{DdUT=2__SwrRoDuCTION 1 MICROWAVE SysTEMS AnD anreNNAsD PHYSICAL CONCEPT OF RADIATION Jn antenna % an Toaporkant baste component Tn the corn mura’ cation oytem Basically antennas ate the metallte = structures destqned for vadfating and sroceitng an Electromagnetic tem) energy fn an effective menner hich ts wiel for conveying te foformalion. ! | Mirbual trancmi tion line Waking antenna wfth space 1 Radfation Restetance (Cs) | itu ankenna oper ai a terminal vaststince to Me tran amtscfin Une oShfch- is commonly aalled a ne t eststan ce “vegictanee and danoted — by ‘e/, de Be coupled trom Space bo Eke ankenna terminals, fy Antenna “Femperabate (7) The receiving antenna receives boo | amuly., passive vadfattns heh ate fhe reflections om pee of tadfatfons ong obstecle dfttant objects, “hf le active vadfatfons ‘trom inn antennae, laze vacation fmerea tes Che apparent’ emporahste oy tne radfatfon resistance , whch i Yelaked be tha tampa oh the alftlant objects.a tafe epatin of tm vohatin an be ory | | exputied at, | B= Qy (A-™) | | current (AS) where, Go = The onying bo - bength of fh tument element (mm) @ - chaige Ce) vo Hae change velocty ashich equals the acceleration ef, teu charge Come). | Radfatfn Pattern : Antenna Pattern. wp Any antenna % characterfzed by fts ‘rad?abfon pattem representation of the itch fa wathemalfial or graphteal a Functfon of space nedtation properties of an antenna as | coordinates th a destred tvectfon. “Tha called as Cte edfation pattern, The tela! radfalfon ld strength encpetsed 04, eB: sie, | &, - amplitude 9] © component Ey - amplituce 9 componente Thre ase troo bale types 9 radPalfon pattem: at tia wdfatfon a an antenna & expressed Tn terme of, field strength CE) fr Vio, than the graphiial representation healed field strength fattern ov Feld yadfatfon pattew. t et tte radtation of an antenna % iy Giniloaty , per unfe: solid angle, | | expressed To terms oa Per | than the graphfeal representation called Power radiation | Patten or simply Power pattern. |ee _ - @® Field pattern typlally tepretents a plot of the mmageteute sf, an clecrie oF Magnet eld at a Funcfon a the angulat Space | Paver pattern Cin lent Seale) tgpteally represents pet ee “gad as a Fretfon of ita angulae Space ¥ Poser pattern Cin de) veprecents the magnitude a an | dlechfe or magnate field fr dacfbels, ar a functfon of tte angular Space “Normaltzed Field — Pabtrorn Te i obtained , when dir of, radiatfon pattern by maximum value, at Ba dimendlonless number with @ manimam value unity. © (8,4)_ = $2609) Cinensionlecs) Fo (©, b) ne a field camponent Normalized Power pattern» | Le obtained | atten tang @ Power component oh | radiation pattern by fs manimum value at @ function a angle Te Ba Almansfonless umber aft the emanfrmum value 6 unthy. " ©), « 260.0) % be, Dnel dimen sPenlece) hare SC14) = Poynting vector = BOD +GCH 0 eS % = Tnevtaste tmpecinee space. a1b.7-a.r= 5 —— Antenna Baamuottth, | | woe & Me meaure of fe dfrectivfly of an antenna ant Te & deffned as," tte apgulee seperation, that Th, angulos wStdth th degrees behueen bu boo Fdentfcal points on tte eppostte sfde othe mmaln voclfatfon Pattern? | Sn an antenna pattern, tte ae 4 number of beam ufdtng posePble, fuk boo oh the mot waPdely wed toa = aft oe | Halt ~ Poser Seam efit, CHPBW) G3 Phict ~Nult Beam Width CFw.Bud) (Halt = Power Beam Wide® CHPBHL) HREM & an agulax eft fr doprees, meatured om * major lobe yadfalion pattern behween potnis shee the yadtaked power hat fallen fo half 4, 7 maximum valu, wrth & called half power pofnts, 4» HpBW f& alto Enawn at “3-48 beamufdbh " because ok halt power pofnts, the power B 3-dB down the moxfmum power value Of Me mrafor lobe. (2) Fst - Nall Beam - wider (ENBW) PNB % defined ax“ te angular width between te sect null: or Pst sfde lobes, Which has @ beam a, t0d® down Fromm te paver raafmum 6, the rain lobe". 4 FNBW) alo noun as to-dB beamifdth and te fe utually used bo approxfmate the HPBW as, NBA Hpew = 2r ae Qo Kadfation Pattern Lobes | | we Different pats of tadfalizn Pattern ase weterved bo | | as lobes” 4 vadlfatim lobe a & dimensfonal portfon. - stong fede ust qurpunded by @ weak Field. Be fhe patton oy sfgnFftcant eld etrength fo a portfular — frection. of Depends ch the Held Strength, the radfatison lobes | an antenna may be chavifid nto fowr lyper: D Mafor lobe di) Minor Lobe idside Lobe | (iy) Bac Lobe Major Jobe: THE & tte radfatfon lobe containing tu maxtamum yadiali@n fm desived livectfon, which & alto referred 4 ha manfonum pruser th bamgmitthed fo tte free Space fom an antenna only by tea major lobes, (as main lobe or main beam | () Mfnor Lobe AM tte lobes offer than the mafh lobe au called minor Lobes. Tt represents the radfatfon th an undestred Aivectfon. Tha level 6, 9 minor lobe i usually exprested ax a ratio of power clensity fr that lobe to that of tte mafor lobe ” x Tn most % tu wireless sytem, mfnor lobes we undetived. Hever, a Goad aanteona cleifgn should minimize tte minor lobes,(Se lobe | use am tte minor lobes adfacent> ty the mafn lobe and ushth ate seperated by the Vasfous nulls. cthe afte ober axe the largest among the mfnor lobes (Back Jobe! Tha =% tue minoy lobe dfanebteally sppostte to tus main lobe, Te & the -radfalion lobe whose xf wel an ange a Sppreatmately eo" with Me mfr lobe civectfon, x ftafor Jobe > / ¥ ——efist ull bear wth CFBW) Hatt power bam whith (HPBM) ‘de Lobe +) Lobes and beamusfcttis ef an antenna vadfatfon pattern.NEAR AND FAR-FIELD REGIONS: PNTENNA FrEty zonét The Space Suhoundr an antana | tame Aubadvicud Foto three Regons is ® Reactive mar Usually conaiabing | yer incr Lobes Ome, OX mone , major Lobes Flew D AND PoweER RADIRTED BY Ant ATTENNAS Redinkd Flicht eiekd + Consider an antenna oad at the OMyen af a aphutat Comdtnate system. DE Page distanus cohwre he Socalinud near-rone fiebts One negligtbs , Hon the Aacttatd — tleebic fel @ on exbiboty artenna Can Han be expiessecd ag Ee) = [6 Fo(0.0) + BFol0,p)) oI LE” Vim > cohee BE _ elechic fied vector. Band B= Unit Vectors fo the Sphateat cme Y= Racral distance fom an ork gen 3Ko=a ~ Fan Apacs propagation constant | wim egnmetiogin A= Ce nek | Fele.¢) and Fpl0,g) — Arana pattern qurrcwon © Fquoteon U) Mepusens that tik lecture freee | Propegatet tm te AndtPat —ctiatchton oth a Phare vartation ey @tHeY and an amplitude (OA ation wit, cidane Q@ Vr- This 1s a TEM wave 40 the Alebic gee oy be prolauyect fo efter tu 6 and § climection but are notin The | Aadfat dindion+ Radice Megrete # The magnetic ~fields — ansottaud Lohth an lite. ld B equation Ul) Can rosa be expAcried as Hp= £2 —> 20) a He= -& ——" 2» | Pe whet Wave Tayectance Pe apse eke a7 a Pa the transverse PAR tbe ong ancl the Posgn beng Vector for “ths wore is empacised a, E = Ex Ft Wnt (2) 4 THE magnetic ‘etd vecho, ato polarixed anly | | | * And the time ~aveiagect Poynting vector Sag FR EGG = hte FEXTY Wyy® sey |