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Part 2: Fundamental Database Management Systems

Episode 1: Introduction to Databases
2.1 Introduction to Databases
- Database systems are designed to manage large data set in
an organization.
- The data management involves both definition and the
manipulation of the data which ranges from simple
representation of the data to considerations of structures
for the storage of information.
- A DBMS is a powerful tool for creating and managing large
amounts of data efficiently and allowing it to persist over
long periods of time, safely.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
Thus the Database course is about:
- How to organize data
- Supporting multiple users
- Efficient and effective data retrieval
- Secured and reliable storage of data
- Maintaining consistent data
- Making information useful for decision making
2.1 Introduction to Databases
 Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an
implicit meaning.
 Database: A collection of related data.
 Mini-world: Some part of the real world about which data is
stored in a database. For example, student grades and
transcripts at a university.
 Database Management System (DBMS): A software
package/system to facilitate the creation and maintenance
of a computerized database.
 Database System: The DBMS software together with the
data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
 Represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called
the mini-world.
 It is a logically coherent collection of data with some
inherent meaning.
 It is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific
purpose.
 It has an intended group of users and some preconceived
applications in which these users are interested.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
2.1.1 What a DBMS Facilitates?
- Define a particular database in terms of its data types,
structures, and constraints.
- Construct or load the initial database contents on a secondary
storage medium.
- Manipulating the database:
 Retrieval: Querying, generating reports.
 Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content.
 Accessing the database through Web applications.
- Processing and sharing by a set of concurrent users and
application programs – yet, keeping all data valid and
consistent.
- Protection or Security measures to prevent unauthorized
access.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
2.1.2 Where are DBMS Facilitates?
- Applications interact with a database by generating:
- Queries: that access different parts of data and formulate
the result of a request.
- Transactions: that may read some data and “update” certain
values or generate new data and store that in the database.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
2.1.3 The Three Database Approaches
1. MANUAL APPROACH: In the manual approach, data storage
and retrieval follows the primitive and traditional way of
information handling where cards and paper are used for the
purpose.
- Files for as many event and objects as the organization has are
used to store information.
- Each of the files containing various kinds of information is
labeled and stored in one or more cabinets.
- The cabinets could be kept in safe places for security purpose
based on the sensitivity of the information contained in it.
- Insertion and retrieval is done by searching first for the right
cabinet then for the right the file then the information.
- One could have an indexing system to facilitate access to the
data.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
2. TRADITIONAL FILE BASED APPROACH: After the
introduction of Computer for data processing to the business
community, the need to use the device for data storage and
processing increase.
- File based systems were an early attempt to computerize
the manual filing system.
- This approach is the decentralized computerized data
handling method.
- Such systems have number of programs for each of the
different applications in the organization.
- Since every application defines and manages its own data,
the system is subjected to serious data duplication problem.
- File, in traditional file based approach, is a collection of
records which contains logically related data.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
- The most significant problem experienced by the
traditional file based approach of data handling is the
“update anomalies”. We have three types of update
anomalies;
1) Modification Anomalies: a problem experienced when
one or more data value is modified on one application
program but not on others containing the same data set.
2) Deletion Anomalies: a problem encountered where one
record set is deleted from one application but remain
untouched in other application programs.
3) Insertion Anomalies: a problem encountered where one
cannot decide whether the data to be inserted is valid
and consistent with other similar data set.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
3. DATABASE APPROACH:
- Database is just a computerized record keeping system or a
kind of electronic filing cabinet.
- Database is a repository for collection of computerized data
files.
- Database is a shared collection of logically related data
designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
- Since a database contains information about the data
(metadata), it is called a self-descriptive collection on
integrated records.
- Each database application will perform the combination of:
Creating database, Reading, Updating and Deleting data.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
Benefits of Database Approach:
- Data can be shared: two or more users can access and use same
data instead of storing data in redundant manner for each user.
- Improved accessibility of data: by using structured query
languages, the users can easily access data without
programming experience.
- Redundancy can be reduced: isolated data is integrated in
database to decrease the redundant data stored at different
applications.
- Quality data can be maintained: the different integrity
constraints in the database approach will maintain the quality
leading to better decision making
- Inconsistency can be avoided: controlled data redundancy will
avoid inconsistency of the data in the database to some extent.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
FILE ORGANIZATION:
A. an early attempt to computerize the manual filing
system.
B. A collection application programs that perform services
for the end-users.
C. Each program defines and manages its data.
D. However, five types of problem are occurred in using the
file-based approach:
1. Separation and isolation of data
2. Redundancy or Duplication of data
3. Data dependence
4. Incompatible file formats
2.1 Introduction to Databases
- A DBMS is software package used to design, manage, and
maintain databases. It provides the following facilities:
Data Definition Language (DDL):
- Language used to define each data element required by the
organization.
- Commands for setting up schema of database
Data Manipulation Language (DML):
- Language used by end-users and programmers to store,
retrieve, and access the data e.g. SQL
- Also called "query language"
Data Dictionary: tool used to store and organize information
about the data.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
2.1.4 Database Development Life Cycle
- As it is one component in most information system
development tasks, there are several steps in designing a
database system.
- Here more emphasis is given to the design phases of the system
development life cycle.
- The major steps in database design are
1. Planning: that is identifying information gap in an
organization and propose a database solution to solve the
problem.
2. Analysis: that concentrates more on fact finding about the
problem or the opportunity. Feasibility analysis,
requirement determination and structuring, and selection of
best design method are also performed at this phase.
3. Design: in database designing more emphasis is given to this
phase. The phase is further divided into three sub-phases.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
A. Conceptual Design: concise description of the data, data
type, relationship between data and constraints on the
data.
• There is no implementation or physical detail
consideration.
• Used to elicit and structure all information requirements
B. Logical Design: a higher level conceptual abstraction with
selected specific data model to implement the data
structure.
C. Physical Design: physical implementation of the upper
level design of the database with respect to internal
storage and file structure of the database for the selected
DBMS.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
4. Implementation: the testing and deployment of the
designed database for use.
5. Operation and Support: administering and maintaining
the operation of the database system and providing
support to users.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
2.1.5 Database Users
Users may be divided into:
- Those who actually use and control the database content,
and those who design, develop and maintain database
applications (called “Actors on the Scene”),
- Those who design and develop the DBMS software and
related tools, and the computer systems operators (called
“Workers Behind the Scene”).
2.1 Introduction to Databases
Actors on the Scene:
 Database administrators: Administering the database and
the DBMS.
 Database designers: Responsible to define the content, the
structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions
against the database.
 End-users: use the data for queries, reports and some of
them update the database content:
- Casual: access database occasionally when needed
- Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section of the
end-user population.
- Sophisticated: include business analysts, scientists,
engineers,
- Stand-alone: Mostly maintain personal databases using
ready-to-use packaged applications.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
- System Analysts and Application Developers: System
Analysts, Application Programmers and Business Analysts.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
Workers behind the Scene:
- System Designers and Implementers: Design and implement
DBMS packages in the form of modules and interfaces and
test and debug them.
- Tool Developers: Design and implement software systems
called tools for modeling and designing databases,
performance monitoring, prototyping, test data generation,
user interface creation, simulation etc.
- Operators and Maintenance Personnel: They manage the
actual running and maintenance of the database system
hardware and software environment.
2.1 Introduction to Databases
Special Thanks to the publisher and author with:
2.1 Introduction to Databases
 TOPICS AND THE CONCEPTS:
What is Database?
What a DBMS Facilitates?
Where are DBMS Facilitates?
Three Database Approaches
Database Development Life Cycles

REFERENCES:
Fundamental Database Management Systems (6th Edition) by Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant B. Navaathe
Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management (6th Edition) by
Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg

PRESENTED BY:
Mohammed Nebil

HISTORY OF THE PROGRAMMING:

Boyce Codd

SPECIAL THANKS:
Digital Library of Educations
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Educations
Ethiopian Education Short Note