DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

COURSE MATERIAL
Subject : Calculus
Code : 20MTC05
Branch : CHEMICAL
Section :
Semester : I
Academic Year : 2021-22
Faculty Name : Dr.V.SREE RAMANI
 UNIT-I (Matrices)

S.No Content

1 Rank of a matrix, Echelon form, consistency of linear system of

equations, Linear dependence and independence of vectors.
2 Eigen values, Eigenvectors, Properties of Eigenvalues& Eigen vectors,

3 Cayley- Hamilton theorem, Quadratic form,

4 Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form by linear transformation,

5 Nature of quadratic form.

 UNIT-II (Calculus)

S.No Content

1 Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange’s Mean value theorem,

2 Cauchy’s mean value theorem (without proofs).

3 Curvature, Radius of curvature, Centre of curvature,

4 Evolute and Involute.

 UNIT-III (Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation)

S.No Content

1 Functions of two variables, Partial derivatives

2 Higher order partial derivatives, Total derivative,

3 Differentiation of implicit functions , Change of variables,

4 Jacobians, Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables,

5 Maxima and minima of functions of two variables


  
      

       

   
  
   

 
     
   

 
"
     !    !!  $
#

    

     
     
"
  %    !!  &
  !  
#
'  (  ( ) $ *  
    

 + ) $ *   
 , $ -

 . 
  (
       /  

( (
( ) $ *  % ( , $ - 0 , $ - ) 1 ,  0 , $ - * 1 -&
) *
0 0
2 
    

   
 
3
      

 
     4 
( (
5  0 " , $ -$ 6  0 " , $ -$
)" *"
0 0
"( "(
7  0 , $ -  0 , $ -&
) * * )
0 0 0 0
  ) $ *   
 , $ - 
( ) $ *  % ( , $ - 89 , $ - ) 1 ,  89 , $ - * 1 -
= 
< 5 ) 1 , " #78:) 1 ,  * 1 - 68;* 1 -"&
"

    =>  

  
    

   ?
   ( ) $ * $


)   ,  ) 1 , $ *   -  * 1 -&

)!   ) 1 , $ * !   * 1 -$
)!!   * !!    &
    
   
( (
 !   0 ) $ * &)!  0 ) $ * &* ! $
) *
0 0
"
 !!   0 ) $ *  )! "
)"
0
"( "(
# 0 ) $ *  )! * !  0 ) $ *  * !  " &
) * *
0 0 0 "
=
         )   1 ,  *    -

( (
 !    0 , $ - ) 1 ,  0 * 1 -
) *
0 0


 !!    5 ) 1 , " #7 ) 1 ,  * 1 - 6 * 1 -" &
  
=
 =  %     !  
 !!  
#
 =  
 
    

  
     
   

    . 

3
   
 
 
  
 
 )!   ,
 )

 * !   -
 * 
 "(   "( 
0
 )" )! $ * !     $ 0
 *" )! $ * !    $
0  0 
 "( 
 0
 ) * )! $ * !   &
0 0 


( ) $ * 
( ( 
 1 ( , $ - 1 0 , $ - ) 1 ,  1 0 , $ - * 1 - 
 ) * 
0 0

  ) 1 ,  * 1 -  " &
#
    >

 

   
   

+ , $ - 


  
( (
0 , $ -  0 , $ -   &
) *
0 0
 
   
 ( ) $ *   ) $ *  
 , $ -   
( ) $ *  1 ( , $ -
=
% 5 ) 1 ,  " #7 ) 1 ,  * 1 - 6 * 1 - " 
#
5  7 " 56 1 7 "
 ) 1, * 1 -  * 1 -"
# 5 #5
 5    
  5  $ 5 6 1 7 " $
( ) $ *  1 ( , $ -    5  $ 5 6 1 7 " $
   5 6 1 7 "  &
  
 
  
    

3
 


, $ - 

#
 UNIT-IV (Sequences and Series)

S.No Content

1 Convergence of sequence and series. Tests for convergence of series:

2 Comparison test, limit comparison test, D’Alembert’s ratio test,

3 Raabe’s test, Cauchy’s root test, alternating series,

4 Leibnitz’s series, absolute and conditional convergence.

6
 UNIT-V (Fourier series)

S.No Content

1 Periodic functions, Euler’ formulae,

2 Conditions for a Fourier expansion, functions having points of

discontinuity,

3 change of interval, even and odd functions, half range sine series,

4 half range cosine series, and its applications in practical Harmonic

analysis.
1.1.1.1. Lecture-1

The fourier series of a function in the arbitrary interval  ,   2c  is,

a0 
 n  
 n 
f  x    an cos   x   bn sin  x
2 n 1  c  n 1  c 

Where,

1  2c
f  x  dx
c 
a0 

1  2c  n 
an   f  x  cos   xdx
c 
 c 
1  2c  n 
f  x  sin 
c 
bn   xdx
 c 

And these are called Euler coefficients.

Problem 1: Find the Fourier series expansion of f  x   x cos x in

 0, 2 
Solution:

Here, c  

And,

1 2


a0  x cos xdx  0
0

And,

1 2
an 
 
0
x cos x cos nxdx  0

For n  1

And,

1 2


a1  x cos 2 xdx   2
0

And,

1 2 2n

bn  x cos x sin nxdx 
0 n 1
2

For n  1
 And,

1 2 

b1  x cos x sin xdx 
0 2

Therefore, the fourier series expansion of given function is,

 
 2n 
x cos x   2 cos x  sin x    2  sin nx
2 n2  n  1 

Practice problems:

1. Find the Fourier series representing for 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥, 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋

and sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) from −4𝜋 𝑡𝑜 4𝜋.
𝜋−𝑥 2 𝜋2
2. If𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) in the interval (0, 2π). Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 12
2
∞
cos nx 1 1 1 1 𝜋2
+∑ ( ). Hence obtain 12 − 22 + 32 − 42 … = 12
𝑛 n2

1.1.1.2. Lecture-2
 1. Given that𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 , for – 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. Find the Fourier series
𝜋2 1 1 1
of 𝑓(𝑥). Deduce that = 1 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ⋯
6
−𝜋, − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
2. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓 (𝑥) = { Deduce
𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
1 1 1 𝜋2
that 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ = 8

1.1.1.3. Lecture-3
 Important point to be noted is if f  x  is discontinuous at a point
c and we need f  c  then it is the average of functional values
near c evaluated at c .

1. Find the Fourier series of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =

𝜋
−1, − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < − 2
𝜋 𝜋
0, −2<𝑥< 2
𝜋
{ 1, 2
<𝑥<𝜋
2. Find the Fourier series to represent 𝑓(𝑥) given by
0 for    x  0
f ( x)   2
x for 0  x  
3. Find the Fourier series corresponding to the function
2, − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
𝑥, 0<𝑥<2

1.1.1.4. Lecture-4
−𝑘, −𝑐 <𝑥 < 0
1. Find a Fourier series to represent 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
𝑘, 0<𝑥<𝑐
 2. A periodic function of period 4 is defined as 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = |𝑥 |, −2 <
𝑥 < 2. Find its fourier series expansion.

1.1.1.5. Lecture-5
Important point to be noted is,

f  x  dx  0 if f  x  is odd function.
a

a
 And,

f  x  dx  2 f  x  dx if f  x  is even function
a a

a 0

1. Obtain Fourier expression for 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

2. Expand the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , as a fourier series in the
1 1 1 1
interval −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋. Hence deduce that 1.3 − 3.5 + 5.7 − 7.9 +
𝜋−2
⋯=
4
3. Prove that in the interval (−𝜋 , 𝜋), 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 =
∞
1 (−1𝑛 )
− 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2 ∑ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥
𝑛=2 𝑛 −1

1.1.1.6. Lecture-6
For non-periodic functions half range series will be used in the
arbitrary interval  0,c  .

In case of cosine series we extend the same function to the interval

 c, 0 and moreover we assume that the function is even in the
interval  c, c 
Therefore, the half range cosine series of f  x  in the interval  0,c  is,

a0 
 n 
f  x    an cos  x
2 n 1  c 

Where,

2 c
f  x  dx
c 0
a0 

2 c  n 
an   f  x  cos   xdx
c 0  c 

Problem 1: Obtain the half range series of 𝒆𝒙 in 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 1.

Solution:

We try to construct half range cosine series in this problem.

Here, c  1

And,

2 1 x
e dx  2  e  1
1 0
a0 

And,

2 1
an   e x cos  n x  dx 
2 e  1  1 n

1 0 n 2 2  1

Therefore, the half range cosine series of given function is,

e  1  1
n

f  x   e  1  2
n 1 n 2 2  1

Practice Problems:

1. Find a series of cosine of multiples of 𝑥 which will represent 𝑓(𝑥) in

𝜋
0, 0 < 𝑥 < 2
(0, 𝜋) where (𝑥) = {𝜋 𝜋 .
, <𝑥<𝜋
2 2
1 1 1 𝜋
Deduce that 1 − 3 + 5 − 7 + ⋯ = 4
2. Expand 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 in a cosine series over (0, 𝑙)
3. Obtain the Fourier cosine series expansion of the periodic function
𝜋𝑡
defined by 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin ( 𝑙 ) , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑙
1.1.1.7. Lecture-7
In case of half range sine series we extend the same function to the
interval  c, 0  and moreover we assume that the function is odd in the
interval  c, c 

Therefore, the half range sine series of f  x  in the interval  0,c  is,


 n 
f  x    bn sin  x
n 1  c 

Where,
 2 c  n 
bn   f  x  sin   xdx
c 0
 c 

Problem 1: Find the half range sine series of the function

𝜋
𝑥, 0<𝑥<
2
𝑓 (𝑥) = { 𝜋
𝜋 − 𝑥, <𝑥<𝜋
2
Solution:
Consider,

2 2   2  n 
bn   0 x sin nxdx     x  sin nxdx   2 sin  
 2  n  2 
Therefore, the half range sine series of f  x  is

2  n 
f  x   sin   sin nx
 2 
2
n 1 n
Practice Problem:

8 n
  4n
1. Show that in the interval (0,1), cos x  sin 2n x
n 1
2
1