SET-2

2 MARKS:
1. What is the purpose of debugging in C# projects?
○ Debugging in C# projects helps identify and fix errors or bugs in the
code.
○ It allows developers to examine the flow of the program, inspect
variables, and step through code to find issues, ensuring the program
behaves as expected.

2. How does inheritance differ from a base class in C#?

○ Inheritance is a mechanism where a class (derived class) inherits
properties and behaviors (methods) from another class (base class).
○ The base class serves as the parent class, providing common
functionality, while the derived class can add or modify functionality.

3. What are the main data types used in C#? The main data types in C# are:

○ Value types: int, float, double, char, bool, etc.

○ Reference types: string, arrays, classes, etc.
○ Nullable types: int?, double?, etc., which can represent null values.
4. Explain the importance of file handling in C#.
○ File handling in C# is essential for reading from and writing to files,
allowing programs to store, retrieve, and manipulate data in external
files (text, binary, etc.).
○ It is crucial for persistent storage and data processing in many
applications.

5. What is the difference between collections and arrays in C#?

○ Arrays are fixed-size data structures that store elements of the same
type, while collections (such as List, Dictionary, etc.) are dynamic and
can grow or shrink in size.
○ Collections provide more flexibility and functionality compared to
arrays.

6. State two benefits of using ADO.NET.

○ Data Access: ADO.NET provides efficient data access to databases

through its connected and disconnected models.
○ Integration: It supports working with a variety of data sources,
including SQL Server, Oracle, and other relational databases.
7. What are data source controls in ASP.NET?

○ Simplifies Data Binding: Data source controls allow automatic binding

between a data source (like a database) and data-bound controls (such
as GridView, DropDownList) without writing explicit data access code.
○ Supports Different Data Sources: They provide built-in support for
multiple data sources like SQL databases, XML files, or custom
objects, allowing easy integration into web applications.
 8. Describe the purpose of web services in ASP.NET.

○ Platform Independence: Web services enable communication

between different platforms and technologies by using open standards
(SOAP, REST, XML), allowing systems on different platforms to
exchange data.
○ Reusable Components: Web services in ASP.NET are designed to be
reusable across different applications, promoting code reuse and
reducing redundancy in distributed systems.

9. How does string manipulation enhance program functionality in C#?

○ Data Parsing and Transformation: String manipulation allows you to
extract and transform data, such as splitting input values, formatting
output (e.g., date/time), or validating user input (e.g., checking for
correct email format).
○ Efficient Text Processing: It enables efficient text processing tasks
such as searching for substrings, replacing characters, and trimming
whitespace, which are essential for handling large datasets or user-
generated content.

5 MARKS:

1. Debugging Techniques in .NET Applications

Debugging is a crucial part of the software development process, allowing
developers to find and fix errors in the code. .NET provides several powerful tools
and techniques for debugging applications effectively:

1. Using Visual Studio Debugger: Visual Studio is the primary integrated

development environment (IDE) for .NET applications, and it includes a
comprehensive debugger. Key features include:

○ Breakpoints: Developers can set breakpoints at specific lines in the

code to pause execution and inspect variables, method calls, and
control flow at runtime.
○ Step Over, Step Into, and Step Out: These options allow the
developer to control how the code is executed, providing more granular
control over debugging.
○ Watch Windows: These allow developers to monitor specific variables
or expressions in real time as the program executes.
○ Call Stack: This provides a view of the method call sequence, helping
developers understand how they arrived at the current point in the
execution flow.
2. Exception Handling: Effective exception handling is essential for
debugging. .NET provides powerful tools to catch, log, and diagnose
exceptions:

○ Try-Catch Blocks: These are used to catch and handle runtime

exceptions in a controlled manner, allowing developers to manage
errors more gracefully.
 ○ Exception Logging: Logging exceptions helps in tracing issues in
production environments or during post-deployment. .NET offers built-
in support for logging exceptions using tools like EventLog, Log4Net,
or Serilog.
3. Immediate Window: The Immediate Window in Visual Studio lets developers
evaluate expressions, execute commands, and interact with the code during a
debugging session. This tool can be used to execute commands and modify
variables or properties on the fly without needing to modify the code.
4. Debugging with Attach to Process: This technique is useful when
debugging applications that are already running, such as Windows services or
web applications. Developers can attach the debugger to a running process
and debug it in real-time without needing to restart the application.
5. Remote Debugging: .NET supports remote debugging, which allows
developers to debug applications running on different machines or
environments. This is particularly useful for debugging web applications
hosted on remote servers or cloud environments.
6. Unit Testing and Code Coverage: Writing unit tests and using tools like
NUnit, MSTest, or XUnit in combination with the Visual Studio debugger can
help isolate and detect bugs at an early stage. Code coverage tools, such as
Visual Studio Code Coverage, help ensure that all code paths are tested
and no potential issues are overlooked.

2. File I/O Operations in C#

● File I/O (Input/Output) operations in C# allow reading from and writing to files,
which is essential for tasks like saving user data, processing files, or handling
external resources.
● The .NET framework provides a rich set of classes for working with files,
located primarily in the System.IO namespace.
● Common classes used for file I/O operations include File, FileInfo,
StreamReader, StreamWriter, FileStream, and BinaryReader.

1. Reading Files:

The StreamReader class is commonly used to read text files. It reads characters
from a byte stream in a specific encoding.

Example of reading a text file:

using System;

using System.IO;

class Program {

static void Main() {

string filePath = @"C:\example.txt";

using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(filePath)) {

 string content = reader.ReadToEnd();

Console.WriteLine(content);

} } }

2. Writing to Files:

The StreamWriter class is used for writing text to files. It provides methods like
Write() and WriteLine() to write data.

Example of writing to a text file:

using System;

using System.IO;

class Program {

static void Main() {

string filePath = @"C:\example.txt";

using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(filePath)) {

writer.WriteLine("Hello, this is a test!");

writer.WriteLine("Writing text to a file.");

} } }

3. Checking if a File Exists:

Before performing file operations like reading or writing, it's often a good practice to
check if the file exists.

Example of checking file existence:

using System;

using System.IO;

class Program {

static void Main() {

string filePath = @"C:\example.txt";

if (File.Exists(filePath)) {

Console.WriteLine("File exists."); }

else {
 Console.WriteLine("File does not exist.");

} } }

4. Appending Data to a File:

To add data to an existing file without overwriting it, you can use the StreamWriter
with the append parameter set to true.

Example of appending data to a file:

using System;

using System.IO;

class Program {

static void Main() {

string filePath = @"C:\example.txt";

using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(filePath, append: true)) {

writer.WriteLine("This is new text appended to the file.");

} } }

5. Binary File I/O:

For reading and writing binary data (e.g., images or custom binary files), the
FileStream class is used in conjunction with BinaryReader and
BinaryWriter.

Example of reading a binary file:

using System;

using System.IO;

class Program {

static void Main() {

string filePath = @"C:\example.bin";

using (FileStream fs = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open))

using (BinaryReader reader = new BinaryReader(fs))

int data = reader.ReadInt32();

 Console.WriteLine("Read integer: " + data);

} }}

3..Here’s a tabular comparison between Collections and DataSets in C#:

Feature Collections DataSets

Type In-memory data structure In-memory database

Storage Stores objects of any type Stores data in tables

Usage General-purpose data storage Structured data storage

Size Dynamic size Static schema (fixed)

Binding No built-in data binding Supports data binding

Performance Faster operations Slower compared to collections

Data Access Direct access Through DataAdapters

Concurrency Not built-in Supports concurrency

XML Support Limited Built-in XML support

Example Class List, Dictionary<TKey, TValue> DataTable, DataSet

.4.How ASP.NET Facilitates Web Service Creation

 ● ASP.NET provides a comprehensive framework for creating web services,
which are used to enable communication between different applications over
the internet or a network.
● These services can be accessed through standard protocols such as HTTP,
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), and REST (Representational State
Transfer).
● ASP.NET simplifies the creation of web services through its built-in tools and
libraries, particularly ASP.NET Web Services (ASMX) and ASP.NET Web
API.

1. ASP.NET Web Services (ASMX)

● Simple Setup: ASP.NET provides the ASMX (Active Server Methods) model,
which is an easy way to create web services. Developers can expose
methods as web service operations using simple HTTP requests.
● Automatic SOAP Handling: ASMX web services automatically handle the
SOAP messaging format, which makes it easy for clients to interact with the
web service without worrying about the underlying protocol.
● Built-in Support for HTTP Methods: ASP.NET handles HTTP methods
(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE), allowing seamless interaction between the
client and the service.

Example:
[WebService(Namespace = "http://example.com/")]

public class MyWebService : WebService {

[WebMethod]

public string HelloWorld() {

return "Hello, world!";

} }

2. ASP.NET Web API

● RESTful Services: ASP.NET Web API allows the creation of RESTful

services that are more lightweight than SOAP-based services. It uses
standard HTTP protocols, making it ideal for creating services that are
accessed by web clients, mobile devices, or third-party systems.
● Supports JSON and XML: ASP.NET Web API supports multiple data formats
like JSON and XML, allowing easy integration with modern applications.
● Routing and HTTP Request Handling: ASP.NET Web API provides
powerful routing capabilities and can handle different HTTP requests, such as
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, enabling flexible service creation.

Example:
public class ValuesController : ApiController {

public string Get(int id) {

 return "Value " + id;

} }

3. Support for SOAP and REST

● SOAP-Based Web Services: ASP.NET provides tools to easily expose and

consume SOAP-based web services using the ASMX model. These services
follow the SOAP protocol for structured message exchanges.
● REST-Based Web Services: ASP.NET Web API simplifies the creation of
RESTful services, which are ideal for building lightweight, stateless services.
REST-based services are widely used in modern web and mobile
applications.

4. Integration with Data Sources

● Data Access: ASP.NET Web Services can easily interact with databases
(e.g., SQL Server, MySQL) to fetch, insert, update, or delete data. ASP.NET
facilitates this through ADO.NET, Entity Framework, or LINQ to SQL.
● Example: A web service method can retrieve data from a database and return
it as a JSON object, which can be consumed by web or mobile clients.

5. Security Features

● Authentication and Authorization: ASP.NET provides built-in support for

security in web services through mechanisms like Basic Authentication,
OAuth, and Windows Authentication. These features ensure that only
authorized users can access the web service.
● Encryption: ASP.NET allows secure communication over HTTPS, ensuring
data exchanged between clients and the web service is encrypted.

12 MARK:
1.

a) How the Base Class Library supports development in .NET

The Base Class Library (BCL) is a core component of the .NET framework that
provides a set of fundamental types and services required for building .NET
applications. It supports a wide range of development needs, including:

1. Core Data Types: The BCL provides predefined types such as int, string,
DateTime, char, etc., which are commonly used across applications. These
types help streamline development and reduce the need for reinventing
common functionality.
2. Collection Classes: The BCL offers various collection classes (e.g.,
ArrayList, List<T>, Dictionary<K, V>, Queue, Stack) for efficient
data management. These classes manage data structures in an optimized
manner.
 3. File I/O: The BCL provides classes like File, Directory, StreamReader,
and StreamWriter for file handling, helping developers interact with the file
system in a secure and efficient way.
4. Networking and Web Services: It includes classes such as
HttpWebRequest and WebClient for HTTP communication and Socket
for low-level network operations, easing the development of web and network
applications.

5. Exception Handling: The BCL also provides built-in classes for handling
exceptions (try-catch blocks) and managing errors in a

b) String Manipulation and File Handling in C# with Examples

String Manipulation in C#: C# provides a rich set of methods for working with
strings. Some of the key methods include:

Concatenation: Joining multiple strings.

string str1 = "Hello";

string str2 = "World";

string result = string.Concat(str1, " ", str2); // Output: Hello World

Substring: Extracting part of a string.

string str = "Hello, World";

string subStr = str.Substring(7, 5); // Output: World

Replace: Replacing part of a string.

string str = "Hello, World";

string modifiedStr = str.Replace("World", "C#"); // Output: Hello, C#

File Handling in C#: C# provides classes in the System.IO namespace for reading
from and writing to files.

Reading from a file:

using System.IO;

string content = File.ReadAllText("example.txt"); // Reads entire file content

Console.WriteLine(content);

Writing to a file:

string text = "Hello, C# Programming!";

File.WriteAllText("output.txt", text); // Writes text to file

Appending to a file:

string additionalText = "\nMore data appended!";

File.AppendAllText("output.txt", additionalText); // Appends text to the file

c) Key Features and Benefits of ASP.NET Web Services

ASP.NET Web Services are a set of protocols and standards used to enable
communication between different applications over the web. Key features include:

1. Interoperability: ASP.NET Web Services support XML-based communication

(via SOAP), which allows them to interact with applications developed in
various programming languages and platforms (Java, PHP, etc.).
2. Simple to Use: The web services can be easily created and consumed using
simple HTTP requests. You define methods in the service, and clients can call
them over the internet.
3. XML-based Communication: Communication is done using XML, which is
platform-independent and can be easily parsed by any system supporting web
protocols.
4. Automatic WSDL Generation: ASP.NET automatically generates a Web
Services Description Language (WSDL) file, which describes the service and
the methods it offers, making it easier for client applications to interact with
the web service.
5. Security: ASP.NET Web Services support various security protocols like
HTTPS, authentication, and authorization, ensuring secure communication
between services.
6. Scalability: ASP.NET Web Services are highly scalable due to their stateless
nature, making them suitable for large-scale enterprise applications.

Benefits:

● Platform Independence: Web services allow communication between

applications across diverse platforms, making it ideal for integrating
heterogeneous systems.
● Reusability: Once a web service is created, it can be reused by multiple
applications, thus reducing redundancy.
● Flexibility: It provides flexibility in data exchange using standard formats like
XML, ensuring compatibility across different systems.