059 in 15y? +3=-14y ; 15-(-059)° +3=-14--059 ; 15-0348 +3=826 ; 5.23+3=8.26
; 8.26=8.26
Therefore, the equation 15y? +3=—14y can be factored to (y + 0.59)(w + 0.33) =0.

5. First - Write the equation 2x7 —5x+3=0 in the form of ax? + bx=—c, ie., 2x” — 5x =-3.
‘ A Ae? Ce) 3, sues
eae 3
Second - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x be; a - ae =- Be xo = oe = =F

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2 2
Third - Complete prey hex
the square and simplify. thaiieSFu x aa x+ (2) =D + 2) uN,
(eC apvi
maa ene sane
De 16

|x——|
( 5)2 = ——<_———_
(-3-16)+ (2-25) 5 ( 5)2 48 +50
|x-—= | =
(4 - =]
oar
RE
(les]3piett
FES
: 4 2-16 4 32 4 3 4 16

Fourth - Take the

Rae root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

4-— - ‘J =2]= a = to; x —125=+0.25. Therefore,

4 aia
I x-125= +4025 ; x=0254+125; x=15 and Il. x-125= -0.25 ; x =-0.25+125 ; x=1
The solution set is {1,15} :

Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
? ? 7, ?
1 Letx=lin 2x? —5x+3=0 ; 2:12 —5-14+3=0 ; 2:1-543=0 * 2—54+3=0 ; 5—5=0: 0=0
2 i ? ?
Il. Letx=15 in 2x? —5x+3=0 ; 2-15? —5-154+3=0 ; 2-225-7543=0 ; 45-75+3=0 ; 75-75=0
O=0)
Therefore, the equation 2x7 —5x+3=0 can be factored to (x- 1)(x-15)=0.

6. First - Write the equation 2x? + xy - y? = (0, where x is variable, in the form of ax? + bx =-c , i.e. 2x? + yx = y? :

Second - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x? , i.e, ax de = : x? 13

Third
- Complete the square and simplify. Pan eee
obs Sees ae
yee eae:B
= — : x? ale)
Ym (¥)\ Pave
—+—
2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2a 16

()4 2 pW biel (ae DO be A earn fee yp

9
(y?-16)+(y?-2 2 Suesee 2 2
2-16 4 32 4 #2 4 16

Fourth - Take thea root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

4
re
(x+2] Piles =2/— y? ao a42? x+0.25y = +0.75y. Therefore,

Il. eae od) =A! : me and Il. x+025y=-O.75y ; x=-0.75y-025y ; x=-y

The solution set is {-y, osy} ,

Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
2 2
I. Letx=O05y in 2x? +xy-y? =0 ; 2-(05y)? +(05y)-y-y?=0 ; 2-025y? + 05y? - y? =0
? ?
: 0.5y? + 0.5y? - y* =0 : y>-y?=0 ; 0=0
ie 2 ie
I]. Letx=-y in 2x? poy ey =1() es ry) +(-y)-y-y?=0 ; 2y? =e ~y*=0 3 257 -2y?=0 ; 0=0

Therefore, the equation 2x? +xy- y? = 0 can be factored to (x+ y)(x-05y) =0.

7. First - Write the equation 6x? +7x—3=0 in the form of ax? + bx =-c, ie., 6x? +7x=3.

Second - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x, ie, ex tos -4 ; xe 1x= u
2
2

Third
- Complete the square and simplify. eee
ies
5 x? tixe(2)
TN] =4+(2)
ese pig feog es ike a
7 49
6 2 6 12 2 i172 6 144 a 144

. (x4—|dare
:
cad alee) | (+4—|aN = 144 +98
=+—_+——__ ;
(isa
;|x+—] =—
242
12 2-144 12 288 2 288
Fourth - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

7)2 242 ( G2 [242 |

( 12 288 (2) 288° 12 x + 0.58 = £0.92. Therefore,
I. x+058= +092 ; x=092-058 ; x=034 and Il. x+058=-092 ; x=-092-058 ; x=-15
The solution set is {-15, 0.34} .
Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.

I. Letx=034 in 6x? +7x-3=0 ; 6-(034)° +7-034—3=0 ; 6-0115+238-3=0 ; 0.69 +238-3=0

P50 00
I. Letx=-15 in 6x? +7x-3=0
; 6-(-15)° +7--15-3= i, 6-225-105-3- 0 ; 135-105-3=0
¥
18S SS)—OnO = 0
Therefore, the equation 6x? + 7x -3=0 can be factored to (x + 1.5)(x - 0.34) =0.

8. First - Write the equation 5x? =-3x in the form of ax? + bx =—c Hier 5x7 +3x=0.

Second - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x? kites ox? + =x= ; = x? 4+ =x=a)

Third
- Complete the square and simplify. x? + x=0;
3 x? oe
Bee ae -0+(3)
ay \2 pe
pee ieee ee
Or 1D)
5 =) 10 10 5 100 100

Ornlen
;[(x+—]
10
=—
100
Fourth - Take theoe root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

(x+3) —|]} eee

= mrete . Therefore,
10.
1 4= ear>) 100 e0 10

I piel acelaes oe oe > x= 0 and

10 10 10 o
3
3 35 3, —3-3 6 3 3
e
10 10
e
10 10 10 We 5 5

The solution set is {-2. };

Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
? i
I. Letx=0 in 5x? =-3x ; 5-0?=-3-0 ; 5-0=-3-0 ; 0=0

Il. Let x=-= in 4x? =-3x ; 5-[=3] omer yt

Therefore, the equation 5x? =-3x can be factored to (x + 0)(«+

9. First - Write the equation 3x + 4x+5=0 inthe form of ax? + bx =-c, ie, 3x7 +4x =-5.
: ae 4 5 4 5
Second
- Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x’, ex 3" a x? rm ae

2 Ne 2 2
: ere 2.4 5 2 4 4 2 2 Sf 2
theisquare and
Third -:Complete simplity7x- —3 =——3) x +—x4+|— |) =-—S4)S/9 ex Ha SES lS
3 3 3 6 6 3 Sh ASS)
3 3
2 2 11 5
5 Aid = 5 2\* 2
_ (-5-9) +(4-3)== Need St 12 2 33 eS = ii
X t= xX += —— F— BX] = § ||a3 = x+ =——— |xt=|
; 3 9 3 3 3-9 3 27 3 ef 3 9

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(ob fed of oe
Fourth - Take therem root of both sides of the equation and solve for x .

Since the number under the radical is a negative number (an imaginary number) therefore, the equation 3x7 +4x+5=0
has no real solutions.

10. First - Write the equation -3y? +13y+10=0 inthe form of ay? + by=-c, i.e., -3y? +13y =-10.
a : : : tan ele’ bespree
7 -10 , 9 13 10
Second - Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of y“, i.e., =” + a y= =xqat yo- a i a

ee Pais ea 13
ary rs
ee ain ets
the square and simplify.
Third -Complete y? ——y=— 3; y -—yt
a 3 3
2_ 13. 169_10, 169 ( OP (10 - 36) + (169 - 3) ( Sh 360+ 507 _ ( ok 867 —- — =

ao ees 636 6 3.36 aa 108 6) 108

© — + —— 5 — — SS - _-_— =

Fourth - Take the square root of both sides of the equation and solve for y.

(-+
y- i alle el
- =i |
ge - 8.03 ; y—2.17=+2.83. Therefore,
~ 108 108

I y-217=+283 ; y=283+217 ; y=5 and I. y-—217=-283 ; y=-283+217 ; y =—0.66

The solution set is {-0.66, 5} 3

Fifth - Check the answers and write the quadratic equation in its factored form.
? 2 ?
I. Lety=5 in —3y?+13y+10=0 ; -3-57 +13-54+10=0 ; -3-25+65+10=0 ; -75+65+10=0
?
; -75+ 75=0 ; 0=0
? ?
Il. Let y=-0.66 in —3y*+13y+10=0; -3-(-0.66)° +13--0.66+10=0 ; -3-0.436-858+10=0
? ?
; -132-858+10=0 ; -10+10=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation ~3y? +13y+10=0 can be factored to (y + 0.66) (y-5) =0.

Section 4.5 Case I Solutions - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Radicals

1. First- Move —y+2 terms of the equation J —9y +28 — y+2=0 to the right hand side of the equation to obtain

V-9v +28 =y-2

2
Second - Square both sides ofthe equation |-9y +28 = y-2 ; (\-9y + 28) =(y- 2) ; -9y +28 =(y- 2)?

Third - Complete the square on the right hand side of the equation and simplify. —9y + 28 = (yr- 2)?

; -9y+28=y? +4-4y ; O=y? +(4-28)+(9y—4y) ; O= y? -2445y

Fourth - Write the quadratic equation 0 = y? — 24+5y in standard form, i.e., ye +5y-24=0

Fifth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. y? +5y-24=0 ; (yr 3)(yr 8) ==)
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: y—3=0 ; y=3 and y+8=0; y=-8
Sixth - Check the answers by substituting the y values into the original equation.
? ? 2 ?
I. Lety=3 in J-9y+28-y+2=0; V-9-3+28 -3+2=0; pais8 -1=0; vi-1=0 ;; 1-1=03; 0=0

I. Let y=-8 in J-9y+28-y+2=0; J-9-(-8) +28 -(- 8) +2= O: J72428 +8+2= 0 ; v1000 +10=0
? 2
; ¥102 +10=0 ; 10+10=0 ; 20#0
Therefore, y=3 is the only real solution to the equation J-9y +28 -y+2=0.

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2. First - Square both sides of the equation. 2x = J9x +3 ; (2x)? = (vox + 3] > 4x? =9x +3
. . 2

Second - Write the quadratic equation 4x? =9x +3 in standard form, i.e., 4x? -9x-3=0

Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. 4x” —9x-3=0 ; (x +0.3)(x-255)=0.
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x +0.3=0 ; x=-03 and x-255=0 ; x=2.55
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
y ? ?
I. Letx=-03 in 2x=V9x+3 ; 2-(-03)=/9-(-03)+3 ; -06=V-27+3 ; -0.6=V03 ; -0.6 40.547
3 ? 7
I. Letx=255 in 2x=V9x+3 ; 2-255=V9-25543 ; 51=V/229543 ; 51=/2595 ; 51=51
Therefore, the equation 2x = 49x +3 has one real solution, i.e., x = 2.55.

3. First - Write the quadratic equation t? =—V5¢ in standard form, ie., t? + V5t =0
Second - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. 1? +/5t=0 : i 4/5 =0.

Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: t= 0 and t+ V5 =0 = =¥5

Third - Check the answers by substituting the ¢ values into the original equation.
?
I Lett=0 in t? =-V5t ; 0? =-J5-0; 0=0
Dt. ? 7k
I. Lett=0 in 1? =-V5t ; (-v5) = f5.-V5 ; +5=4/5-5 ; Say5* 5 5=5
Therefore, t=0 and t= JS are the real solutions to ¢* = _J5¢ . Furthermore, the equation = =ASz can be factored

to i{e+ V5 =0.

4. First - Write the quadratic equation y? avs y = 7 in standard form. y? =a y-7=0

Second - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. y? —-V8y-7=0 ; (y +1.6)(y-44)=0.
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: y+16=0 ; y=-16 and y—44=0; y=44
Third - Check the answers by substituting the y values into the original equation.
? ? 2
I. Lety=-16 in y?-V8y=7 ; (-16)* - V8 -(-16)=7 ; 256-283-(-16)=7 ; 256+453=7 ; 7=7
? ? 2
II. Let y=4A4 in y? ~VBy =7; 44? -J8-44=7 ; 1936-283-4.4=7 ; 194-124=7 ; 7=7
Therefore, y =-16 and y=44 are the real solutions to ye =A8 y =7. Furthermore, the equation y? as y =7 can be
factored to (yt 1.6) (yr 4.4) =0.

5. First - Write the quadratic equation V5x = 2x? in standard forme. 254 V5x =i()

Second - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. 2x* — J/5x=0 : x(2x = v5)=(0.

’ 5
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x=0 and ox 5 = (5 2x = V5 a

Third - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
2
ovens =0nin V5x = 2x? : V5-0=2-07 TO=10
2
5
I. Letx=~~ in V5x=2x
2 V5
3
to AS
5
Goa
5
BRO rilean
fe atoe sar

Therefore, x=0 and x= = are the real solutions to V5x = Oy) Furthermore, the equation V5x = 2x” can be factored

to x(2x - v5)= 0 which is the same as {x-4)= 0),

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

2
6. First - Square both sides of the equation. Vx? -12 =2 ; (vx? = 12) =2?; x7-12=4

Second - Write the quadratic equation x2 —12=4 in standard form, i.e., x? -12-4=0 ; x? -16=0
Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. x? -16=0; (x = 4)(x + 4) =0.
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x -4=0 ; x=+4 and x-4=0 ; x=-4
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
2 2 2 2
L Letx=-4in ¥x2-12=2; |(-4) -12=2 ; Ji6—12=2 ; V4=2 ; V2? =2 ; 2=2
2 2 2 2
eine din Vie old=2- V4 210-2 Vlo= I=? 4) 0 ed
Therefore, x =4 and x =—4 are the real solutions to Nx = 1) = Oe Furthermore, the equation Vx? —12 =2 can be

factored to (x+4)(x-4)=0.

2
7. First - Square both sides ofthe equation. V-8x - 4 =2x+1; (v-8 - 4) = (2x + 1)? ; -8x-4= (2x + 1)?

Second - Complete the square on the right hand side of the equation and simplify. —8x -4= (2x + 1)?

; -8x-4= 4x7 +144x ; -8x-4x-4-1=4x? ; -12x-5=

4x?
Third - Write the quadratic equation —12x —5= 4x? in standard form, i.e., 4x* +12x+5=0
| 5
Fourth - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. 4x? +12x+5=0; («+ 4)(«
cf:5)=0.

: 1 1
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x + a =0;x=- 3 and x+ :=0;x=- a

Fifth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
4 ? ? ?
iL Let x=~> in V-8x-4=2x+1; ~8(-1)-422-(-A}+1; ae-141; O=0; 0-0

4 ? ? f
II. Let x=-> in V-8x-4 =2x+1; ts(-?)—4=2.|-2) 41 ; ¥20-4=-54+1; VI6=-4; 44-4

Therefore, the equation V-8x —4 = 2x +1 has one real solution, i.e., x = ->.

2s
8. First - Square both sides of the equation. x = V-x+2 ; x? = (V-x +.2) sx? =-x+2

Second - Write the quadratic equation x? =—x +2 in standard form, i.e., x7 +x-2=0

Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. x7 +x-2=0; (x - 1)(x + 2) =0.
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x -1=0 ; x=1 and x+2=0 ; x=-2
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.
2 2
I Letx=1in x= V-x+2 ; 1=V-1+2 ; 1=V1 ; 1=1
? ? ? 2
I. Letx=-2 in x=V-x42 ; -2=,[-(-2)+2 ; -2=V2+2 ; -2=V4 ; -2=¥2? ; 242
Therefore, the equation x = V—x+2 has one real solution, i.c., x=1.

2
9. First
- Square both sides of the equation. x = /-2x+3 ; x? = (V-2x +3) : x? =-2x+3

Second - Write the quadratic equation x? =-2x +3 in standard form, ie., x? +2x-3=0
Third - Solve the quadratic equation by choosing a solution method. x? +2x-—3=0 ; (x -1)(x+3)=0.
Therefore, the two apparent solutions are: x -1=0 ; x=1 and x+3=0 ; x =-3
Fourth - Check the answers by substituting the x values into the original equation.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

? ? ?
[elei x= inten aN Ox ee lew
=o 143 lle Ve24O levi S151
? ? ? ?
Wl. Letx=-3 in x=V-2x+3 ; -3=J-2--34+3 ; -3=V6+3 ; -3=V9 ; -3=V3? ; -3%3
Therefore, the equation x = /—2x +3 has one real solution, i.e., x=1.
2
First -Square both sides of the equation. x? +3 =x41 : ( x? +3) =(x +1)’ » x? +3=(x+1)°

Second - Complete the square on the right hand side of the equation and simplify. x7 4+3= (x + 1)? sx? 4+3=x7 +142x

2 tee es or =0 : Xt =x 4bSIO ; 2-2x=0

Third - Solve the equation, i.e., 2—2x=0 ; 2(I - x) =p

Therefore, the apparent solution is: 1-x =0 ; -x=-1; x=1

Fourth - Check the answer by substituting the x value into the original equation.
? ? ? 4%
Letx=lin Vx? +3=x+l1 » V¥17 +3=141 9 lessees) 8 V4=2 : 2? =2 =

Therefore, x =1 is the real solution to x43 2x41.

Section 4.5 Case II Solutions - Solving Quadratic Equations Containing Fractions

: meee a ; 8-1=(y-l)-(y+l) ; 8=y?+y-y-1; 8=y*-1;8+l=y’?; y*=9; ens)

Therefore, the two solutions are y= +3 and y=-—3. In addition, the fractional equation i = y—1 can be expressed in
yt
factored form as (y — 3)(y +3) =0.

Chenier een 3
nt en oe ee a See
eS ee ee
ey IESE etera Cae

ie aoe a eee pe 32 areca 4?ens eee

ytl —3+1 2 1

ee = ee
? (11x +15)-1=2x-x ; [1x+15=2x? ; 2x? -11x-15=0 ; (x+3)(2x+5)=0
x x
5
Therefore,
the two solutions are x +3=0 ; x=-3 and 2x+5=0 ; 2x=-5; pag) axe —25

6
11x +15 11-(-3) +15? a3 15 = 18g
Check: I. Letx=-3 =-3 in in ~~
Z =-2xXan ; ( ) ; ==
— => —=-2.(-3) 5 —=6 ; Suen
=6 ; a5 Oe ; 6=6
4—=6 ; -=6
;

5)
llx +15 11-(-25) +15? SUIS +4158 5 e125 eet)
i
By i =-25 a aa i : 25 eo) ary 25 28 1
SSS
2 2 De oe
dey Se r a SL Ge ae ra; (x2-1)-1=0-(c+3) 5 x?-1=0 5 x?=1; Vx? =v
x+3 x+3 x+3 x43 x+3 x+3 1
2 1
; x =+1. Therefore, the two solutions are x = +1 and x=~—1. In addition, the fractional equation 3 a
x x
can be expressed in factored form as (x + 1)(x - 1)=0.
2 va
; x he a
Check: I. Letx=+1 in Aes

Ee re eee CE
Ge gas 5 ee NS iG. Boa

Hamilton Education Guides oni

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

4. ete of : att : (1 2u)-1=-u-u ; 1-2u=-u? ; u? —2u+1=0 ; (u-1)? =0; (u-1)? =+J0

u
5 is Sed) 2 el
: he : . 1-2u
Therefore, there are two repeated solution of u=1. In addition, the fractional equation =-—u can be

expressed in factored form as (u ~ 1). (u - 1)=0.

a t=(2-1% Tae 1?
Oise Vines tee ere ace ; —“=-1; --=-1; -l=-1
u 1 1 1
3 gree 3 2 2 _
5. x=—-2;x42=—; =— ; (v4+2)-x=1-3 5 x742753; x°427-3=0.; (x+3)(x—-1)=0
x x x

Therefore, the two solutions are x +3=0 ; x=-3 and x-1=0; x=1.

3 23 ?
Check: I. Letx=-3 in x=—-2; Species ; -3=-1-2 ; -3=-3
x -
3 23 ?
Ile =| in x= —— 2 Lae ail =)3 ieee =a
53

aL ds wat =-% 5 1-(3x-10) =-x-x ; 3x-10=-x? ; x7 +3x-10=0 ; (x+5)(x-2)=0

x x

Therefore, the two solutions are x +5=0 ; x =—-5 and x-2=0 ; x=2.
5
= 3-(-5) -10 ? PUSS 10 e225. de ee 5
Chedeal itery sin LO, aegtha) all=—(-5) ; sale Se es
x -5 -5 - 8 1
— i ?‘ = ?‘ ?$ Des ?
ieee— err as a gal Le le ee cl eer nd ea
x 2 2 2 1

Tee ‘== 5 u-u=49-1 ; uw?=49 ; vu? =4V49 5 u=4V7? 5 w= 47

u u

Therefore, the two solutions areu=+7 and u=~-7. In addition, the fractional equation u = 2 can be expressed in
u

factored form as (u - 7)(u + 7) =0F

Check: I. Letu=+7 in u=— ; 7=— ; 7=

Il. Letu=-7 in u=— ; -7=—;

u

8. 6x+17=-=Se ; Ox hy
—=6D ; (6x +17)-x=-5-1 5 6x7 +17x =-5 ; 6x? +17x+5=0 ; (2x+5)(3x+1)=0
x 1 i
Therefore, the two solutions are2x +5=0 ; 2x =-5 ; x=-3 x= —2.5 andesx l= 05 3 = —153 x=-3

; x=-0.333.
9 9
oy duis 5 Lined ks5 SS}
Check: I. Letx=-25 in 6x+17=-—; (6--2.5) +17=-—— ; -15+17=— ; 2=2
a3 25 DS)
? ?
I. Letx=-0333 in 6x+17=-~; (eee033a) igs -=198417-=— 915.02
=1502
x 0.333 0.333
3 +4 5
9. Tw : ia (y+4)-y=-3-1 5 y? +4y=-3 5 y? +4y43=0; (y+3)(y+1)
=0

Therefore, the two solutions are y+3=0 ; y=-3,and y+1=0 ; y=-1.

oe ? ?
Check: I. Let y=-3 in Fe pa EIA ay 5 2h. ad § oe
y -3 3 1
Dee ?
II. Let y=-1 in Rep eee : pyr e fies 2 Beas
y —1 1

Hamilton Education Guides $12

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

—-5x-2 3x —-5x-
10. eoergran ; Tet : 3x +x =(-5x -2)+1 5 3x? =—5x-2 z 3x? + 5x+2=0 : (3x+2)(x+1)=0

Therefore,
the two solutions are 3x + 2=0 ; 3x=-2; x=-5 ; x =-0.67 and x+1=0; x=-1.

Ghee rene een), cin) Ree oe ? (5x -067)

PP" ay pgp ae eae) ae 5
— . SRE 9
=k yy 198
-067 -067 067
: -0.21=-0.21
Il. Letx=-1 in 3x=
eee
5x2 ; ee
ae re 2
eee) 2 : 32572 : porpes : —3=-3
x -l -1 1

Section 4.6 Solutions - How to Choose the Best Factoring or Solution Method

1. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)

Write the equation x*=16 in the standard quadratic equation form ax*+bx+c=0, ie, write x*=16 as
x? +0x-16=0. Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the given polynomial we
need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 0 and whose product is -16. Let’s construct a table as follows:

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus, x* =16 or x* +0x-16=0 canbe
factored to (x - 4)(x+4)=0
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)

First, write the equation in the standard quadratic equation form ax* +bx+c=0, i.e. write x? =16 as x7 +0x-16=0.
Second, equate the coefficients of x? +0x-16=0 with the standard quadratic equation by letting a=1 , b=0 , and
c= -16. Then,

Given: ae
-b+Vb?ra
—4ac Sm
0+y0°2 -i(4x
1xea
-16) : eee,
+v0+ 64 2 See
+V64
5 OT
V8?
Eton : a=t-.
8
a

Therefore, the two solutions are x =—4 and x =4 and the equation x? +0x-16=0 can be factored to (x + 4)(x - 4) = 0):

Third Method: (The Square Root Property Method)

Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., write x? =16 as dad. =+V16 ee: 4° 4X = tess
x=+4 and x= -4 are the solution sets to the equation x? =16 which can be represented in its factorable form as
(x+4)(x-4)=0.

Check: (x-4)(x+4)=0 5 x-x4+4-x-4-x+4-(-4)=0 5 x7 +4x-4x-16=0 ; x7 +(4-4)x-16=0

; x? +0x-16=0
From the above three methods using the Square Root Property method is the easiest method to use. The Trial and Error
method is the second easiest method to use. Followed by the Quadratic Formula method which is the longest and somewhat
amore difficult way of obtaining the factored terms.

2. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)

Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the polynomial x? + 7x+3 we need to obtain
two numbers whose sum is 7 and whose product is 3 . However, after few trials, it becomes clear that such a combination
of integer numbers is not possible to obtain. Therefore, the given equation is not factorable and is referred to as
PRIME.
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)

Hamilton Education Guides 513

Mastering ’Algebig Intermediate Level 00 Ee

Given the standard quadratic equation ax” + bx +c = 0 , equate the coefficients of x” + 7x +3=0 with the standard quadratic
equation by letting a=1, b=7 , and c=3 . Then,

-b+vb? -4ac : -14 7? -(4x1x3) } _-74 J49-12 Q _ -74 37 : _=72 6.08

Given: x
i 35) og 2x1 areas fat) ue om epee
Therefore, the two solutions are x=-6.54 and x= -0.46 and the equation x? +7x+3=0 can be factored to
(x + 6.54) (x + 0.46) =0.
Third Method: (Completing the Square Method)
2 2 2
7 49 49 i a 4
4744320; x2 47¢=-3 ; x? + 72+(2) -3+(2) xt etre as 5 (x42) tiie ce

2 ey, i 2) et 2
lees) ee) | elle res 37 a pae oes) waite, the
2 1.4 2 4 2 4 2 V4 2 2
two solutions are x = —6.54 and x = —0.46 and the equation x? + 7x +3=0 can be factored to (x + 6.54) (x + 0.46) = Oe
% ? ?
Check: I. Let x=-046 in x? +7x+3=0 ; (-046)’ +7-(-046)+3=0 ; 02-32+3=0 ; -3+3=0 ; 0=0
? ? ?
I. Letx=-654 in x? +7x+3=0 ; (-654)? +7-(-654)+3=0 ; 428-458+3=0 ; 428-428=0 ; 0=0
Therefore, the equation x? + 7x +3=0 can be factored to (x + 0.46) (x + 6.54) =(0*

From the above three methods using the Quadratic Formula method may be the faster method than Completing the Square
method. ;
3. First Method: (The Square Root Property Method)
75 =
(3x +4)? = 36 : (3x +4)? =+4/36 @ Spratley, 8 Byecsasgyaal & oem na na Thus, the two solutions are x= :

x= and ot : x=-2 and the equation (3x +4)? = 36 can be factored to x=3] (x+*2) = 0 which is the

same as (3x — 2)(3x+10) =0.

Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)

Complete the square term on the left hand side and write the equation in standard form, i.e., (3x + 4)? = 36

5 9x? +24x+16=36 ; 9x? +24x +16 - 36 = 36-36 ; 9x* +24x-20=0.

Given the standard quadratic equation ax? +bx+c=0, equate the coefficients of 9x? + 24x —20=0 with the standard
quadratic equation by letting a=9 , b=24 , and c=-20 . Then,

Given: x=
—b+Vb* —4ac | m = -244 24° - (4x
ee
9x-20)
= A 9
ew = CO
2h 4576
+720 FX FF
24
+ /1296
2a 2x9 18 18

24+ 367 24 +
Stier 36 lut: sete 24 —36 ee60 | 10
5 x oS Sait 8 em 18 crclOleminem
refore, twy,
the two solutions are x ca Fi I
ex 1g” as x ete.)ro and
3

—24 + 36
ere ee 3 arr
i2 3 cate
72 :
the equation (3x + 4)? = 36 can be factored to [.-2] (+t) = 0 which is the same
3
as (3x - 2)(3x+10)=0.
Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
First complete the square term on the left hand side and simplify the equation, ie., (3x + 4) = 36 ; 9x? +24x +16 =36
PU Pol e aed ame)
Mone 4y 1616256216 sion eda = ose eae eh ee
9 9 9 9 9
Then, complete the square in the following way:

Hamilton Education Guides 514

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

ay? as?
24 ~=20 24 24 2 2
x? + xa x et] oy af yah e(S) -70,(4) ee pers 205,16
18 9 (4B 3 9 \3 9 9) 9..9

2 2 2
4 20+ 16 4 36 :
(ees) = ;(a+5) S——=> § (x+4) =t 26 ae: un pee ladS pra SeS 5 x= 488
3 9 3 9 3 9 3 8 3

Therefore, the two solutions are x =

; eee
ee a ;and x=
5 “2 Lx= ;. In addition, the equation (3x + 4)? = 36
2 10
can be factored to (x-2)(x+¥2) = 0 which is the same as (3x — 2)(3x + 10) =0.

Check: (3x —2)(3x

+10) =0 ; 3x-3x+10-3x-2-3x-2-10=0 ; 9x? +30x
—6x -20=0 ; 9x? +(30-6)x-20=0
; 9x? +24x —20=0 which is the same as(3x + 4)” = 36.
From the above three methods the Square Root Property method is the easiest method in factoring the quadratic equation,
followed by the Quadratic Formula method and Completing the Square method.
4. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the polynomial x* +11x+30 we need to
obtain two numbers whose sum is 11 and whose product is 30. Let’s construct a table as follows:

1+10=11
2+9=11 2-9=18
34+8=11 3-8=24
44+7=11 4.7=28
$+6=11

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus, x? +11x +30=0 can be factored to
(x+5)(x+6)=0
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
Given the standard quadratic equation ax? +bx+c=0, equate the coefficients of x? +1lx+30=0 with the standard
quadratic equation by letting a=1 , b=11 , and c=30 . Then,

Given: x =———————_
=btvb?—4ac |
;;
NHtyll? -(4x1%30) tne Vi2i=120 | |v
art = ’
| =
2a Dd ; 2 2 2

Therefore, the two solutions are x = —

fo
2 eS arr 3 ASS 5) Fel SES = —_ =
tb
Sei ; x =-6 and the equation

x? +11x +30=0 can be factoredto (x+5)(x+6)=0.

Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
2 2
x? +11x+30=0 ; x7 +11x =-30 ; 2 sir+(2) --30+(2} xP ties t= 304
ie)
S30nAl )+( (ito! Ds (x4) 2 _-120+121
B20n.71 (x42) 2 _{3 a (x42) 2 He, wale oD
* Aa ll
fae’ fhe
Si SSS; 1 o 2 ree 2 4 2 Ae ee 1 4

. Therefore, the two solutions are x =—5 and x=-6 and the equation x? +11x +30=0 can be factored to

Check: (x +5)(x+6)=0 5 x-x46-x+5-x+5-6=0 5 x7 +6x+5x+30=0 ; x7 +(6+5)x+30=0 ; x7 +11x+30=0

From the above three methods using the Trial and Error method is the easiest method to obtain the factored terms.
Completing the Square method is the second easiest method to use, followed by the Quadratic Formula method which is the
longest and perhaps the most difficult way of obtaining the factored terms.

Hamilton Education Guides 515

5. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the polynomial 5t? + 4¢-—1 we need to obtain
two numbers whose sum is 4 and whose product is 5-—-1=-—5. Let’s construct a table as follows:

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus, 5t2 + 4¢-1=0 ; 5t7 + (5 - I)t -1=0

; St? + 5t-1-1=0 ; Se(t+1)-(¢+1)=0 ; (t+ 1)(5t-1)=0

Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
Given the standard quadratic equation at? +bt+c=0, equate the coefficients of 5t? +4t-1=0 with the standard
quadratic equation by letting a=5 , b=4 , and c=~—1. Then,

~bi Vo? —4ac ._ At V4? -(4x5x=-1) 42 V16+20 _ -44V36 | -4 V6"

Sa 2a er ee ‘en 10 ; 10 ye 6
—-4+6 : 1 d 2
SS Tin Therefore, the two solutions are t=-—1 and t= rs and the equation St“ +4t-1=0 can be factored to

(++1)(e-4) = 0 which is the same as (1+1)(st-1)=0.

Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
2 2 2 2
RADE T= 0.252 ods mtes peepee ae et tte BbBalimela 8 eee) -1,(2)
3 Spas 5 5 5 10 5 | 10 5 5 5
5 5

ear Pee eae eae | ( 2)2 (1-25) +(4-5) ( |2 25+ 20 ( 2)oa 8 ( |2 9

st +—t+—
= -+— 3] t+=] =+——— 5 [t+=} = 5 [e+e] ==; [+=] ==—
5 Jae “ala PB 5 5-25 > 125 5 a 5 25

2 2
: (+2) = 4/7 ;f+—=+H+ ma ; Ah Deets : pes eek Therefore, the two solutions are eee
5 25 5 5 Sian SaaS
—2-3 5 2S —24+3 1
5 ; 5 : gis ; t= = PLRaa and the equation 5t? + 4t-1=0 can be
factoredto

(-+1)(¢-4) =0 which is the same as (t+ 1)(5¢-1) =0.

2 ? 2 2 2
Check: I. leprae in 5t27+4t-1=0 : s-(4) +4(4)-120 : lbp sig ea : sept chy ey : al i Pf
5 5 5 5 5 5
3 ? ?
; —-1=0
; 1-1=0 ; 0=0
8
7 2 2 ? ?
I. Lett=-lin 5t° +4t-1=0; 5-(-1)° +4-(-1)-1=0
; 5-4-1=0 ; 5-5=0 ; 0=0
From the above three methods using the Trial and Error method is the easiest method to obtain the factored terms. The
Quadratic Formula method is the second easiest method to use, followed by Completing-the-Square method.
6. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
To apply the Trial and Error method to the equation (2x + 6) = 36 we need to complete and simplify the square in the left

hand side of the equation, ie., (2x + 6)” =36 ; 4x? +36+24x
=36 ; 4x? +24x + 36—-36= 36-36 ; 4x2 +24x4+0=0

Hamilton Education Guides 516

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

4 > 24
2 + va +0=0; x? +6x+0=0 . Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the

polynomial x? + 6x +0 we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 6 and whose product is 6-0=0. Let’s construct a
table as follows:

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus, (2x + 6)° = 36 can be factored to
(x + 0)(x + 6) =0 which is the same as x(x +6) =0
Second Method: (The Greatest Common Factoring Method)
First complete the square term on the left hand side and simplify the equation:
6
(2x +6)° = 36 ; 4x* +24x+36=36 ; 4x? +24x =36-36 ; 4x2 4.24x=0; fe +ax-¢ > x? +6x=0
Then, Factor out the greatest common monomial term x .
x? +6x=0; x(x + 6) =0 . Thus, the two solution to the equation are: x =0 and x+6=0 ; x=-6

Hence, the equation (2x + 6)° = 36 can be factored to (x + 0)(x + 6) = 0 which is the same as x(x +6)=0.

Third Method: (The Square Root Property Method)

(2x +6)”
=36 ; |(2x+6) =+V36 ; 2x+6=+6 ; 2x=-6+6. Thus, the twosolutionsare 2x =-6+6 ; 2x=0
6
2 0
: qe 5 x=0 and 2x=-6-6 ; 2x =-12 ; axe x = -6 and the equation (2x +6)" = 36 can be factored
to

(x + 0)(x + 6) = 0 which is the same as x(x +6)=0.

2 ue
Check: I. Letx=0 in (2x+6)’ =36 ; [(2-0)+6]
=36 ; 67=36 ; 36=36
>? ? ?
Il. Let x=-6 in (2x+6)° =36 ; [(2--6)
+6] =36 ; (-12+6)” =36 ; (-6)" =36 ; 36=36
From the above three methods the Greatest Common Factoring method is the easiest method. The Square Root Property
method is the second easiest, followed by the Trail and Error method.

7. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)

Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the polynomial y? —8y+15 we need to
obtain two numbers whose sum is —8 and whose product is 15. Let’s construct a table as follows:

The second line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus, y? —8y+15=0 can be factored
to (y-3)(y-5)=0.
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
Given the standard quadratic equation ax’? +bx+c=0, equate the coefficients of y? —8y+15=0 with the standard
quadratic equation by letting a=1, b=-8 , and c=15 . Then,

pv? —4ac __ -(-8) ty (-8)" -(4x1«15)| 8464-60 8tV4 8 V2?

ee ee 2x1 Ae

Hamilton Education Guides 517

 5
ae : 8-2 6 8+2 10
3 ya se? Therefore, the two solutions are Ves : oer ; y=3 and Sime B Sake ; y=5 and the

equation y? —8y+15=0 can be factored

to (y - 3)(y-5)=0.
Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)
42 42

y? -8y+15=0 ; y2-8y=-15 ; y* -—8y+ Sal

g a la
g 4)?
, y?-ay+(-4} --15+(-4)
ANG

> y* -8y+16=-15+16 ; y* -8y+16=1 ; (»-4)? =1 : (»-4)° =t+Vl ; y-4=+41; y=4+1. Therefore, the
two solutions are y=3 and y=5 and the equation y? —8y+15=0 can be factored to (y -3)(y-5)=0.

Check: (y -3)(y-5)=0 ; y-y-5-y-3-y+(-3)-(-5)=0; y? -Sy—3y+15=0 ; y? +(-5-3)y+15=0

sy? -8y+15=0
From the above three methods using the Trial and Error method is the easiest method to obtain the factored terms.
Completing-the-Square method is the second easiest method to use, followed by the Quadratic Formula method which is the
longest and perhaps the most difficult way of obtaining the factored terms.

8. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)

Write the equation w? =-7 in the standard quadratic equation form aw? +bwt+c=0, ie, write w ey ee
w? +0w+7=0. Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the polynomial
w? + 0w+7 we need to obtain two numbers whose sum is 0 and whose product is 7. Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product

After several trials it becomes clear that the given equation can not be simplified using the Trail and Error method.
Therefore, the given equation is not factorable and is referred to as PRIME.
Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)

First, write the equation in the standard quadratic equation form aw? +bw+c=0, ie, write w2=-7 as
w* +0w+7=0. Second, equate the coefficients of w* +0w+7=0 with the standard quadratic equation by letting
a— eb — 0 andac—#/ =ihen

Given:
=b+Vb?—4ac
w= —————— 3; w= —____;
0+ 0? -(4x1x 7)w= ——_
+V0—28 +V-28
;; w = ———.. However, since the number
2a Deal oD zy,
under the radical is a negative number, the given equation has no real solution and can not be factored.

Third Method: (The Square Root Property Method)

Take the square root of both sides of the equation, i.e., write w? =-7 as Vw? =+V—7 ; w=4tV-7
Again, since the number under the radical is negative, the given equation has no real solution and can not be factored.
9. First Method: (The Trial and Error Method)
Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the polynomial 6x? +.x-1 we need to obtain
two numbers whose sum is 1 and whose product is 6-—1=—6. Let’s construct a table as follows:

Product

Hamilton Education Guides $18

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

The third line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Therefore, 6x7 +x —1=0

5 6x? +(3—2)x-1=0 ; 6x? +3x—2x-1=0 ; 3x(2x+1)-(2x+1)=0 ; (2x+1)(3x-1)=0

Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)
Given the standard quadratic equation ax? + bx+c=0, equate the coefficients of 6x? +x-1=0 with the standard
quadratic equation by letting a=6 , b=1 , and c=~—1. Then,

Given:
“ba Vb? Ane re
x= Meo
14 JI’ - (4x 6x -1) 14/1424 ~1+ /25 Eide 52
opeoe a SE Kes 5X == 5 : x = 5s x =
2a 2x6 : 12 12 ‘ 12
=|'+ 5h Ee
Renee’ Therefore,
the two solutions are x = = ee Ty ee and x = be By eee and
12 12 a 2 12 4“ 3

the equation 6x* + x —1=0 can be factored to (x+ 4 (x= ,)= 0 which is the same as (2x + 1)(3x-1)=0.

Third Method: (Completing-the-Square Method)

2 2
6x? +x-1=0; 6x° +x=1; ees 5 Go : pases -1,(4)
6 6 6 6i= 16 6 12 WI

75
ike lee
388 SP Soe SS
alee
aE
(
s|x+ =
ieae(1-144) + (1-6) ( a
arraeyy wamai 3 key
144 +6 ; ( a
heskorprrmtcat =
130 ( LN 75
: Sap S|) ==——
6 14s 644 12 6-144 2, 864 12 432

iM 75 1
. (x+4) = + -x4+—=+J0174 ; x+0083= +0417 ; x =—0.08340417.
12 432 12
Therefore, the two solutions are x = —0.083-0.417 ; x=-05 ; x= -; and x =-0.083+ 0.417 ; x=033
1
; x= 3 and

the equation 6x? + x -1=0 can be factored to (x+ 4 E- 1)= 0 which is the same as (2x + 1)(3x-1)=0.
2 ah 2 2 2 2
Check: I. eee ox? +x-120; 6(] 0 6 ete i ioe oe eon 0
3 3 3 9 3 3
3
ry
; 1-1=0
; 0=0

II. A Let f=——

5 in
1 ’
76toe S203
(eee
Opes5 || =Soile))
5 § GSoSs
5
ee
1=05—
aD = 0 5
2
2 1 He
; —-1=0 ; 1-1=0 ; 0=0
2
From the above three methods using the Quadratic Formula method is the easiest method to obtain the factored terms. The
Trial and Error method is the second easiest method to use, followed by Completing-the-Square method.

10. First Method: (The Perfect Square Approach)

First - Check and see if the coefficients of the first and the last term are perfect squares, i.e., x? 4x44 ; x = Axe 27
Second - Check and see if by multiplying the base of the last term by —2x we can obtain the middle term, i.e., 2-—2x =—4x.
Third - Since —4x is the same as the middle term of the given polynomial therefore, the trinomial can be written as:

4°22 4y427 = (x -2)° = (x - 2) (x -2)

Second Method: (The Quadratic Formula Method)

Based on our earlier stated assumption, we write the given trinomial as a quadratic equation, i.e., x? —4x+4=0 and apply
the Quadratic Formula by letting a=1 , b=—-4 , and c=4. Then,

Hamilton Education Guides 519

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 4 Solutions

2
iven:
Given? x x= ———_——_______ ;+ x y= : ; : : ;
2a 3 2 2 2 2
x=2. Therefore, the quadratic equation has two repeated solution, i.c., x=2 4
and x =2 and the equation x? —4x+4=0
can be factored to (x-2)(x-2)=0.
Third Method: (Trial and Error Method)
Consider the left hand side of the equation which is a polynomial. To factor the polynomial x* —4x +4 we need to obtain
two numbers whose sum is —4 and whose product is 4. Let’s construct a table as follows:

The last line contains the sum and the product of the two numbers that we need. Thus, x* —4x+4=0 can be factored to
(x-2)(x-2)=0.
Check: (x-2)(x-2)=0 ; x-x-2-x-2-x+(-2)-(-2)=0 ; x? -2x-2x4+4=0 ; x7 +(-2-2)x+4=0
5x? -4x+4=0
From the above three methods the Perfect Square method is the easiest method in factoring the trinomial followed by the
Trial and Error method and the Quadratic Formula method.

Hamilton Education Guides 520

 Chapter 5 Solutions:
Section 5.1 Solutions - Introduction to Algebraic Fractions
A. Write the correct sign for the following fractions:
2 2 -3 3 3 D
1. -— =+=— 2. +— =+—>=+—-=+2= =
2 -4 4 4 1

10 10 iv 5) oe ee eee ,
—2 2 2 1 3 6 6 § 3

+e pores WP3 lore I 2 2 2 1 2

7. -— =-— =-— =-= —-— = -— = -— = - = —6 6 6 2)
+15 15 13 5 +12 12 12 6 9. -— =4+—=+-—-=4+-—= 42
5 6 5 3 3 1

10. ae en
-3 3
. State the value(s) of the variable for which the following fractions are not defined.

is not defined when x=1 = is not defined when x =5

1%:
3. -—— isnot defined when x=0 4. is not defined when x = -10
x

; 5 S5x-2.
5h is not defined when x = — 6. is not defined when x = 7
3x - 3 x-
4 4 ;
ie Ao a aha EEC is not defined
when x=0, x=1,and x=-1
x” -x x(x - ! x(x - 1)( 1)

8. ee = oe is not defined
when x =-1l, and x=-—4
x2 45x44 (x+1)(x+4)
3x 3x , 1
9. ce
aeee1 Laan CER VS is not defined
when x =-— , and x=3
9x? —5x-3 (2x + 1)(x - 3) 2

10. ae = is not defined

when x=-1, and x=3
Popes GsNG—)
C. State which of the following algebraic fractions are equivalent fractions.

3x +1 9x +3 :
i id and bi are not equivalent fractions. es x are equivalent fractions.
3y Oy Ox
2 2 : x=) =x : :
3. and — are equivalent fractions. 4. are not equivalent fractions.
a-b b-a x+1 x-1
a ; : 3=% x+3 ; ;
53 = i and are equivalent fractions. 6. = are not equivalent fractions.
a- —a = x
- —2u+2 3 ; 2 gt!
Te and aunt are not equivalent fractions. 8. are equivalent fractions.
w 2w eee ae
= +2 Se 7 , :
g). di= and -- : are equivalent fractions. {Osc = 5 do are not equivalent fractions.

Hamilton Education Guides 521

Mastering
Chapter Algebra -Intermediate Level 5Solutions

1+2m ea 2uvw*
3). a Can not besimplified. aes = 19u?y
2uhw? = we
Su
u

penne g222? (vy =2)(v+calyn2) eae)

2) age
yr-y-6 (y+Hv-3) (v+lv-3) (+ A-3)9-
Peet ox es) etx3) et 8) en
© 2g x23? (e-3)(x+3) (¥-4)(x43) x43
1 baat ase 428-15) xf45)(e-3) _ afer4 5)(-9) _ x(x)
— Tepe ae, Cp eeee eee (x-3)(2x+1) +1)
— (#-3)(2x 2x+1
9 x7 = 2x = x(x - 2) = x(x - 2) = (4-2) te 1
eae ery ae x(x? - x-2} x(x+1)(x-2) x(x+1)(¥-2) 9 x41

5 xt =2y? _ (x+2v)(e-y) _ +B») xy

x+2y x+2y (x +2y) 1
rr 6x2 —xy-y? _ (Bx+y)(2x-y) _ Bx+y)(2#-y) 3x4y
2x? +xy-y? —(2x-y)(x+y) (24-y)(e+y) xt

sx4l) Avs] 3 _ 3xtlednel+3 @ (3x+4x)+(1+14+3) (34+4)x+5 7x45

iy 9 ty 2 ew
4.
dea ————
Sede = ——__ =
8)Akin dee
——_~ =— =4
x-2 x-2 x-2 (x - 2) 1

5), pass ook pa Gee) =e reese siee=?) The answer is in its lowest terms.
5Sa+b 5a+b 5a+b Sa+b 5a+b

6. os + SNe a ONY The answer is in its lowest terms.

3x2 y2 3x22 3x7 y2

E pec ete ie age ea (ex) (2) (ese es sepa’:

esr Sees FS 35° 45 3x7 45 3x7 +5 9x45 |3x75 (SS
: eS an A sel xP Sx 44—(x? 43x41] ee ee eae
, (x + 5)(x - 2) (x + 5)(x- 2) (x + 5)(x - 2) (x + 5)(x - 2) (x + 5)(x- 2)

(U1)
aa (Cent)eeh de One 23 oe eS
(x + 5)(x - 2) (x + 5)(x - 2) (x +5)(x-2)

ee ey eye) ) y
y-3 y-3 y-3 (y -3) 1

10 a =20+1 Z Cae ey a? -2a+1-(a? -3a+2| > anslanl= ae 3ae ye (a? -a?)+(3a-2a)+(1-2)

* (a-1)(a+3) (a-1)(1+3) (a -1)(a +3) (a-1)(a +3) (a-1)(a+3)
_ (I-1)a* +G-2)a-1 _ Oeics tee (4-1) es
(a-1)(a +3) (a-1)(a+3) (@-N(a+3) a+3

Hamilton Education Guides 522

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

1. — 3, 5
>~+-——~ _ ae" Gr+10)
)}+[5-459) 62s 200?epee
(2 Nias Pet _= axv10 za
Wy 2x 4x* 2x3 8x° 8x? 4x3

ek Sete _ | @-D]-[2-+4)] _ x2 -x-(2x+8) _ x? =x-2x-8 _ x? -3x-8

x+4 x-1 (x +4) -(x-1) (x + 4)(x-1) (x + 4)(x -1) (x + 4)(x-1)

5 anha _ [b-(a-B)]-[a-(ara)] (ab- 57)-(a? + ao) Tea, ee

a+b b (a+b) b(a +b) b(a +b) b(a +b) b(a + b)
in x2 he 5 x” .(x-5) +[5x-(x+3)] 7 (x° -5x?) + (5x? +153) p Re het a bx" Sy a Pokey Le
x+3 x-5 (x + 3)-(x-5) (x + 3)(x-5) (x + 3)(x-5) (x + 3)(x-5)
x(x? +15]

(x+3)(x-5)

4x* y?z xy?z 4x? y2z-xy*z 4x3 y4z? 4x3 y4 2? 4x? y*z

‘ Sob (Se) [EG el) _s - (sensearea)3 _( 5x-1 Pe

Seapil peeaily gs x+1 x-1 (x +1)-(x-1) (x +1)(x-1) % (x + 1)(x-1)

_feGeifefereenteaug} (62 -a)-foee seea] (62 -3)-fola] _ (2 -3)-(0-9

x-|(x+1)(x-1)] x(x +1 (x -1) x(x +1)(x -1) x(x +1)(x-1)

bx? = x 5% ot 5 —x+5 (x-5)

x(x + 1)(x - 1) x(x + 1)(x = 1) x(x + 1)(x- 1)

“ a 3a tu [a-(4a+5) —[3a-(2a +10) = (4a + 5a) -(6a? + 30a] iz ha? + 5a—6a~ —30a

" 2a+10 4a+5 (2a+10)-(4a+5) = Aat5)(4a+5) Aa+5)(4a+5)

_ (447-647) +(Sa-30a) __pq?_5q _ -a(2a+25) _ —_ af20428)
2(a + 5)(4a +5) (a+5)(4a+5) 2(a+5)(4a+5) 2(a + 5)(4a+5)
5 5p 20= S#_20_ (5x-2)=(20-1) _ 5x2~20 _ fx?
=4) fx? =27) 5 x-2)(x+2)
5% 1 % 1-x x x x x

Ac! ek Una: ae es = |e 5 aarti 5 ae ee

a eee on Xe x2 x-1 x-(x +2) x-1 x(x +2) x-l x(x +2) x-1

— [e+ 4) 0] - [5-2 +2)] (x? -x+4x-4)—(sx? +103) eer ine (x? - 5x?) +(3x-10x)-4
7 x(x + 2)-(x-1) Z x(x + 2)(x-1) 7 x(x + 2)(x-1) a x(x + 2)(x 1)

_ -4x?-7x-4 _ -4x?-7x-4
xx+2(x-1) x(x+2)(x-1)
2 2
fe ee eee (a-a78)-(e-b%] 2, = [See
bc a*b ac? b?c a?b/ ac? b*c-a*b ac? a*bc ac”

Hamilton Education Guides $23

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

" (a*5-62e?)- ac?)-[b-a76%e : A aeRe e243 3 abe ac - be? - ab’) _ @e—be>

—ab?
FD
a 2° c:ac : abc? a? b® c3 a’b“c
a b2 C2

4 Suv? uw? 1 Su? ew? 2 Surv? 4 3u? v3 + y?

, uv 15y?_ uA uv-15y?-u4 15u°v? 13u ve 3u?
u
4
2 PB i
edie
SO
SU }—
ae ee ey
S21
16x Miéyy 4 SSeS ese el ————

x? 4x? Me Fe Ay Pele axe x 4x3 x4

x4

5 xed tag A= 2
4)1 aee4 2)_ (-M(x- G47) _ x2
x+2 2 x-4 (x+2)-2-(x-4) 2(x + 2)(x - 4) 2(x + 2)(x- 4) 2
C2

> Sa7b*c be? ee Sa*b*c be? a? e Sa*b?c- be? -a* . 5a*b*c? _ 5a*b? c3 = 5B3c? = 543¢2
, ac a ac 2 1 ac-a>-l a‘c a*¢ 1

g Sxyz 2x _ Sxyz-2x _ 10x? yz Rs 10x? yz 2 ay

10 DD) pease? PIED! Dee
yz 10-y*z 10y*z IO y*z yz
MG

1
9. (4.42).= whe) Wea Arar) Nea does | Awe 1 AeAle
w w w lj)w wl) w wi) w ie aaa Pa eel | w

pyeln oy eee s (x-1(x+6) (x+I)(x-3) — (x-1)4+6) (¢+I(¢-3) — x-1

eke aiag eae pare (x - 3)(x + 3) (x + 6)(x +1) a (x-3)(x+3) (¥+6)(x+1) 53

, se a SEE ee ene % beetle 7) oR

Ao Se Ay (x-2)(x+1) x (¥-2)(x+1) x+1 1. x41
3 A tava by? x? -y? _ (x29)
(x43) (- yey) _ (F-2y)(F+3y
(x-vty)
) _x-y _
eye dpe x Roy (x-2y)(x+y) (x +3y) (¥-2y)(4+ y) (x + 3y) 1 ef

Hamilton Education Guides 524

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
r Chapter 5SOLUTIONS!
Solutions
g peer

4 ath 4x6 _ (x= e-1)? 22-3) _ -1)(x-1)? (22-3) x-1 2 _ (x-1)

2x? +5x-12 (x1)? (2x-3)(x+4) (1)? (24-344) (1)? x44 1 x44
6x72 47x42 x24+3x-4 _ (2x +1)3x+2) (x-1)e+4)
(x- _ (2x +1)(84+2) (4-1(4+4) _ 2x41
pase tie Ss GE) ares GenaM Goan) +a
6. phe | x? 2x es (x -1)(2x +3) x(x — 2) 2 (¢ - 1)(2x + 3) (x - 2) e seo)
pee oe x(x? + x-2) (2x-3)(2x+3) ¢(¢-1(x+2) (2x-3)(24+3) (x +2)(2x-3)

aoe 2 = 2x-15 Ze +5x+2 _ (x-5S)(x+3) (x+2)(2x+1) _ (¥-8)(4+3) (¢+2)(24+1) _

"9x2 -9x-5 x2 45x46 (2x +1)(x-5) (x+3)(x+2) (2x4 (4-3) (x4+3)(¥+2)

8 3x+2 wie: 3 3x+2 x(2x +1) ‘x (3x + 2) x(2x +1) er

br ia?) A (254 1\Gs22) 0 4 (ya) Bae 4

Petex2 eerste
48x415 x2
Ss) (xeens
(x 4+3)x4+5) x3 43)4+5) xh x+3
a 6x? +17x+5 x? -1 _ (2x+5)(3x+1) (x-1)(*+1) _ (2x +5)(8¢+1) (X-N(F+1) _ 2x45
Bx Ox =i eae (3x + 1)(x - 1) x?(x +1) (3x + 1)(# -1) | x*(¥+1) x?

a b
¥ a
3a bres
2ac 1 2ac is “ab 1-a*b azb a2b 1

4. SEE
x2” yz
hee 82”
x72? x2 72
es
x223 x2 72
a x42
eex37
Pie oe
cee

5 ty
———— Uu
2 | EO
_—
uv?
——
_2u?)_ ow
_—
f Ee
= a
1 _-
uv _ =
uv? «1 uv _
———
uv? uv =
-_-oo_— Oc
uv? 33
_

v 3 > l 3 vet Qua 3 v>-2u? 3. Quy? Bee 2a

ee 3 ay ay eS
2u?v?-uv =2wvt = 2 v4 2u?v?
uv

: XZ 4 ae XZ 1 “yn XZ hs pa xz xz 4

Beye
ap xyz
ee
= xyz xyz!
ee
2 y? eit
ee
AS
5 73

7 a5 5e, ab? ee a bow. ab? me = abi Gebaiegle * ge! a’b* 1 ba ab? ab? = a’? bf
A A ce eee cel be jeu aes aaa % 1 eR

Hamilton Education Guides 525

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

ab
a babes bo eee bh! ab? ee
ee a ee = ab
isa7b- a*b? a*b? 1
zZ

x? y?z3 : y?23 x? y?23 8y xyz? -8y 8x2 y>z? gx’ y3z3 2x

x

: ~ [22 -%) [2.2]

Naay2 2) GG? 4
«(22 F).(4-4)
xy? 2x yx
- (22
xyes
re
yx?
_ Axty2
3y?
3 2 2 3
dy _ 3? xyday
x3y2axty?
3 Smee

y?
Bey ete Bn ye ays e3ye

n> nw 1 n 3n n-3n 1 3n> 3n> om

o mn? +l a mn? f. mn? ee

3n>- m4 3m‘ n> 3m‘ n? 3mn?
m

Section 5.3 Case IVb Solutions - Division of Algebraic Fractions (More Difficult Cases)

il
x? -2x-15 x? 43x _ x? -2x-15 x7 46x45 _ (x +3)(x—-5) (x+5)(xtl) _ (4 +3)(4-3) (4+3)(x+1)
Poe Ya cae ne cay > sc ON -)) 62) ee (2) (x-3)(4+3) x(x +3)
we! xt] = x+1
ex: x

2. fp eel _ x +4x? - 5x x? _ af? +4x—5) x? _ x +5)-1) x?

x? 1 x? + 5x? 1 x? (x +5) 1 x*(x+5)
xs
ay2(4 +5)\(-1) x3 = ere ig ae) a
] x? (x +3) 1 ] 1

6x2 47x42 10x45 _ 6x2 47x42 22-241

_ (2x+1)(3x+2) (x-1)? — (2¥41(84+2) (x-1)’
2 Aa Ean a borg | Amerapy oS (Peto as© (3x + 2)(x -1) "5(2x +1) 2 (3x + 2)(x -1) “5(2x +1)
elegy 1
IP 8) S

4 tee, ea Ax SO = x? +x-2 x°- 6x49 x (x +2)(x=1) (x -3)? ba (4+ 2)(4-1) (x3)?

Dae x9 x= x6 x7 4 4x5 (x - 3)(x + 2) (x + 5)(x-1) (x - 3)(x + 2) (x + 5)(+-1)
pipe x35
Il Sado) ears)

5 Det Tet3 Det _ 2x? + 7x43

x9—4x? _ (2x4 I(e+3) x7°(x-4) _ (e+e +3) 27(¢-4)
i ee By 12, | 2a +1 3x3 (x —4) 2x +1 3x4(4-4) . (2x +1)

Sets le XS ‘
spel 3x
x2 y?
6. 32x73 y3z 3 xyz? J 32x3y7z 4x? (x +3) = 32x73 y>z 4x? (x +3) * 32x? y?z 4x? (x +3)
8{x? +5x+6} 4x?(x +3) §[x? +5x +6} xyz? 8(x+2)(x+3) xyz? 8(x + 2)(x +3) yz?
Zz

Hamilton Education Guides 526

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

gx? + Tx+3 2x? -3x-2 _ 2x2 47x43 x2 -3x42 _ (x+3)(2x+1) (x-1(x-2)

x*-1 x? =3x42 remy OR 30 (x -1)(x +1) (2x +1)(x - 2)

(z= 1K¢=2) x+3 1 x+3

_ (&+3)(2#+1)
(¢-1(x+1) (2¢+0)(¥-2) 9 x41 1

8. x? + 5xy + 6y" eex4 +3x3y a x? + 5xy + 6y? x? + 4xy (x + 3y)(x + 2y) x(x +4y) (x + By)(x +2y) (4+ 4y)
x? + 5xyt4y? o x? + Axy x? +5xy + 4y? x4 43x3y (x+ y)(x + 4y) x3 (x+3y) (x + y)(#+4y) x3(# +3y)
x
ey el ee ee ey,
rey x*(x+y)

g Ox tMet3 3x? — 4x4] _ 6x2 41x43 (x-1)’ _ Gx +IQx+3) (e-1)’

2x? 45x43 (x-1)? 2x? 5x43 3x2—dx41 (2x+3(x+1) (Bx-1)(x-1)
(x -1)
_ Gx +i(24+3)_ (x-1)? _3x+1 x-1 _ (3x+1)(x-1)
(24+ 3)(x+1) (3x-1)(¥-1) x+1 3x-1 (x+1)(3x-1)

ie a°b?c(a—b)° . a’b(a - b) s a*b*c(a—b)” a? +3ab + 26”) se a°b?c(a-b) _e(a + 26)(a +d)

c*(a + 26) da? +3ab+ 26?) c*(a +26) a’ b(a - 6) c*(a + 26) a’ (a - b)

aor a b
= a°b?e(a - b) c(a + 2b)(a + b) S a®b*c(a - b) c(a + b) F a®b*c*(a - b)(a + b) G. be c*(a - b)(a + b)
c*(a + 2b) . a’ (a — B) c? a*b a? be* a? be?

a ab(a - b)(a + b)

2
2 2
bee abc* + ab* ers abc* +ab? -1 _ able +6)-1

Ma) oie Tae ete Sl

ab a ae (ab-c )+(a-
beet bc? bce ts ~«éiS
2 2 oD)

, ~_¥),(t_4)- (x=?) -(»-2") (Oe) ea) eS ee

z? y? Zen Zoe z-y zy? zy mays ay

2
Teele -2) yoz yr-z y-z_ y*-ztytz _ y?-ttytd _ y?t+y _ Wytl) _ yti
z? y? y zy zy y y y zy z
oy.

A Lele B)e(l a 7)1 (ee ae | 1a) -(44)(44)]-44-44

oo Bea? b @? C247) be a-a?/ \b-b? hall wee elie

ab a’b? ab?

Hamilton Education Guides 527

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

iS) PS * nN | BS& |
~)—< _ &
nn | | ll | I | om —*
+
ll
|e
®
Laas |a
a |
x
are Sa |b
®
GATT aes
eea|
x et
ae
im
KS |s SS
»% t
Ga
SSS |
~S|—
— < SK ION
TRE afi aL
Se So A SS”.
aN er Se

xy xy
6 4
a. =-Y4 =
[eee ae _—_— =
ov | te
=-_ oOo OS
un gv
=—_——_—
Sige csuve li ©
_—_ =>
sy =
ae Wi ee =
ee
y? ue v y? ue v 1 Ly? yey 1 uey? ] uv? u u2y> u wy? u? vy? uy?
uw y2

3 2
i ae patel 2 (aoa a cit 2 _ (3-4°)+(2-27) _ 303 420?
fee eee en) el cera \n22) es he oo esos 3b?

: eae 2)=(142)-(142) - (1-x)+(2-1))_((@-1)+@-2)

1-x)+(2-1 1-1)+(2-x
(22)
2
5 (ge)
1.
oa alee
x+2-(1+2x
iy x 1x xe il 1-x 1 x 55 x

Reo —ty _ (x23) 42-1) a tax

5% x x x
5 ez a ee - [ee | ee ase x2y2z3 1

z xy z xy l z “xy 1 xyz? l xyz? xyz?

2 x2y2z3 1 x2y2z3 x2 y2z! 4
3 2 pay | See hy uy

= (y+ »-2y?]y? a xy+y—2y? i y(x + 1-2y) y(x -2y +1)

3 2x 2x 2x

Section 5.4 Case I Solutions - Addition and Subtraction of Complex Algebraic Fractions

was eset (2:5a)-(1-1) 10a-1 3

‘ ie ae ieee 1-5a _ 5a _ (10a-1)-18d _ 3(10a-1) _ 30a-3
_2 3 _ 2 (3-15a)-(2-1) 45a-2 $4-(45a-2) 45a-2 45a-2
15a 1 15a 1-15a 15a

2x3 yz x
322 2 4

2 4x2 ie) (2?) | axty's 1 axty4y 1 wt wt 1 _[Y -(04) _ xy" -4

a (4x72) -(2x) 8x32 8x47 4 4 1 4-1 4
2 4

2eas +(I-a) 3
2, 1 Ze 1 2a” +a 4 - 5
wo 6 a rr _ (22 +a)-a : (2a +1) oe Ps
eae (2.23), )2432? a‘ .(2+2a°) 2a(1+ 2°) 1+2°) 2(1+a)(1-a+a*)
a -l e

a a a
fe geen ems Ie Seem re bl exis Lgeara peed at a a
el Se ele (a a”)+(1 1) a 41 (2° +1) lari (a+1)(a -a+1)
a’ iG ee a
“a

Hamilton Education Guides 528

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

Ce tal) as) ety

ae) ene yymee easy ee Oye ek (¥ =3y) me (287)
ey 2.8 (3-x)-(y:1) 3x=y —y-Gx-y) y(3x-»)
a in 3

le ee ee (SES) rere: 4
6 vee A Oe ad _ 5 (x +4) " x-(x+4) pe (x +4) E 4.(4+4) 5 4
3_ 1 B-+[t-(x+4)] 34x44 x+7 x-(4+4)-(x+7) x(x +7)
x+4 x+4 1 (x+4)-1 x+4 x+4

w | w 1 [w-(w+1)]+[1-(w-)] wet+wt+w-l w? +2w-l

7 aie et eet Beal 2 (w-1)(w +1) is (w-1)(w +1) = (w-1)(w +1)
pas Le! [1-(w-1)]- (1-1) Wore w-2
w-l 1 w-l 1-(w-1) w-l w-l

e: (w? +2w-1)-(w-1) Ei w? +2w-1

[(w - 1)(w +1)] -(w - 2) (w + 1)(w — 2)

ae, LG Aes. Nat. 5 Mee

8 ee lee eee 1-(x +1) yl Be yet ee (4x +3)-(4+1) _ 4x+3
2 3 (2-1)-[2-(x+1)] 2 - (2x + 2) 2-2-2 —2x -2x-(¢ +1) 2x
yan | essen be | (x+1)-1 x+1 ot Bg |

1 BUSI e 1-(<? -1} ye xl Exe lx al

| (-
2

, wat; 1 2
(Pe)
[1-(x+1)]+[2-(x-1)]
yD x+1+2x-2 3x -1
Se Oe (x-1)-(x +1) (x -1)-(x +1) (x -1)-(x +1)

(<1
(-x? +2x-1)-(x-1)-(¢+1) 2s 1. -(x? -2x +1] - ete is _ -(x-1) x-1
~ [=e +]--1)-Gx-1) (x-1)-(3x-1) 9(x-1)-(3x-1) (¥-1)-(x-1) — 3x-1 3x-1

Pa ee! [(v +3)-y]+[1-(v-9)] your ayy 1 yr +4y-1

2
fpe en lRey sad yee (y=1)-y SC. oa ee
Ronee 2 1 [2-(y-)]-[(v+) 1] 2y-2-y-1. y-3 ((y-1)-»]-(v-3)
Ved lo ay 1-(y-1) (y-1) (y-1)
_ y +4y-1
yy-3)
Section 5.4 Case II Solutions - Multiplication of Complex Algebraic Fractions

2 2 2 ye My ob 5.3 Oe
ud Ses ce Meee MN Mi nd a le i apeluleopgah Aay pe
xy x4 xy-x4 xy xy

1 4x 1-4x 4x
2x3y? y 2x3 y?-y 2x 4x + xy? 4x7 y? Ax? y? 2
2. gt
oS atalt.ee eeMePee 2Xnyi
A eye ol
ee
Peary
ee.
Dx ay xy
ip 2 ae xy

Hamilton Education Guides 529

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate.Level Chapter 5 Solutions

x? x? x? x? 3 *

3
Sy
a
Tz
Go Eg
Sey
ee
nae 2 5 7 7
eee
dx 3x? 2x 3x? 2x 3x? 6x? 3. 6x3 6x° 6x 1

2 2x 3x [ex s 3x (2 =| 3x 2x3 yz? 3h 2x3 yz? -3x 6x4 yz?

x . :
Fi ie y? xz" ~ 1 y? x>z4 leye x>z4 es : x°z4 = ye x3z4 / x y*z4
: 1 s 1 1 1 1 1
yz? y?23 yz? yz? y pe y ie

5232 &
6x4 yz? y*23 6x4 y3z° - 6x4 y3 z} _ 6xyz _
Ae See
(ete
il ey
eeme Lee
ea ez
0 ca
1

: a wie c WSe ea er Sab" _ a? 3ab*_ a? =3ab! 2 304!

8 8 8 8 8 8
3 3 3 3 3 3
b
_ 8a°b>-3 _ 24a°b° _ 2ha®d® _ b
3a‘b*.8 24a4b* 2d4atn*
a

uvewe 1 urv>w «1 urv>w 5)

6 WoW 8 we Bw) a We urviw? - 6uv? is 6us vw? _ buryw? $ 2utys
1 1 1 2 ae | 3w4 Baws w?
6uv? 6uv2 6uv2 Ww

7 a’b4 a a’b4 = a*b* ~ a*b4 a a*b4

abe? [ae a abc? e a abe? oa) abc? Reab ce abc?
-2ab4c*
a? bc? ab?c* ab? c? 1 ab*c? a*b?c? \ 1-ab*c* a’b’c? abc? a*b*c* -ab?c*

a’b* 3 23
> ae = 1 - a’b* -a>b4c4 2 a>b’c* as a’ b® cf ne arb?
2a*b>e? 2a*b>c? 1-2a7b°c? 2a7b°c? 2a7b? ¢3 2c
Cc
a*b‘c* a’bic4
3 3 7 Ee | Dee
2 2 : 2
xyz” Hg eel ee ee! “ye xy xe xy
. Cae mee Sea ls ee, eeoa Fe
x? xy x? xy x? xy x? xy ee xy
1 1

7 x? y?z3 1 x7y 1 iN - yz? xy uix? y?23 xy ¥ x4 y323 é <4 yiz3 PTF 2

rr ee eeer en ee ee ee

2 3
pee ae its x em Sf! 3 6m 6.3
x = Tal a x-] De Eea ye el
eo ieee 4x4? Poe eee aes ayy 4x8 y4 4x! ph ae
2xy x? 2xy x? 2xy x? 2x7 y ne

XYZ XX xyz +x x? yz
ime 8 Db 2 3 Die Sy aD 2 2a 4.4 * 2
10 A SAY RV SN RG VEINGY 2 EA A 2 A 7 AY
1 xz : XZ, 54 x2 yz? ce x3y3z3 x3y3 a fy)

xty? yo yy 2
xy? z

Hamilton Education Guides 530

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

Section 5.4 Case III Solutions - Division of Complex Algebraic Fractions

ee xy xy? xy xy? x2y3 x7y3

12 Seis or aes Wea a dyed) ey Ke oy"

2x 2x 2x 2x 2x x> .2x 2x° 2x6 2x4
1 x4
i 4 4 1} 1-b b
2 7 adi wa hdl Eat ie ee a. _ bab’ abt _ ab) bt
aa a _b al a-l a a-a a az a
ab? ab? 1 ab* b- gb?-b ab? .
1 le hs fay 1-1 1 1
Sy ere a ye ae a
ae ix Peg “= dss aa eae = St aex Basarx en ie
x x x x1y-s ee
ra
~ ee ye oye 9 SV ee
eee ie I ee
u-vw wy uw ow u“vw-w u> vw u? vw?
4 w “w = w Pose wy _ ww _ www = uw?vw? «1 Tea 4 pote Z bee
, w? w w? w w? u>vw2 -w? uw? ud yw? uw?
aN es
ab? az bh? ab? ab? ab? b ab? -b ab* b

+ pe ee a Lan ye) ee ee ot ae Bee Mi

patie aia ab a:b ab g*b?-ab a> a?
b Ik 6} a -a a us
Zoe Zaz 2, 1 Ze z
SS aay TS ie ER ot ee ae eee hat Be Rea
ees z fe ae 2 z1-2 227 22? -2z3 4z° 428 4z
Dee wT Ook a7 eet! & m2 :
ab’cd* c*d>— ab’cd*_— ib? ab’cd*-b? ~— ab’cd* ~—ab*ca*
7 cd? , b? a cd? Ve" d® = cd’ «cd? = cd? & ce*d> a ab*cd* -1 = ab‘cd*
a*b? a*b? ab? a*b? ao. id -ab. abcd
1

_ ated ot
b2

abe d? ac*d
eal
Coy uw | i ee
ie ala PR a a er ee ee ee)
. gee. bolt ry leu? é wav a a ot
eA we 4 iad u!

6x7 y o> 2 ieee es eave 253452 4.4 a 3

9 x?
pL, a as
x ee
oi
zy xxy
a ap)
ed LN
ay
Ie i x,
haan
ae
ae
1

eg ot ei
2m m m mon men mn n
10 ee ees nh 5s
ee m> _ 1m Si i emi Me! 2
need 25 nim APB, we m>-mn m'n mst m?
1 lap l-n n m

Hamilton Education Guides 531

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 5 Solutions

Section 5.4 Case IV Solutions - Mixed Operations Involving Complex Algebraic Fractions

Ha 2 (a3)=(@3) “3-2
| 2 ee ee a eee)
peel at A (a-5)+(4-1) Sa+4 3-(Sa+4) 3(Sa+4)
Sap er eS 1-5 5
a a 1.a_ (l-d)+(a-1) bta
ae he ee peices ia:
1-2 1-2 Issa (1-5)-(a-1) b-a b-(b-a) B(b- a) b-a
b MS” aaa b
wot (1-y)-(1-3) yx
3 Lie ee xy The S25) ee xy(y- x) Oh ae y(y - x) [vas
— Sy (1-y)+(I-x) yx yrx y-x xy(xty) yx ty(xt+y) y-x x+y y-x
x y xy, xy

ive) Wen 2 (P23) 2

(x+y)-(y-x) (e+ y)(y-4) x+y
2 2
i ee lear. A ( if}+(ix 1 y? +x? 1
ie me ae epee ye Us es ee ee
>, a Coa ee 1)-(1-x?y?) TEED EO TESS:
xy? 2 xy? Z a 2 x? y? 2
x -]

: x? y? yo +x ). 1-2 x?y2ly ale ) . xeay . 2 o x+y? 3(1- xy)

x? *(1-x?y?] 3-(1- xy) xty"(1-x?y?] 3(1- xy) lax 3(1- xy) Jerry 2

# x2 4 y? 3(1— xy C x+y? Ht) x+y? 3 _ +y7)-3_ 3x +97]

(I-xy)(l1+xy) 2 (1-xy)(l+>) 2 lt+xy 2 = (1+2xy)-2 2(1+

xy)

BP) x2 (x-1)+(2-y) x+2y

5 fe Gi pas _ yl (et Wey (3 _ y:(x+2y) (2=2)
oe y 1x Uy) (l-y)-(@)) l-y ae ae). y-(y-x) \y
oy l l-y y
= y(x+2y) (y-2) - x+2y 1 = (x+2y “1 _ x+2y

Wy-%) oy ly ley y
Leleeee tt lt 2(ib)4 (1-2) 9(1b) (Pa) Bebo mb a
Gest ae) ee bid? bo a-b c a:b =) abe. a _ (b+a)-1_ (b-a)-1
a b C3 b a b a 6 ab-a —ab-b
1 1 1 1 il 1
b

Fi Es 2-@+)]-(-) 2y+2-1 2y+l

ie oe eal gles ea ee ee eM ee em ol adie 0 lk
25 ty 2 2 *2y -[2 G4] 27 2=2y=2*2y By *2y
ytl Wael (y+1)-1 yrl yl

Hamilton Education Guides Doe

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
i
a Chapter 5 Solutions
epee OO

® (2y+1)-(y +1) ay = (2y+1)(y+1) Slee ele il ley eel a (27+ leis ely 4141
(y+1)--2y — 2y -2y(y+l) 2p -2y — 2y Dy) oy 2y 2y

Seeley re
2y 2y zy 1
lesz: ult wid (1:5y)+(2:2x) Sy +4x
g, 2m Sy Hoa 2x sy , (5y+4x) : 2x 5y _ by +43) _ 10x _ by +4x)
eae Sly yea 1 (2.2x) -(1-5y) 1 4x —Sy 1
Sy 7485 Dye 755 5y-2x 10xy

a (Sy+4x)-10xy | (5y+4x) _ (Sy +4x)10zy | (5y+4x) 2 (Sy +4x)_ 2 (8y + 4x) 1

10xy - (4x - Sy) l 10zy(4x-Sy) 1 (4x-Sy) (Sy+4x) (8 +42)
(4x-Sy)
od 1 mE a 1-1 & 1
(4x-Sy) 1 (4x-Sy)-1 4x-5y
1 1 ( y*)- 1-x?] y =
ees 5 a2 oe
9 x Ye? = ae) 2 x7y? 2 a (» ed nae 2
: 1 eee 1 yx? 1 yee cs xy? 1 yee
ey xy? xy?

Nibee: )x Na 2 yr x? 2 _ty =2}2 Aly sis) Je

x2y2 y? —x? 1 ye —x? 1-(y? - x?) (>? -x?] 1

[bai 1 a (1- »)-(1-x) y-x

ie ee oat ane ar A a OM Dy oy iced ue ee beet) er nes? es
j al. 28 1 mE 1 Al 1 xy-l 1 xy 1 1 ws
xy xy xy xy

7
-2)+(x-1
ee) ( Ve p22 oa a eG ioe avelG oa eure eee
1 peg es
2 1-2 2 PF) | Wy 3 1

2 ZOE == 5 (x= 3)-3=1-(2e-1) 3 3¢-9= 24-1 5 3x-2x—9= 2x— 2x1; x-9= 0-1; x-9= AI
naa)

;x-94+9=-14+9;
x-0=8 ; x=8

3; ae 2 Oe ales Mei => 5 11=2-(x45) ; 1=2x410 ; 1-2x=2x-2x +10 ; 1-2x =0+10

x+5 x+5 x+5 5 |

; 1-2x =10 ; 1-1-—2x=10-1; 0-2x=9; ye Of are 2 eee : Poe

—2 -2 2 2
-5)-(y-2 =
4. age lo yA) a5
pe 5 Bo Eggs 0.3
2h ye eeanONesyraGOm o ee eye ige
2a Dies) 10 10 1 s 3 3

tc e _[4--3]-[3-@
+3] 5 4x-12-Gx+9) 5 ax-12-3x-9 5
2 Sees ex S38" 70" (x + 3)-(x-3) eo (8) (3) x2 9 x? Soe ae -33 x= 9

Hamilton Education Guides 533

 _ (4x-3x)+(-12-9) 5 x-21 5 ; (x= 21)-(x? - )=5-(x? -9) ; x-21=5 ; x-21+21=5+21
>

Hoyt Ol= 260 x = 26

57 eea a aE e e
eg
Se eee ee
3x 6
=24-1) 5 Sx-4=2 5 5x-44+4=244 5 Sx+0=6 5 Sx=6 5 eas
5 (5x-4)-(x-1)=2-(x-1) ; (5x-4)(¥-1)

te pee,
5

eee ete! (ES sue Be iE eam 5 eer eee

3 Sage. Sralacss 3-1 3 3 3 3 3

ee ie eI 2s, 0 al ow tnaen Wr oneS

8 x-1 4 eke ai 4 eae eel etl 4 en esa

ANS Re pe eae ey (x+3)(x+2) x43 7 x42 x+3 (x + 3)(x +2) x+3 x+3

Pool ees 4 —[@ =D +3)]-[%+)@+2) 4 a

= + = 0 5 oanTA oF
"x+2 x43 (x+3)(x +2) (x + 2)(x +3) (x + 3)(x +2)

(x? +3x—x—3)-(x? +2x+x+2] A x? +2x-3)—(x? +3x+2] ‘|

5 SS ee
(x +2)(x +3) (x +3)(x +2) (x + 2)(x+3) (x + 3)(x +2)

ee eee 4 7 (2x?) +Qx-39) 43-2) | 4 5

(x + 2)(x +3) (x+3)(x+2) — j (x + 2)(x +3) (x+3)(x+2)

x5 4 i, geet asta. titel > UN ees : ee

Prenieryarenas) (aces 2 eG 1
pox-T41=041 3 -x40=15 -x=1; 2-5; xa

2),
1 +
2x =
1 :
1 -
1 +
2x =
1 —
1 :
1
=
1 2x =
ao 470 x3 xt3 a-3 37-0 x-3 x-3 °°x43 x-3 3229

SIRES) Sos RR Se ey a
(x + 3)(x -3) x9 xo 39 439-353) x7 9 x 0e8 x29
3.

eae ; (-6+2x)-1=0-(x?-9) ; -6+2x=0 ; -6+6+42x=0+6 ; 0+2x=6 ; 2x=6 ; jee eens

ee Oe Dee, 1

3 Note that x =3 is an apparent solution. Substitution of x =3 into the original equation results in
division by zero which is not defined.

on A 1 x3 _(ex)+[E@+2))
1 x43 txt? x43 2x42
Kode APD x fOr (x +2)-x x x2 42x x(x+2) x b2e, ox? 4 x

; (x-+3)-(x?
+2x]=(2x+2)-(x? +2x) 5 (x +3)(x? +24) = (2e+2)(x?
+24) 5 43-2042 5 x-2e43=2x-2x42

3 -x+3=04+2 5; —x+3=2 ; -x+3-3=2-3 ; -x+0=-1 ; -x=-1 ; —=—; x=]

Hamilton Education Guides 534

 Chapter 6 Solutions:
‘Section 6.1 Case I Solutions - Logarithmic and Exponential Expressions
A. Write the following exponential expressions in their equivalent logarithmic form:
= 1 8 1 1
1. 2° =32 ; log) 2° = log,32 ; 5= log, 32 2. 4° =— ; log, 4° =log, — ; -3=log, —
Fe: AEs 84 64
a 1
3. 77 =49 ; log, 7 =log,49 ; 2=log, 49 4. 642 =8 logea 642 = loge, 8 S = logos 8

1 1
5. 814 =3 ; logg, 814 = ogg;3 ; *= logs 3 6. e2 = 7389 : Ine? =1n7389 ; 2=1n7.389
1 1
+1 -> 1 1 1
7,27 3 =— 3 ; logs,
E27 27 3 =log5, 8273— = ——= 827 —5
3 logy, 8 < 100 ae10 >sesboe
100 oon eee
100 10
> 2 100 10

1 1

9. 1253 =a) 5 logy75 1253 = logy 55 i 5= logis 5 10. 1000° =1; log 1000 1000° = logi000 1 5 0 = log yo00 1

B. Write the following logarithmic expressions in their equivalent exponential form:

1. Jog) 10000 = 4 ; 10/281010000 _ 194 ; 19900 =104 2. log, 64=3 ; 484% ~4° ; 64=4°

3. logio 01=-1 ; 10/809! -107! ; o1=107 4. logs 625=4 ; 5/°85°5 —54 ; 625=54

logo —
1 =
1 081 27 Le 1°

8 Dee ye ee =-2°5 6. log Ji=34 3 ==) 3 27==

3. lee eS
32 32 he3 tees 3
7. log; 243=5 ; 3!°83°4 =3° ; 243=3° 8. log, 256=8 ; 2/8275 28 ; 256=28

1 81 3125
9. logy 0.0001 =—4 ; 10/2810°-9001 _19~4 ; 9,9001= 104 10. Jog, 3125=-5 ;3 5 =
5
Section 6.1 Case II Solutions - The Laws of Logarithm
3
1. logg8" = logs8 =u x1= 0°
2. 0,02/280.027 = 2
3. logo ad = logo 10—log; ak 2logyy x
x
4. logyo Suey ick logy 5+ logy 2+ logio x? otelogy ye = logo 5+ logo 2+ 21logyo ate 3 logo y

logrs 25+ logos = logos 254 logrs x+0= 1+ logy. x

Y
6. 10810 —
1000 =! 0810 2-1 0810 1000
= logy,
£10 2-3

7. logyo9 9 is not defined

1
= 1
8. logy V3 = log i 35 = 5 [8103

ap log 5= logy 8-log,9 = logy 23 - log, 9 = 3log, 2-log,9 = 3x1-log,9 = 3- log, 9

10. log, 4-16 = log, 4+log,16 = 1+log,4’ = 14+2log,4 =14+2x1l=1+2 =3

Hamilton Education Guides 535

 Section 6.2 Case I Solutions - Computation of Common Logarithms

A. Use the Common Logarithms Table to solve the following logarithmic expresions:

1. logy) 3.57 = 0.5527 2. logy 3.08 = 0.4886 3. logyy 4.53 = 0.6561 4. logy) 8.24 = 0.9159

5. logy 732 = 0.8645 6. logy 5.55 = 0.7443 7. logy 2.12 = 0.3263 8. logy) 9.46 = 0.9759

9. logy) 529 = 0.7235 10. logio 1.26 = 0.1004

B. Solve the following common logarithms:

— logo 4,000 = logyy 4.0 x 10° = logy 4.0 + logy 10° = logi9 4.0+3logi) 10 = 0.6021+3 = 3.6021
1
Bs 1 1
2. logy 3V300 = logy) 3 + logy V300 = logyg 3 + logyy 3002 = logy 3+ 5 [810 300 = logy) 3+ 5 [e810 3.0 x 10?

= logy 3+ >(lost30+ logia 107) = logio 3+ 51 (logio 30+ 2logio 10) = 0471+ (04771
1 + 2) = 047714 =1 x 2.4771
= 0.4771 + 1.2386 = 1.7157
3. logy9 45,400,000 = logy) 4.54 x 107 = logy 4.54 + logio 10’ = logy9 4.54 +7logyy 10 = 0.6571+ 7 = 7.6571

4. logy 0.00023 = logy 23x 10~* = logiy 23+ logy) 10~* = logig 23-4logy9 10 = 0.3617-4 = -3.6383

¥52 = logy) 53ey

= 5 losio 5 = 25x 0.6989 = ———
13978 = 0.4659
2

5. logy

6. logy 28 = logy 2.8x 10'= log}o 2.8+ logio 10! = 0.4472

+ logi) 10 = 0.4472+1 = 14472

1
; 1 1
7. logy) 2V568 = logy 2+ logy ¥568 = logy) 2 + logy 5684 = logig 2+ 7 [2810 568 = ogi 2+ (/2810 5.68 x 10°]

= logo 2+ (losia 5.68 + logio 10°| = logo 2+ “(lose 5.68 + 21og9 10) = 0.3010 + 4 (0.7543 +2) = 03010+ 2.7543
1

0.3010 + 0.6886 = 0.9896

8. logy 0.068 = logy) 68x10 = logy) 6.8 + logyy 10°? = logy) 6.8 — 2 logyy10 = 0.8325-2 = -11675

9. — logyp 0.00001 = logy 1.0 x 10> = logy 1.0+ logyo 10° = logy 1.0—Slog\) 10 = 0-5 = -5

10. logy 450,000 = logy 4.5 x 10° = logio 4.5 + logo 10° = logy 4.5 + S5logy9 10 = 0.6532+5 = 5.6532

Section 6.2 Case II Solutions - Computation of Natural Logarithms

1. in38 = In38x10! = n3.8+1n10 = 1.3350+ 2.3026 = 3.6376

2D. ine? = In(e*)? =Ine 2 = Ine2 ace of areas

3. In0.0007 = In7.0x10~* = In7.0+n10~4 = In7.0—4/n10 = 19459-

4x 23026 = 1.9459
-—9.2104 = -7.2645

4. In255,000 = In2.55x10° = In2.55+/n10° = In255+5/n10 0.9361+5

x 2.3026 = 0.9361+11513 = 12.4491

pe = Inl—1n216 = 0-1n216 x10? = -(in2.16 + int0”) —In216-2/n10 = -0.7701-2 x 2.3026

216

Hamilton Education Guides 536

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

= -0.7701- 4.6052 = -5.3753

6. Ins = Ine—In3 = 1—1.0986 = —0,0986
1

7. In/500 = In5005 =! 500 = 5In(50% 107) = L5 —(In5.0+In10) = (In5.0+ 2in10) = —(1.6094

+2x2.3026)
nl n|—

(1.6094 + 4.6052) = ;x 6.2146 = 1.2429

Neu
8. Lae = In2—-In3 = 0.6932
-1.0986 = —0.4054

9. 500ne~* = 500x -3ne = 500(-3x 1) = 500

x-3 = -1500
2
10. In493 = =in49 = =In4.9x 10! = =(in49 + Ini0)= +(15892 + 23026) = see
Wry

Section 6.2 Case III Solutions - Computation of Logarithms other than Base 10 or e
16 16 1 = logy 8 0.9031
1. Yoo? —*= logy ——= loo, — = log, 8"! = log, 8 = =e = = ~1,4999
nose: 138 oe a, oe login 4 0.6021
E logyo 2 0.3010
2. log,162
083 = 083 log,2-81
= 083 log,2+log,81
083 = log,
083 2+ log,3*
083 = log,
083 2+4log,3 083 = ei
logo 3 44xx 1 = ——+
04771

= 0.6309+ 4 = 46309 or,

logyy 3 log3 log3 log3 0.4771 0.4771

log\9 50 log 5.0 x 10! log 5.0 + log 10! log 5.0 + log10 0.6989 + 1 1.6989

login16 12041, on
4. logaoe 16= =o: logys16= logiy 05 03010
=
2

A
1
=
ey 1
log, 16 = log, (4) = —4log| =—4x1=-4 Note: .) Se 1 a ixloees
Nie
2 2 2 Fee

Dy 3 - logo 2 ~ 0.3010
5. log; —=
7 ~
log3 2—log327 = log; Z2—l0g,,3.
= 023 = log;
023 2—3l0g)3 0283 = logg
023 2-3 xx = —
Ene = ai

= (6309-3 = —2.3691 Or;

2 logig2 logy) 27 _ log2-log27 _ log2-log2.7x10! _ log2-(log2.7+ log 10)

log;— = log; 2-log,27 = —2l0= - SW = 88 = So
27 logi9 3 ~—-logy 3 log3 log3 log3

logo 0.04 — Jog 4.0x10* ~—logyy 4.04 logy) 10? ~— 10g 19 4.0-2logyg10 = logyy 4.0-2

0.6021-2 -13979
1
5 1 1 2
7. logs 32¥4 = log, 32 + log, V4 = logy 32 + log, 43 = log 2 ace = Slog, oo eee 2? = 5iog, mets

Hamilton Education Guides 537

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

= Sx14 2x1 = 542 = 5+ 0.6667 = 5.6667

He 1
; =
np
ey Oy era bee Fa

Silt oie a Stays eens

(2) lee 3
x) 8 125

9. logy 50 = 2 = C10 A = B19 0 = 10 0 =

so logio 0.2 logy 2x10"! —logyg 2+ Jogyg 107! ~—f0g19 2-fogyo10 =:0.3010-1 — -0.699

10. J $f = SD
= 1
Joon30 +logs 2? = Joe, 30 +100,
_ logy 30, 1 logiy2 _ 14771 +,103010
ee
PEL CON Carlee 4204 10R6 sh BR, fet miesaaxe logio4 5S logio4 0.6021 5 0.6021
= 2.4533+ ;x 0.5 = 2.4533 + 0.1 = 2.5533

Section 6.2 Case IV Solutions - Computing Antilogarithms

1. logyy
x=0.453 ; 10/810* = 10°49 ; x =10°4? ; x= 2.8379
?
Check: Jog, 2.8379=0.453 ; 0.453=0.453
2. logo, x= 0.08 ; 0,1/801% =01°°8 » x= 01° ; ~= 0.8318
; logy 0.8318 ” 0.08 ?
Check: Jogo 0.8318=0.08 ; £2810
:
98318 _ 49g , -0-8 -908 ; 0.08
=0.08
logo 0.1 —|

3. log>x=-0.543
;
on Biolg, pee
2°72" =2
0543 ex
ee OSA + * = Tosa
ee a a
ss meeey
e a) ee

we 2 af ?
Check: Jog, 0.6863=- 0.543 ; Boe
ORO RSS BGs4zh; SOO. =sash asd Rosh
logio 2 0.3010
4. logyo3
x=0.4 ; 0.03/°80.03* = 0.0394 ; x=0,03°4 ; x= 0.2459
? ? = ?
CSS WOR I Ws ge el ey ey
: logi0 0.03 —15229

5. log pgx=-2 3 logy32

x= -2-; 1.732'781-72* = 1.7327 ; x = 17327 ; pana eers
157324 3
1 ie oh wv ? 25
Check: log yy=~? ; log (v3) =-2 ; ~2logjzV3=-2 ; -2x1=-2 ; -2=-2 Note: (v3) ieee

6. logyo9
x =0.04 ; 100/78100* = 100° ; x =100°% ; x=1.2023
? ? ?
Check: Jogyo 1.2023=0.04 ; LiSULELLESET ya : 0.08 “0.04 ; 0.04= 0.04
logo 100 2

7. logy x=3 ; 2'°82* =23; x=237; x=8

y ? ? @
Check: log, 8=3 ; log, 2?=3 ; 3log) 2=3 ; 3x1=3 ; 3=3

8. logig
x =-135 ; 10/°810* =107!95 ; x =10715 ; x= ee oe ee ; x= 0.0447
10135 22.387
?
logy,Ska
0.0447ti
? pie =
-135?e 135 2 135 =—135
Check: /ogio 0.0447=-135 ;
log) 10
e = 1 1
9. lo = 3d eA pe A pe ye ; x= 0.0412
ad 423 24.25

Hamilton Education Guides 538

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

? ? aes ?
Check’ 1oe, 004io=n 7 921 OUEI2 v5, S1385I 32532893
logy 4 0.6021
10. logyg99
x =0.03 ; 1000/°81000* = 1000° ; x=1000° ; x= 12303
Z ?
Check: /ogyo99 1.2303=0.03 ; £10 12303. 0.034 0.09 0.03 0.03=0.03
logo 1000 3

Section 6.3 Case I Solutions - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation Have the Same Base

Poe OG e243), Boos gh eS gs a re aos 52; x2 7 x= 0.75

?
Check: 3°75+2 33075 943-ec 3225 2p
2 25 943 5 3°=243 ; 243=243

De DQM a Date ogres 9! sn 4 lad n= t-1 = 2u=0% u=5 ;u=0

ip ? ?
Chek 2) Pia? 997 2? a2 A Pad

SF 125 2q _ 5943.
6 Sa)[53)77
_5943 .Se
ST, 53x29_Ses,
5943. SC
569 ES
_ 5943 6g
= geod —g=3 2 5qge3% wre:
iar q= 06
Check: 1252%9-5=
“50.643 + 49512ere (5°)2 = 536 . 53x12_
"536. 53.6
_ 536

4, 5**7 625;os Se a ee Ae ee
ee
Check: s-37 =625
2 ; 54=625 ; 625= 625
—2 +2
5. (4?) =256't2 ,42x-2
- = Pad gD) igh gh ay hg ge ee ees
4
—2? Z = ?
Check: (47) "=256-?; 422 29561 ; 4429567 ;4+: (4) ay ey a ale a

6G a aah oe he 4 ek aoe k=-> > k=-25

Check: 93*-2.5-1 py? L924 , ate) Ip? 5-65 : 2-85 227-65 98.542 _
Se oe =?

0)
of 243” =(3?| ; salen ae 2 3" = 34 . 35234. Swed ; wee - w=08
v 2 ? ?
Check: 243°8 =(3”) - 81=32%2 ; g1=34 ; 81=81

g goat god (PRE ; 49-2 4 ; 6g-2=-2 ; 6a=2-2 ; 6a=0 2 ;a=0

4
Ch k: 4oxorl , Pg peal
Seer Zee
Sea|| a?
bee ene 1 | Se=—| ) 1 al
—=— 2 Lan —
a 16 16 16 (67 he 116 16 Ne
Generale gta grt ge ge 3 Hye 3p 4
512 Po
fe 2 al ieee 1
; —-=——1
Check: 8“! =—=— ; 8? =2—— ; —=—_
is 512 5D. gee 512 512
2
10. (3°) =81" ; eas or li oe are Re
2? ? ?
Check: (3°) =81!5 - 32-729 ; 35=729 ; 729=729

Hamilton Education Guides 539

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

Section 6.3 Case II Solutions - Both Sides of the Exponential Equation do not Have the Same Base

_- logio9 >. , x=
0.9542 | x= 13652
le 3 =97 3 log.
5* =logs9; x =log.9 ; x
logo 5 0.6989
a
Check; 5!3°?=9 ; 9=9
0.6989
De ak 3s htt Slog, 3° = Jog; 5 ax el = log, ee —— _ ; 2x+1=14649
0.4771

2) = A649 lee ri— A649 — _— ae 02525

Check: ?
302325 . 30-2325+1 5 ? . 302325412325 5
, 30.2325 , 31.2325
_5 ? ? . 5-5
. 31465_5

3. log, 32°? =3x ; log (2°) =3x ; logs 25-2) - 35 : Jog, 25%! = 3x ; 5x-10=3x ; 5x-3x=10 ; 2x=10
=) 3

? ? 3? ? ? ?
Check: Jog, 32°? =3x5 ; log) 327=15 ; log,(2°) =15.} Jog, 2°? =15 ; logy 2° =15%; 15log, 2=15 5 15=15

logy 2
Ae eee a gat = DUT ee oe Jog c= loged | lu (2u- 2)log,2 ; -2u= (2u- 2)eo210=
logy e

; -2u=(2u- 2)eee 10a (2u - 2)Bee 0.693(2u- 2) ; -2u = 1386-1386 ; —2u—1386u = -1386
logy 2.7183 0.4343
; -3.386u =-1386 ; u= = 188 > u= 0.4093
-3,386
? ? ? ?
Check: ¢72*0-4093 < 70.4093 , 40.4093-2 . ,-0.8186 _ 90.4093 y-15907 . ,-0.8186 _ 40.4093-15907 . ,-0.8186 _ 5-11814

sir
aes as Wed rca Ea
pe en 1181S “29767, 2267

Bee GG Gy 3 i Glog 3 = Jory 6 & 2x 4 im log, bx Palogy 6

logy 3 0.4771

; 2x +3=1.6311 ; 2x =16311—3 ; 2x =—-13689 ; ie ; x=-0.6845

? ? @ ?

Gnome =e lopmiR 8? Ol 2? eye Ip yp dp acl - =3y ==! < ves : ves - y= 0.333

Check: Sood 72x0333 . 51 90333 240.666 : 51-0333 | 40.666 . 70.666 _ 40.666

i Det oe kd =5.2" soe

=2-20 8 22 8 210 ioe,8 lee Ge Deleon, 2

; e=(I1-2 ae
a2t=(
logy 2
:; 2t=(1-
2ra( 1).
lec ;2 =
0.3010
0.6309(1-2) ; 2¢ = 0.6309
(1-1) -0.6309 63091
; 2t + 0.63092 == 0.6309
0.

; 2.63091 = 0.6309 ; r= 230 . + - 92398

~ 2.6309
Check: 2-32%0.2398 ih 270.2398. 9, 30.4796 on . l eee 1 ?
30.2398 ; 2x 16937=4—— ; 3387=4x 0.8468 ; 3387=3387
x11808
1
8. Q=e' +inve > 2=e'+Ine2 : 2=e! + Ine: 2=el + : 2-a =e! : aa ne' : ef

Hamilton Education Guides 540

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

; log,e' =log,15 ; t=In15 ; t= 0.4055

Check dae 0.4055 t+inde ;2=e%)

” 9.4055 4 ne2
* :oe 15+ 5ine
l ? 1
5 2=154+—x1 ?
; 2=15+>1 ?
; 2=15+05 ; 2=2

Que Det a2? 8

2272 8 oe ——e Ine**? =In4 ; x+2=In4 ; x+2=13863 : x =13863-2 ; x=-0.6137
? ?
Check: 2¢706137*2—“93 e's 28 500 x48 < 82.8
a_ Pee ~

10.) loo 22 05 38 r? Dax? s 9a? - 2? 2h) Deel = ye

1, ? ?
Check: ba f2= 0.5; logy42=05 ; logy 4=05 ; ts 0.5 ;oe~=05 ; 05=05
»
Section 6.4 Case I Solutions - Solving One Variable Logarithmic Equations (Simple Cases)

1
1. x+4= logy 5 x+4=log, 64! ; x+4= logy(4*) 5 x+4= log, 4! 5 x+4=logy4? 3 x+4=-3logy4

5>x+4=-3; x=-3-4; x=-7

? ? ? =| ? ? ?
Check: ~1+4= logy = ; -3=log, 64! ; -3=log,(4°] ; -3=log, 4 ; -3=-3log,4 ; -3=-3x1; -3=-3
2
22, yosmineo ; y-S=Ine3 ; y-5=Sine : y-5=2x1 ; y-5= 0.6667 ; y=5+0.6667 ; y= 5.6667

? 3 ? 2 #9) a) TD)
Check: 5.6667 -5=InYe2 ; 0.6667=lne3 ; VGN : US CUE ene ; 0.6667== ; 0.6667
= 0.6667

3. 1 ; x =log,3°2 +logy2
x=log,—~—+log,8 3 ; x =2log,3+3log,2 logig3+3
; x =2log,3+3 ; x =2———_
36 logo2
X=sDEX lee =D
1 oo oe = lve = Ole)
0.3010
: ? ? ? ?
Check: 617 log, +
3 log, 8 ; 6.17=log, ge + log, 8 ; 617=log, 9+ log, 8 ; 617=log, 9-8 ; 617=log, 72

? logyg 72 | 617="4 1.8573

: 617= : 6. : 617=617
logy 2 0.3010

4. logy(x+2)=5 ; 3!8(**7) = 35 5 x42=243 ; x=243-2; x= 241

? @
Check: log;(241+ 2)=5 ; log3 243— a log; 3° ah Bee: 5)8 arcilesey s Sse)

5. logyx =3+log35 ; logyx =3+ dei logge =3 + Vo : logy x =3+14649 ; log, x = 4.4649 ; 4/84* = 444049
log\ 0.4771

x= 44404 | y= 487.68
_ Logo 487. 687 ,| logins . 2.6881’, 0.6989 ?
48768=341 aS SS oO = 34+——— 5 4.465=341465 ; 4.465
= 4.465
eg ma 2 ead op 3.” agua TLO4 TTI
6. log, 1000 =3 ; a/28a!000 — G3 ; 1000=a? ; 10° =a ; a=10
? p ? ? ?
Check: /ogi9 1000=3 ; ogi
1x10° =3 ; logy 1+ logy 10° =3 ; 0+3logy) 10=3 ; 3x1=3 ; 3=3
eer Le, x43) _ al She) -l, capes ' 2 logy
SUSIE: 243 Pe _TT23856
AStA
LD = fo 27°" =243~ ; logy, 27 logy, 2437" 3 x +3 =—logy, 243 5 x+ oer 55

Hamilton Education Guides 541

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

; X+3=-16667 ; x =-3-16667 ; x =-4.6667

@hecks 27
4.666743.
mi
1
=—— ; 27
-16667°.= 1 —_
Ilo»
— = —_

743 243 ° 5716667 ~943° 243 243

[opti se: Ion aRa eee yaw2 « ra 5 hes eee tee 080It
> a Salas ia 302 1.2457
Gheck: for 08007 i= 5° eee
l 0.8027 ?
9: -0.0955 =? 02: -02=-02
logo3 “SCAT
; 1 1
logys
x=> 25!0825*¥ 252 : x=252 ; x= V25 ; x= V5"? 5 x=5
?
oe Ue 1 a Leet losin
Check: : logys55=— a0 ; logys 25 2=— ;-—]
5 025 WSS aef= os iene
ees:
Nl

10. +3=logy7
Creare 3 x43 Bceio
Torys? eee ees
7 x+3= LEACL
0.3010
x+3=28076 ; x =2.8076-3 ; x=-0.1924

? ? logig 7
Check: -0.1924+3=log,7 ; 28076=—!2" ; 28076=? 0.8451
r ; 2.8076= 2.8076
logyo 2

6
6 log3— lorx27 .9 @ 27 6 27Tu
log; = 6—log3 u=log327
= 27 ; log;
log; —=10g327
; 083 33 # = 383°" = ‘—=27 s =
—= — 5 6-1=27-u u s 6=27u
5;7— = —
OF

; Sige : ce ; u=0.2222
MY 27
a 2
Check: /og3 6—/og3 0.2222=log3 27 ; log; 02903 =log3 27 ; log3 27 = log3 27

logy 9 0.9542 logsx _ —-3.1698 1

i085 x =/ 080.5 >= log.
08's x = logio 05 : logs
85 x= 0.3010 ; logs
85 x = -3.1698
; 5°°85* =5 x=
53.1698

= i ; x = 0.0061
164.284

Che ceaoee 006)

Tops oe SO! Pileeis pk 218T 209542 aay
: 05 Yogi 5 ~—-(10g19 0.5” 0.6989 03010 ”
x+2
lo a5 — 5/0550 X+2 _ 6 x+2_ 50
logs(x + 2) - logs 4 = logs 50 ; logs == = logs 50 15 me. (x +2)-1=50-4
4 ut
3; x+2=200 ; x+2-2=200-2 ; x+0=188 ; x=188

sj 200 ”
Check: log; (188 + 2) — logs 4=logs50 ; logs 200-logs 4=logs 50 ; logs ees 50 ; logs 50= logs 50

log(x?+2x)
log(x + 2) + log x = log 10 : logl(x + 2)- x]= log 10 : log(x? +2x)=1 ; 10 =10! ; x* +2x=10

5 x? +2x-10=0 é (2) =00r2-|2=4) =0 : x ~ (FEE?) «9 op» (286832) _g

, x (AS?) = 0 or x -(BS) 0 > x -—2.3166=0o0rx+43166=0 ;|x=2.3166] or |x =-—43166

Z
p
Check: 1. Substitute x = 23116 in the original equation. Then, log(2.3 166+ 2)+ log 2.3166=/og10
@ ?
; log 4.3166 + log 2.3166=1 ; 0.635+ 0.365=1 ; 1=1

Hamilton Education Guides 542

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

?
2. Substitute x =—4.3166 in the original equation. Then, log(-4.3 166+ 2) + log— 4.3166=log10
?
; log— 2.3166 + log— 4.3166=1. Since the /og of negative numbers is not defined thus, x = —4.3166 is nota
solution.

5) In(x + 2) = In(5- x) : gitl**2) =er) 5 ¥+2=S—yx 5 x+x4+2=5-—x4+% 5 2X4+2=5+0 : 2xn4+2=5

8 Dee
DSWD =, 2 races) 8 yeas) 8 a3 tees eS
?
Check: Jn(1.5+2)=In(5-15) ; In3.5 = 1n3.5
log3(x + 1)+ log; x = log39 ; logs|(x + 1)-x] = log;3? ; logs(x? +3] = 2log33 ; logs(x? +3] =2x1

I Z = ye
logs(x? +x) =2 _ 3a +) _ 32 ee See g 5 ee Oe 0 3 (A 00x -(2 7)<0
2
—. = 0 or x (190827) = 7 [20 = 0 or x (707) i

> x-2.5413=00rx+3.5413=0 ;[|X=2.5413] or |x = -3.5413

?
Check: 1. Substitute x = 2.5413 in the original equation. Then, /og3(2.5413
+1)+/og3 2.5413=/og;9
2 ?
; log; 3.5413
+ log; 2.5413=1og;9 ; log3(3.5413
x 2.5413)=log39 ; log;9=log;9
?
2. Substitute x = -3.5413 in the original equation. Then, /og3(—3.5413
+1)+ Jog3— 3.5413=/og; 9
?
; log3— 2.5413 + log3— 3.5413=/og3;9. Since the Jog of negative numbers is not defined thus, x = —3.5413 is
not a solution.

log(x + 2) - log(x + 3)=log10 ; log eM

era) ©
Ol 5x+3= ni > x43
=— 1 ; (x+2)-1=10-(x
+3)
3 x+2=10x+30 ; x-10x+2=10x
—-10x +30 ; -9x+2=0+30 5; -9x+2=30 ; -9x4+2-2=30-2 ; -9x+0=28

; -9x = 28 (ELE es : fas ss eee 3; x=-3111

-9 -9 9 9
) 2
= ii
Check: /og(-3.111
+2)—Jog(-3.111+3)=og10 ; log(-1111)
-/og(-0.111)=/og10 ; log = =log10 ; log10=/og10
Ser 2 2

logs (x +2) = logg(10—x) ; 8'288(**?)

=gives(l0-*) » 42 =-10-x ; xt¢x+2=10-x4x 5 2x+2=1040 ; 2x4+2=10
4

oe 7) 3)(VF 2 ea VEMS A Ara B ee ee EY = 4)

come 1
?
Check: /ogg(4+2)=/ogg(10—4) ; logs
6=logs 6

logy (x + 2) + logs 5 = logy310 ; log Gao\e races ; log Ga)

Pe > Cree Te r logy 03° 95229 °; logy(x>? + 2)+1= -19125
; logy(x +2) +1-1=-19125-1 ; logy (x +2) +0=-29125 ; logy(x
+2)=-2.9125 ; 2/28a(**) = 9-29125
; Fee 5 eee 5 x+2=01328 ; x+2-2=01328-2 ; x+0=-1867 ; x =-1.867
29125 To292
? ? log\y 0.133 ,? logyy10 -08761 .? 1
Check: : logy( -1.1.867 + 2) + logs 5=logy3
= 10 ; log,029 0.133+1=/ 0203 10 ; —-——
jefe +l= logy 03 ° : 03010 +]1= Tn:

?
; -2.91+1=-191 ; -191=-191

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

x+8
ORD a +8 +8 16
10. log (x +8) — logy x = log, 16 ; logy 2*5 = tog, 16 ; 2 amy tithes Corr srpeltes eth.
x
> x+8=16x ; x—16x+8=16x—-16x ; -15x+8=0 ; -15x+8-8=0-8 ; -15x+0=-8 ; -15x=-8

gents ae: ;x= ou ; x= 0.5333

-13 -15 15
8.5333 ”
Check: Jog (0.5333 a 8)— logy 0.5333= logy 16 ; log, 8.5333 — log 0.5333=log, 16 ; logs ae =log, 16

3 log) 16= logy 16

Section 6.5 Case I Solutions - Solving Numerical Expressions Using Logarithms

1. Let x = (0.00025)(12,000,000) then, Jog x = /og(0.00025)(12,000,000) ; log x = log(0.00025)

+/og(12,000,000)
; logx =log2.5 x 107 log 1.2 x 10’: logx =log2.5+ log10~4 + log1.2+ log 10’
; logx= log2.5— 41og10 + log1.2+7log10 ; logx =log2.5-—4+log12+7 ; logx=0.3979 —4+ 0.0792 +7
; logx= 0.3979+0.0792 +3 ; logx =3.4771 ; 10'8* =107477! ; x =10°47"' ; x = 2999.85
& Let x =(8755)(0.000165) then, logx= /og(8755)(0.000165) ; logx= log(8755) + log(0.000165)
: log x = log 8.755 x 10° + log1.65x10~ ; logx =log8.755
+ log10° + log 1.65 + log10~4
; log x = log 8.755 + 3log10 + log1.65— 4/og10 ; log x =log8.755+3+log1.65-4 ; logx = 0.9423 + 0.2175-1

; logx = 0.1598 ; 10/8* = 10°19 ; x =10°18 - ¢= 1.4447

1

3. First Method: Let x =/0.35 then, logy

x =logy Y0.35 : logy
x=log) 0.355 ; logy
x=logy) 035°"
5 logig x =0.2logio 0.35 ; logy)x= 0.2 x-0.4559 ; logy)x= —0.09118 ; 10/°810% = 19-9118
é 1 1
> y= OOS . y= 10009118 >
x=
~~ 12336 : x = 0.8106
1

Second Method: Ler x = 0.35 then, logy x = log, /035 : logy x= log 0.355 ; logyx= logy 035°?

5 logy x =0.2log, 0.35 ; logy x =0.2x penton 23 ; logy x =0.2x 0.4559 ; logy x = -0.3029 ; glogr* _ 7-0.3029
logo 2 0.3010

he > =
ae
729.3029 2 ON) 1. x= 08106
ieee
1.2336

3650 3650
A Jig og = Boe then, Jogx= NOS oe ; logx= log 3650 — log 2.25 ; logx= log 3.65 x 10. log 2.25

; log x= log 3.65 + log 10° —log2.25 ; logx = log 3.65 + 3log10—log2.25 ; logx = log3.65+3-log2.25

; logx = 0.5623+
3- 0.3522 ; logx =3.2101 ; 10/8* =10°7!0! . y= 1032! - y= 16222
3

5. Letx=¥5.09° then, logx= log¥5.09° ; logx = log5.095 : log x = =log’5.09 ; logx = x0.7067 ; log x = 0.4240

510/22 10)0 ae = 100 = = 2 6546

6. Let x = 0,983°° then, logx= log 0.983°° ; logx = 5.6log 0.983 ; logx = 5.6 x -0.00745 ; logx=-0.0417
: 19/08* = 1070-0417 : weit a - x 1 - x= 0.9084
1000417 >“ 11008 ”
de
0.00057°°>
Letx= 55540002 then, log x = 2
0.00057°°
Ie > log x = log 0.00057°. =~ log 5554°.002

Hamilton Education Guides 544

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

> ; logx= 0.05/og 0.00057 - 0.002 log 5554 ; logx = 0.05(log 5.7x 10-*) = 0.002{ log 5.554 x 10°)

> ; logx = 0.05(/og 5.7 + log 10-*) - 0.002{Jog5.554 + log 10°) 9 (sa 0.05(/og 5.7+-4 log 10) - 0.002(/og 5.554 + 3log 10)

; logx= 0.05(log 5.7 — 4)- 0.002(log 5.554 + 3) ; log x= 0.05(0.7558— 4)— 0.002(0.7446 + 3)
.)

; logx= (0.05 x -3.2442) — (0.002 x 3.7446) ; logx = -0.1622- 0.0075 ; logx =-0.1697 ; 10/°8* = 107°1697
2

. 1 1
ee TOR ge ee
1991697 14780 ° >ye 676

0.14879 0.14875 95 ie
8. Letx= taal then, logx = APOE ; logx = log 0.148°° —log335°° ; logx =2.5log 0.148 — 1.2 log 33.5

; logx = 2.5log1.48 x 107! -1.210g335x10!; logx = 25{log 1.48 + log10'| 7 12(log335 + log 10'
; logx= 2.5(log 1.48 — log 10) - 1.2(log 3.35 + log10) ; logx= 2.5(log 1.48 - 1)— 1.2(log3.35 +1)
; log x= 2.5(0.1703 - 1)- 1.2(0.5250+1) ; logx = 2.5 x -08297-1.2x 1.525 ; logx= -2.0743-183 ; logx=-3.9043
ree eee
> 10°°8* = 19 28 - y = 1973908 : x = 0.000124
"4939043? 8022.32
1 1 :
2, 2:
ONLeL x — wt 3 then, Jogx = pe ; logx=log 23552 — log 0.2357 ; logx = ee 2355 — 2log 0.235
0.235 0.235 2
; logx =0.5log 2.355 x 107. 2 log 2.35 x 10>: logx = 05{log 2.355 + log 10°)- Alog 2.35+ log10"'|

; logx= 0.5(log 2.355 + 3log 10) — (log 2.35 -1og10) ; logx= 0.5(log 2.355 + 3)— 2(log 2.35 - 1)
; logx= 0.5(0.3719 + 3)— 2(0.3711-1) ; logx = 0.5 x 33719 -2 x -0,6289 ; logx= 1.686+1.2579 ; logx= 2.9439

- 10/°8* =107"499 - x =8788

0.05 3/ 2 0.05 3/4 22
LOM cio a aS then, logx = 3 eRe : log x = log(28°°° 123?|~ tog (0.00008) 305°|
(0.00008) v3.05 0.00008) v3.05
2 3
: logx = log 28° + log V2.3? — log 0.00008 - log V3.05° ; logx= 0.05 log 28 + log2.33 — log 0.00008 — log 3.052
>

: log x= 0.05log 2.8 x 10! + +log23-log8x 10> - 5log305 ; logx= 0.05(log 2.8 + 1)+ +log23 - (log8- 5)- 5log305
5)

; log x= 0.05(0.4471 + 1)+ ;x 0.3617 — (0.9031 - 5)- ;x 0.4843 ; logx= 0.0724 + 0.2411 + 4.0969 - 0.7265 ; logx= 3.684
~,

- 19/8* = 10784 » ~= 10° ; x= 48305

Section 6.5 Case II Solutions - Expanding Logarithmic Expressions from a Single Term

3x Z 3x x >
if is ane |= 8 a+) = log3x - log|(2x - 1)(x + 1)| = log3+logx- [Jog(2x - 1)+ log(x + i)|

= log3 + log x - log(2x - 1)- log(x +1)

con (ere pf0cahj = lari = 5|nt»)? - In(t+)] = + [2In(1 x) - in(1 + x)]

wae

545
Hamilton Education Guides
 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

3 1 3
® op
3xy(x+1)°
ole = logy
3af(x41 p Ps 3x(x +1)2
( Z = log, es L ine pene = log3| 3x(x
3
+1)2 —log3(x - 1)?
(x -1) (x -1) (x - 1) (x -1)
g
= log3 3x + log3(x +1)2 — log;(x-1)? = log3 34+logs x + +logs(x +1) - 2/ogs(x -1)

= 1+log; x+$logs(x+1)-2log3(x-1)
1
| a 1
4. logs e = logs 64x3 —logg (x-1)" = logg 64+ logs x ~ logs |(x-1)*]? = logs 8° + Blogg x ~ 5 log (x 1)"
G1),
2
= 2logs 8 + 3logg x - >x dflogs(x -1) = 2x1+3logg
x-2logg(x-1) = 2+3logg x-2logs(x-1)

5. In a ao =In a:;on = In|

(2x + 3)(3x - 1)]= dnf(x + 2)(x +1)] = dn(2x + 3)+ dn(3x - 1)- [n(x + 2) + In(x +1)]

= In(2x+3) + In(3x- 1)In(x+2)-In(x+1)

125y°(/y
+2} 1 1
6. logs = logs|125y°( y+ 2)]-logs 8(y- 1)2 = logs 125+ logs y> + logs Jy +2 |e 8+ logs(y - »2|
8(y -1)2
i
= logs 53 + Slogs y + logs(y + 2)5 -|togs 8+ Fo¢s(»-1) = 3logs
5+ 5logs y+ <logs(y +2) ~logs 8 - +logs(y-1)

= 3+ Slogs y+ =logs(y+2)- logs 8 logs(y 1)

2
Va(e-1)" = logs 1252? ~ logs|V8(z-1)"] = logs 125+ logs z? - [logsJ8+ logs(z-1)"]
1
1
= logs 5? + 2logs z — logs V8 - logs(z-1)° = 3logs5+2logs z—logs 82 - 2logs(z-1)

= 3x 1+ 2logs 2~= logs 8 - 2log5(z-1) = 3+2logs 25 logs 8- 210g5(z 1)

3 / /
8. logio a logy 3w —logyg11 worl = log\9 3 + logy w— (Jogi 11+ logyo Wook i
livw?+1
1
= logo 3+ logy) w — logyg 11- logio( w? +:1)? = log, 3— log9 11+ logy w 5 logo(w? + i)

me 3 4 3 us
9. log oo log3 27x" — log 2(x -1)2 = log327+log3 x - log; 2 + log3(x -1)2
2(x -1)2

= log;3° 3 + log;x3 ~ logs 2— =

1 1 1
logs(x -1) = 3 logs 3 + 3 logs x — logs 2— = logs(x~1) = 3x 1+ 3logs x ~ logs 2— = logs(x - 1)
1
= 3+3log; x— logs 2 logs(x— 1)

6477 (t+1 i
10. log, weed = log, [6427(1+ i)|-log, ihe log, 64+ log, i log,(t + 1)— log, 73

l
=loggA" + 2logy t+ loga(t+1)— = l
logy 7 = logy 4+ 2logy t+ loga(t +1) - > log, 7 = 3x1+2log, t+ loga(t+1)~ logs 7

= 342log,t+log,(t+ 1) - 508 7

Hamilton Education Guides 546

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level
a Chapter 6 Solutions
eID

"Section 6.5 Case III Solutions - Combining Logarithmic Expressions into a Single Term

1. 2logg5+4logg u+logg 10 = logs 527 logs us 4 logg 10 = logg 25 + logg nas logg 10 = logg 25x 10x us = logs 250u*

4 2
De (4log; 2 —log; u)+ (2log; 3-3log3 u) = (log; one log3 u|+ (log;ae log3 u') = log; ca + log3 oe = log; I8+ log; s
Uu u u u
16.9 rex = 144
SUESa aie Ses ke
ue uxuw

3. 3log 1 ox +[log 10 (x - 2) -log 10 (x+1)| = log 10 x +lo£10 Ea

a = lo£10 Pea
eat = log 10 eg)
+1

x-1

4.‘ [log(
0g(xx-1)- 3log(x + 2)]—log x = [eet
x-1)-log(x+2)° —logx =| - log logx = log Lae k=ey log eee =
Pa x x(x +2)
1
1
=o

5. te 7-—log> 21)+3log, x =| logy 7— log 273 |+ log, x= (log, 7 - logy 27) + log, x= log a + log» x?
3 27
3
Use
logy82 —=
3r5 + logs x = log) i+ log x3 = log» ;xx = log, —
3

1
6. logs3- (log, 3+2log, x) = log,3- (log, 3+ log, x?) = log,3-log, 3x? = log, Aa = log, rk
x x

1. [2log.x + 3log(xx-1)]- [2log(xx-1))+ log 2| = [leex? + log(x -1)ae H2e(x

y=) + log =[logx?(x- 1] - [toga(x — 1”)

x ie) - x*(x-1)
= log og
2(x - 1)” 2
12
8. (Jogyo 12 —2logyo 3)+ 2logiy x = (lozi0 12 — logy 3*}+ logyo x? = (Jogo 12 — logy 9) + logyo x? = logo 9 + logyo oe

4 4 4x?
SL logy x° = logio zxe as, -

9. 12 . (Jos =.
(logy 12 - 310g, 2) — (logio 3- 2/ogi w) = (lozio 2 =o, 25)s (lozi0 Baoan w?) ~ (togi0| 3
Ww

&
2 3 Sali a Bx we 2D _ w 2

= (toe103)x (Jos 5) = logyo ea 10g 10 3x2 log 10 ce

2
w

10. log(x + 1)- [3log(x + 2)= 3log x| = log(x + 1)- [eet + 2)° — log | = log(x + 1)= Ie =
(x=)|

‘ x? x (x +1) ig x3(x+1)
Sigg
(x +2)?

Section 6.6 Solutions - Advanced Logarithmic Problems

kt
1. Given p= A+") solve for ¢ if P=20, Ry=10, r=l,and k=2.

kt 2xt 2t 2t

=ee ; 20=10{1"75) |
r 1 20 2+1
.2.(3)
2 3
, 2215 2t
; log)52=log,s157 2
; logys2=2t
i
: ai+2) Cpe) Ta 2a See

Hamilton Education Guides 547

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

p= 0930 = EME ; t= 0.8547

logy 1.5 0.1761
? 1) 2*08547 > 4 4)17093 ? 3) +7093 ? 2
Check: 20=10{1+4) : 20=10{ +4) : 20=10-(3) 20=10
x1.5179 ; 20=10x2 ; 20=20

2. Given 4= Ay + ke solve for ¢ if 4=100, 4) =10, and k=2.

A= Ay tke ; 100=10+2e" ; 100-10 =2e' ; 90=2e° ade ; 45=e7' ; log, 45=log,e”ens log, 45=-t

t=—log,45 ; t= -3.8067
: fi ? ?
Check: 100=10 + 2e-(-38067) - 100=10
+ 2e38°7 ; 100=10+2x45 ; 100=10+90 ; 100 =100

3. Given B= Bo + ke *4) solve for ¢ if B=200, By =25, k=5, and a=0.01

ere ke (!+4) - 200 = 75 + 5e7(¢+0.01) - 200-25 = 5e7(¢+0.01) -175= 5e7(¢+0.01) _ 178 | o-('+0.01) 25 7 (/+0.01)
3
: n35= Ine?) + 35 =—-(r+0.01) ; n35=-1-0.01 ;t=-In35~0.01 ;t= -3.5554-0.01; 1 = 3.5654
? ? iz ie
Check: 200=25 + 5e(-35554+0.01) . 999225 4 5¢35654-0.01 200=25 + 5e355 200=25+5x35 ; 200=25+175
; 200 = 200
t

4. Given N = Noe 1000 solve for ¢ if N=2 and No =5N

t t t t t t
N=Noe 1000 ; 2=10¢ 1000 ; — =e 1000 . =¢ 1000 ; 0.2=¢ 1000 ; In0.2=Ine 1000; In0.2=-——
1000
>

; 1000
x n0.2=-t ; t=-1000x/n0.2 ;t =-1000 x -1.6094 ; t= 1609.4
1609.4
: eae y ? ?
Check: 2=10e 1000 ; 2=10¢7160%. 2- 10- ce : 2m10:+ ; 2=10x02 5 220
5
5. Given Q=Qo(1-m)°°” solve for t if Q=04, Qo = 40, and m=05.
Q=Qy(1-m)°" ; 0.4=40(1-0.5)°™; = 0.59 ; 0.01= 059°" ; logos 0.01 = loggs 0.5°°*' ; logy 50.01
=0.05¢
0.05¢ = log;9 9.01 | 2
; 0.5¢ = ——— ; 0.051
= 6.6439 ; pene ; = 132.88
logy 0.5 -0.3010 0.05
24 ? ?
Check: 0.4=40(1-0.5)°°"??8 ; 0.4=40x 05° ; 0.4=40x 0.01 ; 04=04
kr
6. Given K =K 4 200 solve for r if K=5Ky, Ky =O, and k=1
kr Ixr

K =Ko4 200 ; 5x01=01x4 200 ; a =4 200 5 5= 4-705" » Jog, 5 = log, 4-0”; log, 5 = -0.005r
logy) 5
SE UO Spee 0005p = 0 OOSHEM IOUS Fmeee hos Ie
logo 4 0.6021 ~ =0.005
2 _1x=232.16 : ?
Check: 0.5=01x4 200 5:; 0.5=01 x 4168 . 95=01x5 5 0.5=05

7. Given M = Moe “~4) solve for t if M=5, Mo = 500, and k=01

Meee k(t-4) - § = 5000 21-4) ae
Pod =p Olt+0.4 1 4
: In0.01 = Ine~e!+0-
nad oye -0.1f+0.4 , = —0.11+0.4
300 100m oie
ie
-46052-04=
3 —4 6052 =
—0.1¢ + 0.4 : EO 1ha5 005) hips - 1= 50.052
?
l
Check: 5=500e704(50052-4) . 5 5q997-01(46.052) . 5 _ 5999-46052 .5”500 x Tsp
? ,
i I &

;3=5

Hamilton Education Guides 548

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Chapter 6 Solutions

8. Given Y= ¥(1+r)” solve for n if Y=10, % =2, and r=0.25.

I
Y=Yo(l+r)” ; 10=2(1+0.25)” ; 10 _ _logyy5
_ 125" 5 5=1.25” ; logy
a55= logy 751.25” ; logyas5=n ; n=
2 logi 15

VESey aes
eb2se ; n= 7.2126
0.0969
? @ fe
Check: 10=2(1+0.25)’77° ; alii Gacles ees
9. Given A= Ag(2-*') +n Ap solve for t if A=10 and Ap = 0.02.
+1n0.02 ; 10 = 0.02(2-*')-3.912 ; 10+3912=0.02(2-) ;5139120
A= Ag(2-*") + In Ay ; 10 = 0.02(2*') = 27-5!

5 695.6=2-' ; log, 695.6=log, 2™™ ; log, 695.6=—St ; —5

Seep 0955 ; 5 -St= 8A ays)
2 A mee logy 2 03010

; a5
? ? ? ?
Check: 10=0.02(2-*-1#884) + 1n0.02 . 10=0.02(2°4) - 3912 - 10=0.02
x 69555-3912 ; 10=13912-3912
; 10=10

10. Given U =Upe*! +2 solve for ¢ if U=8 and Uy =4.

U=Ue 4t-1142: 8=4e 41-1 +2; 8=22¢ 4t-1 +1); 85=(244t-1 +l); fn5=2¢ Atl +1; 4-122e1
elbow1 Se
Lie

-15=e% : IntS=Ine*! ; 04055=4t-1 ; 0.4055+1=4¢ ; 4¢=14055 ; t= — : 1=0.3514

? ? ? ? ?
Check: 8=4e4%93514-1 4.9» g=ge!405O1 49 - ga4e94056 42; 8=4x154+2 ; 8=6+2 ; 8=8

Hamilton Education Guides 549

Glossary
The following glossary terms are used throughout this book:

Absolute value - The numerical value or magnitude of a quantity, as of a negative number,

without regard to its sign. The symbol for absolute value is two parallel lines “| |”. For instance,
|-2}=|2)=2, |-35/=[35/=35, |-0.23|=|023/=0.23, and |-5.13|=|513|=513 are some examples of how
absolute value is used.
Accurately - Without any error; exactly.

Addend - Any of a set of numbers to be added.

Addition - The process of adding two or more numbers to get a number called the sum.

Adequate - To consider or treat as equal. To make or set equal.

Advanced - Having gone beyond an initial or elementary stage; progressive.

Algebra - A branch of mathematics that deals with the relations between numbers.

Algebraic approach - An approach in which only numbers, letters, and arithmetic operations are
used.
Algebraic expression - Designating an expression, equation, or function in which only numbers,
letters, and arithmetic operations are contained or used.

Algebraic fractions - A fraction having variables in either the numerator or the denominator or
both.
Antilogarithm - The number corresponding to a logarithm.

Apparent - Appearing to the eye or to the judgment; seeming, often in distinction to real; obvious.

Application - The act of applying or putting to use.

Apply - To put on. To put to or adapt for particular use. To use.

Approximation - An amount or estimate nearly exact or correct.

Area - The amount or size of a surface: The area of a floor 10 feet by 10 feet is a 100 square feet.

Arithmetic fractions - A fraction having positive or negative whole numbers in the numerator
and the denominator; an integer fraction.

Associative - Pertaining to an operation in which the result is the same regardless of the way the
elements are grouped, as, in addition, 2+(4+5) = (2+4)+5 = 11 and, in multiplication, 2x (4 x 5)
eo 4) —40e
Assumption - The act of assuming; supposition; the act of taking for granted.
Base - a. The number on which a system of numeration is based. For example, the base of the

Hamilton Education Guides 550

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Glossary

decimal system is 10. Computers use the binary system, which has the base 2. 6. A number
that is to be multiplied by itself the number of times indicated by an exponent or logarithm. For
example, in 2°, 2 is the base and 5 is the exponent.
Binomial - An expression consisting of two terms connected by a plus or minus sign. For
example, a+b, vx? —J/y , x°+3x, and ab -3ab are referred to as binomials.
Brackets [ | - A pair of symbols used to enclose a mathematical expression.

Cancel - To cross out or mark. To subtract, a common term, from both sides of an equation or
inequality in the same way.
Case - Supporting facts offered in justification of a statement.

Centigrade - Of or indicating the temperature scale used for ordinary purposes throughout the
world. In this system water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.

Change - To replace by another; alter; transform.

Check - To test or examine, as for accuracy or completeness.

Circle - A plane curve all of whose points are equally distant from a point in the plane, called the
center.
Class - A group of persons or things that have something in common, a set, collection, group.

Classification - The act, process, or result of classifying.

Classify - To put or divide into classes or groups.

Coefficient - A number placed in front of an algebraic expression and multiplying it; factor. For
example, in the expression 3x? +5x =2, 3 is the coefficient of x*, and 5 is the coefficient of x.

Combine - To bring together; unite; join; merge.

Common - Belonging equally to two or more quantities.

Common denominator - A common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions. For
example, 10 is acommon denominator of ; and =.

Common divisor - A number or quantity that can evenly divide two or more other numbers or
quantities. For example, 4 is a common divisor of 12 and 20.
Common factor - Another name for common divisor.

Common fraction - A fraction whose numerator and denominator are both integers (whole
numbers).
Common logarithm - Logarithms using 10 as a base.

Commutative - Pertaining to an operation in which the order of the elements does not affect the
result, as, in addition, 5+3 = 3+5 and, in multiplication, 5x3 = 3x5.

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Glossary

Complex fractions - A fraction in which either the numerator or the denominator or both contain
a fraction.
Computation - The act or method of computing; calculation.

Compute - To figure by using mathematics; calculate.

Concept - A general idea or notion.

Conjugate - Inversely related to one of a group of otherwise identical properties.

Constant - Remaining the same; not changing. A number or other thing that never changes.

Construct - To make by putting parts together; build.

Conversion - A change in the form of a quantity or an expression without a change in the value.

Convert - To change from one form or use to another; transform.

Correspond - To be in agreement with each other.

Cube - The third power of a number or quantity.

Cube root (3 - A number which, cubed, equals the number given. For example, the cube root
of 216 is 6.
Decimal number - Any number written using base 10 ; a number containing a decimal point.

Decimal point - A period placed to the left of a decimal.

Decrease - Reduce; make less; lessen usually refers to decrease in numbers.

Degree - The greatest sum of the exponents of the variables in a term of a polynomial or
polynomial equation. For example, the polynomial w? +3w+5 is a third degree polynomial.

Denominator - The term below the line in a fraction; the divisor of the numerator. For example,
in the fraction =,5 is the denominator.

Descend - To move from a higher to a lower place. To go down.

Descending order - Decreasing order.

Difference - The amount by which one quantity differs from another; remainder left after
subtraction.
Digit - Any of the numerals from 0 through 9 - in the base-ten system.

Distributive - Of the principle in multiplication that allows the multiplier to be used separately
with each term of the multiplicand.
Dividend - A quantity to be divided. For example, in the problem 14+2, 14 is called the
dividend.

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Division - The process of finding how many times a number (the divisor) is contained in another
number (the dividend). The number of times equals the quotient.
Divisor - The quantity by which another quantity, the dividend, is to be divided. For example, in
the problem 14+2, 2 is called the divisor.
Enhance - To add to; to increase or make greater.

Equal - Exactly the same. Of the same quantity, size, number, value, degree, intensity, or quality.

Equality - The condition or quality of being equal.

Equate - To make or set equal. To put in the form of an equation.

Equation - A mathematical expression involving the use of an equal sign. For example,
x? +3x* +5x=3 is referred to as an equation.
Equivalent algebraic fractions - Algebraic fractions that are the same.

Even number - A number which is exactly divisible by two; not odd. For example,
(0,2,4,6,8,10,...) are even numbers.
Exact order - Not deviating in form or content; precise.

Example - One that is representative of a group as a whole; a sample.

Expanded form - To write, a quantity, as a sum of terms, as a continued product, or as another

extended form.
Exponent - A number placed as a superscript to show how many times another number is to be
placed as a factor. For example, in the problem 5° =5x5x5=125, 3 is an exponent.
Exponential - Containing, involving, or expressed as an exponent.

Exponential notation - A way of expressing a number as the product of the factor and 10 raised
to some power. The factor is either a whole number or a decimal number. For example, the
exponential notation form of 0.0353, 0.048, 489, 3987 are 353x10°, 48x10, 489x10', and
398.7 x10!, respectively.
Express - To tell in words; state. Given in direct terms; explicit; precise; plain.

Expression - A designation of any symbolic mathematical form, such as an equation. The means
by which something is expressed.
Extend - To stretch out. To make greater or broader; increase.

Factor - One of two or more quantities having a designated product. For example, 3 and 5 are
factors of 15.
Factorize - Resolve into factors.

Fahrenheit - Of or indicating the temperature scale used for ordinary purposes in the U.S. and
Great Britain. In this system water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees.

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Familiar - Well aquatinted, as through experience or study.

Form - A specific type; kind.

Formula - A statement of some fact or relationship in mathematical terms.

Fraction - A number which indicates the ratio between two quantities in the form of ; such that
a is any real number and 5 is any real number not equal to zero.

Fractional - Having to do with or making up a fraction.

General - Not precise or detailed. Not limited to one class of things. Relating to all.

Greater than ( )) - A symbol used to compare two numbers with the greater number given first.
For example, 5)2, 23) 20, 50)10.

Greatest common factor - A greatest number that divides two or more numbers without a
remainder. For example, 6 is the greatest common factor among 6, 12, and 36.
Group - An assemblage of objects or numbers.

Horizontal - Flat. Parallel to the horizon. Something that is horizontal, as a line, plane, or bar.

Identical - Exactly alike; the very same.

Identify - To recognize. To establish the identity of.

Illustrate - To explain or make clear, as by examples or comparisons.

Imaginary number - The positive square root of a negative number. For example, J-5 , V-3 ,
and J-1 are imaginary numbers. Not real number.
Improper fraction - A fraction in which the numerator is larger than or equal to the denominator.
6 10 2 : ;
For example, ee: and = are improper fractions.

Increment - An increase or addition. The amount by which a quantity increases.

Index - A number or symbol, often written as a subscript or superscript to a mathematical

expression, that indicates an operation to be performed on. For example, in the problem ¥/x? , 3
is referred to as an index.
Indicate - To point out; to suggest; to show or signify.
Inequality (+) - A relation indicating that the two numbers are not the same.

Instance - A case or example given as an illustration or proof.

Integer fraction - A fraction having positive or negative whole numbers in the numerator and
the denominator.
Integer number - Any member of the set of positive whole numbers (I,2, 3, 4,...), negative whole

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numbers (-1, - 2, -3, -4,...) , and zero is an integer number.

Introduction - To inform of something for the first time. The act of introducing.

Invert - To turn upside down. To reverse the order of.

Irrational number - A number not capable of being expressed by an integer (a whole number)
or an integer fraction (quotient of an integer). For example, V3, 2, and 4/7 are irrational
numbers.
Law - A general principle or rule that is obeyed in all cases to which it is applicable.

Less than (( ) - A symbol used to compare two numbers with the lesser number given first. For
example; 58, 23( 30, 12 25.
Lessen - To make smaller or less; to decrease or diminish.

Like terms - Similar terms.

Linear - Of or having to do with a line or lines. Of the first degree, as an equation.

Linear equation - An algebraic equation in which variables are used as factors no more than
once in each term. For example, 3x+5y=10 is a linear equation.

Logarithms - The exponent or power to which a fixed number, called the base, must be raised in
order to produce a given number, called the antilogarithm.

Lowest term - Smallest value.

Match - A person or thing that is exactly like another, counterpart.

Mathematical operation - The process of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and

division in a specified sequence.
Method - A way of doing or accomplishing something.

Minimize - To reduce to the least possible amount; reduce to a minimum.

Mixed fraction - A fraction made up of a positive or negative whole number and an integer
fraction.
Mixed operation - Combining addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in a math
process is defined as a mixed operation.
Monomial - An expression consisting of only one term. Being a simple algebraic term. For
example, 5, /xy, x°?, and 2ab are referred to as monomials.

Multiplicand - The number that is or is to be multiplied by another.

Multiplication - The process of finding the number obtained by repeated additions of a number a
specified number of times: Multiplication is symbolized in various ways, i.e., 3x4 = 12 or 3-4 =
12, which means 3+3+3+3 = 12, to add the number three together four times.

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Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Glossary

Multiplier - The number by which the multiplicand is multiplied. For example, if 3 is

multiplied by 4, 3 is the multiplicand, 4 is the multiplier, and 12 is the product.

Natural logarithm - Logarithms using e asa base. Also called Napierian logarithm.

Negative number - A quantity less than zero.

Not Applicable - In this book Not Applicable pertains to a step that can not be put to a specific
use. A step that is not relevant.
Not real number - Imaginary number.
Numerator - The term above the line in a fraction. For example, in the fraction = 3 is the

numerator.
Numerical coefficient - Coefficients represented by numbers rather than letters.

Objective - An end toward which efforts are directed; a goal or end.

Observe - To look on without actively participating; to regard attentively; to see or notice.

Obtain - To gain possession of, especially by effort; get; acquire.

Odd number - A number having a remainder of one when divided by two; not even. For
example, (1,3, 5,7, 9, 11,...) are even numbers.

Operation - A process or action, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division,

performed in a specified sequence and in accordance with specific rules of procedure.

Original - Belonging to or pertaining to the origin, source, or beginning of something.

Parentheses () - A pair of symbols used to enclose a sum, product, or other mathematical

expressions.
Perform - To accomplish; to do; to execute.

Polynomial - An algebraic function of two or more summed terms, each term consisting of a
constant multiplier and one or more variables raised to a power. For example, the general form
of a polynomial of degree n ina single real variable x is P(x)=a,x”" +a,4x"! +a,_9x"* +---4+a9.
Positive number - A quantity greater than zero.

Power - An exponent. The result of a number multiplied by itself a given number of times. For
example, the third power of 3 is 27.
Practical - Pertaining or relating to practice or action.

Practice - To exercise or perform repeatedly in order to acquire or polish a skill.

Primary - Something that is first in degree, quality, or importance. Occurring first in time or
sequence. Original.
Prime factorization - A factorization that shows only prime factors. For example, 21=1x3x7.

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Prime number - A number that has itself and unity as its only factors. For example, 2, 3, 5, 7,
and 11 are prime numbers since they have no common divisor except unity.

Principal - First, highest, or foremost in importance.

Problem - Something to be done or solved.

Proceed - To go on. To continue. To begin and carry on an activity.

Process - A series of operations or a method for producing something. A series of actions,

changes, or functions that bring about an end or result.

Product - The quantity obtained by multiplying two or more quantities together.

Proficiency - The state of being proficient; very skilled; expert.

Proper - Strictly belonging or suitable; fitting.

Proper fraction - A fraction in which the numerator is smaller than the denominator.

Quadratic equations - Indicating a mathematical expression or equation of the second degree.

For example, x” +3x-2=0 is a quadratic equation.

Quality - That which makes something the way it is; distinctive feature or characteristic.

Quantity - An amount or number.

Quotient - The quantity resulting from division of one quantity by another.

Radical - The root of a quantity as indicated by the radical sign. Indicating or having to do with
a square root or cube root.
Radical expression - A mathematical expression or form in which radical signs appear.

Radical sign bb ) - A sign that indicates a specified root of the number written under it. For
example, */27 = the cube root of 27, which is, 3.

Radicand - The quantity under a radical sign. For example, 27 is the radicand of ¥27.

Radius - A straight line from the center of a circle or sphere to the circumference or surface.

Rational number - A number that can be represented as an integer (a whole number) or an

‘ : ; ; 1 2 12 2305 0230
integer fraction (quotient of integers). For example, are 12 7 ,-230 = epee

yk sal hia Bi eine ea , and 0.13= 13 _ 130 _ 26 _ are rational numbers.

1 10 5 -35 100 1000 200

Rationalization - The act, process, or practice of rationalizing.

Rationalize - To remove radicals without changing the value of an expression or roots of an

equation.

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Real number - A number that is either a rational number or an irrational number. For example,
a =e ~23, 013, V5, and zare real numbers.
5 13
Reduce - To make less in size or amount. To diminish in size, quantity, or value.

Reference - The directing of attention to a person or thing.

Re-group - A repeated assemblage of objects or numbers.

Remainder - a. What is left when a smaller number is subtracted from a larger number. 5.
What is left undivided when one number is divided by another that is not one of its factors.

Represent - Stand for; to depict; portray; to describe.

Require - To have need of. To order or insist upon.

Respectively - In their respective order; individually in their given order.

Result - To end in a particular way. The consequence of a particular action. An outcome.

Resultant - That which results. Consequence.

Review - To go over or examine again. To think back on.

Revise - To change or modify. To read carefully so as to correct errors or make improvements

and changes.
Revision - The result of revising. Something that has been revised.

Root - A quantity that, multiplied by itself a specified number of times, produces a given
quantity. For example, 5 is the square root (5x5) of 25 and the cube root (5x 5x5) of 125.

Round number - A number that is revised or rounded to the nearest unit, as ten, hundred or
thousand. For example, 200 is around number for 199 or 201.

Rounded off - To make into a round number.

Rule - A method or procedure prescribed for computing or solving a problem.

Scientific notation - A way of expressing a number as the product of the factor and 10 raised to
some power. The factor is always of the form where the decimal point is to the right of the first
non-zero digit. For example, the scientific notation form of 0.0353, 0.048, 489, 3987 are
3.53x10, 48x10, 489x107, 3987x10°, respectively.
Section - One of several component parts of something; piece; portion.

Sequence - The order in which one thing comes after another. A number of things following
each other; series.
Show - Demonstrate; to point out; indicate.

Sign - A mark or symbol having an accepted and specific meaning. For example, the sign +
implies addition.

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Signed number - A number which can have a positive or negative value as designated by + or
- symbol. A signed number with no accompanying symbol is understood to be positive.

Similar - Alike but not completely the same.

Similar radicals - Radical expressions with the same index and the same radicand. For
example, Vx? , 5Vx2, and 3Vx? are referred to as similar radicals.
Simplify - Make easier; less complex.

Solution - The act, method, or process of solving a problem. The answer to a problem.

Solution set - The set of all the values that satisfy an equation or inequality.

Solve - To find a solution to; answer.

Special - Exceptional. Surpassing what is common or usual.

Specific example - An example that is precise and explicit.

Square - To find the equivalent of in square measure; to multiply, as a number or quantity, by

itself.
Square root ie - The factor of a number which, multiplied by itself, gives the original
number. For example, the square root of 36 is 6.
Standard - Any type, model, or example for comparison. Serving as a gauge or model.

Step - One of a series of actions or measures taken toward some end.

Sub-group - A distinct group within a group.

Subject - A topic discussed in writing.

Subscript - A number, letter, or a symbol, written below and to the right or left of a character.
For example, 2 is the subscript in x.
Substitute - To put in the place of another; to put in exchange.

Subtraction - The mathematical process of finding the difference between two numbers.

Sum - The amount obtained as a result of adding two or more numbers together.

Summary - Reduced into few words; concise.

Superscript - A number, letter, or a symbol, written above a character. For example, 5 is the
superscript in y>.
Symbol - A sign used to represent a mathematical operation.

Technique - A special method of doing something. The systematic procedure by which a

complex or scientific task is accomplished.

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Term - The parts of a mathematical expression that are added or subtracted. For example, in the
equation ax? +bx* +cx-—d, ax*, bx”, cx, and d are referred to as terms.
Trinomial - An expression consisting of three terms connected by a plus or minus sign. For
example, a7 +a+3, Vx? +¥/x-5, and x? +3x? +2 are referred to as trinomials.
Type - An example or model; kind.

Variable - A quantity capable of assuming any of a set of values. Having no fixed quantitative
value.
Vertical - Upright. At right angles to the horizon. Straight up and down.

Whole number - A whole number is defined as an integer number.

With - Having as a possession, attribute, or characteristic.

Without - In the absence of; with no or none of.

Zero - The symbol or numeral 0. The point, marked 0, from which positive or negative
quantities are reckoned on a graduated scale.

The following references were used in developing this glossary:

1) The Webster’s New World Dictionary of American English, Victoria E. Neufeldt, editor in chief, third college
edition, 1995.

2) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, William Morris, editor, third edition, 1994.

3) HBJ School Dictionary, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich publishing, fourth edition, 1985.

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Index
more difficult cases, 372-315
simple cases, 308-311
Absolute value simplifying of to lower terms, 295-299
definition, 550 Algebraic inequality, 145-163
Accurately Antilogarithms, 396, 413, 431
definition, 550 definition, 550
Addend, 6 Apparent, 274-280
definition, 550 definition, 550
Addition
Apply
associative property of, // definition, 550
commutative property of, // Applications
definition, 550 definition, 550
of algebraic fractions, 300-307 Approximation, 369
of complex algebraic fractions, 330-336 definition, 550
of integer fractions, 25-27 Area, 1/38
of linear equations, 103-109 definition, 550
of linear inequalities, 745-150 Arithmetic fractions, 29/
of negative integer exponents, 53-55 Associative
of polynomials definition, 550
horizontally, 95-96 Associative property
vertically, 97-98 of addition, //
of positive integer exponents, 46-47 of multiplication, /2
of radicals, 74-75 Assumption, 28/
of signed numbers, 6-7 definition, 550
Adequate
definition, 550
Advanced
Base, 42, 48, 363
definition, 550
definition, 550
logarithmic problems, 450-456
Binomial, 77
Algebra
definition, 55/
definition, 550
division of by monomials, 90-9/
Algebraic approach
multiplication of by binomials, 85-86
definition, 550 multiplication of by monomials in radical
Algebraic expression
form, 66-67
definition, 550
multiplication of in radical form, 63-65
Algebraic fractions, 29/-360
rationalization of in radical form, 7/-73
addition and subtraction of
Brackets
with common denominators, 300-303
definition, 55/
without common denominators, 304-307
use of in addition, subtraction, multiplication,
definition, 330
and division, /5-/8
division by zero, 41, 274, 292, 353 use of in solving linear equations, 122-126
division of
more difficult cases, 320 C
simple cases, 316
Cancel
mixed operations of, 325-329
definition, 55/
multiplication of
Case

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 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Index

definition, 55/ definition, 552

Centigrade, 141-144 Computation
definition, 55/ definition, 552
Change involving logarithms, 369-395
definition, 55/ of antilogarithms, 396-399
improper fractions to mixed fractions, 35-37 of common logarithms, 369
Check of logarithms other than base 10 or e, 385
definition, 55/ of natural logarithms, 379
Circle Compute
definition, 55/ definition, 552
Class Concept
definition, 55/ definition, 552
Classification Conjugate, 7/
definition, 55/ definition, 552
of polynomials, 76 Constant
Classify definition, 552
definition, 55/ Construct
Coefficient definition, 552
definition, 55/ Conversion
Combine definition, 552
definition, 55/ Convert
logarithmic expression, 446-449 definition, 552
Common Correspond
definition, 55/ definition, 552
Common denominator Cube
definition, 55/ definition, 552
use of in adding integer fractions, 25 Cube root, 57
use of in dividing integer fractions, 33-34 definition, 552
use of in multiplying integer fractions,
31-32
use of in subtracting integer fractions, 28 Decimal number
Common divisor definition, 552
definition, 55/ Decimal point
Common factor definition, 552
definition, 55/ Decrease
Common fraction, 19-37 definition, 552
definition, 55/ Degree
Common logarithm, 369-378 definition, 552
definition, 55/ of polynomials, 77
Commutative Denominator
definition, 55/ definition, 552
Commutative property Descend
of addition, // definition, 552
of multiplication, /2 Descending order, 78
Complex algebraic fractions, 330-352 definition, 552
addition and subtraction of, 330 Difference, 7
division of, 342 definition, 552
mixed operations of, 347 Digit
multiplication of, 337 definition, 552
Complex fractions

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Distributive Expanded form

definition, 552 definition, 553
Distributive property of logarithmic expressions, 439-445
of multiplication, /2 Exponential equation, 400-412
use of in adding and subtracting radical with both sides having the same base, 400-404
expressions, 74 with both sides not having the same base,
Dividend, 9, 35-37 405-412
definition, 552 Exponents, 38-55
Division definition, 553
definition, 553 negative integer exponents
of algebraic fractions, 3/6-324 adding and subtracting, 53-55
of complex algebraic fractions, 342-346 dividing, 5/-52
of integer fractions, 33-34 laws of, 48
of linear equations, //0-115 multiplying, 48-50
of linear inequalities, 757-156 real numbers raised to, 40-4]
of negative integer exponents, 5/-52 positive integer exponents
of polynomials, 87-94 adding and subtracting, 46-47
binomials by monomials, 90-9/ dividing, 44-45
monomials by monomials, 87-89 laws of, 42, 365
polynomials by polynomials, 92-94 multiplying, 42-43
of positive integer exponents, 44-45 real numbers raised to, 38-39
of radicals Exponential, 363
with binomial denominator, 7/-73 definition, 553
with monomial denominator, 68-70 Exponential notation
of signed numbers, 9 definition, 553
properties associated with, /2 Express
Divisor, 9, 35-37 definition, 553
definition, 553 Expression
definition, 553
E Extend
Equivalent algebraic fractions, 293 definition, 553
definition, 553
Enhance
definition, 553 Factor, 8
Equal definition, 553
definition, 553 Factoring
Equality other types of polynomials, 2//
definition, 553 perfect square trinomials, 208
Equation Factoring polynomials
definition, 553 using the difference of two squares, 198
Equate using the greatest common factoring, 165
definition, 553 using the grouping, /73
Even number, 39 using the sum and difference of two cubes, 203
definition, 553 using the trial and error, 176, 185
use of in simplifying integer fractions, 19-23 Fahrenheit, /4/-144
Exact order definition, 553
definition, 553 Familiar
Example definition, 554
definition, 553 FOIL method

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use of in multiplying binomials by binomials, Indicate

85-86 definition, 554
use of in multiplying binomial expressions in Inequality, 145-163
radical form, 63-65 definition, 554
use of in rationalizing radicals with binomial Instance
denominators, 7/-73 definition, 554
Form Integer exponent, 38
definition, 554 negative, 40-41, 48-55
Formulas, 138-144 positive, 38-39, 42-47
Fraction Integer fractions, 19-37
definition, 554 addition of
Fractional with common denominator, 25
definition, 554 without common denominator, 26-27
definition, 554
G division of with or without a common
General denominator, 33-34
definition, 554 multiplication of with or without a common
rules of signed numbers, /0 denominator, 3/-32
Greater than, 10, 145-163 simplification of, 19-24
definition, 554 subtraction of
Greatest common factor, 23 with common denominator, 28
definition, 554 without common denominator, 29-30
method for finding Integer number
prime factoring, 23 definition, 554
trial and error, 23 Introduction
Group, //-18 definition, 555
definition, 554 to algebraic fractions, 29/
to integer exponents, 38
H to linear equations, /00
to logarithms, 363
Horizontal
definition, 554
to polynomials, 76
to radicals, 56
use of in adding and subtracting polynomials,
Invert, 316, 320, 342
95-96
definition, 555
Irrational number, 58, 379
definition, 555
Identical
Isolate, 133
definition, 554
definition, 555
Identify
definition, 554
Illustrate
Law
definition, 554
Imaginary number, 58 definition, 555
definition, 554 of exponents, 42, 48
Improper fraction, 35-37 Lessen
definition, 554 definition, 555
Increment Less than, 145-163
definition, 554 definition, 555
Index, 56 Like terms
definition, 554 definition, 555

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use of in addition and subtraction of positive involving linear equations, 103-12]

integer exponents, 46 involving linear inequalities, 145-163
use of in polynomials, 78 Method
Linear completing-the-square, 252-267
definition, 555 definition, 555
Linear equations, /00-137 for polynomials with square and cubed terms
addition and subtraction of, 103-109 198-207
addition and subtraction rules of, 103, 116 FOIL, 63
containing decimals, /33-137 grouping, 173-175
containing integer fractions, 127-132 square root property, 244-25]
containing parentheses and brackets, 122-126 trial and error
definition, 555 relative to factoring, 176-197
division rule of, 1/0 relative to G.C.F., 23-24
mixed operations involving, 116-12] quadratic formula, 220-243
multiplication and division of, //0-115 Minimize, //
multiplication rule of, 7/0, 116 definition, 555
other classes of, 122-]37 Mixed fraction
Linear inequalities, 145-163 changing improper fraction to, 35-37
addition and subtraction of, 145-150 definition, 555
addition and subtraction rules of, 145 Mixed operation
division rule of, /5/ definition, 555
mixed operations involving, 157-163 involving algebraic fractions, 325-329
multiplication and division of, /5/-156 involving complex algebraic fractions, 347-352
multiplication rule of, /5/ involving linear equations, //6-121
Logarithms, 363-456 involving linear inequalities, 757-163
advanced problems, 450-456 use of parentheses and brackets in, //-/&
combining of, 446-449 Monomial, 77
common, 369-378 definition, 555
definition, 555 dividing binomials by, 90-9/
expanding of, 439-445 division of by monomials, 87-89
laws of, 366-368 multiplication of by monomials, &/-82
power, 366 multiplication of by polynomials, 82-84
product, 366 multiplication of in radical form, 6/-62
quotient, 366 rationalization of in radical form, 68-70
natural, 379-384 Multiplicand
other than base 10 or e, 385-395 definition, 555
rules of, 367-368 Multiplication
use of in solving numerical expressions, associative property of, /2
431-438 commutative property of, 12
Lowest term definition, 555
definition, 555 distributive property of, /2
of algebraic fractions, 308-315
M of complex algebraic fractions, 337-34]
Match of integer fractions, 3/-32
definition, 555 of linear equations, //0-115
Mathematical operation of linear inequalities, 151-156
definition, 555 of negative integer exponents, 48-50
involving algebraic fractions, 300-329 of polynomials, 81-86
involving complex algebraic fractions, 330-352 binomials by binomials, 85-86
monomials by monomials, 8/-82

Hamilton Education Guides 565

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Index

polynomials by monomials, 82-84 involving integer fractions, 25-34

of positive integer exponents, 42-43 involving radical exponents, 6/-75
of radicals with negative integer exponents, 48-55
binomial expressions in radical form, 63-65 with positive integer exponents, 42-47
monomial and binomial expressions in Original
radical form, 66-67 definition, 556
monomial expressions in radical form,
61-62
of signed numbers, 8 Parentheses
Multiplier definition, 556
definition, 556 use of in addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division, 13-14
N use of in solving linear equations, 122-126
Natural logarithm, 379-384 Perform
definition, 556 definition, 556
Negative integer exponents Polynomials, 76-98
addition and subtraction of, 53-55 addition and subtraction of
division of, 5/-52 horizontally, 95-96
multiplication of, 48-50 vertically, 97-98
Negative number, /0, 39 classification of, 76
definition, 556 definition, 556
Non-linear equations, 353 division of by polynomials, 92-94
Not Applicable in standard form, 77
definition, 556 introduction to, 76
Not real number, 58 multiplication of by monomials, 82-84
definition, 556 simplification of, 78-80
Numerator Positive integer exponents
definition, 556 addition and subtraction of, 46-47
Numerical coefficient, 8/ division of, 44-45
definition, 556 multiplication of, 42-43
Positive number, /0
O definition, 556
Objective Power, 42, 48
definition, 556 definition, 556
Observe Practical
definition, 556 definition, 556
Obtain Practice
definition, 556 definition, 556
Odd number, 39 Primary
definition, 556 definition, 556
use of in simplifying integer fractions, 20-23 Prime factorization
One variable equations definition, 556
containing algebraic fractions, 353-360 method, 23-24
containing exponents, 400-4/2 Prime number, 24
containing logarithms, 4/3-430 definition, 557
more difficult cases, 423-430 Principal
simple cases, 4/3-422 definition, 557
Operation Principal square root, 56
definition, 556 Problem

Hamilton Education Guides 566

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Index

definition, 557 definition, 557

Proceed Rational number, 58
definition, 557 definition, 557
Process Rationalization
definition, 557 definition, 557
Product, 8 of radical expressions with binomial
definition, 557 denominators, 7/-73
Proficiency of radical expressions with monomial
definition, 557 denominators, 68-70
Proper Rationalize
definition, 557 definition, 557
Proper fraction Real number, 58
definition, 557 definition, 558
use of as radicand, 59-60
Q use of in multiplying binomial expressions in
Quadratic equations, 2/7-288 radical form, 63-65
definition, 557 use of in multiplying monomial and binomial
solving of expressions in radical form, 66-67
containing fractions, 274-280 use of in multiplying monomial expressions
containing radicals, 268-273 in radical form, 6/-62
using completing-the-square, 252-267 use of in rationalizing radical expressions with
using the quadratic formula, 220-243 binomial denominators, 7/-73
using the square root property, 244-251 use of in rationalizing radical expressions with
standard form of, 2/7 monomial denominators, 68-70
Quadratic formula, 2/7-219 Reduce
Quality definition, 558
definition, 557 Reference
Quantity definition, 558
definition, 557 to chapter 1 case problems, /
Quotient, 9, 35-37 to chapter 2 case problems, 99
definition, 557 to chapter 3 case problems, 164
to chapter 4 case problems, 2/6
to chapter 5 case problems, 289
to chapter 6 case problems, 36/
Radical
Re-group, //-/2
definition, 557
definition, 558
Radical expression
Remainder, 35-37
definition, 557
definition, 558
Radical sign, 56
Represent
definition, 557
definition, 558
Radicals, 56-75
Require
addition and subtraction of, 74-75
definition, 558
definition, 557
Respectively
division of, 68-73
definition, 558
introduction to, 56-58
Result
multiplication of, 61-67
definition, 558
simplification of , 59-60
Resultant
Radicand, 56
definition, 558
definition, 557
Revise
Radius, /38
definition, 558

Hamilton Education Guides 567

 Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Index

Revision Solutions
definition, 558 definition, 559
Root to chapter 1 through 6, 457-549
cube, 57 Solution set, 100, 145
definition, 558 Solve
fifth, 57 definition, 559
fourth, 57 Special
principal square, 56 definition, 559
square, 57 Specific example
Rounded off, 369 definition, 559
definition, 558 Square, 251, 258
Round number Square root, 57
definition, 558 definition, 559
Rule principal, 56
definition, 558 Standard
definition, 559
S form of a polynomial, 77
Scientific notation, 37/, 379 Step
definition, 558 definition, 559
Section Sub-group
definition, 558 definition, 559
Sequence Subject
definition, 558 definition, 559
Show Subscript
definition, 558 definition, 559
Sign Substitute
definition, 558 definition, 559
Signed numbers, 6-/0 Subtraction
addition of, 6 definition, 559
definition, 559 of algebraic fractions, 300-3-07
division of, 9 of complex algebraic fractions, 330-336
general rules, /0 of integer fractions, 28-30
multiplication of, 8 of linear equations, 103-109
subtraction of, 7 of linear inequalities, 745-150
summary of cases, /0 of negative integer exponents, 53-55
Signed rules of polynomials
for fractions, 29/ horizontally, 95-96
Similar vertically, 97-98
definition, 559 of positive integer exponents, 46-47
Similar radicals of radicals, 74-75
definition, 559 of signed numbers, 7-8
use of in addition and subtraction, 74 properties associated with, //
Simplify Sum, 4
algebraic fractions, 295-299 definition, 559
complex algebraic fractions, 330 Summary
definition, 559 definition, 559
integer fractions, 19-24 of signed number cases, /0
polynomials, 78-80 Superscript
radicals, 59-60 definition, 559

Hamilton Education Guides 568

Mastering Algebra - Intermediate Level Index

Symbol
Vv
approximate ~ , 1/29, 137
brackets [ ] , 15-18 Variable, 76, 193, 238
definition, 560
cube root 3/ , 57 Vertical
definition, 559 definition, 560
division + , 9, 12 use of in adding and subtracting polynomials,
equal to = , /00 97-98
te
equality check =, /0/] WwW P
exponent e, 379
Whole number, 35-37
fifth root 3/ , 57
definition, 560
fourth root 4 , 57 With
greater than ) , 10, 145-163 definition, 560
Without
less than ( , 145-163
definition, 560
logarithm Jog or In, 369, 379
multiplication x or: , 8 Z
negative number - , 6 Zero
not equal to +, /0/ as an exponent, 4/-42
parentheses ( ) , 3-14 definition, 560
division by, 4/, 274, 292, 353
pi-z.,06, 138
positive number + , 6
square root nt = of Oe

T
Table
of common logarithms, 377
of common logarithm of powers of 10, 369
of general signed rules, /0
of logarithmic laws, 368
of natural logarithms, 384
of negative integer exponent laws, 48
of polynomial types, 78
of positive integer exponent laws, 42, 365
of radicals, 57
Technique
definition, 559
Term, 76, 87
definition, 560
Trial and error method
relative to factoring, 176-197
relative to G.C.F., 23-24
Trinomial, 77
definition, 560
Type
definition, 560

Hamilton Education Guides 569

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 About the Author

Said Hamilton received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Oklahoma State
University and Master's degree, also in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at
Austin. He has taught a number of math and engineering courses as a visiting lecturer at the
University of Oklahoma, Department of Mathematics, and as a faculty member at Rose State
College, Department of Engineering Technology, at Midwest City, Oklahoma. He is currently
working in the field of aerospace technology and has published numerous technical papers.

About the Editor

Pat Eblen received his Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University
of Kentucky where he was a member of Eta Kappa Nu Electrical Engineering Honor Society. He
has worked in the aerospace industry for nearly twenty years where he has received numerous
awards for contributions to spacecraft technology programs. Mr. Eblen enjoys studying
mathematical theories in probability and quantum mechanics and has developed several original
concepts in these fields.

Hamilton Education Guides 570

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