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2022 Spring Lines and Planes Extended HW

The document outlines the equations and forms for lines and planes in both ℝ² and ℝ³, including general, normal, vector, and parametric forms. It also provides formulas for calculating distances from points to lines and planes, as well as a series of problems related to these concepts. The problems involve finding equations, angles, and distances related to lines and planes in three-dimensional space.

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7 views3 pages

2022 Spring Lines and Planes Extended HW

The document outlines the equations and forms for lines and planes in both ℝ² and ℝ³, including general, normal, vector, and parametric forms. It also provides formulas for calculating distances from points to lines and planes, as well as a series of problems related to these concepts. The problems involve finding equations, angles, and distances related to lines and planes in three-dimensional space.

Uploaded by

rearsreport2t
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lines in ℝ𝟐

General Form Normal Form


𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒄, where ̅ ⋅ (𝒙
𝒏 ̅−𝒑 ̅ ) = 𝟎 or
𝒂 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒑𝟏 ) + 𝒃(𝒚 − 𝒑𝟐 ) = 𝟎
𝒏̅=[ ]
𝒃

Vector Form Parametric Form


̅=𝒑
𝒙 ̅ + 𝒕𝒅̅, 𝒕 ∈ ℝ 𝒙 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒕𝒅𝟏
{ , 𝒕∈ℝ
𝒚 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒕𝒅𝟐

Lines in ℝ𝟑

Vector Form Parametric Form


̅=𝒑
𝒙 ̅,
̅ + 𝒕𝒅 𝒕∈ℝ 𝒙 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒕𝒅𝟏
{𝒚 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒕𝒅𝟐 , 𝒕 ∈ ℝ
𝒛 = 𝒑𝟑 + 𝒕𝒅𝟑

Planes in ℝ𝟑

General Form Normal Form


𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 = 𝒅, where ̅ ⋅ (𝒙
𝒏 ̅−𝒑̅ ) = 𝟎 or
𝒂 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒑𝟏 ) + 𝒃(𝒚 − 𝒑𝟐 ) + 𝒄(𝒛 − 𝒑𝟑 ) = 𝟎
𝒏̅ = [𝒃 ]
𝒄

In ℝ𝟐 , the distance from the point 𝑩 = (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) to the line 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒄 is given by the
formula
|𝒂𝒙𝟎 +𝒃𝒚𝟎−𝒄|
𝑑(𝐵, 𝓵) =
√𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐

In ℝ𝟑 , the distance from the point 𝑩 = (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) to the plane 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 = 𝒅 is


given by the formula
|𝒂𝒙𝟎 +𝒃𝒚𝟎+𝒄𝒛𝟎 −𝒅|
𝑑(𝐵, ℘) =
√𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐+𝒄𝟐

Problems.

1. Find the normal and general equations of the line in ℝ𝟐 through the point 𝑃 = (2, 0)
−𝟏
̅ = [ ].
orthogonal to the vector 𝒏
𝟒
1
2. Find the acute angle between the following lines:
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3 and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −2

3. Find the vector and parametric equations of the line in ℝ𝟐 through the point 𝑃 = (2, 0)
̅ = [−𝟐].
parallel to the vector 𝒅
𝟑

4. Find the vector and parametric equations of the line in ℝ𝟑 through the point 𝑃 = (2, 3, −5)
𝟏
̅ = [ 𝟎 ].
parallel to the vector 𝒅
−𝟏
5. Find the vector and parametric equations of the line in ℝ𝟐 through the points
𝑃 = (−2, −1) and 𝑄 = ( 0, 1).

6. Find the vector and parametric equations of the line in ℝ𝟑 through the points
𝑃 = (3, 2, 1) and 𝑄 = (1, 2, 3).

7. Find the normal and general equations of the plane that contains the point 𝑃 = (0, −3, 4)
−𝟏
̅ = [ 𝟏 ].
and is orthogonal to the vector 𝒏
−𝟐

8. Find the acute angle between the following planes:

2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0

9. Find the distance from the point 𝐵 = (−1, 2, 1) to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 13.

10. Show that the following planes are parallel: 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12𝑧 = 2 and 12𝑥 − 9𝑦 − 36𝑧 = 9.
Find the distance between these two planes.

Hint. Pick a point on one of these two planes and find the distance from this point to the
other plane.

11. Find the distance from the point 𝐵 = (1, 2, 3) to the line through the point 𝐴 = (3, 3,1)
−𝟏
̅ = [ 𝟐 ].
with the direction vector 𝒅
𝟐

2
Hint. Perform the following steps:
1. Find the projection of the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̅: 𝑝̅ = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝒅̅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 onto the vector 𝒅 𝐴𝐵.
̅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2. Find the vector ℎ = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝑝̅
3. Find the norm of the vector ℎ̅ : ‖ℎ̅ ‖.

12. Show that the following lines are parallel and find the distance between them:

𝑥 1 −4 𝑥 7 −4
[𝑦] = [ ] + 𝑠 [ ] and [𝑦] = [ ] + 𝑡 [ ]
1 3 4 3

Hint. Pick a point on one of these two lines and find the distance from this point to the other
line.

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