Data Structure-Array

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee
University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata
 Array-Introduction
• A collection of fixed size similar data elements
• Data elements have same data type
• Elements are stored in consecutive memory
locations
• Elements can be referenced by an index
(called subscript), which is an ordinal number
to identify and element of the array

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Declaration
• Like any other variables, array must be declared before
being used
• Three things to be specified for array declaration: Data
type, Name, Size
• Syntax:
– type name[size];
• Type can be any valid data type (int, float, char, double
etc)
• The number within square bracket indicates size of the
array
• Name indicates the name of the array

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Declaration Contd…

• Example:
– int name[10];
– The above statement declares name is an array of
10 integer type elements.
– Array index starts from 0.
– Elements are stored as name[0], name[1], …,
name[9].
– 0,1,2,3,… are subscripts.

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Accessing Elements
• There is no single statement to read, access or print array
elements
• To access Array elements, need to use loop; to execute
the same statement with different access values
• Example:

int i, marks[10];
for (i=0,i<10,i++)
scanf(“The array element at index ”%d” is:”%d, &i, &marks[i]);

The above code will access every data elements of the array and
will set the value to the one entered by user.

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Address of array elements
• Array name refers to address of the first byte of the
array
• The subscript / index represents offset from the
beginning of the array to the element being
referenced
• Example:
– Address of marks[k] = BA(marks) + w (k-lower_bound)
– Here, marks is the array, k is the index, BA is Base Address
of the array marks, w is the size of one element in memory
[if marks is int type array, then w is 2]

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Calculating Length
• Length of an Array is given by number of elements stored
in it. General formula is:
– Length=upper_bound – lower_bound + 1
– Where upper_bound is the index of last element, lower_bound
is index of first element in the array
• Example:
Let marks[5] be an array of integers such that
marks[0]=78,marks[1]=91,marks[2]=88,marks[3]=68,marks[4]=95
Show the memory representation of the array and calculate its
length.

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Storing Values
• Three ways to store values in an array:

– Initialize array during declaration

– Input values for individual elements from console
– Assign values to individual elements

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Storing Values Contd…
• Initialize array during declaration:
• Syntax: type array_name[size]={list of values};
– Ex 1: int marks[5]={91, 65,47,88,93};
– Ex 2: int marks[]={91, 65,47,88,93};
– The above statement is legal. Compiler allocates
enough space for all initialized elements
– Ex 3: int marks[5]={87,98};
– Here unassigned elements marks[2], marks[3],
marks[4] are filled with zeros.

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Storing Values Contd…
• Input values for individual elements from
console:
• Use a loop (while/do-while or for loop)
• Ex:

int i, marks[10];
for (i=0,i<10,i++)
scanf(“The array element at index ”%d” is:”%d, &i, &marks[i]);

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Storing Values Contd…
• Assign values to individual elements:
• Using assignment (=) operator:
• Ex:
– Marks[3]=100;
• One array can’t be assigned to an array. This can
be achieved in the following way:
int i, marks[5],marks2[5];
marks[5]={91, 65,47,88,93};
for (i=0,i<5,i++)
marks2[i]=marks[i];

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Array-Various Operations
• Traversing
• Insertion
• Deletion
• Searching (To be discussed later)
• Sorting (To be discussed later)
• Merging (To be discussed later)

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Traversing an Array
• Traversing an array means the following: printing
every element / counting number of elements/
perform any process on array elements
• Steps/Algorithm:
Step 1: [Initialization] Set i= lower_bound
Step 2: Repeat steps 3 and 4 while i<upper_bound
Step 3: Apply Process to A[i]
Step 4: set i = i + 1
[loop ends]
Step 5: Stop

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

Traversing an Array: Assignments
Assignments:
1. Write a program to read and display n numbers using
an array.
2. Write a program to find the mean of n numbers using
array.
3. Write a program to print the position of the smallest
number of n numbers using array.
4. Write a program to find the second largest of n
numbers using an array.
5. Write a program to find if an array of integers
contains a duplicate number.

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Inserting an element in an Array
• Let LA be a Linear Array (unordered) with N elements and K
is a positive integer such that K<=N. Following is the
algorithm where ITEM is inserted into the Kth position of LA
• Steps/Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Set J = N
3. Set N = N+1
4. Repeat steps 5 and 6 while J >= K
5. Set LA[J+1] = LA[J]
6. Set J = J-1
7. Set LA[K] = ITEM
8. Stop

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Inserting an element in an Array-
Assignments
Assignments:
1. Write a program to insert a number at a given
location in an array
2. Write a program to insert a number in a sorted
array (ascending/descending)

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Deleting an element in an Array
• Let LA be a Linear Array with N elements and K is a positive
integer such that K<=N. Following is the algorithm to delete
an element available at the Kth position of LA.
• Steps/Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Set J = K
3. Repeat steps 4 and 5 while J < N
4. Set LA[J] = LA[J + 1]
5. Set J = J+1
6. Set N = N-1
7. Stop

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Deleting an element in an Array-
Assignments
Assignments:
1. Write a program to delete a number from a given
location in an array
2. Write a program to delete a number from a
sorted array (ascending/descending)

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Passing Arrays to Functions
• Just like variables, array can also be passed to
a function as an argument
• Can be achieved in 2 ways:
– Passing as data (Call by Value)
– Passing as address (call by reference)

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

Passing Arrays to Functions Contd…
• Passing as data (Call by Value)
– Actual parameter is copied to formal parameters
– Ex 1: Pass an individual Data element of an array
Calling function Called Function
Main() void func(int element)
{ {
int num[]={1,2,3,4,5,}; printf(“%d”, element);
func(num[3]); }
}

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

Passing Arrays to Functions Contd…
• Passing as data (Call by Value)
– Actual parameter is copied to formal parameters
– Ex 1: Pass an entire Array
Calling function Called Function
Main() void func(int array1[5])
{ {
int num[]={1,2,3,4,5,}; int i;
func(num); for (i=0;i<5,i++)
} printf(“%d”, array1[i]);}

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

Passing Arrays to Functions Contd…
• Passing as address (Call by reference)
– Address of an array is passed
– the function declaration should have a pointer as
a parameter to receive the passed address
Calling Function Called Function
Main() void func(int *element)
{ {
s
int roll[]=(1,2,3,4,5}; printf(%d”, *element);
func(&roll[2]); }
}

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Passing Arrays to Functions -
Assignments
Assignments:
1. Write a program to read an array of n numbers and
then find the smallest number: Use the concept of
passing an array to a function
2. Write a program to interchange the largest and
smallest number in an array: Use the concept of
passing an array to a function

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Arrays of Pointers
• An array of pointers can be declared as :
– int *ptr[10];
– Which declares an array of 10 pointers where each of the pointers point to an
integer variable.
– Ex:
int * ptr[5];
int p=1, q=2, r=3;
ptr[0]=&p;
ptr[1]=&q;
ptr[2]=&r;
printf(“%d”,*ptr[1]);
• In the above code, the output will be 2, as ptr[1] stores
address of q, thus *ptr[1] will print the value of q that is 2.

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Two-Dimensional Arrays
• The two-dimensional array can be defined as an array of
arrays
• The 2D array is organized as matrices which can be
represented as the collection of rows and columns
• Data stored in the form of grids or tables
• C compiler treats a two-dimensional array as an array of one-
dimensional arrays
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Two-Dimensional Arrays-Declaration
• Syntax of 2D array:
• data_type array_name[rows][columns];
• Ex: int marks [3][4]; 3 is number of rows, 4 is number of
columns
• Pictorial form of 2D Array:
Rows Col 0 Col 1 Col 2 Col 3
Cols
Row 0 marks [0][0] marks [0][1] marks [0][2] marks [0][3]

Row 1 marks [1][0] marks [1][1] marks [1][2] marks [1][3]

Row 2 marks [2][0] marks [2][1] marks [2][2] marks [2][3]

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Two-Dimensional Arrays-Initialization
• 2D array can be declared and defined as follows:
• int arr[4][3]={{1,2,3},{2,3,4},{3,4,5},{4,5,6}};
or as follows:
• int arr[4][3]={1,2,3,2,3,4,3,4,5,4,5,6};
• Initialization of a 2D array is done row by row.
• If the 2D array is completely initialized, size of the first
dimension can be omitted.
• Ex: int arr[][3]={{1,2,3},{2,3,4},{3,4,5},{4,5,6}};
• Entire 2D array can be initialized to zeros in the following
way:
• int arr[4][3]={0};
Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata
 Two-Dimensional Arrays-Accessing
Elements
• To access 2D Array elements, need to use two loops
• The first for loop will scan each row in 2D array
• The second for loop will scan individual columns for every row
in 2D array
• Example:

int i, j, marks[14][5];
for (i=0,i<10,i++)
for (j=0,j<10,j++)
scanf(“The array elements are:”, &marks[i][j]);

The above code will access every data elements of the 2D array and
will set the value to the one entered by user

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Two-Dimensional Arrays-Assignments
Assignments:
1. Write a program to print elements of a m X n 2D array
2. Write a program to read a 2D array marks which stores
marks of five students in three subjects. Write a
program to display the highest marks in each subject.
3. Write a program to transpose a m X n matrix.
4. Write a program to input two m X n ,matrices and then
calculate the sum of their corresponding elements and
store it in a third m X n matrix.
5. Write a program to calculate two m X n matrices.

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Application of Arrays
1. Widely used to implement mathematical vectors,
matrices and other kinds of rectangular tables
2. Many databases include 1D arrays whose elements
are records
3. Arrays are used to implement other data structures
like strings, stacks, queues, heaps and hash tables
4. Can be used for sorting elements
(ascending/descending)

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. If an array is declared as arr[] = {1,3,5,7,9}; then what is the value of
sizeof(arr[3])?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 8
2. If an array is declared as arr[] = {1,3,5,7,9}; then what is the value of arr[3]?
(a) 1 (b) 7(c) 9 (d) 5
3. If an array is declared as double arr[50]; how many bytes will be allocated to
it?
(a) 50 (b) 100(c) 200 (d) 400
4. If an array is declared as int arr[50], how many elements can it hold?
(a) 49 (b) 50 (c) 51 (d) 0
5. If an array is declared as int arr[5][5], how many elements can it store?
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) 10 (d) 0
6. Given an integer array arr[]; the ith element can be accessed by writing
(a) *(arr+i) (b) *(i + arr) (c) arr[i] (d) All of these

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata

 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

Answers:
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d)

Kaustuv Bhattacharjee, UEM Kolkata