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Lecture-3 Date (7!11!2017) Earthworks2

The document discusses rock excavation techniques and the importance of controlling groundwater during excavation. It outlines methods for groundwater removal, including direct removal, pumping, and well points system, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it covers earth filling and soil compaction processes, emphasizing the need for proper soil preparation and the use of various compactors to achieve desired soil density and strength.

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9 views3 pages

Lecture-3 Date (7!11!2017) Earthworks2

The document discusses rock excavation techniques and the importance of controlling groundwater during excavation. It outlines methods for groundwater removal, including direct removal, pumping, and well points system, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it covers earth filling and soil compaction processes, emphasizing the need for proper soil preparation and the use of various compactors to achieve desired soil density and strength.

Uploaded by

kamarangalal123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture-3 Date (23/09/2024)

Rock excavation
Sometimes excavation in rocky soil are required if needed to build foundation of structure or to do
pavements of road. The procedure for excavation in rocks is different than excavation in ordinary
soils. It requires skilled manpower and specialized tools and equipments for excavating the rocky
ground. for example:
1- Using hammer, Chisel and wedge or Jack hammers (for small area breaking rock)

2- Using blasts (‫ )متفجرات‬equipment or hydraulic mechanical machine (for large area breaking
rock)
Removal of ground water:
The control of ground water during excavation is essential in some sites and taking measures to
minimize water entering to the excavation such as from rainfall, runoff, groundwater entering or high
water table. The popular methods removing ground water are:
1- Direct remove
It’s the cheaper one and done by making trenches (‫ )خندق‬at lowest level of excavated pits ‫حفرة‬
and their sides and leave the water to accumulate by slopes away from the pits.
2- Pumping remove
Ground water normally lowered by pumping from open sumps (‫ (مستنقع‬within the excavation,
the sumps being sheet-piled or close-timbered. They should be deep enough to drain the
excavation. Filters are used to prevent clogging the pump from excessive mud and grit.
3- Well points system remove
For heavy work this system is used. It consists of group of metal pipe with 40mm diameter
and about 4.5m length around the site with filter and valve at the end. These pipes drug
vertically at the required depth. All pipes joining together with horizontal pipe ended with lift
and force diaphragm pump which suck the water to the system and pump it away. This
system has the following facilities(advantages and disadvantages):
1. Ability to use more than one cycle of pipe discharge around the excavated area to control
the water removes.
2. Ability to locate the space between the pipes and their depth.
3. Ability to lower the water within the excavation.
4. This system is very expensive compare with other methods.
5. This system prefers to be used in sandy soil and never used in rock soil.
4- There other methods can be used for removing water from site like electro drains, freezing
soil …etc.
Earth filling and compacting of soil
Earth filling & compaction are the important aspects in a construction of structural building. Usually
when starting any excavation process, it should be removing top soil about 15-20cm from the
surface of the ground which is usually contains unwanted organic materials or Grass and this will
helps to reach to the layer of soil with a good load bearing. However, any excavations beyond this
layer should be investigate first and if it is appropriate and approved from the tests, it should be
used it later for earth fillings this will save costs and times for earth filling works. Then the
compacting of soil may apply after the fillings. The best type of soil using in fillings should contains;
clay with small amount of sand and gravel.
The process of compaction after the filling of earth to several layers has three beneficial.
1. Reduces particles voids of the soil
2. Reduces its permeability
3. Increases its strength
All filling shall be deposited in layers, not exceeding 25 cm loose depths. To ensure adequate soil
compaction is achieved, project specifications will indicate the required soil density or degree of
compaction and moisture contain in the soil that must be achieved.
Compaction is accomplished by use of heavy equipment. In sands and gravels, the equipment
usually vibrates, to cause re-orientation of the soil particles into a denser configuration. In silts and
clays, a (sheeps foot roller) is frequently used, to create small zones of intense shearing, which
drives air out of the soil to ensure best compaction of the soil.
Type of Compactors
1- Rammers

2- Plate compactors

3- Rubbered tired rollers

4- Sheeps foot roller

5- Steel wheel roller

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