Subject: Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream

Subject code: BMATC/E/M/S101

Acharya Institute of Technology

Department of Mathematics

Bangalore - 560107

April 17, 2023

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 Module-1
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-1

Polar Curves
Definition
Cartesian Curve: The curve whose coordinates are (x, y ) Cartesian
system is called Cartesian curve.

Definition
Polar Curve: The curve whose coordinates are (r , θ) polar system is
called polar curve.

Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 2/22) April 17, 2023 2 / 22
Relationship between the Cartesian coordinates (x, y ) and
the polar coordinates (r , θ):
From the right angled triangle OQP we
have
cosθ = OQ
OP
= xr
⇒ x = rcosθ
sinθ = QP
OP
= yr
⇒ y = rsinθ
p
r = (x 2 + y 2 )
θ = tan− 1( yx )

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Angle between radius vector and tangent:
(With usual notation, prove that tanϕ = r dθ dr
) (Jan-2020, July-2018)
Let P(r , θ) be any point on the curve
r = f (θ)
∴ X ÔP = θ and OP = r .
Let PL be the tangent to the curve at
P subtending an angle ψ with the pos-
itive direction of the initial line (x-axis)
and ϕ be the angle between the radius
vector OP and the tangent PL.
That is O P̂L = ϕ
From the figure we have
ψ =ϕ+θ
(we know that an exterior angle is
equal to the sum of the interior oppo-
site angles)
Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 4/22) April 17, 2023 4 / 22
 ⇒ tanψ = tan(ϕ + θ)
tanϕ + tanθ
tanψ = (1)
1 − tanϕtanθ

Let (x, y ) be the cartesian coordinates of P so that we have,

x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ
Since r is a function of θ, we can as well regard these as parametric
equations in terms of θ.
We also know from the geometrical meaning of the derivative that
tanψ = dydx
=slope of the tangent PL
dy d
(rsinθ) rcosθ+r ′ sinθ
⇒ tanψ = dθ
dx = dθ
d
(rcosθ)
= −rsinθ+r ′ cosθ
where r ′ = dr
dθ
dθ dθ

Dividing both the numerator and denominator by r ′ cosθ we get,

Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 5/22) April 17, 2023 5 / 22
 rcosθ ′
r ′ cosθ
+ rr′ cosθ
sinθ r
r′
+ tanθ
tanψ = r ′ cosθ
= (2)
−rsinθ
r ′ cosθ
+ r ′ cosθ 1 − rr′ · tanθ
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we have
r r
tanϕ = r′
= dr = r dθ
dr
dθ

tanϕ = r dθ
dr

Equivalently we can write it in the form

1 1 dr
tanϕ
= r dθ

or
1 dr
cotϕ = r dθ
.

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Length of the perpendicular from the pole to the tangent:
(With usual notation, prove that for the curve r = f (θ),
1
p2
= r12 + r14 ( dθ
dr 2
) ) (Sep-2020.Jan-2018)
Let O be the pole and OL be the initial
line. Let P(r , θ) be any point on the curve
r = f (θ) and hence we have LÔP = θ and
OP = r . Draw ON=p (say) perpendicular
from the pole to the tangent at P and let
ϕ be the angle made by the radius vector
with the tangent.
From the figure we have O N̂P = 900 and
LÔP = θ.
Now from the right angled triangle ONP
sinϕ = ONOP
= pr
p = rsinϕ .............(1)

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Squaring equation (1) and taking the reciprocal we have,
1 1 1 cosec 2 ϕ 1 1 1 dr 2
p2
= r2
· sin2 ϕ
= r2
= r2
(1 + cot 2 ϕ) = r2
[1 + ( )]
r 2 dθ
1 1 1 dr 2
p2
= r2
+ ( )
r 4 dθ
...............(2)
1
Let r
=u
Differentiating with respect to θ we have
dr
− r12 ( dθ du
) = ( dθ )
Squaring on both sides we get
1 dr 2 du 2
( )
r 4 dθ
= ( dθ )
By substituting this in equation (2) we get
1 du 2
p2
= u 2 + ( dθ ).

Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 8/22) April 17, 2023 8 / 22
Angle of intersection of two polar curves:
We know that the angle of intersection
of any two curves is equal to the an-
gle between the tangents drawn at the
point of intersection of the two curves.
From the figure we have the angle be-
tween the two tangents is equal to
ϕ = ϕ2 − ϕ1 .
∴ The acute angle of the intersection
of the curves is equal to |ϕ2 − ϕ1 | .
that is ϕ = |ϕ2 − ϕ1 |
tanϕ2 −tanϕ1
or tanϕ = | 1+tanϕ 1 tanϕ2
|

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Note: 1. If ϕ = |ϕ2 − ϕ1 | = Π2 or tanϕ1 tanϕ2 = −1, then we say that
the two curves intersect orthogonally.
2. tan( Π4 + θ) = 1+tanθ
1−tanθ
and cot( Π4 + θ) = 1−tanθ
1+tanθ

Problems:
I) Find the angle between the radius vector and the tangent
for the following curves
1. r = a(1 − cosθ)
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logr = loga + log (1 − cosθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr sinθ
r dθ
=0+ 1−cosθ
2sin( θ2 )cos( θ2 )
cotϕ = 2sin2 ( θ2 )
= cot( 2θ ) ⇒ ϕ = θ
2

Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 10/22) April 17, 2023 10 / 22
2. r m = am (cosmθ + sinmθ)
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides,
mlogr = mloga + log (cosmθ + sinmθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
m dr −msinmθ+mcosmθ
r dθ
=0+ cosmθ+sinmθ
1 dr cosmθ−sinmθ
r dθ
= cosmθ+sinmθ
cosmθ(1−tanmθ) (1−tanmθ)
cotϕ = cosmθ(1+tanmθ)
= (1+tanmθ)
= cot( Π4 + mθ)
Π
Thus we have ϕ = 4
+ mθ

Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 11/22) April 17, 2023 11 / 22
 l
3. r
= 1 + ecosθ
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logl − logr = log (1 + ecosθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr −esinθ
0− r dθ
= 1+ecosθ
1 dr esinθ
r dθ
= 1+ecosθ
esinθ
cotϕ = 1+ecosθ
1+ecosθ
tanϕ = esinθ

Thus we have ϕ = tan− 1 1+ecosθ

esinθ

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II. Find the angle between the radius vector and tangent as indicated
π
1. r = a(1 + cosθ) at θ = 3

Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logr = loga + log (1 + cosθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr −sinθ
r dθ
=0+ 1+cosθ
−2sin( θ2 )cos( θ2 )
cotϕ = 2cos 2 ( θ2 )
= −tan( 2θ ) = cot( π2 + 2θ )
π θ
⇒ϕ= 2
+ 2
π π 2π
Thus ϕ(θ= π3 ) = 2
+ 6
= 3

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 π
2. r = a(1 + sinθ) at θ = 2

Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logr = loga + log (1 + sinθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr cosθ
r dθ
=0+ 1+sinθ
cosθ
cotϕ = 1+sinθ
0
cotϕ(θ= π2 ) = 1+1
=0
⇒ ϕ(θ= π2 ) = cot −1 (0) = π
2
π
Thus ϕ(θ= π2 ) = 2

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EXERCISES:
Find the angle between the radius vector and the tangent for
the following curves
1. r 2 cos2θ = a2
2. rsec 2 ( 2θ ) = 2a
3. r 2 = a2 (cos2θ + sin2θ)
4. r = acosec 2 ( 2θ )
2a 2π
5. r
= 1 − cos(θ) at θ = 3

6.rcos 2 ( 2θ ) = a at θ = 2π
3

ANSWERS:
−θ
1. ϕ = π2 − 2θ, 2. ϕ = π
2
+ 2θ , 3.ϕ = π
4
+ 2θ, 4.ϕ = 2
, 5. ϕ = π6 ,
6.ϕ = π6
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II) Show that the following pairs of curves
intersect each other orthogonally
1. r = a(1 + cosθ) and r = b(1 − cosθ) (Jan-2020)
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logr = loga + log (1 + cosθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr −sinθ
r dθ
=0+ 1+cosθ
−2sin( θ2 )cos( θ2 )
cotϕ1 = 2cos 2 ( θ2 )

cotϕ1 = −tan( 2θ ) = cot( Π2 + 2θ )

Π θ
Thus ϕ1 = 2
+ 2

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Now from second curve we get logr = logb + log (1 − cosθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr sinθ
r dθ
=0+ 1−cosθ
2sin( θ2 )cos( θ2 )
cotϕ2 = 2sin2 ( θ2 )
= cot( 2θ )
θ
Thus ϕ2 = 2

Therefore angle of intersection ϕ = |ϕ2 − ϕ1 | = | 2θ − Π

2
− 2θ | = Π
2

Thus the curves intersect each other orthogonally.

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2. r = a(1 + sinθ) and r = a(1 − sinθ)
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logr = loga + log (1 + sinθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr cosθ
r dθ
=0+ 1+sinθ
cosθ 1+sinθ
cotϕ1 = 1+sinθ
⇒ tanϕ1 = cosθ

Now from second curve we get logr = loga + log (1 − sinθ)

Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr −cosθ
r dθ
=0+ 1−sinθ
−cosθ
cotϕ2 = 1−sinθ
⇒ tanϕ2 = − 1−sinθ
cosθ
1+sinθ 2
We have tanϕ1 · tanϕ2 = cosθ
· − 1−sinθ
cosθ
= − 1−sin
cos 2 θ
θ
= −1
Thus the curves intersect each other orthogonally.
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3. r n = an cosnθ and r n = b n sinnθ (Jan-2019, July-2018)
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, nlogr = nloga + log (cosnθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
n dr −nsinnθ
r dθ
=0+ cosnθ

cotϕ1 = −tannθ = cot( Π2 + nθ) ⇒ ϕ1 = ( Π2 + nθ)

Now from second curve we get nlogr = nlogb + log (sinnθ)
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
n dr ncosnθ
r dθ
=0+ sinnθ

cotϕ2 = cotnθ ⇒ ϕ2 = nθ
Π Π
ϕ = |ϕ2 − ϕ1 | = |nθ − 2
− nθ| = 2

Thus the curves intersect each other orthogonally.

Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 19/22) April 17, 2023 19 / 22
4. r = 4sec 2 ( 2θ ) and r = 9cosec 2 ( 2θ )
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logr = log 4 + 2logsec( 2θ )
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr sec( θ2 )·tan( θ2 )· 12
r dθ
=0+2 sec( θ2 )

cotϕ1 = tan( 2θ ) = cot( Π2 − 2θ ) ⇒ ϕ1 = Π

2
− θ
2

Now from second curve we get logr = log 9 + 2logcosec( 2θ )

Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr cosec( θ2 )·cot( θ2 )· 12
r dθ
=0−2 cosec( θ2 )

cotϕ2 = −cot( 2θ ) = cot(− 2θ ) ⇒ ϕ2 = − 2θ

ϕ = |ϕ1 − ϕ2 | = | Π2 − 2θ + 2θ )| = Π
2

Thus the curves intersect each other orthogonally.

Department of Mathematics (AIT) Mathematics-1 for ALL Stream ( 20/22) April 17, 2023 20 / 22
5. r = ae θ and re θ = b
Solution:
Taking logarithms on both sides, logr = loga + θloge
Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr
r dθ
=0+1
Π
cotϕ1 = 1 ⇒ ϕ1 = 4

Now from second curve we get logr + θloge = logb

Differentiating with respect to θ we get
1 dr
r dθ
+1=0
cotϕ2 = −1 ⇒ ϕ2 = − Π4
ϕ = |ϕ1 − ϕ2 | = | Π4 + Π4 | = Π
2

Thus the curves intersect each other orthogonally.

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EXERCISES:

Show that the following pairs of curves intersect each other

orthogonally
1. r 2 sin2θ = a2 and r 2 cos2θ = b 2
2. rsec 2 ( 2θ ) = a and rcosec 2 ( 2θ ) = b
3. r n cosnθ = an and r n sinnθ = b n
2a 2a
4. r
= 1 + cosθ and r
= 1 − cosθ
5. r = a2 cos(2θ) and r 2 = a2 sin(2θ)
2

ANSWERS:
π
ϕ = |ϕ1 − ϕ2 | = 2
OR tanϕ1 · tanϕ2 = −1 for all the problems.

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