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Module 3

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Module 3

► SELECTION AND ITERATION USING PYTHON:- if-else, elif, for loop, range, while loop.

► SEQUENCE DATA TYPES IN PYTHON -list, tuple, set, strings, dictionary, Creating and
using Arrays in Python (using Numpy library).

► DECOMPOSITION AND MODULARIZATION* :- Problem decomposition as a strategy for

solving complex problems, Modularization, Motivation for modularization, Defining and
using functions in Python, Functions with multiple return values

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Python Tuple

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Introduction to Python Tuples

► Definition: A tuple is an ordered collection in Python used to store multiple

items in a single variable. It’s similar to a list but with one key difference:
tuples are immutable.

► Syntax: Defined using parentheses ( ). Items are separated by commas.

► Example: my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, "apple", "banana")

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Characteristics of Tuples

► Ordered: Tuples maintain the order of elements, so each item has a specific
index.

► Immutable: Once a tuple is created, its elements cannot be altered, making

them unchangeable.

► Allows Duplicates: Tuples can hold multiple instances of the same value,
e.g., (1, 1, 2, 3).

► Supports Mixed Data Types: Tuples can contain a mix of integers, floats,
strings, or other data types.

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Creating Tuples in Python

► Empty Tuple: empty_tuple = ()

► Useful when you want a variable to hold an immutable empty collection.

► Single Element Tuple: single_element = (42,)

► Must include a comma after the element to differentiate from just using
parentheses.

► Multiple Elements: my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, "hello", "world")

► Any data types can be mixed within a tuple.

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Accessing Tuple Elements

► Indexing: Use the index number to access elements.

► Example: fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry"), fruits[1] returns "banana".

► Negative Indexing: Access elements from the end by using negative indices.
► Example: fruits[-1] returns "cherry".

► Slicing: Extract a subset of the tuple using : notation.

► Example: fruits[0:2] returns ("apple", "banana").

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Operations on Tuples

► Concatenation: Join two tuples using +.

► Example: tuple1 = (1, 2), tuple2 = (3, 4), result = tuple1 + tuple2 yields (1,
2, 3, 4).

► Repetition: Repeat elements in a tuple using *.

► Example: repeat_tuple = ("hello",) * 3 results in ("hello", "hello", "hello").

► Membership Test: Check if an item exists within a tuple using in.

► fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
► Example: "apple" in fruits returns True if "apple" is in fruits.

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Tuple Functions and Methods

► len(tuple): Returns the total number of elements.

► Example: len((1, 2, 3)) returns 3.

► max(tuple) and min(tuple): Find the largest or smallest element,

respectively (only for comparable elements).
► Example: max((1, 5, 3)) returns 5.

► tuple(): Converts other data structures (like lists) into tuples.

► Example: tuple([1, 2, 3]) returns (1, 2, 3).

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Advantages of Using Tuples

► Performance: Faster to process than lists due to immutability.

► Data Integrity: Useful when data should not be modified after creation,
such as in database records.

► Dictionary Keys: Since tuples are immutable, they can be used as keys in
dictionaries, unlike lists.

► Code Readability: Tuples can signify that data is constant and should not be
changed, making code easier to read and understand.

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Classroom Exercises

► Create a Tuple: Define a tuple named fruits # Create a Tuple

with the values "apple", "banana", "cherry", fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "date")
"date".
► Access Elements: # Access Elements
print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
► Print the first and last elements of the fruits tuple.
print(fruits[-1]) # Output: date
► Use negative indexing to print "cherry".
print(fruits[-2]) # Output: cherry

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Classroom Exercises

# Concatenation
even_numbers = (2, 4, 6)
► Concatenation:
odd_numbers = (1, 3, 5)
► Create two tuples even_numbers =(2, 4, 6) and
numbers = even_numbers + odd_numbers
odd_numbers =(1, 3, 5).
print(numbers)
► Concatenate these tuples and store the result in a
new tuple numbers.
# Output: (2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5)

► Repetition: Repeat the tuple ("hello",) three # Repetition

times, and print the result. repeat_tuple = ("hello",) * 3
► Membership Test: Check if "banana" is print(repeat_tuple)
present in the fruits tuple from Exercise 1. # Output: ("hello", "hello", "hello")

# Membership Test
print("banana" in fruits)
# Output: True

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Classroom Exercises

► Define a tuple colors = ("red", "green", colors = ("red", "green", "blue", "yellow", "orange")
"blue", "yellow", "orange"). # Slicing examples
► Slice the tuple to print the first three colors.
► Slice the tuple to print the last two colors. print(colors[0:3])
► Slice the tuple to print colors from the second to # Output: ("red", "green", "blue")
the fourth element.
print(colors[-2:])
# Output: ("yellow", "orange")

print(colors[1:4])
# Output: ("green", "blue", "yellow")

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Classroom Exercises

person = ("Alice", 25, "Engineer")

► Create a tuple person = ("Alice", 25,
"Engineer"). # Unpack into variables
► Unpack the tuple into three variables: name, age, name, age, profession = person
and profession.
► Print each variable to confirm the values. print(name)
# Output: Alice

print(age)
# Output: 25

print(profession)
# Output: Engineer

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Problem 1: Inventory Management System for a Store

► A retail store wants to create an inventory system that stores each

item as a tuple containing:
► The item name (string)
► The quantity in stock (integer)
► The unit price (float)
► The store needs to:
► Calculate the total value of the stock for each item.
► Find the item with the highest value in stock.
► Write code to:
► Define a list of tuples to represent the inventory.
► Calculate and display the total stock value for each item.
► Find and print the item with the highest total stock value.

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Problem 2: Employee Management System

► A company wants to manage its employee information and includes

each employee as a tuple containing:
► Employee name (string)
► Department (string)
► Monthly salary (float)
► The company needs to:
► Display all employees who have a monthly salary above a specified threshold.
► Find the total annual payroll expense for all employees in the company.
► Write code to:
► Define a list of tuples with employee information.
► Display employees earning above a salary threshold.
► Calculate and display the total annual payroll expense.

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