CSCI 330

THE UNIX SYSTEM

Bash Programming
BASIC SHELL PROGRAMMING
 A script is a file that contains shell commands
 data structure: variables

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 control structure: sequence, decision, loop

 Shebang line for bash shell script:

#! /bin/bash
#! /bin/sh
 to run:
 make executable: % chmod +x script
 invoke via: % ./script

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BASH SHELL PROGRAMMING
 Input
 prompting user

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 command line arguments
 Decision:
 if-then-else
 case
 Repetition
 do-while, repeat-until
 for
 select
 Functions
 Traps 3
USER INPUT
shell allows to prompt for user input
Syntax:

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read varname [more vars]

 or

read –p "prompt" varname [more vars]

 words entered by user are assigned to

varname and “more vars”
 last variable gets rest of input line 4
USER INPUT EXAMPLE
#! /bin/sh
read -p "enter your name: " first last

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echo "First name: $first"
echo "Last name: $last"

5
SPECIAL SHELL VARIABLES
Parameter Meaning
$0 Name of the current shell script

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$1-$9 Positional parameters 1 through 9
$# The number of positional parameters
$* All positional parameters, “$*” is one string
$@ All positional parameters, “$@” is a set of strings
$? Return status of most recently executed command
$$ Process id of current process

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EXAMPLES: COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
% set tim bill ann fred
$1 $2 $3 $4
The ‘set’

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% echo $*
command can
tim bill ann fred
be used to
% echo $# assign values to
4 positional
% echo $1 parameters
tim
% echo $3 $4
ann fred
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BASH CONTROL STRUCTURES

 if-then-else
 case

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 loops
 for
 while
 until
 select

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IF STATEMENT

if command
then

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statements
fi

 statements are executed only if command

succeeds, i.e. has return status “0”

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TEST COMMAND

Syntax:
test expression

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[ expression ]
 evaluates ‘expression’ and returns true or false

Example:
if test –w "$1"
then
echo "file $1 is write-able"
fi
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THE SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
if [ condition ]; then
statements

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fi

 executes the statements only if condition is true

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THE IF-THEN-ELSE STATEMENT
if [ condition ]; then
statements-1

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else
statements-2
fi

 executes statements-1 if condition is true

 executes statements-2 if condition is false

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THE IF…STATEMENT
if [ condition ]; then
statements

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elif [ condition ]; then
statement
else
statements
fi

 The word elif stands for “else if”

 It is part of the if statement and cannot be used by
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itself
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Meaning Numeric String
Greater than -gt

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Greater than or equal -ge
Less than -lt
Less than or equal -le
Equal -eg = or ==
Not equal -ne !=
str1 is less than str2 str1 < str2
str1 is greater str2 str1 > str2
String length is greater than zero -n str
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String length is zero -z str
COMPOUND LOGICAL EXPRESSIONS

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! not

and, or
&& and must be enclosed within
|| or
[[ ]]

15
EXAMPLE: USING THE ! OPERATOR
#!/bin/bash

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read -p "Enter years of work: " Years
if [ ! "$Years" -lt 20 ]; then
echo "You can retire now."
else
echo "You need 20+ years to retire"
fi

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EXAMPLE: USING THE && OPERATOR
#!/bin/bash

Bonus=500

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read -p "Enter Status: " Status
read -p "Enter Shift: " Shift
if [[ "$Status" = "H" && "$Shift" = 3 ]]
then
echo "shift $Shift gets \$$Bonus bonus"
else
echo "only hourly workers in"
echo "shift 3 get a bonus"
fi 17
EXAMPLE: USING THE || OPERATOR
#!/bin/bash

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read -p "Enter calls handled:" CHandle
read -p "Enter calls closed: " CClose
if [[ "$CHandle" -gt 150 || "$CClose" -gt 50 ]]
then
echo "You are entitled to a bonus"
else
echo "You get a bonus if the calls"
echo "handled exceeds 150 or"
echo "calls closed exceeds 50"
fi 18
FILE TESTING
Meaning
-d file True if ‘file’ is a directory

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-f file True if ‘file’ is an ord. file
-r file True if ‘file’ is readable
-w file True if ‘file’ is writable
-x file True if ‘file’ is executable
-s file True if length of ‘file’ is nonzero

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EXAMPLE: FILE TESTING
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter a filename: "

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read filename
if [ ! –r "$filename" ]
then
echo "File is not read-able"
exit 1
fi

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EXAMPLE: FILE TESTING
#! /bin/bash

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if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then
echo "Usage: filetest filename"
exit 1
fi
if [[ ! -f "$1" || ! -r "$1" || ! -w "$1" ]]
then
echo "File $1 is not accessible"
exit 1
fi
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EXAMPLE: IF… STATEMENT
# The following THREE if-conditions produce the same result

* DOUBLE SQUARE BRACKETS

read -p "Do you want to continue?" reply

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if [[ $reply = "y" ]]; then
echo "You entered " $reply
fi

* SINGLE SQUARE BRACKETS

read -p "Do you want to continue?" reply
if [ $reply = "y" ]; then
echo "You entered " $reply
fi

* "TEST" COMMAND
read -p "Do you want to continue?" reply
if test $reply = "y"; then
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echo "You entered " $reply
fi
EXAMPLE: IF..ELIF... STATEMENT
#!/bin/bash

read -p "Enter Income Amount: " Income

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read -p "Enter Expenses Amount: " Expense

let Net=$Income-$Expense

if [ "$Net" -eq "0" ]; then

echo "Income and Expenses are equal -
breakeven."
elif [ "$Net" -gt "0" ]; then
echo "Profit of: " $Net
else
echo "Loss of: " $Net 23
fi
THE CASE STATEMENT
use the case statement for a decision that is based
on multiple choices

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Syntax:
case word in
pattern1) command-list1
;;
pattern2) command-list2
;;
patternN) command-listN
;;
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esac
CASE PATTERN

 checked against word for match

 may also contain:

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*
?
[ … ]
[:class:]
 multiple patterns can be listed via:
|

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EXAMPLE 1: THE CASE STATEMENT
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter Y to see all files including hidden files"
echo "Enter N to see all non-hidden files"

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echo "Enter q to quit"

read -p "Enter your choice: " reply

case $reply in
Y|YES) echo "Displaying all (really…) files"
ls -a ;;
N|NO) echo "Display all non-hidden files..."
ls ;;
Q) exit 0 ;;

*) echo "Invalid choice!"; exit 1 ;;

esac
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EXAMPLE 2: THE CASE STATEMENT
#!/bin/bash
ChildRate=3
AdultRate=10

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SeniorRate=7
read -p "Enter your age: " age
case $age in
[1-9]|[1][0-2]) # child, if age 12 and younger
echo "your rate is" '$'"$ChildRate.00" ;;
# adult, if age is between 13 and 59 inclusive
[1][3-9]|[2-5][0-9])
echo "your rate is" '$'"$AdultRate.00" ;;
[6-9][0-9]) # senior, if age is 60+
echo "your rate is" '$'"$SeniorRate.00" ;;
esac 27
BASH PROGRAMMING: SO FAR
 Data structure
 Variables

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 Numeric variables
 Arrays

 User input
 Control structures
 if-then-else
 case

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BASH PROGRAMMING: STILL TO COME

 Control structures

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 Repetition
 do-while, repeat-until
 for

 select

 Functions
 Trapping signals

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 CSCI 330 - The Unix System
30
REPETITION CONSTRUCTS
THE WHILE LOOP
 Purpose:
To execute commands in “command-list” as long as

CSCI 330 - The Unix System

“expression” evaluates to true

Syntax:
while [ expression ]
do
command-list
done

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EXAMPLE: USING THE WHILE LOOP
#!/bin/bash
COUNTER=0

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while [ $COUNTER -lt 10 ]
do
echo The counter is $COUNTER
let COUNTER=$COUNTER+1
done

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EXAMPLE: USING THE WHILE LOOP
#!/bin/bash

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Cont="Y"
while [ $Cont = "Y" ]; do
ps -A
read -p "want to continue? (Y/N)" reply
Cont=`echo $reply | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]`
done
echo "done"

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EXAMPLE: USING THE WHILE LOOP
#!/bin/bash
# copies files from home- into the webserver- directory
# A new directory is created every hour

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PICSDIR=/home/carol/pics
WEBDIR=/var/www/carol/webcam
while true; do
DATE=`date +%Y%m%d`
HOUR=`date +%H`
mkdir $WEBDIR/"$DATE"
while [ $HOUR -ne "00" ]; do
DESTDIR=$WEBDIR/"$DATE"/"$HOUR"
mkdir "$DESTDIR"
mv $PICSDIR/*.jpg "$DESTDIR"/
sleep 3600
HOUR=`date +%H`
done
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done
THE UNTIL LOOP
 Purpose:
To execute commands in “command-list” as long as

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“expression” evaluates to false

Syntax:
until [ expression ]
do
command-list
done

35
EXAMPLE: USING THE UNTIL LOOP
#!/bin/bash

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COUNTER=20
until [ $COUNTER -lt 10 ]
do
echo $COUNTER
let COUNTER-=1
done

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EXAMPLE: USING THE UNTIL LOOP
#!/bin/bash

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Stop="N"
until [ $Stop = "Y" ]; do
ps -A
read -p "want to stop? (Y/N)" reply
Stop=`echo $reply | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]`
done
echo "done"

37
THE FOR LOOP
 Purpose:
To execute commands as many times as the

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number of words in the “argument-list”

Syntax:
for variable in argument-list
do
commands
done

38
EXAMPLE 1: THE FOR LOOP
#!/bin/bash

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for i in 7 9 2 3 4 5
do
echo $i
done

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EXAMPLE 2: USING THE FOR LOOP
#!/bin/bash
# compute the average weekly temperature

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for num in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
do
read -p "Enter temp for day $num: " Temp
let TempTotal=$TempTotal+$Temp
done

let AvgTemp=$TempTotal/7
echo "Average temperature: " $AvgTemp 40
LOOPING OVER ARGUMENTS

 simplest form will iterate over all command line

arguments:

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#! /bin/bash
for parm
do
echo $parm
done

41
SELECT COMMAND
 Constructs simple menu from word list
 Allows user to enter a number instead of a word

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 User enters sequence number corresponding to the
word

Syntax:
select WORD in LIST
do
RESPECTIVE-COMMANDS
done
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 Loops until end of input, i.e. ^d (or ^c)

SELECT EXAMPLE
#! /bin/bash
select var in alpha beta gamma

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do
echo $var 1) alpha
done 2) beta
3) gamma
#? 2
 Prints:
beta
#? 4
#? 1
alpha
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SELECT DETAIL
 PS3 is select sub-prompt Output:
 $REPLY is user input (the number) select ...

CSCI 330 - The Unix System

1) alpha
#! /bin/bash 2) beta
? 2
PS3="select entry or ^D: "
2 = beta
select var in alpha beta ? 1
do 1 = alpha
echo "$REPLY = $var"
done

44
SELECT EXAMPLE
#!/bin/bash
echo "script to make files private"

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echo "Select file to protect:"

select FILENAME in *
do
echo "You picked $FILENAME ($REPLY)"
chmod go-rwx "$FILENAME"
echo "it is now private"
done
45
BREAK AND CONTINUE

 Interrupt for, while or until loop

 The break statement

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 transfer control to the statement AFTER the done
statement
 terminate execution of the loop

 The continue statement

 transfer control to the statement TO the done statement
 skip the test statements for the current iteration
 continues execution of the loop

46
THE BREAK COMMAND
while [ condition ]
do

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cmd-1
break This iteration is over
cmd-n and there are no more
iterations
done
echo "done"

47
THE CONTINUE COMMAND
while [ condition ]
do

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cmd-1 This iteration is
continue over; do the next
cmd-n iteration
done
echo "done"

48
EXAMPLE:
for index in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
do
if [ $index –le 3 ]; then

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echo "continue"
continue
fi
echo $index
if [ $index –ge 8 ]; then
echo "break"
break
fi
done 49
BASH SHELL PROGRAMMING
 Sequence
 Decision:

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 if-then-else
 case

 Repetition DONE !
 do-while, repeat-until
 for
 select

 Functions
 Traps still to come
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SHELL FUNCTIONS
 A shell function is similar to a shell script
 stores a series of commands for execution later

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 shell stores functions in memory
 shell executes a shell function in the same shell that
called it
 Where to define
 In .profile
 In your script
 Or on the command line

 Remove a function
 Use unset built-in
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SHELL FUNCTIONS
 must be defined before they can be referenced
 usually placed at the beginning of the script

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Syntax:

function-name () {
statements
}

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EXAMPLE: FUNCTION
#!/bin/bash

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funky () {
# This is a simple function
echo "This is a funky function."
echo "Now exiting funky function."
}

# declaration must precede call:

funky 53
EXAMPLE: FUNCTION
#!/bin/bash
fun () { # A somewhat more complex function.
JUST_A_SECOND=1

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let i=0
REPEATS=30
echo "And now the fun really begins."
while [ $i -lt $REPEATS ]
do
echo "-------FUNCTIONS are fun-------->"
sleep $JUST_A_SECOND
let i+=1
done
}
fun 54
FUNCTION PARAMETERS
 Need not be declared
 Arguments provided via function call are accessible

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inside function as $1, $2, $3, …

$# reflects number of parameters

$0 still contains name of script
(not name of function)

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EXAMPLE: FUNCTION WITH PARAMETER
#! /bin/sh
testfile() {
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then

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if [[ -f $1 && -r $1 ]]; then
echo $1 is a readable file
else
echo $1 is not a readable file
fi
fi
}

testfile .
testfile funtest 56
EXAMPLE: FUNCTION WITH PARAMETERS
#! /bin/bash
checkfile() {
for file

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do
if [ -f "$file" ]; then
echo "$file is a file"
else
if [ -d "$file" ]; then
echo "$file is a directory"
fi
fi
done
} 57
checkfile . funtest
LOCAL VARIABLES IN FUNCTIONS
 Variables defined within functions are global,
i.e. their values are known throughout the entire

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shell program

 keyword “local” inside a function definition makes

referenced variables “local” to that function

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EXAMPLE: FUNCTION
#! /bin/bash

global="pretty good variable"

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foo () {
local inside="not so good variable"
echo $global
echo $inside
global="better variable"
}

echo $global
foo
echo $global 59
echo $inside
HANDLING SIGNALS
 Unix allows you to send a signal to any process

CSCI 330 - The Unix System

 -1 = hangup kill -HUP 1234
 -2 = interrupt with ^C kill -2 1235
 no argument = terminate kill 1235
 -9 = kill kill -9 1236
 -9 cannot be blocked

 list your processes with

ps -u userid
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SIGNALS ON LINUX
% kill -l
1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL
5) SIGTRAP 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE
9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2

CSCI 330 - The Unix System

13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM 16) SIGSTKFLT
17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP
21) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU
25) SIGXFSZ 26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH
29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR 31) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN
35) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3 38) SIGRTMIN+4
39) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8
43) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12
47) SIGRTMIN+13 48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14
51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12 53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10
55) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7 58) SIGRTMAX-6
59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2
63) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX

 ^C is 2 - SIGINT 61
HANDLING SIGNALS
 Default action for most signals is to end process
 term: signal handler

CSCI 330 - The Unix System

Bash allows to install custom signal handler
Syntax:
trap 'handler commands' signals

Example:
trap 'echo do not hangup' 1 2

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EXAMPLE: TRAP HANGUP
#! /bin/bash
# kill -1 won’t kill this process

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# kill -2 will

trap 'echo dont hang up' 1

while true
do
echo "try to hang up"
sleep 1
63
done
EXAMPLE: TRAP MULTIPLE SIGNALS
#! /bin/sh
# plain kill or kill -9 will kill this

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trap 'echo 1' 1
trap 'echo 2' 2

while true; do
echo -n .
sleep 1
done

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EXAMPLE: REMOVING TEMP FILES
#! /bin/bash
trap 'cleanup; exit' 2

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cleanup () {
/bin/rm -f /tmp/tempfile.$$.?
}

for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
do
echo "$i.iteration"
touch /tmp/tempfile.$$.$i
sleep 1
done 65
cleanup
RESTORING DEFAULT HANDLERS
 trap without a command list will remove a signal
handler
 Use this to run a signal handler once only

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#! /bin/sh
trap 'justonce' 2
justonce() {
echo "not yet"
trap 2 # now reset it
}

while true; do
echo -n "."
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sleep 1
done
DEBUG SHELL PROGRAMS
 Debugging is troubleshooting errors that may occur
during the execution of a program/script

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 The following two commands can help you debug a
bash shell script:
 echo
use explicit output statements to trace execution
 set

67
DEBUGGING USING “SET”
 The “set” command is a shell built-in command
 has options to allow flow of execution

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–v option prints each line as it is read
–x option displays the command and its arguments
–n checks for syntax errors
 options can turned on or off
 To turn on the option: set -xv
 To turn off the options: set +xv

Options can also be set via she-bang line

#! /bin/bash -xv 68
SUMMARY: BASH SHELL PROGRAMMING
 Sequence
 Decision:

CSCI 330 - The Unix System

 if-then-else
 case

 Repetition DONE !
 do-while, repeat-until
 for
 select

 Functions
 Traps

69