Differential Equations for Engineers

Module 1: Prelim coverage (See Math 115 Course Syllabus)

Instructor: 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒓. 𝑹𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒆 𝑻. 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒏

Content: Lecture notes and student assessment

Desired Learning Outcomes (DLO)
1. Understand the definition and classifications of Differential Equations (DE)
2. Understand the solution of a Differential Equation
3. Analyze the first order DE.
4. Analyze and solve variable separable equations
5. Analyze Exact Equations
6. Understand the Homogeneous Coefficients of ODE
7. Understand the Bernoulli’s Equation
8. Understand the other Substitution Methods
9. Understand and solve mixed problems using available method

Topic 1: Introduction to DE and classification of DE

A differential equation (DE) is an equation involving a function and its derivatives.
The following are examples of differential equations:
𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
2. + 𝑘2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
3. (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 – 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑 2𝑤 3 𝑑𝑤
4. ( 2) - x𝑦 +𝑤 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Differential equations are called Partial Differential Equations (PDE) or Ordinary

Differential Equations (ODE) according to whether or not they contain partial
derivatives. The order of a differential equation is the highest order derivative
occurring. A solution (or particular solution) of a differential equation of order n
consists of a function defined and n times differentiable on a domain D having the
property that the functional equation obtained by substituting the function and its n
derivatives into the differential equation holds for every point in D.
Remember this:
 The order of a differential equation is the highest order derivative
occurring.
 Partial differential equation, in mathematics, equation relating a function
of several variables to its partial derivatives.
 An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation containing
one or more functions of one independent variable and the derivatives of those
functions.
 Suppose that f: X→Y and f(x) = y, a differential equation without nonlinear
terms of the unknown function y and its derivatives is known as a linear
 differential equation. It imposes the condition that y cannot have higher index
𝑑 2𝑤 3 𝑑 3𝑦 2
terms such as y2, y3,… and multiples of derivatives such as ( 2 ) , ( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

It also cannot contain non-linear terms such as sin(y), ey^-2, or ln y. It

takes the form,

where y and g are functions of x. The equation is a differential equation

of order n, which is the index of the highest order derivative.

𝑦’’’ + 𝑥𝑦’ = 0 third order DE, ordinary DE and linear

Equation 2

Equation 3

Equation 4

 Equation 2 is an equation of order 4, ordinary DE, and non-linear

 Equation 3 is an equation of order 2
 Equation 4 is an equation of order 1

Student Assessment
Quiz no. 1
Topic: Introduction to DE
Instruction: State whether the equation is ordinary or partial, linear or non-linear,
and give its order.
Example: (x2 +y2)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
Answer: ordinary, non-linear, order 1
1. 𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
2. + + =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
3. 𝑥 2
−𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
4. (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
𝑑 3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
5. ( 2 )2 − 2( 2 )4 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Topic 2. First Order Ordinary Differential Equation

The complexity of solving DE’s increases with the order. We begin with first order
DE’s.
2.1 Separable Equations
A first order ODE has the form 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑦’) = 0. In theory, at least, the methods of
algebra can be used to write it in the form∗ 𝑦’ = 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦). If G(x,y) can be factored to
give 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑀 (𝑥 )𝑁(𝑦),then the equation is called separable. To solve the separable
equation 𝑦’ = 𝑀 (𝑥 )𝑁(𝑦), we rewrite it in the form 𝑓 (𝑦)𝑦’ = 𝑔(𝑥 ). Integrating both
sides gives

∫ 𝑓 (𝑦)𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑓 (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.1. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 4)𝑦′ = 0.

𝑑𝑦
𝑦’ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2xy + 6x + (𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑦
2x(y + 3) + (𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 0. Factor out 2x

1
Multiply both sides by 𝑑𝑥 to separate variable x from y. So, equation
(𝑥 2−4 )(𝑦+3)
becomes
2𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦+3)𝑑𝑦 = 0 same variable in each term
(𝑥 2−4 )
 2𝑥 1
∫ (𝑥 2−4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦+3)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0𝑑𝑥 Apply integration both sides

ln(𝑥 2 − 4 ) + ln(𝑦 + 3) = 𝑙𝑛𝑐 answer!

Example 2.2: Solve the initial value problem 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, where y(0) = 1.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, separated already

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 Apply integration both sides

𝑦2
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ) + =𝐶
2

𝑦 2 = 2𝐶 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 )

𝑦 = √2𝐶 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
y(0) = 1.
1 = √2𝐶 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)
1 = 2𝐶 + 2 , . ∶ 𝐶 = −1/2

1
𝑦 = √2(− 2) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)

𝑦 = √2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ) − 1 answer!

Example 3: solve the equation 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥.

𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 this is separable equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 where: 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑒 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 integrate both sides

∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑒 −𝑦 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 answer!
Student Assessment
Quiz no. 2
Topic: Separable Equations
2.1. Put the following equation in separated form. Do not integrate.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2𝑦
Example: =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+4
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= answer!
𝑦 𝑥+4

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦−4𝑦
1. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+4

𝑑𝑦
2. = sec(𝑦)𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
3. =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑦+1)
𝑑𝜃
4. + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑡
2.2. Obtain the solution of the following equations
1. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦(0) = 1.
2. 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦′ = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦(1) = 1.

3. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 )(1 + 𝑥)

4. (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
5. 𝑦′ + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑦 = 0 with initial value 𝑦(𝜋/2) = 1
6. (1 + 𝑦 2)𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2) = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1

Topic 3: Exact Equations

Using algebra, any first order equation can be written in the form 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 +
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 for some functions 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦).

Definition:
An expression of the form 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is called a (first-order) differential
form. A differential form 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is called exact if there exists a function
g(x,y) such that dg = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦.
If 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is an exact differential form, then ω = 0 is called an exact
differential equation. Its solution is g = C, where ω = dg.
Theorem: If F and G are functions that are continuously differentiable throughout a
simply connected region, then 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is exact if and only if
𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= . Understand this!
∂x ∂y

Example: State whether the equation is exact or not exact

(3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

F = the function where the term 𝑑𝑥 appears

G = the function where the term 𝑑𝑦 appears
F(x, y) = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
If F and G are functions that are continuously differentiable throughout a simply
connected region, then 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is exact if and only if
𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= .
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝐺
= 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 0 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥. 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑦 "y” is
∂x
constant. The derivative of constant is zero.
𝜕𝐹
∂y
= 3𝑥 2 (2𝑦) + 0 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 derivative of function F with respect to y.

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ;
∂x ∂y

Therefore, equation (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact equation.

If 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is an exact differential form, then ω = 0 is called an exact

differential equation. Its solution is g = C, where ω = dg.

Example: Obtain the solution of (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

 F(x, y) = (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 2 𝑦)

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= 4𝑥𝑦 = 0 + 2𝑥(2𝑦) = 4𝑥𝑦
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ; Exact Equation!
∂x ∂y

ω = dg for some g. To find g, we know that

𝜕𝑑
= (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) equation 2.1
∂x

𝜕𝑑
= (2𝑥 2 𝑦) equation 2.2
∂y

𝜕𝑑
∫ 𝜕𝑦 = ∫(2𝑥 2 𝑦)

Integrating equation with respect to y gives us

𝑦2
d = 2𝑥 2 ( 2 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + h(x)

So differentiating that with respect to x gives us

𝜕𝑑 𝑑ℎ
= 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 equation 2.3
∂x

From equation 2.1,

𝜕𝑑
= (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
∂x

Equate equation 2.3 and equation 2.1

𝑑ℎ
2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝑑ℎ
= (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑ℎ
∫ = ∫( 3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
ℎ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐

d = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + h(x)
d = 𝑥 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑑 – 𝑐 constant
C = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 answer!

Example: Find the solution of the differential equation

(6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
F(x, y) = (6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3)
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2)

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
∂x
= −1 ∂y
= −1

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ; Exact Equation!
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝑑
= (6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3) equation 2.4
∂x

𝜕𝑑
= (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2) equation 2.5
∂y

𝜕𝑑
∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫(6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3)

Integrating equation with respect to x gives us

𝑑 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦)
So differentiating that with respect to y gives us

𝜕𝑑 𝑑ℎ
= −𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 equation 2.6
∂y

Equate equation 2.4 and equation 2.6

𝑑ℎ
−𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2)

∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫(3𝑦 2 − 2)𝑑𝑦
ℎ(𝑦) = 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑑 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 + 𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑑 – 𝑐 constant
𝐶 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 answer!

Student Assessment
Quiz no. 3
Instruction: Obtain the solution of the differential equations
1. (2𝑥𝑦 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦))𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. (1 + 2𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑦√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 2 2𝑥𝑦′
4. 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
5. (cos(𝑦) sinh(𝑥 ) + 1)𝑑𝑥 − sin(𝑦) cosh(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Topic 4: Homogeneous Equations

Definition: (Homogeneous function of degree n) A function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is called
homogeneous of degree n if 𝐹(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑛 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦). For a polynomial, homogeneous
says that all of the terms have the same degree
Example: Solve the differential equation (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
The equation is homogeneous since all terms have the same degree of one
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥.

So, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 partial derivative of y

(2𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 divide both sides by 𝑥

(2 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 simplify

(2)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 separable equation
(2)𝑑𝑥
− (𝑑𝑣) = 0
𝑥

(2)𝑑𝑥
− (𝑑𝑣) = 0 integrate both sides
𝑥

(2)𝑑𝑥
∫ − ∫(𝑑𝑣) = ∫ 0
𝑥
𝑦
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣 = 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑦
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 – 𝑥 = 𝑐 Answer!

Checking: get the partial derivative of the answer

 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
2( )− =0
𝑥 𝑥2
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
(2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 check!
Example: Find the general solution of (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥
The equation is homogeneous since all terms have the same degree of 3
Let 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥/𝑦.

So, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 partial derivative of 𝑥

((𝑣𝑦)3 + (𝑣𝑦)𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 3 (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) divide both sides by 𝑦 3

(𝑣 3 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣

(𝑣 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑣 separable equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∫ =∫ 3
𝑦 𝑣
𝑣−2 𝑥
𝑙𝑛(𝑦) = − 2
+𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑦

𝑥 −2
(𝑦)
𝑙𝑛(𝑦) = −
2
+𝑐
𝑦2
𝑙𝑛(𝑦) = −
2𝑥2
+𝑐 answer!

Student Assessment

Quiz no. 4

Instruction: Solve the following differential equation.

1. (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑦
2. sin2(𝑥 )(𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
3. 𝑦 6 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
4. ((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦
5. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ((𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥
 5.0 Integrating Factors
Integrating factor is used when the equation is not exact.
Consider the equation ω = 0. Even if ω is not exact, there may be a function 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) such that 𝐼𝜔
is exact. So ω = 0 can be solved by multiplying both sides by I. The function I is called an integrating
factor for the equation ω = 0.

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) integrating factor

How to find integrating factor?

Step 1: Test the exactness of the equation
Step 2: If the equation is not exact, find the integrating factor.
Integrating factor = 𝐼(𝑥)= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑅(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 or Integrating factor = 𝐼(𝑦)= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑅(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
1 𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹 1 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐺
Where: 𝑅 = (
𝐹 ∂x
− ∂y ) or 𝑅 = 𝐺 (∂x − ∂y ) use whichever is simpler between these
two R’s

Step 3: multiply the integrating factor to both sides of the equation.

Example: Obtain the solution of (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

F(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −(2𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= −2𝑦 = (2𝑦)
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 . Therefore, the equation is not exact.
∂x ∂y

1 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐺
Use 𝑅 = 𝐺 (∂x − ∂y )

1 2
𝑅= (2𝑦 − (−2𝑦)) = −
−2𝑥𝑦 𝑥
R is a function of x or 𝑅(𝑥)

Use Integrating factor = 𝐼(𝑥)= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑅(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2
1
𝐼(𝑥)= 𝑒 ∫(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 = 𝑥 2 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒
1 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦)( 2) = 0( 2) 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝐼(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦2 2𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ( 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 New equation
 𝑦2
F(x, y) = (1 + 𝑥 2 )

2𝑦
𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = − ( )
𝑥
𝜕𝐺 1 2𝑦 𝜕𝐹 2𝑦
= −2𝑦 (− 𝑥 2 ) = = (0 + 𝑥 2 )
∂x 𝑥2 ∂y

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ; Exact Equation!
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝑑 𝑦2
= (1 + 𝑥 2 ) equation 5.1
∂x

𝜕𝑑 2𝑦
= − ( 𝑥 ) equation 5.2
∂y

𝜕𝑑 2𝑦
∫ 𝜕𝑦 = − ∫ ( 𝑥 )

Integrating equation with respect to y gives us

𝑦2
𝑑 = −( ) + ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥

So differentiating that with respect to x gives us

𝜕𝑑 𝑦2 𝑑ℎ
= ( 𝑥2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 equation 5.3
∂x

Equate equation 5.1 and equation 5.3

𝑦2 𝑑ℎ 𝑦2
( 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑ℎ
= (1)
𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
ℎ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦2
𝑑 = − ( ) + ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥

𝑦2
𝑑 = −( )+ 𝑥+𝑐
𝑥
𝑦2
𝐶 = 𝑑 – 𝑐 constant𝐶 = − ( 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 answer!
Student Assessment
Quiz no. 5
Instruction: Obtain the general solution of the following equations
1. (𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 +sec 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦) = 0
4. 2 cosh(𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥 − sinh(𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Topic 6: The linear equations of order one

A first order ordinary differential equation said to be linear if it can have
brought into the form
𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)

Solution of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) can be written in the form of

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −ℎ (∫ 𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐) where: ℎ = ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Example: Write the equation 𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 in the form of

𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥 ).

Solution:
1 1
(𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) ( ) = 𝑥((𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) divide both sides by cosx
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 answer!

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑝( 𝑥 ) = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥
𝑟 (𝑥 ) = = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦
Example: Obtain the general solution of differential equation 𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑥.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the equation in the form of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥 ).
𝑦
𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. Dividing both sides by 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥, the equation becomes
𝑦 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
𝑦’ + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥) = where: 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥

𝑦(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑦’ + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑦’ + 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑟(𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

Step 2: Solve for h

ℎ = ∫ 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)

Step 3: Solve y(x)

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −ℎ (∫ 𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐) where 𝑟 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −(𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) (∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Note: 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

1 1
𝑦(𝑥 ) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)(∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 where: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(∫ 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐)

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐) answer !

Student Assessment
Quiz no. 6
Instruction: Obtain the general equation of each differential equation
1. 𝑥𝑦’ = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥
2. 𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (3𝑦 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 0
3. 𝑦 ′ = 6(𝑦 − 2.5)(tanh1.5x)
4. (𝑦 −cos 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦) = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )𝑦′
6. 2𝑥((𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2 + 3𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦′; 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
7. 𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ − 𝑚𝑦, where n and m are constants.
 8. 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑦 ′

Student Assessment
Preliminary Examination
Instruction: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation. Use any
applicable method.
1
1. (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑦 ′ = (𝑦 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑦
2. = (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 15)𝑑𝑥
𝑥
3. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
4. (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
5. csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = 0
6. (2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + sin4 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝜋/2 , 𝑦 = 1
7. 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥
8. csc 3 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = 0
9. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
10. (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥
11. 𝑥(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 )𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
12. (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
13. (3 + 𝑦2𝑦 2 sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
14. (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 + =0
𝑙𝑛𝑦
15. (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
2

16. (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = √3 , 𝑦 = 1

17. 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
18. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦
19. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + tan(𝑥 + 𝑦))𝑑𝑦 = 0
20. (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0