EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH & SAFETY IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITES

THE CASE STUDY OF THE CONSTRUCTION SITES IN DAR ES SALAAM

PARTICULARY UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM.

By
KALLAME, LINUS SAMSON

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE DEGREE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES

SALAAM IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN QUANTITY SURVEYING:
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
2024
 DECLARATION

I, KALLAME, LINUS SAMSON hereby declare that the contents of this report are a result of
my own efforts, study and findings and to the best of my knowledge they have not been
presented anywhere else for a Diploma, Degree, or any profession award in any Institution of
Higher Learning.

……………………………………………………

SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL
This report has been presented as semester project in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of BSc. In Quantity Surveying at the University of Dar es Salaam
University.

..................................... ………………………………

Dr. M. Mushumbusi Dr. F. K. Mohammed

PROJECT SUPERVIOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to begin by expressing my profound gratitude to Almighty God for bestowing upon
me the opportunity to reach this final stage of my research study.

I extend my appreciation to the faculty and staff of the Department of Structural and
Construction Engineering at the University of Dar es Salaam for providing the resources and
environment necessary for this research. Special thanks to Dr. Makoye, whose advice and
feedback were particularly helpful.

Furthermore, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to our project coordinator, Dr.
Medard Mushumbusi, for his invaluable support and guidance.

Moreover, thanks are given to all study respondents; the construction engineers, site workers and
project managers for their contribution in this study in providing invaluable data for this research
by completing the questionnaires

I am immensely grateful to my family for their unwavering love, encouragement, and

understanding throughout my academic career. Their support has been a constant source of
strength and motivation throughout the research process.

Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to my fellow students for their companionship
and for their contributions to the research process through their participation in thought-
provoking and enlightening discussions.

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 ABSTRACT

This research investigates employees' participation in health and safety practices within
construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, focusing on projects undertaken by the University
of Dar es Salaam. The study aims to assess the level of employee involvement in health and
safety protocols, identify challenges and barriers to participation, and explore the effectiveness of
existing measures in promoting workplace safety.

Using a mixed-methods approach, data collection involves surveys, interviews, and observations
to gather insights from construction workers, supervisors, and project managers. The research
evaluates the implementation of health and safety measures, the adequacy of training programs,
and the influence of regulatory frameworks on employee engagement.

Major findings reveal varying levels of employee involvement as the result of differences in
training adequacy, management commitment, and the effectiveness of safety protocols and the
study recommends key areas for improvement, such as enhancing training initiatives, fostering a
safety-oriented culture, and strengthening enforcement mechanisms.

The study recommends enhancing training initiatives, fostering a safety-oriented culture, and
strengthening enforcement mechanisms. Further studies should explore cultural factors, the long-
term effectiveness of training programs, technological advancements, and the influence of
leadership styles on safety culture in the construction industry.

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iv
 Table of Contents
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION:....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background to the Problem...............................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Responsibility for the Problem:......................................................................................4
1.2.2 Previous Attempts to Solve the Problem:.......................................................................4
1.2.3 Consequences of Not Solving the Problem:...................................................................5
1.3 General objective...................................................................................................................5
1.4 Specific Objectives................................................................................................................5
1.5 Research Questions................................................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................6
1.7 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study...........................................................................7
1.8 Conditions and Risk analysis.................................................................................................7
1.8.1 Conditions:......................................................................................................................7
1.8.2 Risk Analysis:.................................................................................................................8
1.9 Approach:..............................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................11
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................11
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................11
2.2 Employee Involvement and Safety Culture.........................................................................11
2.3 Risk Management and the Construction Context................................................................12
2.4 The Developing Country Context........................................................................................12
2.5 Gaps and Areas for Further Investigation............................................................................13
2.6 Theoretical Framework........................................................................................................14
2.7 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................16
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................16
3.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................16
3.2 Research Design..................................................................................................................16

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 3.3 Sample Selection.................................................................................................................17
3.4 Unit of Analysis and Population..........................................................................................17
3.5 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................19
3.5.1 Secondary data Sources................................................................................................19
3.5.2 Primary data Sources....................................................................................................19
3.6 Data collection instruments.................................................................................................19
3.6.1 Questionnaires..............................................................................................................19
3.6.2 Interviews.....................................................................................................................20
3.7 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................21
4.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS..............................................................................21
4.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................21
4.2 Respondent Rate..................................................................................................................21
4.3 Demographic Information...................................................................................................21
4.4 Awareness and Training......................................................................................................22
4.4.1 Awareness of Health and Safety Protocols...................................................................22
4.4.2 Frequency and Effectiveness of Training.....................................................................23
4.5 Participation and Engagement.............................................................................................23
4.5.1 Participation in Health and Safety Meetings................................................................23
4.5.2 Reporting of Safety Hazards.........................................................................................23
4.6 Effectiveness of Health and Safety Measures.....................................................................24
4.6.1 Perceived Effectiveness................................................................................................24
4.6.2 Suggestions for Improvement.......................................................................................24
4.7 Barriers and Challenges.......................................................................................................24
4.7.1 Main Barriers................................................................................................................24
4.7.2 Resource Allocation......................................................................................................25
4.8 Leadership and Management Practices...............................................................................25
4.8.1 Frequency of Safety Inspections...................................................................................25
4.8.2 Handling Violations......................................................................................................25
4.8.3 Enhancing Safety Culture.............................................................................................26
4.9 Discussion of Findings........................................................................................................26
4.10 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................28
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................28

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 5.1 Summary of the Study Findings..........................................................................................28
5.2 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................28
5.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................29
5.4 Areas for Further Studies.....................................................................................................30
References......................................................................................................................................32
APPENDIX “A”............................................................................................................................35
Questionnaire for supervisors........................................................................................................37
Questionnaire for Workers............................................................................................................42
Questionnaire for Safety Personnel...............................................................................................47
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS..........................................................................................................51
Interview Questions for Supervisors.........................................................................................51
Interview Questions for Project Managers................................................................................52

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
 CRB – Contractors Registration Board
 H&S - Health and Safety
 ILO - International Labour Organization
 MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
 OSHA – Occupational Safety & Health Act
 PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
 SLT - Social Learning Theory
 UDSM - University of Dar es Salaam
 URT – United Republic of Tanzania

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

The construction industry, characterized by complex projects, tight deadlines, and challenging
environments, presents inherent health and safety risks for workers (Vrijhoef & Ravestein,
2017). In Tanzania, a thriving construction sector is crucial for infrastructure development,
economic growth, and job creation (World Bank, 2019). However, ensuring worker safety
remains a paramount concern, especially in densely populated areas (Lingard & Rowlinson,
2015).
This research focuses on employee participation in health and safety practices within
construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The University of Dar es Salaam's ongoing
construction projects were chosen as case studies due to their large scale and potential for a
diverse workforce. Employee participation, encompassing not only adherence to regulations but
also active involvement and risk identification, is essential for creating a safe work environment
(Lingard & Rowlinson, 2015). This study aims to investigate the extent to which employees at
these construction sites actively participate in health and safety initiatives, thereby contributing
to a safer work environment.

1.1 Background to the Problem

The construction growth of the construction industry has led to an increase of accidents which
mostly go undetected and therefore unexpected in different countries in the world (Contractors’
report, 2009). According to Contractors’ report (2009), construction is the second most
hazardous activity after mining and its hazardous nature necessitated the importance of
contractors taking safety and health seriously. From safety experts, Fleming and Lardner (1999)
discovered that human factors contributed to 80 – 90% of all industrial accidents as people
neglected the correct procedure in doing their job.
According to contractors’ report, (2009); some contractors considered safety facilities as a luxury
and as a consequence a contractor is likely to incur more costs than what he would have invested
in buying safety gears. The report insisted that some unscrupulous contractors were lying to the
(CRB board) that they were giving out personal protective equipment (PPE) such as helmets and

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boots to workers while some workers did not like to wear them. These and other reasons are the
ones making contractor ignoring observation of safe working environment in construction
industry.
Efforts have been used trying to solve this problem. Among the effort is one suggested by Lin
and Mills (2001) that clear policy statements and safety training played an important role in
reducing accident rate. Basing on that argument in 2003 the government of the United Republic
of Tanzania introduced the Occupational Health and Safety Act (URT, 2003). This act repeals
the Factories Ordinance; to make provisions for the safety, health and welfare of persons at work
in factories and other places of work to provide for the protection of persons other than persons
at work against hazards to health and safety arising out of or in connection with activities of
persons at work and to provide for connected matters (URT, ibid). This Act imposed a major
change and challenges in the way employees and employers behave in construction sites in
matters regarding health and safety at their workplaces (URT, ibid). The formation of
Occupational Health and Safety Authority ~ OSHA accelerated the government efforts in
advocating the Act and raising awareness to employees in construction sites and to other sectors
(URT, 2003)
Fleming and Lardner (1999) have considered effective health and safety management and its
relation to productivity to be an important element when managing the interaction between
systems and people. Previous study like Mitchison and Papadakis (1999) demonstrated that
effective safety management improves level of safety in organization and thus can be seen to
decrease damages and harms from incidents (cited from Bottani, Monica & Vignali, 2009).
Safety management refers to the tangible practices, responsibility and performance related to
safety Mearns et al, (2003). Mearns et al. (2003) noted some common theme of safety
management practices: management commitment to safety, safety communication, health and
safety objectives, training needs, rewarding performance, and worker’s involvement.
Hsu, Lee, Wu, and Takano (2007) study on organizational factors on safety in Taiwan and Japan
reported that the influence of organizational factors in both countries were different due to
dissimilar culture. For example, they discovered that Taiwanese leadership style was “Top-Down
Directive” where top management communicated safety policies and involved in safety activities
while Japanese safety leadership was more focused on “Bottom-Up Participative” where top
management promoted employees’ participation in any safety activities. Besides leadership style,

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Marsh et al. (1995) noted that management commitment plays a vital role in all aspects of safety
intervention. Management commitment to safety indicates the extent to which the organization’s
top management demonstrates positive and supportive safety attitudes towards their employees’
safety (Hsu et al., 2007). Oliver et al (2002) conducted a study on employee attitudes towards
safety in the manufacturing sector in UK. The study identified safety standards and goals, and
safety management, which include personal involvement, communication, workplace hazards
and physical work environment as factors that enhance safety activities in organization. The
study found a good physical working environment and employee involvement as key factors that
contribute to safety activities in organizations.
The Tanzania Government, through Occupational and Health Safety Authority (OSHA) sets out
the requirement of employers to participate effectively in ongoing processes for the improvement
of health and safety in their work place. This is in recognition of the valuable contribution that
employees can potentially make to health and safety in their own workplace. Thus the
participation of employees on health and safety matters has a big impact in the process for the
improvement of health and safety in workplace. Such, concerns over the quality of health and
safety has compelled the need for this study so as to show the extent of employees’ participation
in health and safety matters in the construction industry.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The construction industry faces a significant challenge regarding the active participation of
employees in health and safety protocols (H&S protocols) (Lingard & Rowlinson, 2015). Despite
advancements in occupational health and safety regulations, the construction industry continues
to experience a disproportionately high rate of accidents and injuries globally (ILO, 2023). In
Tanzania, emphasizing the urgent need for effective safety interventions. A critical factor
contributing to this issue is the limited involvement of employees in health and safety decision-
making (WHO, 2022). This research aims to investigate the specific barriers to employee
participation in construction sites within Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and to explore potential
strategies for enhancing their engagement in promoting a safer work environment

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1.2.1 Responsibility for the Problem:

The responsibility for addressing this problem lies with various stakeholders, including
construction companies, project managers, regulatory bodies, and the workforce itself. While
construction companies and project managers bear the responsibility of implementing and
enforcing safety measures, regulatory bodies play a crucial role in setting standards and ensuring
compliance. Simultaneously, workers need to actively engage in adhering to safety protocols,
reporting hazards, and participating in training programs.

1.2.2 Previous Attempts to Solve the Problem:

Efforts have been made in Tanzania, as in many countries, to address health and safety concerns
in the construction sector. The Occupational Health and Safety Act (URT, 2003) establishes a
framework for safe work practices, including guidelines for the construction industry.
Construction companies often implement safety protocols, conduct training programs, and
establish safety committees. However, despite these measures, gaps persist in translating policies
into tangible improvements at the ground level. The effectiveness of these initiatives in
promoting genuine employee participation and fostering a culture of safety requires closer
examination.
Several potential reasons might explain why existing initiatives have not led to a significant
increase in employee participation. These could include:
 A lack of enforcement or ineffective enforcement of safety regulations by the
Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OSHA) or other relevant authorities.
 Training programs that are generic or not tailored to the specific tasks and risks
encountered by different construction workers.
 Safety committees that lack strong worker representation or have limited influence on
decision-making processes related to safety protocols.
 A culture of fear or mistrust within construction companies, where workers might
hesitate to report hazards or raise safety concerns due to fear of reprisal.

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By examining these potential shortcomings in existing approaches, this research aims to identify
strategies that can create a more engaged and empowered workforce, ultimately improving
health and safety outcomes in Dar es Salaam construction sites.

1.2.3 Consequences of Not Solving the Problem:

Failure to address the issue of inadequate employee participation in health and safety practices
poses severe consequences. Firstly, the risk of on-site accidents and injuries increases,
jeopardizing the well-being of workers. This can include falls from height, equipment
malfunctions, or exposure to hazardous materials, leading to human suffering and potential long-
term health problems. Accidents also result in increased medical costs and potential legal
ramifications for the construction companies involved. Additionally, project delays and
disruptions may occur due to accidents, impacting timelines and incurring additional financial
burdens.
Furthermore, a lack of commitment to health and safety measures can tarnish the reputation of
construction companies and erode public trust. This may lead to decreased investor confidence,
potential legal actions, and a negative impact on the overall growth and sustainability of the
construction industry in Tanzania.

1.3 General objective

The general objective of this research is to Investigate the extent of employee participation in
health and safety protocols mandated by existing laws, regulations, and enforcement mechanisms
within construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

1.4 Specific Objectives

 Assess the level of employee involvement in adhering to health and safety protocols
at construction sites in Dar es Salaam
 Investigate the key factors influencing employee participation in health and safety
(H&S) protocols at construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (Examples:
Limited resources, workforce informality, communication styles)
 To examine how to promote a positive safety culture that empowers workers for
active participation in H&S initiatives within the Tanzanian construction sector

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1.5 Research Questions
 What are the current levels of employee participation in health and safety practices at
construction sites in Dar es Salaam?
 To what extent do the key factors hinder employee participation in H&S protocols at
construction sites in Dar es Salaam?
 What leadership practices (e.g., leading by example, encouraging open
communication) and safety management approaches (e.g., regular safety inspections,
worker involvement in hazard identification) can contribute to fostering a positive
safety culture that encourages employee participation in H&S protocols within the
Tanzanian construction sector?

1.6 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to improve worker safety, enhance workplace
practices, increase regulatory compliance, reduce costs, and promote social responsibility within
the Tanzanian construction industry. By addressing these key areas, the research aims to
contribute to safer working environments, improved productivity, and sustainable development
in the country.
 Worker Safety: Understanding the factors influencing employee participation in health
and safety protocols can inform the development of targeted strategies to improve safety
protocols, reduce accidents, and ultimately enhance worker well-being.
 Workplace Practices: This research can help identify areas for improvement in
workplace practices related to safety. By exploring factors influencing employee
participation, the study can inform the development of more effective training programs,
communication strategies, and a stronger safety culture within construction companies.
 Regulatory Compliance: The findings of this research can be valuable for regulatory
bodies like the Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OSHA) in Tanzania. By
understanding the challenges and opportunities related to employee participation, OSHA
can develop more effective enforcement mechanisms or tailor regulations to address
specific participation gaps.
 Social Responsibility: Improved safety practices and a more engaged workforce
contribute to the social responsibility of the construction industry. By promoting a culture

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 of safety and well-being, construction companies can demonstrate their commitment to
their employees and the broader community.

1.7 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study

This study is limited by its geographical scope. Due to time and resource constraints, it was not
possible to investigate construction sites across Tanzania. To ensure efficient data collection, the
research focused on two prominent construction projects within Dar es Salaam. This decision
was further influenced by the researcher's prior experience working on construction projects in
Dar es Salaam, facilitating easier access to data and potentially richer insights. However, this
focus on Dar es Salaam limits the generalizability of the findings to the broader Tanzanian
construction industry.
Financial limitations also played a role in data collection. Some contractors were hesitant to
share potentially sensitive information concerning their firms' safety practices. While some
officials were forthcoming, others were reluctant to disclose crucial details. This limited access
to certain data sources might affect the comprehensiveness of the findings.
To mitigate these limitations, the research employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing surveys,
interviews, and observations to gather data from construction workers, supervisors, project
managers, and potentially relevant officials. This triangulation of data sources can help
strengthen the validity of the findings and provide a more comprehensive understanding of
employee participation within the chosen case studies

1.8 Conditions and Risk analysis

1.8.1 Conditions:

Worksite Conditions: The research is conducted in active construction sites, which may pose
logistical challenges due to noise, limited space, and potential safety hazards. Researchers and
participants must adhere to safety protocols and wear appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE) at all times.
Weather Conditions: Weather conditions, such as rain, extreme heat, or strong winds, could
impact the feasibility of data collection activities and the safety of researchers and participants
on-site.

7
Access to Participants: Engaging construction workers, supervisors, and managers for
interviews and surveys may be challenging due to their busy schedules and the transient nature
of construction projects. Building rapport and securing their cooperation is crucial.
Language and Cultural Considerations: Ensuring effective communication with participants,
who may speak diverse languages and come from different cultural backgrounds, is essential for
accurate data collection and interpretation.

1.8.2 Risk Analysis:

Safety Risks: Conducting research in active construction sites involves inherent safety risks,
including the potential for accidents, falls, and exposure to hazardous materials. Mitigation
measures, such as safety briefings, site assessments, and adherence to safety protocols, must be
implemented to minimize these risks.
Data Integrity: Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data collected from participants is
essential. Risks include response bias, misinterpretation of questions, and data entry errors.
Employing validated survey instruments, conducting pilot tests, and employing quality control
measures can mitigate these risks.

Ethical Considerations: Respecting the rights and privacy of research participants is paramount.
Risks include breaches of confidentiality, coercion, and conflicts of interest. Obtaining informed
consent, maintaining anonymity, and adhering to ethical guidelines helps mitigate these risks.
Resource Constraints: Limited time, budget, and human resources may pose constraints on the
scope and scale of the research. Strategies such as prioritizing research objectives, leveraging
existing resources, and seeking collaborations can help address these constraints.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring compliance with local laws, regulations, and institutional
policies is critical. Risks include non-compliance with data protection laws, ethical guidelines,
and research protocols. Obtaining necessary approvals, conducting research ethically, and
maintaining documentation can mitigate these risks.

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1.9 Approach:
The approach to carry out the objectives of investigating employees' participation in health and
safety at construction sites involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative research
methods (mixed-methods approach). The research is conducted in phases to gather
comprehensive data, analyze findings, and derive actionable insights. Below is an outline of the
steps involved in the research process:
1. Preliminary Research and Planning
Review existing literature, regulations, and standards related to health and safety in the
Tanzanian construction industry.
Identify key stakeholders, including construction companies, regulatory bodies, and workers'
representatives.
Develop research objectives, questions, and methodologies.
2. Data Collection
Conduct site visits to the construction sites of the University of Dar es Salaam.
Data Collection Methods:
Surveys: Administer closed-ended and Likert scale surveys to a representative sample of
workers, supervisors, and management personnel at the construction sites. The surveys assess the
awareness levels of health and safety protocols, participation in training programs, perceptions of
enforcement mechanisms, and organizational culture regarding safety.
Interviews: Conduct semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from each group
(workers, supervisors, management, and potentially relevant officials from regulatory bodies).
The interviews explore challenges faced by employees in participating in safety practices, best
practices observed within the construction sites, and areas for improvement in promoting
employee participation.
Observations: Conduct observations during site visits to gain insights into the general safety
culture, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and interactions between workers and
supervisors regarding safety protocols.
Sampling Strategy:
A purposive sampling strategy is employed to select participants for surveys and interviews. This
will involve selecting workers from different trades and experience levels, supervisors from

9
various departments, and management personnel with relevant decision-making authority over
safety practices.

Ethical Considerations:
Informed consent obtained from all participants before they participate in any surveys or
interviews. Participant confidentiality ensured by anonymizing all data and using pseudonyms in
reporting the findings.
3. Data Analysis
Organize and analyze quantitative data obtained from surveys using statistical software (SPSS,
for example) to identify trends and patterns in employee participation.
Conduct a thematic analysis of qualitative data from interviews to identify common themes,
patterns, and discrepancies in perspectives on employee participation.
Cross-reference qualitative and quantitative findings (data triangulation) to ensure reliability and
validity of the overall analysis.
4. Risk Analysis and Constraints Identification
Conduct a thorough risk analysis based on the identified hazards, safety protocols, and historical
incident data (if available) from the construction sites.
Identify constraints likely to be associated with the research, including access to specific areas
within the sites, language barriers, worker reluctance to participate due to fear of reprisal, and
time constraints.
Evaluate the potential impact of constraints on data collection, analysis, and overall research
outcomes. Develop mitigation strategies to address these constraints, such as seeking permission
to access

5. Reporting and Recommendations:

Prepare a comprehensive report outlining the research methodology, findings, and analysis.
Develop actionable recommendations for stakeholders, including construction companies,
regulatory bodies, and policymakers, to enhance employees' participation in health and safety
practices.

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Present research findings and recommendations through workshops, seminars, or presentations to
relevant stakeholders for dissemination and discussion.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
The construction industry is a wellspring of research due to its inherent risks and complexities.
Numerous studies have explored various aspects of worker safety and health. However, a gap
exists in fully understanding the intricate factors influencing employee participation in health and
safety (H&S) protocols (Lingard & Rowlinson, 2015). This literature review aims to delve into
this gap by examining existing research on themes related to employee involvement, safety
culture, and risk management within the construction sector. Some of the specific themes
explored will include the role of training and awareness programs, the influence of safety
leadership and communication on employee engagement, and the impact of workplace culture on
hazard reporting. By synthesizing these findings, the review seeks to identify key areas for
further investigation, particularly in the context of developing countries like Tanzania (Haslam et
al., 2008; World Bank, 2019).

2.2 Employee Involvement and Safety Culture

Employee participation in Health and Safety (H&S) goes beyond mere compliance with
regulations. Research by Lingard and Rowlinson (2015) emphasizes the importance of employee
engagement, which fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility for safety. This can be
achieved through active involvement in various aspects of safety management, such as hazard
identification during daily work activities, participation in regular safety meetings, and reporting
near misses (Gómez-Mejía et al., 2016). A positive safety culture, characterized by open
communication, trust, and management commitment, is crucial for facilitating employee
participation (Fernandez-Muñiz et al., 2009). When employees feel empowered to speak up
about safety concerns without fear of retribution, it encourages proactive involvement in risk
mitigation (Haslam et al., 2008).

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However, the converse is also true. A negative safety culture, characterized by a lack of
communication, fear of reprisal for reporting hazards, or a perception that management does not
prioritize safety, can significantly hinder employee participation. In such an environment,
workers might be hesitant to voice concerns, leading to a potential increase in safety risks

2.3 Risk Management and the Construction Context

Construction projects are inherently complex, with diverse tasks, tight schedules, and exposure
to various hazards (Vrijhoef & Ravestein, 2017). This complexity can create challenges for
effective risk management, particularly when employee participation is limited. Studies by
Leveson (2011) highlight the importance of integrating risk management into all stages of
construction projects, from planning to execution. This includes actively involving workers in
identifying potential risks associated with their specific tasks and work environments.

Employee participation is crucial for effective risk management in construction. Workers'

firsthand experience on the job makes them uniquely positioned to identify potential hazards that
might be missed by project managers or safety officers who don't have the same level of hands-
on experience. For instance, construction workers might be able to identify faulty equipment,
unsafe work practices used by colleagues, or environmental hazards specific to the worksite.
Conversely, if employee participation is limited, important safety concerns might be overlooked,
potentially leading to accidents and injuries

2.4 The Developing Country Context

The construction industry in developing countries like Tanzania faces additional challenges
regarding worker health and safety (H&S). The World Bank (2019) emphasizes the need for
stricter regulations and enforcement mechanisms. However, even with stricter regulations, other
factors can hinder employee participation in H&S practices. These factors include:
 Limited resources: Construction companies in developing countries might have limited
resources to invest in safety equipment, training programs, or qualified safety personnel. This
lack of resources can hinder efforts to create a safe work environment and discourage
employee engagement in safety protocols.

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 Workforce informality: A high proportion of informal workers in the construction sector
can pose challenges. Informal workers might lack formal employment contracts, health
insurance, or proper safety training, potentially leading to a lower sense of responsibility or
fear of losing their jobs if they raise safety concerns.
 Inadequate safety training: Inadequate safety training can leave workers unaware of
potential hazards, proper safety procedures, or their rights to a safe work environment. This
lack of knowledge can make them less likely to actively participate in safety initiatives.
Research in this context is crucial for developing targeted interventions and best practices to
promote a culture of safety and empower workers to actively participate in H&S initiatives. By
understanding the specific challenges faced by the Tanzanian construction industry, this research
aims to contribute to the development of more effective strategies for promoting employee
participation and improving worker safety

2.5 Gaps and Areas for Further Investigation

While existing research provides valuable insights, there is a need for more studies that explore
the specific factors influencing employee participation in Health and Safety within the Tanzanian
construction sector. The limitations of the current study, such as its focus on two case studies in
Dar es Salaam, highlight the need for further research to investigate these factors across a
broader range of construction projects throughout Tanzania.
Future research could examine several areas:
 The effectiveness of different employee participation methods (e.g., safety committees,
toolbox talks) in the Tanzanian context. This research could involve case studies or
surveys across various construction project types to assess the effectiveness of different
participation methods in promoting employee engagement and identifying culturally
appropriate approaches.
 The role of leadership styles and safety management practices in fostering employee
engagement. Studies could explore how leadership styles and safety management
approaches influence employee willingness to participate in safety initiatives and report
hazards.
 The impact of cultural factors and communication styles on employee participation in
Health and Safety. In-depth qualitative research employing methods like ethnography or

13
 focus groups could provide valuable insights into how cultural norms and communication
styles affect employee participation. This could inform the development of culturally
sensitive safety training programs and communication strategies.
By investigating these areas, researchers can contribute to developing more effective strategies to
improve worker safety and well-being in construction projects across Tanzania.

2.6 Theoretical Framework

This research on employee participation in health and safety (H&S) protocols within the
Tanzanian construction sector draws upon the principles of Social Learning Theory (SLT).
Developed by Albert Bandura, SLT posits that individuals learn through observing and imitating
the behaviors of others, particularly those in positions of authority (Bandura, 1977). In the
context of construction safety, this theory suggests that employee participation is influenced by
observing safety behaviors modeled by supervisors and management. If employees see
leadership figures actively engaged in safety practices, conducting regular safety inspections, and
encouraging open communication about safety concerns, they are more likely to be motivated to
participate in safety initiatives themselves.
SLT also emphasizes the role of perceived self-efficacy, or an individual's belief in their ability
to perform a specific behavior (Bandura, 1977). In the construction context, this translates to
workers' confidence in identifying and reporting hazards, as well as their ability to influence
safety practices on the job site. This research aims to explore how factors like safety training,
effective communication from supervisors, and a positive safety culture can contribute to a
higher sense of self-efficacy among workers, ultimately leading to increased participation in
H&S protocols.

2.7 Conclusion
This literature review has highlighted the importance of employee participation in ensuring
worker safety within the construction industry. Existing research emphasizes the role of factors
like a positive safety culture, active employee involvement in hazard identification and risk
management, and effective safety leadership. However, a gap exists in understanding the
specific factors influencing employee participation in developing countries like Tanzania, where
the construction sector faces unique challenges regarding workforce informality, resource
limitations, and potential cultural influences on safety communication.

14
This research aims to address this gap by investigating employee participation in H&S protocols
at construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. By drawing upon the principles of Social
Learning Theory and exploring the specific context of the Tanzanian construction industry, this
study seeks to contribute valuable insights for improving worker safety and well-being. The
findings can inform the development of targeted interventions and best practices to promote a
culture of safety and empower workers to actively participate in H&S initiatives, ultimately
leading to safer working conditions in Tanzania's construction sector

15
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in this study investigating employee
participation in health and safety (H&S) protocols within Tanzania's construction sector. The
chapter details the chosen mixed-methods research design (Creswell & Creswell, 2018), which
incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The primary data
collection methods used in this study include surveys and semi-structured interviews.
Additionally, the chapter describes the data analysis techniques employed and the ethical
considerations that will be adhered to throughout the research process

3.2 Research Design

This research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative
data collection methods (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). This approach allows for a more
comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing employee participation by capturing
both objective data (e.g., survey responses) and subjective experiences (e.g., interview insights).

Quantitative Data: A questionnaire administered to a representative sample of construction

workers, supervisors, and safety personnel at construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The
survey gathers data on:
 Demographics (age, experience, job role)
 Understanding and perceptions of H&S protocols
 Frequency and methods of employee participation in safety initiatives
 Perceived barriers to participation (limited resources, communication issues)

16
Qualitative Data: Semi-structured interviews conducted with a smaller group of workers,
supervisors, and safety personnel. These interviews allow for deeper exploration of: Experiences
with H&S protocols on construction sites, Attitudes towards safety and participation, the
influence of leadership styles and communication on participation and Cultural factors affecting
safety communication and participation

3.3 Sample Selection

A sample is defined as the specific portion of the study population chosen to represent the entire
population (Kothari, 2004). This research employs a purposive sampling strategy to recruit
participants with relevant characteristics aligned with the research objectives (Teddlie & Yu,
2007).
Sample Target Groups: Construction workers (variety of experience levels and trades),
Construction supervisors (foremen, site managers), Safety personnel (safety officers, inspectors)

3.4 Unit of Analysis and Population

The unit of analysis in this study is individual employees working at the construction sites of the
University of Dar es Salaam. This includes workers from various trades such as masons,
carpenters, electricians, and site managers. By focusing on individual employees, the study aims
to capture personal experiences, attitudes, and behaviors regarding health and safety practices.
Additionally, organizational practices at the construction sites will be analyzed to understand the
broader context influencing individual participation in safety measures

Table 1: Showing Participants in construction sites in University of Dar es Salaam

No Category No. of Participants in Construction sites in

. Dar es salaam
1 Workers 287
2 Supervisors 14
3 Safety 6
personnel
TOTAL 307
Source; Estate Department University of Dar Es salaam (2024)

17
Sample Size: Sample size is the representative of the targeted population. A sample is finite part
of a situation whose properties are studies to gain information about the whole. Sample size
should be optimum, nether large nor small, Lyimo et al., (2018).

The researcher applies Slovin’s formula to obtain sample from a targeted population. Let, “N” be
the total population size, “n” be the sample size researcher needs to obtain from a total
population and “e” be the allowed probability of committing an error in selecting a sample from
a population will be (0.1). The sample size “n” will be obtained as follows (Slovin, 2003).

n= N

1+N⋅e2

Where:

 n is the sample size.

 N is the total population size.

 e is the margin of error (expressed as a decimal)

Applying this formula to each population group in each group, the study targeted sample size is
then 82. Individuals (Table 1.1)

Table 1.1: Number of sample sizes from each category in construction sites of UDSM

S/No. CATEGORY POPULATION SAMPLE SIZE (n)

1 Workers 287 75
2 Supervisors 14 4
3 Safety Personnel 6 3
TOTAL 307 82

The target sample size for interviews is 20-30 participants, allowing for in-depth exploration of
experiences and perspectives.

18
Selection Process: Participants recruited through a combination of methods. Construction
companies in Dar es Salaam contacted to obtain permission to approach workers on-site.
Information sessions held to explain the research project and invite participation. Flyers and
posters outlining the study will be displayed at construction sites with company approval.
Sampling Considerations: Efforts made to ensure the inclusion of participants from various
construction project types (residential, commercial, infrastructure) to capture potential variations
in safety practices.
Ethical considerations regarding informed consent and participant confidentiality will be strictly
adhered to (further discussed in Section 3.7).

3.5 Data Collection Methods

Data collection is the process of gathering information from all relevant sources of information
so as to gain answers in a particular problem of study (Kothari, 2004), The data collection
process tends to gather information regarding in this research are primary data and secondary
data, primary data tends to provide a general solution of the problem of research while the
secondary data tends to collect information regarding the specific population of the study and
method like interview, questionnaires which are mostly adopted in my study.

3.5.1 Secondary data Sources

The secondary data are the type of data which were obtained through various literatures review
and sources like book, journals and articles and even website, Secondary data collection methods
offer a range of advantages such as saving time, effort and expenses. Secondary data as the basic
source of information which aid the researcher to establish general body of knowledge which
will help in process of gathering the primary data too.
The secondary data in my study was obtained as mentioned in the literature reviews.

3.5.2 Primary data Sources

Primary sources in data collection is the source which provides the type of data that has not been
discovered before. It provides data that is unique findings of the research. Primary data collection
and analysis typically requires more time and effort to conduct compared to the secondary data
research. Primary data collection methods can be divided into two groups: quantitative and

19
qualitative. Primary data was collected from the field and the means for data collection were
interviews and questionnaires.

3.6 Data collection instruments

3.6.1 Questionnaires
The questionnaires contained both open and close- ended questions.
Open –ended questions were used to provide room for opinions and other comments that were
useful for the research study.
Close-ended questions were prepared to create uniformity and reliability of data that is to be
collected.

3.6.2 Interviews
Semi-structured interview questions developed based on the literature review and refined after
the pilot survey.
Interviews conducted in a private setting at a convenient location for participants.
Data Triangulation: The collected data from both surveys and interviews triangulated (Denzin,
2007). This means analyzing data from different sources to identify convergence and divergence
of findings, enhancing the overall validity and reliability of the research (Flick, 2018).

3.7 Ethical Considerations

This research adheres to the following ethical principles:
Informed Consent: Participants are informed about the study's purpose and their rights before
participating. Confidentiality maintained by anonymizing data, and pseudonyms will be used in
reporting findings. The research complies with ethical guidelines and obtain necessary approvals
from relevant bodies. They have the right to refuse participation

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the findings from the data collected through surveys and interviews. The
analysis focuses on the extent of employee participation in health and safety practices at
construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The data is organized according to the research
objectives and questions outlined in Chapter One.

4.2 Respondent Rate

The response rate depended on the availability and willingness of respondents to participate in
filling questionnaires that administered so as to provide valid information for the study. A
sample of 82 respondents were selected for this study. Table 2 shows that only 75 out of 82
respondents responded and provided accurate answers to this study. Therefore, the study analysis
based on response rate of 91.5% which is fair and representative according to (Mugenda, 2003)
stated that, a response rate of >50% is required for analysis and representation of data.

Table 2: Respondent Rate

Respondents Frequency Percentage

Responded 75 91.5%
Not responded 7 8.5%
Total 82 100
Source: Field Data, (2024)

4.3 Demographic Information

The demographic information of the respondents is crucial in understanding the context of the
study. The respondents included project managers, engineers, quantity surveyors, safety

21
personnel, and casual laborers. The majority of the respondents were male, reflecting the gender
distribution in the construction industry in Tanzania.

Table 3: Demographic Information of respondents

Demographic N = 75 Frequency Percent

information (%)
Gender Male 53 70.7
Female 22 29.3
Years of experience 1-3 years old 15 20
4-6 years old 23 30
More than 6 years old 30 40
Less than 1 year 8 10
Professional Workers 68 92
background Safety Personnel 3 3
Project Managers 4 5
Source: Field Data, (2024)

4.4 Awareness and Training

The level of awareness and training regarding health and safety protocols is essential for
effective implementation. Adequate awareness and comprehensive training on health and safety
protocols are fundamental to fostering a proactive safety culture and minimizing workplace
hazards.

4.4.1 Awareness of Health and Safety Protocols

Awareness: A survey of 68 construction workers revealed that 85% were aware of the health
and safety protocols in place at their respective sites, and 15% of the workers were not aware.
However, a deeper understanding of the specific content and level of detail in this awareness is
necessary to assess its impact on safety practices. This indicates a relatively high level of
awareness, although further investigation is needed to assess the depth of this knowledge.
Additionally, comparing these results to industry benchmarks would provide valuable context for
evaluating the overall performance of the construction sites

22
Training Received: Training on health and safety measures was reported by 70% of
respondents. This suggests a need for increased training efforts to reach the remaining 30% of
workers who have not undergone any training, represent a significant gap in safety knowledge
and practices, which could potentially contribute to increased risks. To effectively address safety
concerns, it is crucial to prioritize training initiatives for this group. Additionally, the quality and
effectiveness of the training provided should be evaluated to determine its impact on safety
practices

4.4.2 Frequency and Effectiveness of Training

Frequency of Training: Among respondents who received training, the most common
frequency was quarterly (40%), meaning training occurred every three months. This was
followed by annual training (30%), indicating training once a year. A significant proportion of
workers (20%) received training monthly, suggesting regular safety reinforcement. The
remaining 10% reported training at other intervals, which could include semi-annually, bi-
monthly, or irregular schedules.

Effectiveness of Training: A majority of respondents (80%) evaluated the training positively,

with 50% rating it as effective and 30% as very effective. Nevertheless, 20% expressed neutral
or negative feedback, indicating areas for improvement in training content, delivery methods, or
overall program design.

4.5 Participation and Engagement

Active employee participation in health and safety practices is essential for creating a robust
safety culture. By involving employees in identifying hazards, developing prevention strategies,
and implementing safety measures, organizations can significantly reduce accidents, injuries, and
illnesses.

4.5.1 Participation in Health and Safety Meetings

Participation: Participation in health and safety meetings varied among respondents, with 30%
reporting consistent attendance, 40% attending frequently, and 20% participating occasionally.
However, 10% rarely participated in these meetings, indicating a potential gap in communication

23
and engagement. Understanding the factors influencing participation levels is crucial for
improving meeting effectiveness and fostering a strong safety culture

4.5.2 Reporting of Safety Hazards

Reporting: Safety hazard reporting was reported by 75% of respondents as an active practice
among workers. However, a quarter of respondents indicated that safety hazards were not
consistently reported, suggesting potential barriers or disincentives for employees to raise
concerns. This suggests potential barriers hindering hazard reporting. Several factors may
contribute to this underreporting, including fear of reprisal, a perceived lack of management
responsiveness, or complex and discouraging reporting procedures. To foster a culture of safety,
it is essential to address these concerns by implementing clear reporting mechanisms, ensuring
confidentiality, and demonstrating management commitment to addressing safety issues
promptly.

4.6 Effectiveness of Health and Safety Measures

The study evaluated the efficacy of existing health and safety measures in reducing accident rates
and near-miss incidents over the past two years through a comprehensive analysis of incident
reports and employee surveys.

4.6.1 Perceived Effectiveness

Effectiveness: Respondents' perceptions of health and safety measure effectiveness varied across
four categories: 40% rated them as effective, indicating a positive assessment; 30% considered
them very effective, suggesting high satisfaction; 20% described them as somewhat effective,
implying a moderate level of satisfaction; and 10% deemed them ineffective, highlighting areas
for improvement.

4.6.2 Suggestions for Improvement

Improvements Suggested: Respondents proposed several enhancements to improve health and
safety measures, including expanding and refining training programs, strengthening
communication channels between management and employees, and ensuring adequate
availability and proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

24
4.7 Barriers and Challenges
Identifying and understanding the barriers and challenges hindering effective health and safety
practices is crucial for developing targeted interventions to enhance workplace safety.

4.7.1 Main Barriers

Barriers: The most frequently cited barrier to effective health and safety practices was lack of
training (30%), indicating a need for comprehensive and ongoing training programs. Insufficient
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) was identified by 25% of respondents, highlighting the
importance of providing adequate protective gear. Poor communication between management
and employees was a concern for 20% of participants, emphasizing the need for open and
transparent communication channels. Lack of management support was cited by 15% of
respondents, underscoring the critical role of leadership in driving a safety culture. While
cultural attitudes and fear of reprisal were identified by smaller percentages (5% each), they
nevertheless warrant attention as potential contributing factors to safety issues.

4.7.2 Resource Allocation

Sufficiency of Resources: Respondents were divided on the sufficiency of resource allocation
for health and safety measures. While 60% perceived resources as insufficient, highlighting
potential constraints on safety initiatives, 40% believed resources were adequate, suggesting a
more positive view of resource provision. These divergent perspectives indicate a need for
further investigation into resource allocation practices and their impact on safety outcomes.

4.8 Leadership and Management Practices

The study investigated the influence of leadership and management practices on fostering a
positive safety culture within the construction industry.

4.8.1 Frequency of Safety Inspections

Inspections: Safety inspections were conducted with varying frequencies. A significant
proportion (30%) of respondents reported weekly inspections, suggesting regular safety
monitoring. Daily inspections were conducted in 20% of cases, indicating a high level of safety
oversight. However, monthly inspections were also reported by 30% of respondents, which may

25
not be sufficient for identifying and addressing emerging hazards. Notably, 20% of respondents
indicated rare safety inspections, highlighting a potential gap in proactive safety management.

4.8.2 Handling Violations

Handling Violations: Respondents indicated that violations of health and safety practices were
generally addressed through a tiered approach. Warnings served as initial corrective measures
for minor infractions. Retraining was often implemented to reinforce safety knowledge and
practices. In cases of serious or repeated violations, termination of employment was considered
as a last resort. This suggests a disciplinary process in place, although the consistency and
effectiveness of these measures warrant further investigation.

4.8.3 Enhancing Safety Culture

Leadership Practices: Respondents identified several key leadership practices for fostering a
positive safety culture. Leading by example was highlighted by 30% of participants,
emphasizing the importance of management demonstrating a strong commitment to safety.
Encouraging open communication was cited by 25% of respondents, underscoring the need for
a transparent and inclusive work environment. Providing regular feedback on safety
performance was identified by 20%, indicating the value of constructive communication.
Recognizing and rewarding safe practices was mentioned by 15% of participants, emphasizing
the importance of positive reinforcement. Finally, involving workers in decision-making
processes related to safety was suggested by 10% of respondents, highlighting the benefits of
employee empowerment.

4.9 Discussion of Findings

The findings indicate a generally positive perception of health and safety practices among
construction workers in Dar es Salaam, with a high level of awareness and participation in safety
meetings. However, disparities exist in training frequency, resource allocation, and the
consistency of safety inspections, suggesting areas for improvement.

26
While the majority of respondents reported active hazard reporting, the prevalence of insufficient
PPE and communication challenges underscores the need for enhanced safety measures. The
positive correlation between leadership practices such as open communication and leading by
example highlights the crucial role of management in fostering a strong safety culture.

To further optimize health and safety outcomes, it is essential to address the identified barriers,
enhance training programs, and ensure adequate resource allocation. By prioritizing employee
involvement and implementing effective safety management systems, the construction industry
can significantly reduce accidents and injuries.

4.10 Conclusion
This chapter has presented a comprehensive analysis of employee participation in health and
safety practices within Dar es Salaam's construction industry. Key findings highlight the
importance of adequate training, sufficient resources, and effective leadership in creating a safer
work environment. While positive aspects of employee awareness and participation were
observed, areas for improvement, such as enhancing communication and addressing resource
constraints, have been identified. The subsequent chapter will delve deeper into these findings,
offering concrete conclusions and actionable recommendations.

27
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of the Study Findings

The study examined employee perceptions and experiences related to health and safety practices
within Dar es Salaam's construction sector. Findings indicate a general awareness of safety
protocols among workers, coupled with a willingness to participate in safety-related activities.

However, significant disparities emerged in critical areas impacting workplace safety.

Inadequate and inconsistent training, coupled with insufficient resource allocation for safety
measures, hindered optimal safety performance. The study further highlighted the importance of
effective communication and strong leadership in fostering a positive safety culture. While
hazard reporting was relatively high, the lack of consistent management response to these reports
underscored the need for improved safety management systems.

Moreover, the study revealed variations in safety inspection frequencies and a lack of clarity in
disciplinary actions for safety violations. These findings collectively emphasize the need for a
comprehensive approach to address safety challenges within the construction industry.

5.2 Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions can be drawn:

28
The study's findings underscore a complex interplay of factors influencing health and safety
within Dar es Salaam's construction sector. While a foundational level of awareness regarding
safety protocols exists among workers, the study reveals significant disparities in the
implementation of effective safety practices.

Inadequate and inconsistent training have hindered the development of a robust safety culture.
This suggests a need for more comprehensive training programs that address specific job roles
and hazards. Additionally, the insufficient allocation of resources for safety equipment,
personnel, and initiatives has limited the implementation of essential safety measures. These
factors combined have created a challenging environment for promoting a proactive safety
culture.

Effective leadership and communication are pivotal in driving safety improvements. However,
inconsistencies in managerial support and a lack of responsive action to reported hazards have
undermined efforts to create a positive safety climate. This indicates a need for stronger
leadership commitment to safety, coupled with improved communication channels to foster trust
and collaboration between management and workers.

Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of a systematic approach to safety

management. The inconsistent frequency of safety inspections and the lack of clear disciplinary
procedures for safety violations suggest weaknesses in overall safety management practices. A
more robust system, encompassing regular inspections, effective incident investigation, and
appropriate corrective actions, is essential for preventing accidents and injuries.

5.3 Recommendations
To address the identified gaps and improve health and safety practices at construction sites, the
following recommendations are proposed:
Enhance Training Programs: Develop and implement comprehensive training programs that
cover all aspects of health and safety. Training should be mandatory for all workers and should
include both theoretical and practical components.

29
Improve Resource Allocation: Ensure that adequate resources are allocated for health and
safety measures. This includes providing sufficient PPE, safety equipment, and other necessary
resources.
Strengthen Leadership Practices: Promote positive leadership practices that support a culture
of safety. Managers and supervisors should be trained in effective leadership techniques and
should be held accountable for their role in promoting health and safety.
Establish Clear Communication Channels: Develop clear and effective communication
channels to ensure that safety information is disseminated promptly and accurately. Encourage
workers to report hazards and safety concerns without fear of retaliation.
Conduct Regular Safety Inspections: Implement a regular schedule of safety inspections to
identify and address potential hazards. Inspections should be conducted by trained safety
personnel, and the findings should be documented and acted upon promptly.
Encourage Employee Participation: Actively involve workers in health and safety initiatives.
Create opportunities for them to participate in safety committees and other decision-making
bodies, and value their input and feedback.

By implementing these recommendations, construction sites in Dar es Salaam can improve

health and safety practices, reduce the risk of accidents and injuries, and create a safer working
environment for all employees.

5.4 Areas for Further Studies

To build on the findings of this study and address any remaining gaps, future research could
focus on several key areas. One promising direction is the impact of advanced technology on
health and safety practices. Investigating the role of emerging technologies, such as drones,
wearable safety devices, and artificial intelligence, can provide insights into how these
innovations enhance safety measures at construction sites. Assessing the integration of these
technologies into current safety management systems can improve hazard identification and risk
management.

Longitudinal studies on safety culture offer another valuable avenue for research. Evaluating the
long-term impact of implemented safety measures and programs on the overall safety culture

30
within construction companies can help understand the sustainability of safety improvements
over time. Identifying factors that contribute to lasting change is crucial for developing effective
safety strategies.

Comparative studies across different regions can explore variations in health and safety practices
within Tanzania or other East African countries. By identifying best practices and lessons
learned, researchers can improve safety standards in diverse geographical contexts. Additionally,
studying the psychological and behavioral aspects of safety can provide insights into workers'
attitudes towards health and safety practices. Investigating factors such as stress, job satisfaction,
and organizational support can reveal their impact on safety behavior and compliance.

Economic analysis of safety investments is another critical area for further study. Evaluating the
cost-effectiveness of various health and safety interventions and analyzing the return on
investment (ROI) of safety programs can highlight the financial benefits of maintaining high
safety standards. Moreover, assessing the effectiveness of different safety training programs in
enhancing workers' knowledge, skills, and behavior is essential. Comparing various training
methods, such as classroom-based, on-the-job, and online training, can determine the most
effective approaches for different construction projects.

Exploring the influence of organizational culture on safety performance can uncover the
relationship between cultural attributes and safe work practices. Identifying specific cultural
factors that promote or hinder safety can lead to strategies for fostering a positive safety culture.
Additionally, examining the effectiveness of existing regulatory frameworks and enforcement
mechanisms is vital for ensuring compliance with health and safety standards. Identifying gaps in
regulations and suggesting improvements can strengthen regulatory oversight and enforcement.

Investigating gender and diversity in construction safety can address the unique challenges faced
by different demographic groups, including women and minority workers. Developing targeted
interventions to promote inclusivity in safety practices is crucial for creating a safer working
environment. Lastly, studying the impact of health and safety on productivity can reveal how
improving safety standards leads to enhanced worker productivity, reduced downtime, and better
project outcomes.

31
By exploring these areas, future research can provide valuable insights and contribute to the
continuous improvement of health and safety practices in the construction industry. This will
help reduce the risk of accidents and injuries, ensure compliance with regulatory standards, and
create a safer and more productive working environment for all construction workers

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34
 APPENDIX “A”
SAMPLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE
UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH & SAFETY IN THE CONSTRUCTION
SITES

Dear Respondents,
My name is KALLAME, LINUS SAMSON a fourth year student at the University of Dar es
Salaam (UDSM). I am performing a research study as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Quantity Surveying.
This questionnaire is designed to gather detailed insights into the participation of employees in
health and safety practices at construction sites in Dar es Salaam. It aims to identify current
practices, challenges, and areas for improvement in ensuring a safe working environment for

35
construction workers. Your responses will provide valuable data to enhance health and safety
standards in the construction industry
I sincerely request for your cooperation in filling this Questionnaire. I guarantee that all the
information collected in this research is for academic purposes only and will not be used
elsewhere.
Thank you in advance.
Contact info:
Phone numbers: +255 753273490/ +255 676973490
Email: [email protected]

General objective
The general objective of this research is to Investigate the extent of employee participation in
health and safety protocols mandated by existing laws, regulations, and enforcement mechanisms
within construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Specific Objectives
 Assess the level of employee involvement in adhering to health and safety protocols at
construction sites in Dar es Salaam
 Investigate the key factors influencing employee participation in health and safety
(H&S) protocols at construction sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (Examples: Limited
resources, workforce informality, communication styles)
 Analyze how to promote a positive safety culture that empowers workers for active
participation in H&S initiatives within the Tanzanian construction sector

36
 Questionnaire for supervisors
(Tick the appropriate selection)
Section A: Demographic Information
1.What is your job title?
A. Project Manager [ ]
B. Engineer [ ]
C. Quantity surveyor [ ]
D. Safety Personnel [ ]
E. Architect

F. Other (please specify): _________________________________

2. What is your Gender?

A. Male [ ]
B. Female [ ]

37
3. How many years of experience do you have in the construction industry?
A. Less than 1 year [ ]
B. 1-3 years [ ]
C. 4-6 years [ ]
D. More than 6 years [ ]

4. What is your highest level of education?

A. Primary education [ ]
B. Secondary education [ ]
C. Diploma [ ]
D. Bachelor’s degree [ ]
E. Master’s degree [ ]
F. Other (please specify): __________________________________________

5. How long have you been working at your current construction site?
A. Less than 6 months [ ]
B. 6 months to 1 year [ ]
C. 1-2 years [ ]
D. More than 2 years [ ]

Section B: Awareness and Training

6. Are you aware of the health and safety protocols at your construction site?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

7. Have you received any training on health and safety measures at your construction site?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

38
8. If yes, how often do you receive health and safety training?
A. Monthly [ ]
B. Quarterly [ ]
C. Annually [ ]
D. Other (please specify): _____________________________

9. Rate the effectiveness of the health and safety training you have received.
A. Very effective [ ]
B. Effective [ ]
C. Neutral [ ]
D. Ineffective [ ]
E. Very ineffective [ ]

Section C: Participation and Engagement

10. Do you actively participate in health and safety meetings or discussions at your site?
A. Always [ ]
B. Often [ ]
C. Sometimes [ ]
D. Rarely [ ]
E. Never [ ]

11. Do workers actively report safety hazards or unsafe conditions?

 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

12. What methods do you use to communicate health and safety information to workers?

39
13. How do you encourage workers to participate in health and safety practices?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Section D: Effectiveness and Improvement

14. How effective do you believe the current health and safety measures are in preventing
accidents and injuries?
A. Very Effective [ ]
B. Effective [ ]
C. Somewhat Effective [ ]
D. Ineffective [ ]

15. What improvements would you suggest to enhance health and safety participation among
workers?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Section E: Barriers and Challenges

17. What are the main barriers to effective health and safety practices at your construction site?
(Select all that apply)
A. Lack of training [ ]
B. Insufficient PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) [ ]
C. Poor communication [ ]
D. Lack of management support [ ]
E. Cultural attitudes [ ]
F. Fear of reprisal [ ]
G. Other (please specify): ___________________________________________

40
18. Do you think there are sufficient resources allocated for health and safety measures at your
site?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

Section F: Leadership and Management Practices

19. How often do your supervisors conduct safety inspections?
A. Daily [ ]
B. Weekly [ ]
C. Monthly [ ]
D. Rarely [ ]
E. Never [ ]

20. How do you handle violations of health and safety practices?

_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

22. What leadership practices do you think can enhance safety culture at your construction site?
(Select all that apply)
A. Leading by example [ ]
B. Encouraging open communication [ ]
C. Providing regular feedback [ ]
D. Recognizing and rewarding safe practices [ ]
E. Involving workers in decision-making [ ]
F. Other (please specify): ____________________________________________________

41
 Questionnaire for Workers
Section A: Demographic Information
1.What is your job title?
A. Casual Labour [ ]
B. Engineer [ ]
C. Quantity surveyor [ ]
D. Safety Personnel [ ]
E. Architerct [ ]
F. Other (please specify): _________________________________

2. What is your Gender?

A. Male [ ]
B. Female [ ]

3. How many years of experience do you have in the construction industry?

A. Less than 1 year [ ]
B. 1-3 years [ ]

42
C. 4-6 years [ ]
D. More than 6 years [ ]

4. What is your highest level of education?

A. Primary education [ ]
B. Secondary education [ ]
C. Diploma [ ]
D. Bachelor’s degree [ ]
E. Master’s degree [ ]
F. Other (please specify): __________________________________________

5. How long have you been working at your current construction site?
A. Less than 6 months [ ]
B. 6 months to 1 year [ ]
C. 1-2 years [ ]
D. More than 2 years [ ]

Section B: Awareness and Training

6. Are you aware of the health and safety protocols at your construction site?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

7. Have you received any training on health and safety measures at your construction site?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

8. If yes, how often do you receive health and safety training?

43
A. Monthly [ ]
B. Quarterly [ ]
C. Annually [ ]
D. Other (please specify): _____________________________

9. Rate the effectiveness of the health and safety training you have received.
A. Very effective [ ]
B. Effective [ ]
C. Neutral [ ]
D. Ineffective [ ]
E. Very ineffective [ ]

Section C: Participation, Engagement and Reporting

10. Do you actively participate in health and safety meetings or discussions at your site?
A. Always [ ]
B. Often [ ]
C. Sometimes [ ]
D. Rarely [ ]
E. Never [ ]

11.Are you encouraged by your supervisors or managers to report unsafe conditions or practices?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

12.Do you feel comfortable reporting safety hazards or unsafe conditions to your supervisor?
 Yes [ ]

 No [ ]

44
13.Have you ever reported a safety concern or hazard at your construction site?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

14.If yes, was appropriate action taken to address your concern?

 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]
 Not applicable [ ]

Section D: Perception and Culture

15.Do you believe that your company prioritizes health and safety over productivity?
A. Strongly agree [ ]
B. Agree [ ]
C. Neutral [ ]
D. Disagree [ ]
E. Strongly disagree [ ]

16.How would you describe the safety culture at your construction site?
A. Excellent [ ]
B. Good [ ]
C. Fair [ ]
D. Poor [ ]
E. Very poor [ ]

17.Do you feel safe while working at your current construction site?
A. Always [ ]

45
B. Often [ ]
C. Sometimes [ ]
D. Rarely [ ]
E. Never [ ]

18. What suggestions do you have for improving health and safety participation among workers?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Section E: Use of PPE and Safety Equipment

19. Are you provided with the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) for your job?
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

20. Do you use the provided PPE regularly? (Always/Sometimes/Rarely/Never) Please explain
any barriers to usage.
A. Always [ ]
B. Sometimes [ ]
C. Rarely [ ]
D. Never [ ]

Please explain any barriers to usage:

______________________________________________________________________________

46
 Questionnaire for Safety Personnel
(Tick the appropriate selection)
Section A: Demographic Information
1.What is your gender?
A. Male [ ]
B. Female [ ]

2. Specific Training in Health and Safety (e.g., Courses taken, Certifications obtained)

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. How many years of experience do you have in the construction industry?

A. Less than 1 year [ ]
B. 1-3 years [ ]
C. 4-6 years [ ]
D. More than 6 years [ ]

47
4. How long have you been working at your current construction site?
A. Less than 6 months [ ]
B. 6 months to 1 year [ ]
C. 1-2 years [ ]
D. More than 2 years [ ]

Section B: Awareness and Training

5. How effectively do these initiatives keep safety personnel updated on new regulations, best
practices, and emerging hazards?
A. Very Effective [ ]
B. Effective [ ]
C. Somewhat Effective [ ]
D. Ineffective [ ]
6. Does your organization have any programs or initiatives to encourage knowledge sharing and
safety awareness among safety personnel? (e.g., Safety meetings, Toolboxes talks, Internal
knowledge base)
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]

7. How are safety training sessions typically delivered?

A. In personal lectures [ ]
B. Online modules [ ]
C. On site demonstrated [ ]
D. Other (please specify): _____________________________

8. How satisfied are you with the current training content and its effectiveness in preparing you
for your role?
A. Very Satisfied [ ]
B. Satisfied [ ]

48
C. Neutral [ ]
D. Dissatisfied [ ]
E. Very Dissatisfied [ ]

Section C: Participation and Engagement

9. How involved are you in developing and delivering safety training for construction workers?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

10. How do you engage with workers to promote health and safety practices?

11. How do you address non-compliance with health and safety protocols?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Section D: Perception and Culture

12. In your opinion, how would you describe the current safety culture at the construction sites
you work on?
A. Positive [ ]
B. Neutral [ ]
C. Negative [ ]

13. How do workers generally perceive the importance of safety protocols at these sites?

49
A. Highly Valued [ ]
B. Somewhat Valued [ ]
C. Not valued [ ]

14. Have you observed any situations where safety protocols were compromised due to cultural
norms or beliefs on the construction site? (Yes/No)
 Yes [ ]
 No [ ]
If yes, please describe the situation and how it was addressed

15. In your experience, what are the most effective ways to promote a positive safety culture that
encourages active worker participation?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

50
 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Interview Questions for Supervisors

1. Supervisory Role

What are your responsibilities in enforcing health and safety protocols on this site?

2. Training Implementation

How do you conduct health and safety training for workers, and how effective do you
think it is?

3. Challenges in Supervision

What challenges do you face in ensuring compliance with health and safety measures?

4. Feedback and Improvement

How do you collect and act on feedback from workers regarding health and safety
practices?

5. Regulatory Compliance

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 How do you ensure that the site complies with local health and safety regulations?

Interview Questions for Project Managers

1. Health and Safety Strategy

What is your overall strategy for ensuring health and safety on your construction
projects?

2. Leadership and Culture

How do you promote a culture of safety among workers and supervisors?

3. Effectiveness Measurement

What metrics do you use to assess the effectiveness of health and safety initiatives?

4. Challenges and Solutions

What are the biggest challenges you face in promoting health and safety, and how do you
address them?

5. Future Improvements

52
What future improvements do you plan to implement to enhance health and safety on
your sites?

53