THE CELL

High Yield Notes

 NOTES
NOTES
THE CELL
Introduction to cell and
its theory
Cell Theory: collectively Scientists involved in Cell
proposed by Schleiden (1838),
Theory:
Schwann (1839) and Virchow
1. Robert Hooke - 1665: discovered
(1858)
the cell.
Postulates of Cell Theory:
2. Lorenz Oken - 1805: all living
The cell is the smallest, beings originate from and
structural and functional consist of cells
unit of life, composed of 3. Jean Baptist de-Lamarck -
protoplasm, nucleus, 1809: cells are necessary for life.
cytoplasm and cell 4. Robert Brown - 1831: found
membrane. nucleus
All organisms are composed 5. Theodor Schwann & M.J.
of one or more cells Schleiden - 1839: formulated cell
New cells only arise by the theory.
division of pre-existing cells. 6. Louis Pasteur - 1862: found
experimental proof for R.
Mnemonic:
☆ Hoor’s Landlord Dad Became
Virchow’s hypothesis using
bacteria’s division.
Subject Specialist Via Past Affair. 7. August Weissman - 1880: all
Hoor = Hooke living beings have a common
Landlord = Lorenz origin due to similarities in
Dad = de-Lamarck structure, molecule, etc.
Became = Brown
Subject = Sclieden
Specialist = Schwann
Via = Virchow
Past = Pasteur
Affair = August Weismann
Dates: the history starts from
the digit 16 and touches the
figure 19, so at number one we
have 16 and they almost touch
19. In between, all dates lie in 18.

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 NOTES TECHNIQUES USED IN
CELL BIOLOGY
Techniques used in Cell Light Electron
Biology: Features
Microscope Microscope
Microscope: (Greek: micron = small
+ skopien = to look at) Beam of
Illumination Visible Light
An instrument for viewing Electrons
objects too small to be seen by 500x of 250,000x of
the naked eye. Magnification
naked eye naked eye
The science of investigating
small objects using such an Resolution 200 nm 0.2 nm
instrument: Microscopy
The examination of cells and Electromagne
Components Glass Lenses
their components depends tic Lenses
upon the magnification and Living and
resolution power of the two Sample Dead
Dead
convex lenses.
Magnification Power: the Medium Open Vaccum
number of times larger an
image is as compared to the
real size of the object.
Resolution Power: the ability to Features TEM SEM
distinguish between two
separate points. Beam of Passed
Reflected
Resolution of the naked eye: Electrons Through
1.0mm
There are two types of Thin Scans
Specimen
Microscopes: Light and Electron Sections Surfaces
Microscopes. Field of
There are two types of electron Lesser Greater
Vision
microscopes: Transmission EM
(TEM) and scanning EM (SEM) Shows
Shows
Internal
Function Surface
Structures
Details of cell
of cell

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 NOTES Cell Fractionation:
The combination of various
methods is used to separate the
cell organelles and other
components based on the
medium's size, density and
density.
Consists of two steps:
homogenization & and
centrifugation.
Homogenization: grinding of
cells in a suitable medium with
correct pH, ionic composition
and temperature by using a
blender, which gives rise to a
uniform mixture.
In plants, the middle lamella is
digested by pectinase. (LAMP)
Centrifugation: separates
substances under the influence
of centrifugal force by using a
centrifuge.
Density Gradient Centrifugation:
cell components of different
sizes and densities are
separated in different layers. The
upper layers are less dense than
the lower layers.
Differential Centrifugation: Size
and shape determine how fast a
particle settles.
Pellet: content settles at the
bottom
Supernatant: content
suspended above as liquid.
After each speed supernatant
can be centrifuged again. A
series of pellets of smaller size
hence obtained.

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 NOTES
Compare the structure of
typical animal and plant cell

Features Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Wall × ✓
Plastids × ✓
Glyoxysomes × ✓
Centrosomes ✓ ×

Mitotic Spindles + Spindles

Apparatus Asters Only
Direction of Outwards → Inwards →
Cytokinesis Inwards Outwards

Lysosomes ✓ ×

Flagella ✓ ×

Phagocytosis ✓ ×

Position of Nucleas Central Peripheral

Mode of Nutrition Heterotrophs Autotrophs

Small & Large &

Vacuoles
Many Single

Storage Products Glycogen Starch

No Fixed Fixed
Cellular Shape
Shape Shape

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 NOTES

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
This is a thin outer covering
that separates the contents A gel-like substance that
of the cell from other cells fills the spaces inside the
It also controls what cell to help retain its form.
materials go in and out
of the cell. Also known
as the plasma membrane.

Tonoplast
A partially permeable
Nucleus membrane surrounding the
central vacuole of a
This houses the cell's DNA.
plant cell.
It directs the synthesis of
ribosomes and proteins.

Vacuoles
These are membranous
Endoplasmic sacs that are used
Reticulum to store other things
A series of folded in the cell.
membranes in cells that
move material around.

Cell Wall
A rigid outer covering
Starch Grain that is only present in the
plant cells. It helps the cell
Granules of starch used
retain its shape and also
to store the sugars
prevents osmotic lysis.
synthesized by the
plant during the process
of Photosynthesis.

Chloroplast Mitochondria
An organelle that results The mitochondrion makes a
in the formation of sugars compound from the broken
during the process of chemical bonds of food
photosynthesis. It contains molecules (like sugar)
Chlorophyll which is a called adenosine
green-colored pigment triphosphate (ATP) and is
Golgi Apparatus it is stored here until needed.
involved in light absorption.
It is also known as the
A series of flattened sacs "powerhouse of the cell."
that helps sort proteins
synthesized in the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.

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 NOTES Cell Wall
Cell Wall: Middle Lamella False Wall:
It is the outermost non-living First formed in between primary
covering present in plants, walls of the neighbouring cells.
algae, fungi and prokaryotic Formed of sticky gel-like
cells while absent in animal magnesium and calcium salts
cells. This is probably due to and pectin
their locomotory mode of life. Helps stick the neighbouring
The cell wall of plant cells is cells together.
different from that of
prokaryotes, both in structure Secondary Wall:
and chemical composition. Formed between the primary
Prokaryotic cell walls lack cell wall and plasma membrane,
cellulose; their strengthening when the cell is fully grown.
material is peptidoglycan or Comparatively thick and rigid as
murein while fungal cell wall compared to the primary wall.
contains chitin It is secreted by Composed of inorganic salts,
the cell's protoplasm and has a silica, waxes, lignin, and cutin
variable thickness in different etc
cells of the plant. Lignin cements and anchors
The cell wall is porous (called cellulose micro-fibrils and is
pits) and allows free passage of responsible for rigidness.
water and dissolved material.
The plant cell wall consists of
Functions of Cell Wall:
three main layers which are the
It provides a definite shape to
primary wall middle lamella and
the cell.
secondary wall.
It prevents the cells from
osmotic lysis when cells are
Primary Cell Wall: placed in a hypotonic external
A true wall that develops in environment.
newly growing cells. It protects the inner parts of
Leaves, storage and young cells and does not act as a
growing cells only have primary barrier to the materials passing
walls. through it.
Composed of cellulose; micro-
fibrils are arranged in a
crisscross arrangement by
hydrogen bonding to give high
tensile strength.
Pectin and hemicellulose are
also deposited in it.
The outer part of the plant
epidermis is impregnated with
cutin and wax, forming a
permeability barrier known as
plant cuticle.

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 NOTES Plasma Membrane
It is the boundary of protoplasm Carrier proteins selectively
found in all living prokaryotic interact with a specific molecule
and eukaryotic cells or ion so that it can cross the
The plasma membrane is about plasma membrane.
7 m thick. Some membrane proteins have
Chemically, it is composed of enzymatic functions i.e.
60-40% proteins and 20-40% performing metabolic reactions
lipids. directly {e.g. adenylate cyclase
Small amounts of catalyses the transformation of
carbohydrates, are also present ATP to CAMP, a secondary
in the form of glycolipids and messenger, used for intracellular
glycoproteins. signal transduction, such as
transferring into cells the effects
of hormones like glucagon and
Unit Membrane Fluid Mosaic adrenaline because they cannot
pass through the plasma
Model Model
membrane.}
Presented by Proposed by S.I. Some proteins act as receptors
David Robertson Singer and G.L. and receive signals from the
other cells/endocrine glands.
1959. Nicolson in 1972.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids on
Composed of a the cell surface help in
lipid bilayer Proteins are recognition and act as cell
sandwiched embedded in lipid surface markers.
between inner layers in a
and outer layers mosaic manner. Functions of Plasma
of proteins. Membrane:
The plasma membrane
This model at regulates the cell's interaction
present is the with its environment by
most accepted controlling the transport of
one. materials across the cell.
Transport across plasma
membrane occurs to;
Obtain nutrients
Role of Different Molecules: Excrete waste substances
Phospholipids form a lipid Secrete useful substances
bilayer. Generate ionic gradients
Cholesterol helps to stabilize essential for nervous and
this lipid bilayer. muscular activities
Carrier proteins selectively Maintain a suitable pH within
interact with a specific molecule the cells for enzyme activity
or ion so that it can cross the
plasma membrane.

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 NOTES
Glycoprotein
Phospholipid

Glycolipid

Phospholipid Bilayer

Hydrophobic Tails

Proteins Channel

Integral Proteins Peripheral Proteins

Cholesterol

Transport Mechanisms
Passive Active
across Plasma Membrane:
Transport Transport
A cell membrane is a
differentially/selectively
permeable membrane, allowing
High →
Low Low →High
only the selective substances to conc. conc.
pass through it.
Lipid-soluble substances pass Along conc. Against conc.
through the cell membranes gradient gradient
more easily than others.
Many small gas molecules and Downhill Uphill
water etc. being neutral can
movement movement
easily cross.
lons being charged particles
have some difficulty in crossing.
No use of Uses ATP
energy as energy

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 NOTES Diffusion: passive movement of solute molecules eg. respiratory gases

Osmosis: passive movement of water molecules

Facilitated Diffusion: carrier-mediated passive transport

Endocytosis: intake of materials along the infoldings of the cell membrane in

the form of the vacuole.

Pinocytosis: intake of material in solid form is calledphagocytosis while

intake in fluid form

Exocytosis: the process by which cells remove materials from within the cell
into the extracellular fluid. Occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell

Passive Transport

Active Transport
Extracellular

ATP
Intracellular

Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

Extracellular

Fluid Particle Solid Particle Specific Particle

Plasma Membrane

Receptor
Cytoplasm

Receptor Medicated
Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Endocytosis

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 NOTES Cytoplasm and Organelles
Cytoplasm: 1. Cell Organelles:
The word cytoplasm means In living cells, the cytoplasm
'living gel of the cell’ and is contains several cell organelles
described as the region such as endoplasmic reticulum,
between the nuclear mitochondria, Golgi complex,
membrane and plasma nucleus, plastids, ribosomes,
membrane. lysosomes and centrioles.
This is the common component
of both prokaryotic and Functions of Cytoplasm:
eukaryotic cells. It acts as a storehouse of vital
The living contents of the chemicals.
eukaryotic cell are divided into It is a site of certain metabolic
the nucleus and the cytoplasm, pathways e.g. translation,
the two collectively form glycolysis, glycogenolysis and
protoplasm. gluconeogenesis.
Cytoplasm consists of an A circular streaming movement
aqueous ground substance can also be observed in the
containing a variety of cell cytoplasm due to the contractile
organelles and other inclusions activity of microfilaments. This
such as insoluble waste and movement is called Cyclosis
storage products. which is responsible for the
Composition: distribution of cell contents in
Cytosol the cytoplasm.
Fundamental molecules of
life Cell Organelles:
Cell organelles An organelle is a sub-cellular
1. Cytosol: structure that has one or more
It is the soluble part of the specific jobs to perform in the
cytoplasm. cell, much like an organ does in
Chemically, it is about 90% the body.
water and forms a solution Prokaryotic cells are equipped
containing all the fundamental with a few types of organelles
molecules of life. while eukaryotic cells are
2. Fundamental Molecules of Life: equipped with many different
Some of them are in ionic form. types of organelles, forming the
Small molecules such as salts, true division of labour in these
sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, cells.
nucleotides, vitamins and
dissolved gases form true
solutions.
Some large molecules such as
proteins form colloidal solutions.
A colloidal solution may be sol
(non-viscous) or gel (viscous).

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 NOTES Non- Single Double
Ribosomes:
Ribosomes were first observed
Membranous Membranous Membranous using an electron microscope as
Endoplasmic tiny and dense granules.
Ribosomes Mitochondria These are roughly spherical,
Reticulum
Golgi non-membranous bodies found
Centrioles Plastids in both eukaryotic as well as
Apparatus
prokaryotic cells.
Cytoskeleton Lysosomes Nucleus
Composition:
Glyoxysomes
Ribosomes are
ribonucleoprotein particles.
Peroxisomes
Ribosomes consist of RNA and
Vacuoles proteins in almost equal
proportion!

Assembly of Ribosomes:
Ribosomes are assembled in the
Organelles Discovered By
nucleolus. From the nucleolus,
they are transported to the
Ribosomes George Emil Palade cytoplasm through nuclear
pores
Centrioles Edouard Van Beneden
Form and Physical
Cytoskeleton Nikolai K/ Koltsov Structure:
They exist in two forms, either
Keith R.Porter, Albert dispersed in the cytoplasm or
Endoplasmic
Claude, Brody Meskers attached to rough endoplasmic
Reticulum
and Ernest F. reticulum (RER) as tiny granules.
Ribosomes consist of two
Golgi Apparatus Camillo Golgi, 1898
subunits: a larger subunit and a
smaller subunit.
Lysosomes C.R. De Duve, 1949 The attachment is controlled by
the presence of Mg ion
Peroxisomes C.R. De Duve concentration or forming salt
bonds between the phosphate
group of RNA and the amino
Glyoxysomes Harry Beevers
group of amino acid or both by
Mg and salt bonds.
Mitochondria Albert von Kolliker Ribosomes are attached to the
5' end of mRNA through smaller
Nucleus Robert Brown subunits.

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 NOTES Functions of Ribosomes:
Ribosomes are the factory for
Secreted proteins,
Integral plasma
protein synthesis (translation). proteins,
A group of ribosomes attached Lysosomal
to mRNA is known as a
proteins, ER
polysome or polyribosome. In
proteins, Golgi
this way, several copies of the ER Membrane
same polypeptide can be complex proteins,
Bound Ribosomes
produced in very little time. Extrinsic
membrane
proteins localized
Larger Smaller
Type Size to the extra-
Subunit Subunit
cytosolic surface
(e.g., Fibronectin)
Smaller
Prokaryote 50S 30S
70s
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
An interconnected network of
Larger
Eukaryote 60S 40S cisternae/elongated closed sacs
80s
generally extended from the
nuclear membrane to the
plasma membrane throughout
Classes of the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic
Location of
Proteins cells.
Ribosomes
Synthesized They vary in appearance from
Soluble cytosolic cell to cell.
proteins, Extrinsic Cisternae are spherical or
membrane proteins, tubular membranes which
Localized to the separate the material present in
cytoplasmic surface these channels from that of
(e.g. actin, cytoplasmic material.
Membrane Free
sceptrin), In skeletal and cardiac muscle
Ribosomes
Mitochondrial and cells, the modified form of SER is
chloroplast known as sarcoplasmic
proteins encoded by reticulum which is specialized
nuclear DNA, for the storage of Ca 2+ ions in
Peroxisomal their lumen.
proteins If many ribosomes are attached
to the small parallel cisternae of
RER, then it is called
ergastoplasm.
In nerve cells, the ergastoplasm
is known as Nissl's
granules/bodies.

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 NOTES Features
Smooth Rough All membranous organelles
except mitochondria and
ER ER
chloroplast are formed by the
Present;
endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes attached to Not Present
outer surface
Connection Golgi Apparatus:
with Directly Not A single cisternal sac is called
Nuclear Connected Connected the Golgi body.
Membrane A stack of cisternae sacs is called
the Golgi apparatus.
Stability More Stable Less Stable
A stack of cisternae sacs with
Mainly Composed of
associated vesicles is called the
Compositio composed of tubular and
cisternal vesicular
Golgi complex.
n
form form Golgi apparatus in plants is
Occurs in cells called Dictyosomes which are
Occurs in cells used in the construction of cell
concerned
Presence in involved with
with glycogen walls.
body protein
and lipid
synthesis
metabolism Structure:
Examples of Liver, Adipose Golgi apparatus is a stack of
tissues/org pancreas and tissue, flattened, membrane-bound
ans goblet cells muscles, etc sacs called cisternae.
Protein Metabolism of The Golgi complex is a complex
synthesis molecules system of interconnected
After particularly tubules around the central
synthesis, lipids stacks.
either stored Detoxification At one end of the stack, new
Functions in cytoplasm of drugs
cisternae are constantly being
or Transmission
formed by the fusion of vesicles
transported of impulses
out of the cell Intracellular from the SER.
through them transport Golgi apparatus has two faces
i.e. forming face and maturing
General Functions of ER face
They provide mechanical The forming face (convex) is the
support to the cell so that its outer face also called the 'cis
shape is maintained face'. Vesicles that bud off from
They are also involved in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
transport of materials from one are fused to form cisternae of
part of the cell to the other. the Golgi apparatus at the
Fragmented elements of the forming face.
disintegrated nuclear The maturing face (concave) is
membrane and endoplasmic the inner face also called the
reticulum arranged around the 'trans face'. Secretory granules
chromosomes to form a nuclear and Golgi vesicles.
membrane during cell division.

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 NOTES The maturing face (concave) is
the inner face also called the
An endomembrane system is a
group of membranes and
'trans face'. Secretory granules organelles in eukaryotic cells
and Golgi vesicles are pinched that work together to modify
off from the maturing surface. package, and transport lipids
and proteins. It includes the
Functions: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic
The main function of Golgi reticulum and Golgi apparatus,
bodies is cell secretion. lysosomes and vesicles.
They are involved in the
modification of molecules. The
most important modifications
are the addition of
carbohydrates into proteins and
lipids and the subsequent
synthesis of glycoconjugates.
During cytokinesis in plant cells,
these are involved in the
formation of phragmoplast
An important function of the
Golgi apparatus is the formation
of primary lysosomes
Formation of acrosomes during
spermatogenesis.

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 NOTES Lysosomes:
(Lyso - Splitting: Soma - Body)
Functions of Lysosomes:
To perform its function, the
They are cytoplasmic organelles lysosomes fuse with endosomes,
which are found in most phagosomes or
eukaryotic cells except (RBCs) autophagosomes forming
and are different from others secondary lysosomes.
due to their morphology. The bio-molecules are further
broken down into smaller
Structure: monomers which are then
These are roughly spherical in recycled in the cells.
shape and bound by a single Major functions of lysosomes
membrane and are simple sacs include intracellular digestion,
(vesicles) rich in acid autophagy, autolysis, and
phosphatase and several other sometimes the release of
digestives or hydrolytic enzymes extracellular enzymes.
(about 40) like carbohydrases, During intracellular digestion,
lipases, proteases and food particles are stored in food
nucleases. vacuoles which will fuse with
These enzymes are synthesized lysosomes, the resulting
on RER and are further structure is called secondary
processed in the Golgi lysosomes in which food begins
apparatus. to digest.
The processed enzymes are The digested products are
budded off as Golgi vesicles and absorbed by the cytoplasm
are called primary Lysosomes. while the remaining wastes
Secondary lysosomes are containing vesicles (contractile
formed by the fusion of primary vacuole) fuse with the cell
lysosome with food vacuole membrane (exocytosis) to
Some are known as eliminate undigested wastes.
phagosomes (phagocytic food The process by which unwanted
vacuole). structures within the cells are
Tertiary lysosomes or residual engulfed and digested within
bodies contain undigested the lysosomes is called
material after the absorption of autophagy.
digested food into the
cytoplasm. In unicellular
organisms, these are removed
outside of eat cell by exocytosis
while in multicellular organisms;
these are retained in the cells as
od lipofuscin granules.

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 NOTES This process either takes place
during the starvation period to
In glycogenosis type II disease,
the liver and muscle appear to
obtain energy or occurs in be filled with glycogen within
routine to control a number of membrane-bound organelles. In
specific organelles. For example, this disease, an enzyme that
if someone starts to perform degrades glycogen to glucose is
heavy muscular exercise, the absent.
number of mitochondria begins Tay-Sachs disease is because of
to increase in his muscle cells, the absence of an enzyme that
but if he leaves exercise, the is involved in the catabolism of
number of mitochondria is lipids. Accumulation of lipids in
again decreased by the process brain cells leads to mental
of autophagy. retardation and even death.
During the developmental
phase, when a particular cell is Peroxisomes and
required to be disintegrated, a
Glyoxysomes:
type of cell death is committed,
Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
called autolysis. This is a
are collectively called
programmed cell death in
microbodies.
which lysosomes burst and their
They are similar to lysosomes in
enzyme contents are quickly
the sense that they are single
dispersed throughout the
membranous, vesicular
cytoplasm, thus disintegrating
structures.
the cell into fragments which
They contain enzymes
are phagocytosed by the other
(although different than
cells.
lysosomes)
They are smaller than
Lysosome Storage lysosomes, having a diameter of
Diseases: 0.5 um approximately.
Both diseases are autosomal
recessive.
Several congenital diseases are
due to the accumulation within
the cell of substances such as
glycogen or glycolipids. These
are called storage diseases. 20
such diseases have been
discovered so far.
These diseases are produced by
a mutation that affects one of
the lysosomal enzymes involved
in catabolism.

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 NOTES Features Peroxisomes Glyoxysomes
Functions of Vacuoles:
In animal cells, food vacuoles are
Present in formed by phagocytosis.
Present in all Many freshwater protists have
plants/
Occurence types of
Germinating contractile vacuoles that pump
eukaryotic cells
seedlings excess water out of the cell,
Present in all thereby maintaining a suitable
Catalase,
Peroxidase,
glycolic acid concentration of ions and
Enzymes catalase,
oxidase, other molecules inside the cell.
glycolic acid In young plants, many small
enzymes etc.
oxidase etc.
vacuoles are present which can
Lipid
hold reserves of important
Detoxification metabolism
organic compounds.
of alcohol Conversion of
Formation and stored fatty These vacuoles may help in the
decomposition acids to protection of plants against
Roles of H₂O₂ carbohydrates herbivores by storing
Involved in (Succinate compounds that are poisonous
photorespirati through or unpleasant to animals.
on glyoxylate Mature plant cells contain a
central vacuole which contains
cell sap. It is the plant's main
Vacuoles: reservoir of inorganic ions and
metabolic intermediates.
Vacuoles are large vesicles that
They serve to expand the plant
originate from the endoplasmic
cells without diluting their
reticulum, Golgi complex and
cytoplasm
cell membrane. They are
They maintain the cells' turgor,
present both in plant and
responsible for mechanical
animal cells.
support, and rigidity of the
The membrane separating the
leaves and young parts of the
vacuole from the cytoplasm is
plant.
called the tonoplast.
In a plant cell, a large central
vacuole is present that is
formed by the coalescence of
smaller vacuoles.
In animal cells, small but
numerous vacuoles are present.

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 NOTES Mitochondria:
The powerhouse/ battery
The second compartment, the
mitochondrial matrix, is
/furnace of the cell enclosed by the inner
The busiest and most active The mitochondrial matrix
organelle in the cell. contains small circular DNA, all
Their size and number vary from kinds of RNA, 70S ribosomes,
one to many thousand per cell enzymes, co-enzymes and
depending upon the organic and inorganic salts.
physiological activity of the cell.
They are self-replicating, and Functions of Mitochondria:
contain circular DNA (1% of the They are the sites of aerobic
total DNA of the cell) and 70s cellular respiration.
ribosomes; thus, some proteins Enzymes in the mitochondrial
may also be synthesized in matrix help in metabolic
them. processes like pyruvic acid
The diameter of mitochondria is oxidation, cycle, aerobic
0.2-1.0 um while the length is 1-4 respiration, and fatty acid
um. metabolism. These processes
When seen under a compound extract energy from the organic
microscope they appear as food and convert it into ATP, an
vesicles, rods, and filaments. energy-rich compound, which
When seen under an electron provides energy to the cell on
microscope, it shows that they demand.
are bounded by two ADP is regenerated by
membranes, a smooth outer mitochondria into ATP.
membrane which is somewhat
like a sieve due to the presence
of porins (hence freely
permeable) and an inner one
forming infoldings (cristae) in
the mitochondrial matrix.
The inner surface has granular
structures called Fo-Fi particles
which are ATP synthase in
nature.
In addition, several other
complexes
are also found in the cristae,
which serve as electron carriers
in ETC.
The inner membrane divides
the mitochondrion into two
internal compartments.
The first is the inter-membrane
space, the narrow region
between the inner and outer
membranes.

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 NOTES Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic
Differences Prokaryotic Cells
Cells
Well defined
Absent Present
Nucleus

DNA Submerged in cytoplasm Present in nucleus

Type of Circular DNA

Linear DNA in nucleus
DNA as nucleoid
Membrane Bounded
Absent Present
Organelles
Small sized, 70S ribosomes Large sized, 80S ribosomes
Ribosomes (50S larger sub-unit and 30S (608 larger sub-unit and 40S
smaller sub-unit) smaller sub-unit)
Peptidoglycan/Murein
Cell Wall Cellulose/Chitin
Sacculus
Sterols in Cell
Absent Present
Membrane

Mesosomes Present Absent

Mitosis/
Cell Division Binary Fission
Meiosis
Proteins in
Flagellin Tubulin
Flagella

Histones Absent Present

Cytoskeleton Absent Present

Plant and Animal cells, fungi

Bacterial cell, Cells of blue
Examples and
green algae
protists

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