Scribd
Upload
11 views4 pages

Exp 4

The experiment aims to plot the L-T² graph of a simple pendulum to determine the effective length of the second's pendulum. It involves measuring the time period of oscillations for various lengths of the pendulum and plotting the results to observe the relationship between length and time period squared. The results indicate that the L-T² graph is a straight line, while the L-T graph is curved, and precautions are provided to ensure accurate measurements.

Uploaded by

gupta shubh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views4 pages

Exp 4

The experiment aims to plot the L-T² graph of a simple pendulum to determine the effective length of the second's pendulum. It involves measuring the time period of oscillations for various lengths of the pendulum and plotting the results to observe the relationship between length and time period squared. The results indicate that the L-T² graph is a straight line, while the L-T graph is curved, and precautions are provided to ensure accurate measurements.

Uploaded by

gupta shubh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Experiment-4

Aim: Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effec ve length of second's pendulum.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:


Clamp stand; a split cork; a heavy metallic (brass/iron) spherical bob with a hook; a long, fine, strong co on
thread/string (about 2.0 m); stop-watch; metre scale, graph paper, pencil, eraser.
Diagram:

PRINCIPLE:
The simple pendulum executes Simple Harmonic Mo on (SHM) as the accelera on of the pendulum bob is
directly propor onal to its displacement from the mean posi on and is always directed towards it.
The me period (T) of a simple pendulum for oscilla ons of small amplitude, is given by the rela on
T = 2 π √L / g
where L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the accelera on due to gravity at the place of experiment.
Above equa on may be rewri en as
T2 = 4 π2(L/g)

PROCEDURE : ( No need to write in your prac cal file)


1. Place the clamp stand on the table. Tie the hook, a ached to the pendulum bob, to one end of the string of
about 150 cm in length. Pass the other end of the string through two half-pieces of a split cork.
2. Clamp the split cork firmly in the clamp stand such that the line of separa on of the two pieces of the split cork
is at right angles to the line OA along which the pendulum oscillates. Mark, with a piece of chalk or ink, on the
edge of the table a ver cal line parallel to and just behind the ver cal thread OA, the posi on of the bob at rest.
Take care that the bob hangs ver cally (about 2 cm above the floor) beyond the edge of the table so that it is free
to oscillate.
3. Measure the effec ve length of simple pendulum as shown in Fig.
4. Displace the bob to one side, not more than 15 degrees angular displacement, from the ver cal posi on OA
and then release it gently. In case you find that the stand is shaky, put some heavy object on its base. Make sure
that the bob starts oscilla ng in a ver cal plane about its rest (or mean) posi on OA and does not (i) spin about its
own axis, or (ii) move up and down while oscilla ng, or (iii) revolve in an ellip c path around its mean posi on.
5. Keep the pendulum oscilla ng for some me. A er comple on of a few oscilla ons, start the stop-watch/clock
as the thread a ached to the pendulum bob just crosses its mean posi on (say, from le to right). Count it as zero
oscilla on.
6. Keep on coun ng oscilla ons 1,2,3,…, n, every me the bob crosses the mean posi on OA in the same
direc on (from le to right).
Stop the stop-watch/clock, at the count n (say, 20 or 25) of oscilla ons, i.e., just when n oscilla ons are complete.
For be er results, n should be chosen such that the me taken for n oscilla ons is 50 s or more. Read, the total
me (t) taken by the bob for n oscilla ons. Repeat this observa on a few mes by no ng the me for same
number (n) of oscilla ons. Take the mean of these readings. Compute the me for one oscilla on, i.e., the me
period T ( = t/n) of the pendulum.
7. Change the length of the pendulum, by about 10 cm. Repeat the step 6 again for finding the me (t) for about
20 oscilla ons or more for the new length and find the mean me period. Take 5 or 6 more observa ons for
different lengths of pendulum and find mean me period in each case.
8. Record observa ons in the tabular form with proper units and significant figures.
9. Take effec ve length L along x-axis and T 2 (or T) along y-axis, using the observed values from Table E 6.1.
Choose suitable scales on these axes to represent L and T 2 (or T ). Plot a graph between L and T 2 (as shown in
Fig. ) and also between L and T (as shown in Fig. E 6.3). What are the shapes of L –T 2 graph and L –T graph?
Iden fy these shapes.

OBSERVATIONS:
(i) Radius (r) of the pendulum bob (given) = ... cm
Length of the hook (given) (e) = ... cm
Least count of the metre scale = ... mm = ... cm
Least count of the stop-watch/clock = ... s
CALCULATION:

PLOTTING GRAPH:
(i) L vs T graphs
Plot a graph between L versus T from observa ons recorded in Table , taking L along x-axis and T along y-axis.
You will find that this graph is a curve, which is part of a parabola as shown in Fig.
(ii) L vs T 2 graph Plot a graph between L versus T 2 from observa ons recorded in Table, taking L along x-axis
and T 2 along y-axis. You will find that the graph is a straight line passing through origin as shown in Fig.
(iii) From the T 2 versus L graph locate the effec ve length of second's pendulum for T 2 = 4s2 .

These graphs are only for your reference. You are supposed to plot graph on the graph paper with the reading
taken by you.
RESULT
1. The graph L versus T is curved, convex upwards.
2. The graph L versus T 2 is a straight line.
3. The effec ve length of second's pendulum from L versus T 2 graph is ... cm.
PRECAUTIONS :

1. Thread should be strong, weightless and in extensible.


2. Point of suspension should be fixed in a rigid support.
3. Lower faces of split cork should be in same level.
4. Splitting should be perpendicular to the plane of vibration of the pendulum.
5. Amplitude should be small to have sin 0 = 0. [when 0 < 18°]
6. The bob should move along a straight line.
7. The bob should not spin during vibration.
8. Place of experiment should be free from disturbances of building vibrations or air current.
9. Laboratory fan should be switched off.
10. Length of pendulum should include length of hook and radius of bob.
11. Counting should be proper and started from zero.
12. Clock/watch should be accurate.
13. Length of pendulum should be increased in steps of 10 cm to bring appreciable change in time
period.
14. Metre scale used should be accurate.

You might also like