Project Explanation Questions

1. Can you explain your project where you extensively used Generative AI technology?

o EDA Chatbot: This project involved developing an Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
chatbot to guide users through the data analysis process. By integrating NLP
techniques, the chatbot could understand user queries, generate summary statistics,
and visualize data distributions, making EDA accessible to non-technical users.

2. What problem does your project aim to solve, and why did you choose this approach?

o The EDA chatbot addresses the difficulty non-technical users face in exploring and
analyzing datasets. By automating the EDA process, the tool simplifies data
exploration, making insights more accessible and actionable.

3. How does your project work? Please explain the process in detail (why, where, when, and
how).

o The chatbot uses Python libraries like Pandas and NumPy for data manipulation,
Matplotlib/Seaborn for visualizations, and NLP libraries like NLTK and SpaCy to
interpret user queries. It processes datasets, performs exploratory analyses, and
provides visual outputs, all within a conversational framework.

4. What tools, frameworks, or technologies did you use in your project?

o Tools and libraries: Python, Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, Seaborn, NLTK, SpaCy, and
Flask.

LLM (Large Language Models) Questions

1. How did you incorporate an LLM into your project?

o While LLMs were not explicitly mentioned, NLP techniques were employed using
libraries like NLTK and SpaCy to interpret user inputs in the EDA chatbot.

2. What specific tasks were handled by the LLM in your project?

o Tasks like query understanding, tokenization, and named entity recognition were
performed using NLP libraries.

3. Why did you select a particular LLM (e.g., GPT, BERT) for your project?

o The choice of SpaCy and NLTK was influenced by their ease of integration and
capability to handle specific NLP tasks efficiently.

4. How did you handle the limitations or challenges of using LLMs in your project?

o Challenges like handling diverse dataset formats were mitigated by extensive testing
and ensuring flexibility in the chatbot’s architecture.

RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) Questions

1. Did you use RAG in your project? If yes, how was it implemented?
 o Not explicitly mentioned in the project. However, retrieval mechanisms were
indirectly employed to process user queries and generate relevant responses.

2. How did you design the retrieval process to fetch relevant information?

o Query processing was based on NLP techniques to identify user needs and match
them with appropriate analytical responses.

3. What data sources or knowledge bases did you use for retrieval?

o User-uploaded datasets served as the primary data source for analysis.

4. How did you ensure that the generated responses were accurate and contextual?

o Extensive testing and user feedback ensured the chatbot’s responses were relevant
and reliable.

Finetuning Questions

1. Did you fine-tune the LLM or other models in your project? If yes, how?

o Fine-tuning was not explicitly mentioned but feature engineering was extensively
used in the Customer Churn Prediction project.

2. What datasets were used for fine-tuning, and how were they prepared?

o Cleaned and preprocessed customer behavior data and transaction history were
used.

3. How did fine-tuning improve the performance of your model?

o Improved model accuracy and reliability, as seen in the Customer Churn Prediction
project.

4. What challenges did you face during the fine-tuning process?

o Challenges like feature selection and hyperparameter tuning were tackled through
iterative experimentation.

Chunking and Embedding Questions

1. How did you handle chunking in your project?

o NLP tokenization techniques were used to chunk user inputs for analysis.

2. What techniques did you use to generate embeddings?

o Not directly mentioned, but embeddings were likely not a part of the described
projects.

3. How were the embeddings used in your project (e.g., for search, similarity, clustering)?

o Embeddings were not explicitly used.

4. Which embedding model or library did you use, and why?

 o Not applicable.

NLP (Natural Language Processing) Questions

1. What specific NLP tasks were involved in your project?

o Named Entity Recognition (NER), tokenization, and query understanding.

2. How did you preprocess the data for NLP?

o Data preprocessing included tokenization, stop-word removal, and lemmatization

using libraries like SpaCy and NLTK.

3. What were the main challenges you faced in implementing NLP techniques?

o Handling diverse query formats and ensuring accurate intent recognition.

4. How did you evaluate the NLP components of your project?

o Through testing and user feedback loops.

DL (Deep Learning) Questions

1. What deep learning models or architectures were used in your project?

o Deep learning was not explicitly mentioned in the described projects.

2. How did you optimize the performance of your deep learning model?

o Not applicable.

3. Did you use any pre-trained models? If so, how did you integrate them?

o Pre-trained models were not used.

4. How did you ensure that your model generalizes well to unseen data?

o In the Customer Churn Prediction project, generalization was ensured through

rigorous cross-validation.

ML (Machine Learning) Questions

1. What machine learning algorithms were implemented in your project?

o Logistic Regression and Random Forest were used in the Customer Churn Prediction
project.

2. How did you perform feature engineering or selection for your ML models?

o By identifying and using key customer behavior features to enhance model accuracy.

3. What metrics were used to evaluate your ML model's performance?

o Metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.

 4. How did you validate your ML models?

o Using cross-validation and test datasets.

MLOps Questions

1. Did you implement MLOps practices in your project? If yes, how?

o MLOps was not explicitly mentioned in the projects.

2. How did you handle model deployment and monitoring?

o Deployment specifics were not described, but Flask was used for hosting the EDA
chatbot.

3. What tools and techniques did you use for CI/CD in your ML pipeline?

o Not applicable.

4. How did you manage the lifecycle of your machine learning models?

o Through iterative improvements and feature engineering.

Python Coding Questions

1. Can you write a Python script to preprocess a dataset for NLP tasks?

o Yes, leveraging libraries like Pandas, NLTK, and SpaCy for tokenization, lemmatization,
and cleaning.

2. How would you implement a basic neural network using Python and a deep learning
library (e.g., TensorFlow, PyTorch)?

o Not directly part of the described projects.

3. Write a function to calculate cosine similarity between two vectors.

4. from numpy import dot

5. from numpy.linalg import norm

6.

7. def cosine_similarity(vec1, vec2):

8. return dot(vec1, vec2) / (norm(vec1) * norm(vec2))

9. Can you optimize a given Python function for better performance?

o Yes, by using vectorization with NumPy or optimizing loops.

Theoretical and Practical Questions

1. How does attention work in transformer models?

 o Attention mechanisms allow models to focus on relevant parts of the input sequence
by assigning weights to tokens, enhancing context understanding.

2. What is the difference between embeddings and one-hot encoding?

o Embeddings are dense representations capturing semantic relationships, while one-

hot encoding is sparse and only represents categorical membership.

3. Explain the importance of precision, recall, and F1-score in model evaluation.

o These metrics evaluate model performance, balancing false positives and false
negatives, crucial for imbalanced datasets.

4. How would you design a scalable system for deploying your project in a production
environment?

o By using Flask/Django for API deployment, containerization with Docker, and

orchestration using Kubernetes.
Generative AI Project Questions

1. Can you explain your project where you extensively used Generative AI technology?

 One of the key projects was the development of an Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
Chatbot. This chatbot leverages Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to interact
with users and assist them in performing EDA tasks. The project aimed to simplify data
exploration for non-technical users by automating tasks like generating summary statistics,
identifying outliers, and visualizing distributions or relationships within datasets.

 Additionally, I am currently working on a Generative AI-based project (not elaborated in the

resume) to develop conversational systems for advanced client engagement. These systems
use transformer models like BERT and GPT to generate human-like responses based on user
inputs, providing more personalized and engaging interactions.

2. What problem does your project aim to solve, and why did you choose this approach?

 EDA Chatbot Problem Statement: Many non-technical users lack the expertise to perform
EDA, which is a critical step in understanding data and preparing it for modeling. Tools like
Python and R require coding knowledge, creating a barrier for business users, analysts, or
small-scale entrepreneurs.

 Approach: A chatbot using Generative AI/NLP was chosen to act as a conversational guide,
breaking down complex EDA tasks into simple, understandable actions. By integrating Python
libraries such as Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib, and an NLP framework like Rasa, the
chatbot could understand queries and deliver actionable insights in natural language.

3. How does your project work? Please explain the process in detail.

 The EDA chatbot works in the following steps:

1. User Input: The chatbot receives a query, such as "Can you show me the distribution
of sales data?"

2. Natural Language Understanding (NLU): NLP libraries process the text, extracting
entities (e.g., "sales data") and intent (e.g., "show distribution").

3. Dataset Processing: The chatbot validates the dataset provided by the user, ensuring
compatibility (e.g., handling missing values, normalizing data).

4. EDA Task Execution: Depending on the query, the chatbot performs tasks like
generating histograms, summary tables, or correlation matrices using Matplotlib and
Seaborn.

5. Response Generation: A human-readable response, accompanied by visuals or

statistics, is generated and sent back to the user.

4. What tools, frameworks, or technologies did you use in your project?

  Programming Language: Python

 NLP Libraries: NLTK, SpaCy, Rasa

 Visualization: Matplotlib, Seaborn

 Data Manipulation: Pandas, NumPy

 Framework: Flask for deployment

 Testing and Feedback: Extensive user testing with iterative improvements

Large Language Model (LLM) Questions

1. How did you incorporate an LLM into your project?

 The EDA chatbot incorporated NLP techniques, and in a potential upgrade, LLMs like GPT
could be integrated for better contextual understanding and conversational capabilities. For
now, libraries like SpaCy and NLTK were used to process and understand user inputs
effectively.

2. What specific tasks were handled by the LLM in your project?

 In this project:

o Query Understanding: Extracting intent and relevant entities from user queries (e.g.,
“average sales in 2023”).

o Response Generation: Generating concise, clear, and natural responses to guide

users through EDA.

3. Why did you select a particular LLM (e.g., GPT, BERT) for your project?

 While I didn’t use GPT or BERT directly, I relied on Rasa’s dialogue management capabilities,
which are suitable for domain-specific chatbots requiring minimal computational overhead.

4. How did you handle the limitations of using LLMs in your project?

 By ensuring the chatbot’s scope was well-defined to prevent inaccuracies. For example:

o Implemented robust pre-programmed rules for common EDA tasks.

o Limited chatbot functionality to domain-specific tasks to avoid generic responses.

NLP Questions

1. What specific NLP tasks were involved in your project?

 Tokenization: Breaking down user queries into smaller components.

  Named Entity Recognition (NER): Identifying entities like column names, data types, or tasks
(e.g., "correlation").

 Intent Classification: Determining the user’s intent, such as summarizing, visualizing, or

finding correlations.

2. How did you preprocess the data for NLP?

 Steps included:

o Tokenization using NLTK.

o Stop-word Removal to eliminate non-informative words.

o Lemmatization using SpaCy to reduce words to their root forms.

o Custom Entity Definitions to train the chatbot on specific datasets.

ML Questions

1. What machine learning algorithms were implemented in your projects?

 In the Customer Churn Prediction project, algorithms like Logistic Regression, Random
Forest, and Gradient Boosting were implemented.

 For feature selection, I used Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) and analyzed feature
importance scores.

2. How did you evaluate your ML model's performance?

 Used metrics like:

o Accuracy for overall correctness.

o Precision and Recall to evaluate performance on minority classes (e.g., customers

likely to churn).

o F1-Score to balance precision and recall.

3. What challenges did you face during ML model development?

 Imbalanced Datasets: Addressed using techniques like SMOTE (Synthetic Minority

Oversampling).

 Feature Scaling: Applied normalization to ensure numeric stability across models.

Python Coding Questions

1. Can you write a Python script to preprocess a dataset for NLP tasks?
import pandas as pd

from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

from nltk.corpus import stopwords

from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer

# Load Dataset

data = pd.read_csv('dataset.csv')

# Text Preprocessing Function

def preprocess_text(text):

# Tokenize

tokens = word_tokenize(text.lower())

# Remove Stop Words

tokens = [word for word in tokens if word not in stopwords.words('english')]

# Lemmatize

lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()

tokens = [lemmatizer.lemmatize(word) for word in tokens]

return ' '.join(tokens)

# Apply to Dataset

data['processed_text'] = data['text_column'].apply(preprocess_text)

print(data.head())

2. How would you implement a basic neural network in Python?

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense

# Define the Model

model = Sequential([

Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(input_dim,)),

 Dense(64, activation='relu'),

Dense(1, activation='sigmoid') # For binary classification

])

# Compile the Model

model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

# Train the Model

model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=32, validation_split=0.2)