1. Find 4 × 4 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] that satisfies the given conditions: 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = |𝑖 − 𝑗|.

Solution. 𝐴 = [|𝑖 − 𝑗|], 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2,3,4 ⇒

|1 − 1| |1 − 2| |1 − 3| |1 − 4| 0 1 2 3
|2 − 1| |2 − 2| |2 − 3| |2 − 4|
𝐴=[ ] = [1 0 1 2]
|3 − 1| |3 − 2| |3 − 3| |3 − 4| 2 1 0 1
|4 − 1| |4 − 2| |4 − 3| |4 − 4| 3 2 1 0

2 4
2. Find the inverse matrix of 𝐴 = [ ] and solve the following system of equations:
1 3

2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3
{
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2
Solution. 𝚫 = 𝟐 × 𝟑 − 𝟏 × 𝟒 = 𝟐

3
1 3 −4 −2
𝐴−1 = [ ]=[ 2 ]
2 −1 2 1
− 1
2

𝟑 𝟏
𝒙 −𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
[𝒚] = 𝑨−𝟏 [ ] = [ 𝟐 ] [ ] = [𝟐]
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
− 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
Answer: 𝒙 = ; 𝒚=
𝟐 𝟐

1 1 1
3. Find the inverse of 𝐴 = [1 2 3]
0 1 3

Solution.
1 1 1 1 0 0 𝑅 −𝑅 1 1 1 1 0 0 𝑅 −𝑅 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 1 3 2
(1 2 3|0 1 0) ⇔ (0 1 2|−1 1 0) ⇔ (0 1 2|−1 1 0)
0 1 30 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 −1 1
𝑅2−2𝑅3
𝑅1 −𝑅3
1 1 0 0 1 −1 𝑅1 −𝑅2 1 0 0 3 −2 1
⇔ (0 1 0|−3 3 −2) ⇔ (0 1 0|−3 3 −2) ⇒
0 0 1 1 −1 1 0 0 1 1 −1 1

3 −2 1
𝑨−𝟏 = (−3 3 −2)
1 −1 1

1
 4. Determine which of the following transformations are linear and which are not. Explain your
answers.
3𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑥
(𝑎 ) 𝑇 [ ] = [ 2𝑦 ]
𝑦
𝑥 + 5𝑦
3𝑥 − 𝑦 3 −1 𝑥 3 −1
𝑥
Solution. 1 way: 𝑇 [𝑦] = [ 2𝑦 ] = [0 2 ] [𝑦 ] ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐴 , where 𝐴 = [0 2 ].
𝑥 + 5𝑦 1 5 1 5

Since the transformation 𝑇 is a matrix transformation, it is linear.

3×0−0
0 0
2 way: 1) 𝑇 [ ] = [ 2 × 0 ] = [ ]
0 0+5×0 0

3(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) (3𝑥1 − 𝑦1 ) + (3𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )

𝑥 +𝑥
2) 𝑇 [𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ] = [ 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) ]=[ 2𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 ]=
1 2
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 5(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) (𝑥1 + 5𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 + 5𝑦2 )

3𝑥1 − 𝑦1 3𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑥1 𝑥2
[ 2𝑦1 ] + [ 2𝑦2 ] = 𝑇 [𝑦 ] + 𝑇 [𝑦 ]
1 2
𝑥1 + 5𝑦1 𝑥2 + 5𝑦2

3𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑦 𝑐(3𝑥 − 𝑦) 3𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑥 𝑐𝑥 𝑥
3) 𝑇 ( 𝑐 [𝑦 ]) = 𝑇 [𝑐𝑦] = [ 2𝑐𝑦 ] = [ 𝑐(2𝑦) ] = 𝑐 [ 2𝑦 ] = 𝑐𝑇 [𝑦]
𝑐𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑦 𝑐(𝑥 + 5𝑦) 𝑥 + 5𝑦

It follows from 1), 2) and 3) that the transformation 𝑇 is linear.

𝑥
(𝑏) 𝑇 [𝑦] = [𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 2]
𝑧 𝑧−1−1

Solution.
0
0+0−3×0+2 2 0
𝑇 [0] = [ ] = [ ] ≠ [ ] ⇒ 𝑇 is not a linear transformation.
0−1−1 −2 0
0
𝑥 𝑥𝑦
(𝑐) 𝑇 [𝑦] = [𝑦 + 𝑧]
𝑧 𝑧+𝑥
Solution.
1 1×1 1 1 1 1 1 2
𝑇 [1] = [1 + 0] = [1] ⇒ 𝑇 [1] + 𝑇 [1] = [1] + [1] = [2]
0 0+1 1 0 0 1 1 2

2
 1 1 2 2×2 4 2 1 1
𝑇 ([1] + [1]) = 𝑇 [2] = [2 + 0] = [2] ≠ [2] = 𝑇 [1] + 𝑇 [1] ⇒ 𝑇 is not a linear
0 0 0 0+2 2 2 0 0
transformation

𝑥 3𝑥
(𝑑 ) 𝑇 [ 𝑦 ] = [ 0 ]
5𝑦
3𝑥 3 0 𝑥 3 0
𝑥
𝑇 [𝑦] = [ 0 ] = [0 0] [𝑦] ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐴 , where 𝐴 = [0 0]
5𝑦 0 5 0 5

Since the transformation 𝑇 is a matrix transformation, it is linear.

5. Find the standard matrix of the given linear transformation:

(𝑎 ) 𝑃: ℝ2 → ℝ2 projects a vector onto the line 𝑦 = −2𝑥. For the vector 𝑢 = [2] find 𝑃(𝑢̅ ).
1
Solution. Let’s find a direction vector of the line. The line is going through the points 𝐴 = (0, 0) and

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 1 ]. Thus,
𝐵 = (1, −2). Therefore, 𝑑̅ = 𝐴𝐵
−2
𝑢̅ ∙ 𝑑̅
𝑃(𝑢̅ ) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑑̅ (𝑢̅) = 𝑑̅
𝑑̅ ∙ 𝑑̅
1 0
Consider the standard basis in ℝ2 : 𝑒̅1 = [ ] ; 𝑒̅2 = [ ].
0 1
𝑒̅1 ∙ 𝑑̅ 1 1 1/5
𝑃(𝑒̅1 ) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑑̅ (𝑒̅1 ) = ̅ ̅ 𝑑̅ = [ ]=[ ]
𝑑 ∙𝑑 1 + 4 −2 −2/5

𝑒̅2 ∙ 𝑑̅ −2 1 −2/5
𝑃 (𝑒̅2 ) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑑̅ (𝑒̅2 ) = 𝑑̅ = [ ]=[ ]
𝑑̅ ∙ 𝑑̅ 1 + 4 −2 4/5
Hence,
1 2
−
[𝑃] = [ 5 5]
2 4
−
5 5

3
 1 2
−
𝑃(𝑢̅ ) = [ 5 5 ] [2] = [0]
2 4 1 0
−
5 5
We could find the same using the formula

𝑢̅ ∙ 𝑑̅
𝑃 (𝑢̅) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑑̅ (𝑢̅) = ̅ 𝑑̅ = 0,
𝑑 ∙ 𝑑̅

since

𝑢̅ ∙ 𝑑̅ = 2 × 1 + 1 × (−2) = 0.

(𝑏) 𝑅𝜃 : ℝ3 → ℝ3 rotates a vector clockwise about the 𝑧 − axis through the angle 30°. For the
2
vector 𝑢 = 2 ] find 𝑅𝜃 (𝑢̅).
[
−1

1 0 0
Solution. Consider the standard basis in ℝ3 : 𝑒̅1 = [0] ; 𝑒̅2 = [1] ; 𝑒̅3 = [0] .
0 0 1
Because the rotation is about the 𝑧-axis,
0 0
𝑅𝜃 [0] = [0],
1 1
1 0
And the rotation of 𝑒̅1 = [0] ; 𝑒̅2 = [1] is performed in the plane 𝑧 = 0. This is a clockwise rotation
0 0
about the origin.

√3
1 cos 30° 2
𝑅𝜃 [0] = [− sin 30°] = 1
0 0 −
2
[ 0]

4
 1
0 sin 30° 2
𝑅𝜃 [1] = [cos 30°] = √3
0 0 2
[ 0 ]
Hence,

√3 1
2 2
0
[𝑅𝜃 ] = 1 √3 ,
−2 2
0
[ 0 0 1]
And

√3 1
0
2 2 2 1 + √3
𝑅𝜃 (𝑢̅) = 1 √3 [ 2 ] = [ −1 + √3]
− 0 −1 −1
2 2
[ 0 0 1]

6. For the following linear transformations find 𝑆 ∘ 𝑇 and 𝑇 ∘ 𝑆. Indicate the domain and codomain
of the new linear transformations.
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥
𝑆 [𝑦] = [𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧] ; 𝑇 [𝑦] = [ 𝑦 ]
𝑧 2𝑥 + 𝑦

Solution.
𝑻 𝑺
ℝ𝟐 → ℝ𝟑 → ℝ𝟐 ⇒ 𝑺 ∘ 𝑻: ℝ𝟐 → ℝ𝟐

𝑥 𝑥
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 1 1 1 𝑦
𝑆 [𝑦 ] = [ ]=[ ][ ]
𝑥−𝑦−𝑧 1 −1 −1 𝑧
𝑧

𝑥 1 0 𝑥
𝑥
𝑇 [𝑦] = [ 𝑦 ] = [0 1] [𝑦]
2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 1

5
 1 0
[𝑺 ∘ 𝑻] = [𝑺][𝑻] = [1 1 1
] [0 1] = [
3 2
]
1 −1 −1 −1 −2
2 1
𝑥 2 𝑥 3𝑥 + 2𝑦
(𝑺 ∘ 𝑻) [𝑦] = [ 3 ][ ] = [ ]
−1 −2 𝑦 −𝑥 − 2𝑦

𝑺 𝑻
ℝ𝟑 → ℝ𝟐 → ℝ𝟑 ⇒ 𝑻 ∘ 𝑺: ℝ𝟑 → ℝ𝟑
1 0 1 1 1
[𝑻 ∘ 𝑺] = [𝑻][𝑺] = [0 1 1 1
1] [ ] = [1 −1 −1]
1 −1 −1
2 1 3 1 1
𝑥 1 1 1 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
(𝑻 ∘ 𝑺) [𝑦] = [1 −1 −1] [𝑦] = [ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 ]
𝑧 3 1 1 𝑧 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

7. Find the inverse of the following linear transformation:

𝑥 3𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑇 [𝑦 ] = [ ]
5𝑥 + 3𝑦

Solution.
𝟏
[𝑻] = [𝟑 𝟐] ⇒ [𝑻−𝟏 ] = [𝑻]−𝟏 = [
𝟑 −𝟐
]=[
−𝟑 𝟐
]⇒
𝟓 𝟑 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟎 −𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑
𝑻−𝟏 : ℝ𝟐 → ℝ𝟐
𝒙 −𝟑 𝟐 𝒙 −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
𝑻−𝟏 [𝒚] = [ ][ ] = [ ]
𝟓 −𝟑 𝒚 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚