EEE 333: Communication II

Mathematical Problems

Course Teacher:
Shuvodip Das
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of EEE, PU
Problem 1: Assume that a voice channel occupies a
bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine three voice
channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from
20 to 32 kHz. Show the configuration, using the
frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands.

Solution:
We modulate each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth. We use the 20- to 24-kHz
bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28-kHz
bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32-
kHz bandwidth for the third one.
Problem 2: Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed
together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band
of 10 kHz between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that the required
bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz
Problem 3: Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a satellite
channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate configuration, using FDM.
Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four channels, each channel having a
250-kHz bandwidth. Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that each 4 bits
is modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-QAM modulation.
Problem 4: The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The
first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used
for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction. How
many people can use their cellular phones simultaneously?

Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, we get 833.33. In
reality, the band is divided into 832 channels. Of these, 42 channels are used for
control, which means only 790 channels are available for cellular phone users.
Problem 5: Figure shows synchronous TDM with a data stream for each
input and one data stream for the output. The unit of data is 1 bit. Find
(a) the input bit duration, (b) the output bit duration, (c) the output bit
rate, and (d) the output frame rate.
Solution
a. Bit Rate = 1/bit duration; Bit Duration = 1/Bit Rate
The input bit duration = 1/1 Mbps = 1 μs.
b. Output bit duration = 1/Output bit rate
c. Output bit rate = 1/(4μs) or 4 Mbps.
Output bit rate is 4 times as fast as any input rate;
so Output bit rate = 4 × 1 Mbps = 4 Mbps.
b. Output bit duration = 1/4 Mbps = 0.25 μs
d. Frame Rate = Input Bit Rate (If the unit of data is 1)
So frame rate = 1 M Frames or 1,000,000 frames per second.
Problem 6: Four 1-kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1
bit. Find (a) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (b) the
transmission rate of the link, (c) the duration of a time slot, and (d) the
duration of a frame.

Home Work.
Problem 7: Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel
sends 100 bytes /s and we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame
traveling on the link, the size of the frame, the duration of a frame, the
frame rate, and the bit rate for the link.
Solution
The multiplexer is shown in Figure. Each frame carries 1 byte from each
channel;
Size of each frame = 1×4 bytes = 4 bytes or 32 bits.
Frame rate = Input Bit Rate = 100 frames per second.
The bit rate for the link = 100 × 32 or 3200 bps.
Problem 8: A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a time
slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary inputs. What is the
frame rate? What is the frame duration? What is the bit rate? What is the
bit duration?

Home Work
Question 9: If the SNR of a wireless communication link is 20 dB and the RF
bandwidth is 30 kHz, determine the maximum theoretical data rate that can be
transmitted. Compare this rate to the US Digital Cellular Standard.
Solution:
Given,
SNR = 20 dB = 100
RF Bandwidth, B = 30 kHz

Using Shannon’s Channel Capacity Formula, the maximum possible Dara Rate,
𝐶 = 𝐵 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 30 × 103 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 1 + 100 = 199.75 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠

The US Digital Cellular Data (USDC) rate is 48.6 kbps.

199.75𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
Comparison between our obtained data rate and USDC = ≈4
48.6 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
 Numerical Value Logarithmic Value/Scale (dB)
101 = 10 10
102 = 100 2× 10 = 20
103 = 1000 3× 10 = 30
104 = 10000 4× 10 = 40
105 = 100000 5× 10 = 50
106 = 100000 6× 10 = 60
-- --
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-- --
-- --

𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 (𝑥)
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: log10 𝑥 = 2.5
Convert 25 dB into number
𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 log10 (𝑋) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 (2.5)
25𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 (𝑥)
25 𝑋 = 102.5
log10 𝑥 =
10
Question : What is the theoretical maximum data rate that can be supported in a
200 kHz channel for SNR = 10 dB and 30 dB. How does this compare to the
GSM standard?
Solution:
Given,
SNR = 10 dB = 10
RF Bandwidth, B = 200 kHz

Using Shannon’s Channel Capacity Formula, the maximum possible Dara Rate,
𝐶 = 𝐵 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 200 × 103 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 1 + 10 = 691.886 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠

The GSM data rate is 270.833 kbps.

691.886 𝑘𝑝𝑏𝑠
Comparison between our obtained data rate and USDC = ≈ 2.55
270.833
Question: What is the theoretical maximum data rate that can be supported in a
200 kHz channel for a) SNR = 10 dB and b) SNR = 30 dB. How does this
compare to the GSM standard?
Solution:
Given,
SNR = 30 dB
B = 200 kHz
C=?

Home Work
Question: A PCM System uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7 bit encoder. The
system bit rate is 50 Mbps. Calculate the maximum bandwidth of the message signal for
which this system operates satisfactorily. [PGCL-2012]
Solution:
It has been given that –
Bit Rate, 𝑅𝑏 = 50𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
Encoder bits or Number of Bits per Sample, n = 7
We Know,
Bit Rate, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑛𝑓𝑠
𝑅𝑏 50𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑠 = = = 7.14 MHz
𝑛 7
We Know,
Sampling Frequency, 𝑓𝑠 = 2𝑓𝑚
𝑓𝑠 7.14𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑚 = = = 3.57 𝑀𝐻𝑧
2 2
Ans.
Question: The information in an analog waveform with a maximum frequency, 3 kHz is to
be transmitted over an M level PCM System, where the number of pulse levels is M=16.
1. What is the maximum number of bits per sample that should be used in this PCM system?
2. What is the minimum sampling rate and what is the resulting bit transmission rate? [BPDB]
Solution:
Given, 𝑓𝑚 = 3𝑘𝐻𝑧
1. Number of bits/sample, n = ?
We know, Number of Quantization Level, 𝑀 = 2𝑛
∴ 16 = 2𝑛 = 24
n=4
2.1 Minimum Sampling Rate, 𝑓𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 2𝑓𝑚 = 2 × 3𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 6𝑘𝐻𝑧
2.2 Bit Transmission Rate, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑛𝑓𝑠 = 4 × 6𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 24𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
Question: A PCM (Pulse Coding Modulation) System Multiplexes 20 Band Limited Voice
Channel. Among these 20 channels 15 are multiplexed and they use a 256 level quantizer,
considering the standard sampling rate for telephony system what will be the bandwidth of
these binary encoded signals? [PGCL-2011] [PGCB-2014]
Solution:
Given that,
Number of Quantizer Level, L = 256

We know,
Number of Quantizer Level, 𝐿 = 2𝑛
n = No. of bits
So, 256 = 28
Maximum Frequency of Voice Channel, 𝑓𝑚 = 4 kHz
Sampling Frequency, 𝑓𝑠 = 2 × 𝑓𝑚 = 2 × 4𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 8𝑘𝐻𝑧
We Know Bit Rate of Each Channel, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑛𝑓𝑠 = 8 × 8𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 64𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠.
So, Bandwidth of Each Channel, BW = 64 kHz
Bandwidth of 15 Channels = 64 kHz ×15 = 960 kHz
Question: A television signal (video and audio) has a bandwidth of 4.5MHz, this signal is
sampled quantized and binary encoded to obtain a PCM signal
a) Find out the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled 20% above the Nyquist rate
b) If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the number of binary pulses
required to encode each sample.
c) Determine the binary pulse rate (bits per second) of binary coded signal and the minimum
bandwidth required to transmit the signal. [Bangladesh Bank –AD Electrical-2018]
Solution:
Given that –
Frequency of message signal, 𝑓𝑚 = 4.5𝑀𝐻𝑧
a) Nyquist Frequency, 𝑓𝑁𝑦𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 2 × 𝑓𝑚 = 4.5𝑀𝐻𝑧 × 2 = 9𝑀𝐻𝑧
Sampling Frequency, 𝑓𝑠 = 1.2 × 9𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 10.8 𝑀𝐻𝑧
b) Number of Quantized Level, L = 1024
Number of binary pulses to encode each sample, n = ?
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝐿 = 2𝑛 ⇒ 1024 = 210 ; n = 10;
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1024
(Number of binary pulse to encode each sample, 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 1024 = = 10)
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2
c) Binary Pulse Rate (Bit Rate) = 𝑁𝑓𝑠 = 10 × 10.8𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 108 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒,𝑅𝑏 108𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
We know, Minimum required bandwidth, 𝐵 = = = 54𝑀𝐻𝑧
2 2
Question: A signal, 𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 1000𝜋𝑡 is sampled at Nyquist sampling rate and
quantized using 8 bit PCM system. Determine the bit rate of the digital signal. [NWPGCL-2014]
Solution:
Given that,
Number of bits, n = 8
𝜔 = 1000𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚
1000𝜋
𝑓𝑚 = =500 Hz
2𝜋

Sampling Frequency, 𝑓𝑠 = 2𝑓𝑚 = 2 × 500 𝐻𝑧 = 1000𝐻𝑧 = 1𝑘𝐻𝑧

Bit Rate of the digital signal, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑛𝑓𝑠 = 8 × 1000𝐻𝑧 = 8000𝑏𝑝𝑠 = 8 𝑘𝑝𝑏𝑠
Question: The signal, 𝑥 𝑡 = 2 sin 500𝜋𝑡 + 3 sin 1400𝜋𝑡 + 2 sin 3400𝜋𝑡 +
2 sin 6900𝜋𝑡 has been band limited within 300Hz-3400Hz. If the signal is sampled at
Nyquist rate then what will be the output data rate if the signal is encoded with a 512 level
uniform quantization? [DPDC-2014]
Solution:
Given that,
Maximum frequency of message signal, 𝑓𝑚 = 3400𝐻𝑧
So, Sampling frequency, 𝑓𝑠 = 2 × 3400𝐻𝑧 = 6800𝐻𝑧 = 6.8𝑘𝐻𝑧
Quantization Level, 𝐿 = 2𝑛
∴ 512 = 29
∴ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑛 = 9
Output data rate, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠 = 9 × 6.8𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 61.2𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
Question: What is the SNR of a voice channel if the signal power level is 0.52mW and noise
level is 0.01 mW? [DPDC-2017,2014]
Solution:
Given that,
Signal Power, 𝑃𝑠 = 0.52𝑚𝑊
Noise Power, 𝑃𝑁 = 0.01 𝑚𝑊
We know,

𝑃𝑠 0.52
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 = 10 log10 = 17.16dB
𝑃𝑁 0.01
Question: 𝑥 𝑡 = 1.5𝑐𝑜𝑠 800𝜋𝑡 is to be modulated with PCM with minimum SQNR of
25dB. How many bytes are required for encoding each sample having uniform quantization.
[PGCB-2016]

Solution:
Here, 𝜔 = 800𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚
800𝜋
Frequency of Signal, 𝑓𝑚 = = 400 Hz
2𝜋
25
SQNR = 25dB = 10 10 = 102.5 = 316.23𝑊
We know,
𝐶 = 𝐵 log 2 1 + 𝑆𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 400 log 2 1 + 316.23 =3.3kbps
3.3𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
Byte required per second = = 415.5 Bytes per second
8
Question: A signal m(t) is band limited to 3kHz is sampled at 33%higher rate than the
Nyquist rate. The maximum acceptable error in the sampled amplitude is 0.5% of the peak
amplitude, 𝑚𝑝 . Find the minimum bandwidth of channel required to transmit the encoded
binary signal. If 24 such signals are time division multiplexed. Find out the minimum
transmission bandwidth required to transmit the multiplex signal. [DWASA-2017]
Solution:
Given that,
Frequency of message signal, 𝑓𝑚 = 3𝑘𝐻𝑧
We know,
Nyquist sampling rate, 𝑓𝑛𝑞 = 2 × 3𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 6𝑘𝐻𝑧
Actual Sampling Rate, 𝑓𝑠 = 1.33 × 6𝑘𝐻𝑧 =7.98 kHz
No. of Quantization Level is L
2𝑚𝑝
Separation between quantized level is, ∆ =
𝐿
∆
maximum error for any sample point’s quantized value is at most ±
2
Again, we know that,
∆ 0.5 𝑚𝑝
Maximum Acceptable Error, =
2 100
𝑚𝑝 0.5𝑚𝑝 2𝑚𝑝
⇒ = (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∆ = )
𝐿 100 𝐿
1 0.5
⇒ =
𝐿 100
100
∴𝐿= = 200
0.5
For Binary Coding, L must be a power of 2. Hence, the next weight value of L that is a
power of 2 is –
𝐿 = 256 = 28 = 2𝑛
So, n = 8
So, Bit Rate for Each Channel, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠 = 8 × 7.98𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 63.84𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
Bandwidth, B ≈ 64kHz, Bandwidth of 24 Channels = 1536kHz = 1.536 MHz
Question: The SCADA system uses 24 panels for simultaneous monitoring. The information
from 24 panels are sampled, quantized and binary encoded and transmitted to data
processing center. The bandwidth of the signal is 200 kHz. The maximum acceptance error is
0.2% of the peak signal amplitude. The sampling rate must be at least twice the Nyquist rate.
Determine the bit rate of the time division multiplexed signal. [PDB-2018]
Solution:
Given that,
Frequency of the Message Signal, 𝑓𝑚 = 200𝑘𝐻𝑧
We know,
Nyquist Sampling Rate, 𝑓𝑛𝑞 = 2 × 200𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 400𝑘𝐻𝑧
 ∆ 0.2 𝑚𝑝
Maximum Acceptable Error, =
2 100

𝑚𝑝 0.2𝑚𝑝 2𝑚𝑝
⇒ = (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∆ = )
𝐿 100 𝐿

1 0.2
⇒ =
𝐿 100
100
∴𝐿= = 500
0.2
For Binary Coding, L must be a power of 2. Hence, the next weight value of L that is a
power of 2 is –
𝐿 = 512 = 29 = 2𝑛
So, n = 9
So, Bit Rate for Each Channel, 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠 = 9 × 400𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 3600𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
Bandwidth, B = 3600kHz
Question: A 24 channel TDMA based digital communication system is encoded with 8 bit
PCM. Sampling rate 8 kHz and each frame uses additional 2 bits for synchronizing purpose.
Calculate the frame duration and bit rate of the system? (PGCL-2017)
Solution:
We know,

1
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1 1
∴ 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 1.25𝜇𝑠
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 8𝑘𝐻𝑧
Total Numbers of bits per frame = (24×8)+2 = 194 bits
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠 194𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
So, 𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = = 1.55 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 1.25𝜇𝑠
Question: A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000 frames
per minutes with each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the throughput of
this network?

Solution:
We can calculate the throughput as,
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒
12,000×10,000
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑡 = =2 Mbps
60
Question: What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5 kbyte message
(an email) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps? Assume that the distance between the
sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1 .

Solution:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Propagation Time =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

12000 ×103
Propagation Time = = 50𝑚𝑠
2.4×108

𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
Transmission Time =
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

2.5×103 ×8
Transmission Time = = 0.020× 10−6 𝑠 = 0.020 ms
109