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Module 3

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Module 3

► SELECTION AND ITERATION USING PYTHON:- if-else, elif, for loop, range, while loop.

► SEQUENCE DATA TYPES IN PYTHON - list, tuple, set, strings, dictionary, Creating and
using Arrays in Python (using Numpy library).

► DECOMPOSITION AND MODULARIZATION* :- Problem decomposition as a strategy for

solving complex problems, Modularization, Motivation for modularization, Defining and
using functions in Python, Functions with multiple return values

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SELECTION AND ITERATION USING PYTHON

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if and if-else Statements

► The syntax of if statement in Python is:

if <condition>:
# body of if statement
► Example
number = 10
# check if number is greater than 0
if number > 0:
Following the logical condition, a colon : is required.
print('Number is positive.')
print(‘Statements outside if')

The body of the if must be indented and every line in this section of code must be
indented the same number of spaces. By convention, four space indentation is used
in Python. Most Python code editors automatically indent code after if-statements

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if and if-else Statements

► An if statement can have an optional else clause.

► The syntax of if...else statement is:

if <condition>:
# block of code if condition is True
else:
# block of code if condition is False

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if and if-else Statements

► Example

number = 10
The keyword else should be on its own line and at the same
if number > 0: indentation level as the if statement it belongs to. The else must be
followed by a colon (:). Any code inside the else block should be
print('Positive number') indented by the same amount.

else:
print('Negative number')
print('This statement is always
executed')

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Multi-Way if Statements

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Multi-Way if Statements

► The process of testing several conditions and responding accordingly can be

described in code by a multi-way selection statement.

if <condition1>:
# code block 1
In Python, the elif keyword is used to implement the "else if"
elif <condition2>: statement. It allows you to check multiple conditions after an
# code block 2 if statement, and it stands for "else if."

else:
# code block 3

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Multi-Way if Statements

► Example
number = 0
if number > 0:
print("Positive number")
elif number == 0:
print('Zero')
else:
print('Negative number')
print('This statement is always executed')

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Exercises

► Write a Python program that prompts the user to enter a number and
checks if the number is even or odd. If the number is even, print "The
number is even." If the number is odd, print "The number is odd."

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Exercises

► Write a Python program that takes two numbers as input from the user
and prints the larger of the two numbers. If both numbers are equal,
print "The numbers are equal."

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Exercises

► Write a Python program that takes a student's marks as input and prints
their grade based on the following criteria:
► Marks >= 90: A
► Marks 80–89: B
► Marks 70–79: C
► Marks 60–69: D
► Marks < 60: F

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Exercises

► Write a Python program that takes a single character as input from the
user and checks if it is a vowel or a consonant. If the input is not an
alphabetic character, print "Invalid input."

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Exercises

► Write a Python program that takes a year as input and checks if the year
is a leap year.

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Exercises

► Write a Python program that checks the strength of a password entered

by the user. The program should categorize the password as:
► "Weak" if it is less than 6 characters.
► "Medium" if it is between 6 and 10 characters.
► "Strong" if it is more than 10 characters.

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Repetition statements

► There are two types of loops—those that repeat an action a predefined

number of times (definite iteration) and those that perform the action
until the program determines that it needs to stop (indefinite
iteration).

► Python’s for loop, the control statement that most easily supports
definite iteration.
for <variable> in range(<an integer expression>):
<statement-1>
. Loop header
. Loop body
<statement-n> The colon (:) ends the loop header

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Python range() Function

► The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, mainly used when

working with for loops.
► The range() function can be represented in three different ways, or you
can think of them as three range() parameters:
► range(stop_value): starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default)
upto stop_value
► range(start_value, stop_value): This generates the sequence based on the
start and stop value increments by 1 (by default).
► range(start_value, stop_value, step_size): It generates the sequence by
incrementing the start value using the step size until it reaches the stop value.

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Python range() Function

► Create a sequence of numbers from 0 to 5, and print each item in the

sequence:

# Solution
for i in range(6): # range(6) generates numbers from 0 to 5
print(i)

► Create a sequence of numbers from 3 to 5, and print each item in

the sequence:
# Solution
for i in range(3,6): # range(3, 6) generates numbers from 3 to 5
print(i)

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Python range() Function

► Create a sequence of numbers from 3 to 19, but increment by 2

instead of 1:

# Solution
for i in range(3,20,2): #range(start, stop, step)
print(i)

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Loops that Count Down

► When the step argument is a negative number, the range function

generates a sequence of numbers from the first argument down to the
second argument plus 1

>>> for count in range(10, 0, -1):

print(count, end = " ")
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Exercises

► Write the outputs of the following loops:

• for count in range(5):
print(count + 1, end = " ")

• for count in range(1, 4):

print(count, end = " ")

• for count in range(1, 6, 2):

print(count, end = " ")

• for count in range(6, 1, –1):

print(count, end = " ")

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Conditional Iteration: The while Loop

► The Structure and behaviour of a while Loop

while <condition>:
<sequence of statements>

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Count Control with a while Loop

# Summation with a for loop # Summation with a while loop

theSum = 0 theSum = 0
for count in range(1, 100001): count = 1
theSum += count while count <= 100000:
print(theSum) theSum += count
count += 1
print(theSum)

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Loop control statements

► Python provides three loop control statements that control the flow of
execution in a loop.
► break statement
► continue statement
► pass statement

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Loop control statements - break

► The break statement is used to immediately exit a loop, even if the loop
condition is still true.
► When a break is encountered inside a loop, the control jumps out of the
loop and the program continues with the next statement following the
loop.

# Example: Find the first number greater than 5 and stop the loop
for num in range(1, 10):
if num > 5:
print(f"First number greater than 5 is: {num}")
break # Exit the loop when the first number greater than 5 is found

Output: First number greater than 5 is: 6

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Loop control statements - continue

► The continue statement in Python is used to skip the rest of the code
inside the current loop iteration and move on to the next iteration of the
loop.
► Unlike break, which exits the loop completely, continue only skips the
current iteration and allows the loop to proceed.

# Example: Skip printing even numbers and only print odd numbers
for num in range(1, 10):
if num % 2 == 0:
continue # Skip the rest of the loop for even numbers
print(num)
1
3
Output 5
7
9

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Loop control statements - pass

► The pass statement in Python is a placeholder used when a statement is

required syntactically, but no action is needed.
► It allows you to write empty blocks of code without causing an error.
► The pass statement does nothing— it simply allows the program to
continue running.

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Loop control statements - pass

# Example: Function to check if a number is positive or negative and do nothing if it

is zero
num=int(input(“Enter a number”))
if num > 0:
print(f"{num} is positive.")
elif num < 0:
print(f"{num} is negative.")
else:
pass # Placeholder for when the number is zero; we will implement it later

print("This message will always print after the condition checks.")

Enter a number 10
10 is positive.
Output This message will always print after the condition checks.

Enter a number0
This message will always print after the condition checks.

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Difference between pass and continue

► Functionality
► pass: Does nothing; serves as a placeholder.
► continue: Skips to the next iteration of the loop.
► Use Case
► pass: Useful when you need a block of code but haven't implemented it yet.
► continue: Useful when you want to ignore certain conditions within a loop and
proceed with the next iteration.
► Behaviour
► pass: The program continues executing subsequent lines of code.
► continue: The program jumps to the next iteration of the loop, skipping the
remaining code in the current iteration.

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Exercises

► Write a Python program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a while

loop.

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Exercises

► Write a Python program to calculate the sum of the first N natural

numbers using a for loop. The user will input N.

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Exercises

► Write a Python program that takes a number as input from the user and
finds the factorial of that number using a while loop.

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Random Numbers

► Python’s random module supports several ways to do this, but the

easiest is to call the function random.randint with two integer
arguments.

>>> import random

>>> for roll in range(10):
print(random.randint(1, 6), end = "")

2 4 6 4 3 2 3 6 2 2

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Guessing game.

At start-up, the user enters the smallest number and

the largest number in the range. The computer then
selects a number from this range. On each pass
through the loop, the user enters a number to
attempt to guess the number selected by the
computer. The program responds by saying “You’ve
got it,” “Too large, try again,” or “Too small, try again.”
When the user finally guesses the correct number, the
program congratulates him and tells him the total
number of guesses.

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Guessing game.
import random
smaller = int(input("Enter the smaller number: "))
larger = int(input("Enter the larger number: "))
myNumber = random.randint(smaller, larger)
count = 0
while True:
count += 1
userNumber = int(input("Enter your guess: "))
if userNumber < myNumber:
print("Too small!")
elif userNumber > myNumber:
print("Too large!")
else:
print("Congratulations! You've got it in", count,"tries!")
break

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References

► https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/python-range-function-example/
► https://www.w3schools.com/python/ref_func_range.asp

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