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CSS133 - INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY I SUMMARY

______ is best seen as a social science which is concerned with the aspects of human
behaviour.
Criminology

Criminology is best seen as a_______ which is concerned with the aspects of human
behaviour.
social science

Criminology is best seen as a social science which is concerned with the aspects of______.
human behaviour

Criminology has many meanings but the most commonly accepted is the specific scientific
understanding of_______.
crime and criminals

Criminology has many meanings but the most commonly accepted is______
the specific scientific understanding of crime and criminals

Basically, ______ appears to be a sociological concept and does not exist as an autonomous
entity but is socially constructed.
crime

The term ______ is essentially concerned with the scientific study of crime.
criminology

There is no direct linkage between the detection of crime by the enforcement agents and the
study of crimes and criminal behaviour carried out by the criminologists.
True

The _____ usually focuses more on „how‟ and „why‟ crimes are committed rather than „who‟
did it, and providing proof of guilt.
criminologist

According to Hall Williams, 1984 “______is best seen as a social science concerned with
those aspects of human behaviour regarded as criminal because they are prohibited by the

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criminal law, together with such aspects of socially deviant behaviour as are closely related to
crime and may usefully be studied in this connection”
Criminology

_______ is the study of crime and criminal behaviour.

Criminology

Criminology is the study of ______ and criminal behaviour.

crime

Criminology is the study of crime and ______behaviour.

criminal

______ is an interdisciplinary field of study which analysis the aspects of a particular human
behaviour.
Criminology

Criminology is the study of crime and criminal_____.

behaviour

Criminology entails the _____ of the particular aspects of the behaviour that predispose him
to be referred to as criminal.
examination

Criminology entails the examination of the particular aspects of the _____ that predispose
him to be referred to as criminal.
behaviour

Criminology entails the examination of the particular aspects of the behaviour that predispose
him to be referred to as______.
criminal

______ is the study of penal sanctions or punishment

Penology

Penology is the study of _____ sanctions or punishment

penal

Penology is the study of penal _____ or punishment

sanctions

Penology is the study of penal sanctions or _____

punishment

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______ is the study and rehabilitation of the victims of crime
Victimology

Victimology is the study and _____ of the victims of crime

rehabilitation

Victimology is the study and rehabilitation of the _____of crime

victims

Victimology is______
the study and rehabilitation of the victims of crime

_____ is the methods of investigation and detection of crime especially the job of law
enforcement agencies and forensic experts
Criminalistics

______ of Criminal Justice involving the courts and prisons

Administration

Administration of ______ involving the courts and prisons

Criminal Justice

Criminalistics is the methods of investigation and detection of crime especially the job of
_____ and forensic experts
law enforcement agencies

Criminalistics is the methods of investigation and detection of crime especially the job of law
enforcement agencies and ______
forensic experts

Administration of Criminal Justice involving the _______ and prisons

courts

Administration of Criminal Justice involving the courts and ______

prisons

To study_____, the criminologist tries to identify the individual and the society.
crime

To study crime, the _____ tries to identify the individual and the society.
criminologist

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To study crime, the criminologist tries to identify the ______ and the society.
individual

To study crime, the criminologist tries to identify the individual and the_______.
society

The ______ writers wrote secular analyses, emphasising the importance of reason and
experience rather than the theological forms of reasoning which are dominated by irrational,
superstitious beliefs and prejudices.
Enlightenment

By the middle years of the ______ century the “scientific” style of reasoning about crime had
become a distinctive feature of the emergent culture of amateur social science.
nineteenth

The scientific style of ______ was the Enlightenment thinking about crime.
reasoning

The scientific style of reasoning was the _____ thinking about crime.
Enlightenment

The ______ style of reasoning was the Enlightenment thinking about crime.
scientific

______ became opposed to the church.

Secularism

______ became a key way of organising knowledge.

Reason

Reason became a key way of organising_____.

knowledge

Secularism became opposed to the_____.

church

_______ defines criminology as the study of the social origins of criminal law, the
administration of criminal justice, the causes of criminal behaviour, and the prevention and
control of crime.
Sykes

Sykes defines ______ as the study of the social origins of criminal law, the administration of
criminal justice, the causes of criminal behaviour, and the prevention and control of crime.

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Criminology

______ define criminology as the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as
social phenomena.
Sutherland and Cressey

Sutherland and Cressey define criminology as ______

the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomena

_______ is the basis of Sigmund Freud‟ analysis of crime.

Psychoanalysis criminology

Psychoanalysis criminology is the basis of _____ analysis of crime.

Sigmund Freud’

_____ criminology is the basis of Sigmund Freud‟ analysis of crime.

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis criminology is the basis of Sigmund Freud‟ analysis of______.

crime

Psychoanalysis criminology is the basis of _____Freud‟ analysis of crime.

Sigmund

According to_____, crime and delinquency are a consequence of an imbalance between the
three factors of the subconscious mind: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Freud

The ______ is the component of the subconscious mind that is self-serving, egocentric, and
concerned with self-gratification.
id (instinct gratification)

The ______ is the component of the mind that represents morality and conscience.
superego

The ______ mediates between the contrasting needs of the id and superego, and attempts to
fulfill the desires of the id within the boundaries of social conventions.
ego

The ______ criminology is the structural - functionalism paradigm of Robert k. Merton and
Talcott Parsons.
functionalism

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The functionalism criminology is the structural - functionalism paradigm of_____.
Robert k Merton and Talcott Parsons

______ is both functional and dysfunctional.

Crime

Crime is both ______ and dysfunctional.

functional

Crime is both functional and______.

dysfunctional

Crime is both functional and dysfunctional.

True

_______ criminology is the basis of Erving Goffman‟ analysis of crime.

Interactionalism

Interactionalism criminology is the basis of ______analysis of crime.

Erving Goffman’

The central point of the symbolic-integrationist theory is______

that behaviour should be regarded not so much in terms of what it means to others and
society in general but what it means to you, the actors

The ______criminology is the basis of Marxist‟ approach to crime.

Marxism

The feminist perspective is the radical tradition of the feminist criminology by a British
sociologist,_____.
Carol Smart

The ______ perspective is the radical tradition of the feminist criminology by a British
sociologist, Carol Smart.
feminist

______ is a particular form of deviance.

Crime

Crime is a particular form of______.

deviance

_____ are the most formal of norms.

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Laws

Laws are the most ______ of norms.

formal

Laws are the most formal of______.

norms

_______ relates to the violations of folkways and mores

Deviance

The term _____specifically refers to those behaviours that violate norms encoded in the penal
code or criminal laws.
crime

According to _____, crime is as a result of a necessary consequence of the existence of a

collectively supported morality.
Emile Durkheim (1893

According to Emile Durkheim (1893); a sociologist, ______ is as a result of a necessary

consequence of the existence of a collectively supported morality.
crime

Emile Durkheim divided laws into _____ kinds

two

Emile Durkheim (1893) divided laws into two kinds:______ and_______

Criminal Laws and Civil Administrative Laws

_____ asserts that “an action does not shock the common conscience because it is criminal;
rather it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience.
Durkheim

______ laws represent a lesser expression of collective conscience in view of the nature of
the consequences that flow from them.
Civil and administrative

A _____ of criminal law calls for punishment

violation

A violation of criminal law calls for ______

punishment

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Violation of a _____ law requires compensation of the victim by the offender.
civil

Violation of a civil law requires _____ of the victim by the offender.

compensation

Violation of a civil law requires compensation of the victim by the______.

offender

Criminal laws call for retribution whereas civil laws seek to restore parties to their status quo
ante.
True

______ defined law as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law (statutory
and case law) committed without defence or justification and sanctioned by the state as a
felony or misdemeanor.
Paul Tappan

Paul Tappan defined ______ as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law
(statutory and case law) committed without defence or justification and sanctioned by the
state as a felony or misdemeanor.
law

_______ are concrete behavioural rules or guidelines that specify appropriate and
inappropriate behaviour.
Social norms

_______ are the abstract, general concepts, central beliefs or ideas that provide a standard by
which norms are judged.
Values

_______ are thus widely held beliefs for the maintenance of social order.
Values

_______ see the breakdown of social norms as the underlying cause of social problems.
Sociologists

Sociologists see the _____ of social norms as the underlying cause of social problems.
breakdown

Sociologists see the breakdown of ______ as the underlying cause of social problems.
social norms

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Sociologists see the breakdown of social norms as the underlying cause of______.
social problems

There are ______elements of social norms

three

There are three elements of social norms, namely:

1. folkways
2. mores
3. law

______ are approved ways of behaviour which are passed from one generation to another.
Folkways

______ are norms that are looked upon by the members of a society or a group within the
same society as not being extremely important and that may be violated without severe
punishment from the society or group.
Folkways

______ are the least important norms which involve in everyday conventional routines.
Folkways

_______ are reactions that convey approval or disapproval of behaviour.

Sanctions

The principal characteristics are that folkways are fairly weak norms sometimes called
______
conventions

An early U.S. sociologist, _____, used the term folkways to designate a society‟s customs for
routine or causal interactions.
William Graham Summer (1959)

An early U.S. sociologist, William Graham Summer (1959), used the term ______to
designate a society‟s customs for routine or causal interactions.
folkways

______ are norms that are looked upon by the members of a society or a group within the
same society as being extremely important and the violation of which will normally result in
severe punishment from the society or group.
Mores

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_______ are norms which reflect moral and ethical behaviours.
Mores

_______ face the imposition of shame, ostracism, and sometimes exile.

Transgressors

Transgressors face the imposition of_____, ostracism, and sometimes exile.

shame

Transgressors face the imposition of shame, _____, and sometimes exile.

ostracism

Transgressors face the imposition of shame, ostracism, and sometimes_____.

exile

EFCC stands for_______

Economic and Financial Crime Commission

______ represent formalised norms that may derive from folkways or mores and are enacted
by lawmaking bodies in response to new or newly recognised developments or needs.
Laws

______ are formally enforced and are carried out by special officers who are charged with the
purpose of maintenance of social order in the society.
Sanctions

______ is defined as any act that violates the law.

Crime

______ is defined relative to laws, and varies from society to society or omission, from state
to state, from time to time, and from strict enforcement to none.
Crime

According to ______“Crime is any act or omission resulting from human conduct which is
considered in itself or in its outcome to be harmful and which the state wishes to prevent,
which renders the person responsible liable to some kind of punishment; the result of the
proceedings which are usually initiated on behalf of the state and which are designed to
ascertain the nature, extent and the legal consequence of that person‟s responsibility”.
Curzon (1973)

According to Curzon (1973) „‟______ is any act or omission resulting from human conduct
which is considered in itself or in its outcome to be harmful and which the state wishes to
prevent, which renders the person responsible liable to some kind of punishment; the result of

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the proceedings which are usually initiated on behalf of the state and which are designed to
ascertain the nature, extent and the legal consequence of that person‟s responsibility”.
Crime

To______, crime is a category which can be defined only by reference to the specific social
norms and values of the society in which it occurs.
Emile Durkheim

To Emile Durkheim, _______ is a category which can be defined only by reference to the
specific social norms and values of the society in which it occurs.
crime

Crime is composed of _____ elements

two

Technically, crime is composed of two elements:______

the act itself and criminal intent

______ is a matter of degree, ranging from willful conduct to negligence in which a person
does not deliberately set out to hurt anyone but acts (or fails to) in a manner that may
reasonably be expected to cause harm.
Intent

______ weigh the degree of intent in determining the seriousness of a crime and may find the
person who kills another guilty of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, or
manslaughter.
Juries

According to Curzon (1973), ______is a branch of public law which deals with the
relationship between members of the public and the state.
criminal law

______ spells out clearly the trial and punishment of offenders.

Criminal law

______ define criminal law as “a list of specific forms of human conduct which has been
outlawed by political authority, which applies uniformity to all persons living under the
political authority, and which is enforced by punishment administered by the state”.
Sutherland and Cressey (1974)

Sutherland and Cressey (1974) define ______ as “a list of specific forms of human conduct
which has been outlawed by political authority, which applies uniformity to all persons living
under the political authority, and which is enforced by punishment administered by the state”.

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criminal law

The criminal laws are usually enacted by the ______ authority

political

The criminal laws are usually enacted by the ______

political authority

Criminal laws are usually _____ in regard to those behaviours that are termed as deviant and
at the same time in which conditions such behaviour may not be regarded as crime.
specific

______ usually prescribes a specific punishment for a particular deviance.

Criminal law

Criminal law usually prescribes a specific ______for a particular deviance.

punishment

Criminal law usually prescribes a specific punishment for a particular______.

deviance

Any law that does not prescribe a punishment for its violation should not be regarded as
a______.
criminal law

______ deals with criminal behaviour which lists the various criminal offences, identifying
the elements or ingredients, which make up the offences, and specifying the punishment for
each or group of offences accordingly.
Criminal law

______ are standards that define the obligatory and expected behaviours of people in various
situations.
Norms

______ reflect a society‟s beliefs about correct and incorrect behaviours.

Norms

_______ help society control appropriate or harmful behaviours.

Norms

Norms are obeyed for ______ reasons

two

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There are _____ types of norms based on their level of importance to the dominant members
of the society
three

There are three types of norms based on their level of importance to the dominant members
of the society_______
Folkways, mores and laws

______ is a body of rules of conduct prescribed by an authority with binding legal force, the
violation of which may attract punishment.
Law

Law is a term derived from the _____word

Anglo- Saxon

Law is a term derived from the Anglo- Saxon word ______

lagu

The Anglo- Saxon word „lagu‟, meaning______

to determine

_______ defined law as „the body of principles recognised and applied by the state for the
administration of justice‟.
Salmond

Salmond defined ______ as „the body of principles recognised and applied by the state for
the administration of justice‟.
law

______ defined law as „a set of rules imposed and enforced by a society with regard to the
attribution and exercise of power over persons and things‟.
Vinogradoff

Vinogradoff defined ______ as „a set of rules imposed and enforced by a society with regard
to the attribution and exercise of power over persons and things‟.
law

_______ defined law as a means of „social control through the systematic application of the
forces of politically organised society‟
Pound

Austin defined law as ______

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a rule laid down for the guidance of individuals by the individuals with power over
them

A ______ should be understood as a person who has violated the criminal law of the land and
has been found guilty by a court of law and punished accordingly.
criminal

Anyone who violates the criminal law should be deemed a _____,regardless of whether or
not they are apprehended ,tried ,and punished by a court of law
criminal

______ is a violation of norms of the land,-a deviation from or failure to conform to the
norms.
Deviance

______ is a violation of the norms held by the society‟s members

Deviance

Crime is a particular form of______.

deviance

The term ______ refers to the violations of folkways and mores

deviance

_______ refers to those behaviours that violate norms in the criminal and penal codes.
Crime

______ is simply a science of crime.

Criminology

Criminology is simply a science of______.

crime

______ is best seen as a social science which deals so much on the aspects of human
behaviour. Such study deals in conjunction with criminal law which prohibits such behaviour,
together with aspects of socially deviant behaviours which is much closely related to crime.
Criminology

______, as a major branch of criminology, deals with an important aspect of the criminal
justice process, that is, punishment, correction, prevention and control of crime.
Penology

The Latin words – „‟maxim nulla poena sine lege‟‟ means_______

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there is hardly any law without punishment

______ can be defined legally as simply the infliction of pain or suffering or deprivation of
something of value in relation to someone who has committed crime, violated a rule, societal
norms or regulations.
Punishment

According to______, punishment is the society‟s responsibility to punish wrongdoers and it

does so through a recognised body which exercises the authority to punish on behalf of the
society.
Emile Durkheim

According to Emile Durkheim, ______ is the society‟s responsibility to punish wrongdoers

and it does so through a recognised body which exercises the authority to punish on behalf of
the society.
punishment

According to______, crime is „normal‟ in all societies.

criminologists

According to criminologists, _____ is „normal‟ in all societies.

crime

According to criminologists, crime is _____in all societies.

normal

The crimes against a person include such deviant acts as ______

murder, assault, and rape

The crimes against property are______

forgery, burglary, arson, vandalism and violent stealing

Drug addicts and narcotics are interpreted as crime against the______.

public order

_______ and narcotics are interpreted as crime against the public order.
Drug addicts

Drug addicts and _______ are interpreted as crime against the public order.
narcotics

A ______ is a crime that may be punishable by death or imprisonment for three years or
more.

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felony

Examples of felony are ______

Treason and murder

A _____ is any crime punishable with imprisonment for less than three years but more than
six months; example is cheating.
misdemeanor

A ______ offence attracts imprisonment for six months or less

simple

A simple offence attracts ______ for six months or less

imprisonment

A simple offence attracts imprisonment for ______ months or less

six

_______ crimes include much of the type of deviant acts, as does organised crime
Unorganised

An _____ is an association of youths or Adult who are bound together by intimate types of
friendship and loyalty.
Organised Criminal Gang

Examples of gang activities are:

(a) highjacking
(b) armed robbery on a large scale
(c) kidnapping (holding someone for ransom)

NAFDAC stands for______

National Agency for Food, Drug Administration and Control

The third type of organised crime is known as______.

racketeering

The fourth type of organised crimes is the _______or corruption.

political graft

The fourth type of organised crimes is the political graft or______.

corruption

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Political corruption takes many forms, e.g. rigging of election, misuse of public fund, the
performance of free-services for fees, contract kick-backs, etc.

A _____is a non-violent crime usually involving cheating, or dishonesty in commercial

matters. white-collar crime

Examples of white-collar crime are _______

fraud, embezzlement, bribery and insider trading

A ______ is so designated because it also occurs in connection to occupational pursuit

although at the common or lower level of the labour.
blue-collar crime

An example of blue-collar crime is_______

the policeman who demands for a bribe at the checkpoint

The _____ are offenders who have not developed their criminal roles to high degree.
non-professional offenders

______ is a type of offence committed by juveniles.

Juvenile delinquency

Juvenile delinquency is a type of offence committed by_______.

juveniles

The major offences of juvenile delinquencies apart from vandalism are as follows:
(1) habitual truancy from school
(2) vagrancy (running away from home)
(3) incorrigibility (cannot be controlled by parents)
(4) stealing
(5) auto-thief (car-thief usually for joy rides)

______ is a deliberate destruction of private and public properties.

Vandalism

The causes of crime are multiple.

True

The _______ include the psychological factors of criminal behaviour, which focus on the
psychoanalytic and personality theories.
causes of crime

The causes of crimes involve the following:

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(a) multiple factor
(b) psychological factors
(c) sociological factors
(d) physiological factors

The ______ approach sees crimes as products of various combinations of the psychological,
sociological and physiological factors.
multiple-factor

The scope of ______ emphasises the role of emotional or personality problems in criminal
behaviour.
psychology

The ______ interest in criminality has been logically linked to psychiatric interest in finding
unusual conditions producing abnormal traits in the make-up of criminals.
psychological

_______ advanced a psychoanalytic theory to explain criminal behaviour.

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) advanced a ______ theory to explain criminal behaviour.
psychoanalytic

Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) advanced a psychoanalytic theory to explain______.

criminal behaviour

There are ______ major assumptions through which psychoanalysis influences man‟
abnormal behaviour
three

______ claims that criminality is as a result of genetic constitution.

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud claims that _____ is as a result of genetic constitution.

criminality

Sigmund Freud claims that criminality is as a result of______.

genetic constitution

______, In his work, “Crime and Personality” (1970), attempts to correlate the causes of
crime to the “personality type” of the individual.
Hans Eysenck

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______ claims that criminality is as a result of genetic inherited predispositions.
Eysenck

The ______explanations emphasise the influence of the social environment in which

individuals find themselves.
sociological

_______ view crimes as resulting from tension, stresses and strain within the societies.
Sociologists

Sociologists view _____ as resulting from tension, stresses and strain within the societies.
crimes

Sociologists view crimes as resulting from______, stresses and strain within the societies.
tension

Sociologists view crimes as resulting from tension, ______ and strain within the societies.
stresses

Sociologists view crimes as resulting from tension, stresses and ______ within the societies.
strain

______ explained the concept of anomie in relation to the society‟s social structure in which
the society pressurises people to engage in illegitimate routes to success.
Robert Merton

_______ explained that the cause of crime is involved in the concept of alienation.
Karl Marx

Karl Marx explained that the cause of crime is involved in the concept of______.
alienation

The ____ thinking was the pillar of the classical approach to crime.
Enlightenment

The Enlightenment thinking was the ______ of the classical approach to crime.
pillar

The Enlightenment thinking was the pillar of the ______ approach to crime.
classical

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The ______ believed that human beings are naturally pleasure loving and would use their
free-will (liberty) to choose acts that bring pleasure (hedonism) to them as against those that
will bring pain and suffering.
classicists

The ______ have a heuristic view that there were a lot of pleasurable outcomes and profit that
will result thereof.
offenders

The offenders have a ______ view that there were a lot of pleasurable outcomes and profit
that will result thereof.
heuristic

The offenders have a heuristic view that ______

there were a lot of pleasurable outcomes and profit that will result thereof

Classical criminology is more interested in ______than in why people break the laws.
penology

The principle of ______ was derived from the economist notion of “utility”.
utilitarianism

The principle of utilitarianism was derived from the economist notion of “______”.
utility

_______ is defined as that quantity of goods and services, which make a desired usefulness,
and satisfaction derived from it.
Utility

______ postulated that laws should have a “spirit” of utilitarianism, that is, the laws should
be made for the greatest happiness for the greatest number in the society.
Jeremy Bentham

Bentham argued that the violation of the principle of utilitarianism would open the door to
______
anarchy

Utility is defined as ______

that quantity of goods and services, which make a desired usefulness, and satisfaction
derived from it

______, an English reformer was not happy with the legal system in England in the 18th
century.

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Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham, an English reformer was not happy with the legal system in England in the
______ century.
18th

A criminal law should be ______ so that all could know and understand it.
clear

The _____ should be given adequate time and resources for his defence.
accused

A criminal law should be clear______

so that all could know and understand it

The accused should be given adequate _____ and_____ for his defence.
time and resources

The accused should be given adequate time and resources for his_______.
defence

______ should be quick, certain, and commensurate with the crime committed.
Punishment

Punishment should be ______

quick, certain, and commensurate with the crime committed

The main proponents of the neo-classical thought are _____ and R. Bayer.
Vanden Haag

The main proponents of the neo-classical thought are Vanden Haag and _______
R. Bayer

The main proponents of the neo-classical thought are______.

Vanden Haag and R. Bayer

The ______ school did not agree with the idea that human beings are naturally pleasure-
loving animals who use their freewill to choose acts that will bring pleasure to them or for the
purpose of maximising pleasure.
neo-classical

The point of contention to the ______ is that the classical school erred in the idea of a blanket
punishment for the criminals.

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neo-classicist

The point of contention to the neo-classicist is that______

the classical school erred in the idea of a blanket punishment for the criminals

The historical development of criminology started with the ______ which grew out of a
protest against the barbaric nature of the criminal justice system of the eighteenth century
Europe.
classical school

The central _____ of the classical school was the idea of free-will.
theme

The central theme of the ______ was the idea of free-will.

classical school

The central theme of the classical school was the idea of______.
free-will

The _____ thoughts attempted to fill a gap left by the classical school in the administration of
justice to the accused person.
neo-classical

The ______ was not interested in studying criminals, but rather law-making and legal
processes.
classical school

The ______ school was not interested in studying criminals, but rather law-making and legal
processes.
classical

The classical school was not interested in studying____, but rather law-making and legal
processes.
criminals

The classical school was not interested in studying criminals, but rather _____and legal
processes.
law-making

The classical school was not interested in studying criminals, but rather law-making
and_____.
legal processes

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______ held the view of the rational nature of human beings, the ability to choose and control
their actions.
Beccaria

______is a psychological reality

Free-will

Free-will is a ______ reality

psychological

Free-will is a psychological ______

reality

Free-will is a______
psychological reality

______ is the father of sociology

Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857), the father of sociology is associated with the term _____
positivism

_______ saw man‟s intellectual development as an evolutionary process related to the

progressive development of science, which he analysed in terms of his law of three stages:
theological, metaphysical and positive.
Auguste Comte

_______ saw positivism – the use of observation and experimentation to understand natural
phenomena – as the key to man‟s continued progress.
Auguste Comte

The ______ school claimed to have discovered the existence of “criminal types” whose
behaviour was determined rather than choice or become, and for whom treatment rather than
punishment was appropriate.
positivist

The point of contention to the ______ school is the explanation of crime in the criminal, not
in the criminal law.
positivist

The ______ concentrated upon the criminal rather than the crime.
positivists

The positivists concentrated upon the ______ rather than the crime.

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criminal

______ is usually seen as the founder of modern criminology

Cesare Lombroso

As a medical doctor, ______ studied Italian army recruits and asylum and prison inmates and
attempted to identify different racial types and to subject them to scientific scrutiny.
Lombroso

The ______ is a specific type of person.

criminal

_______ are the “atavists” or the genetic remnants of the primitive humanity which accounts
for their inability to become law-abiding.
Born – criminals

_______ believed that born-criminals could not restrain their violent and animalistic urges.
Lombroso

The _____ are law-abiding citizens but who break the law under conditions which is beyond
their control, implying that sociological and environmental determinants played a role in
criminal behavior.
Criminaloids

_______ confirmed Sheldon‟s conclusion, but cautioned that a powerful build does not
necessarily cause or even predict criminality.
Glueck and Glueck (1950)

_______ explained criminal behaviour as a result of mental inferiority and Ernest Hooton
(1939) argued that there exists a “criminal stock”
Charles Goring (1972)

Charles Goring (1972) explained criminal behaviour as a result of mental inferiority and
Ernest Hooton (1939) argued that there exists a ______
criminal stock

In_____, Raffaele Garafolo (1851 – 1934) in his book “criminology”, examined the social
and legal aspects of criminality as well as its “an anthropological (biological) embodiment.
1884

In 1884, Raffaele Garafolo (1851 – 1934) in his book „‟______”, examined the social and
legal aspects of criminality as well as its “an anthropological (biological) embodiment.
criminology

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In 1884, ______ in his book “criminology”, examined the social and legal aspects of
criminality as well as its “an anthropological (biological) embodiment.
Raffaele Garafolo

Ferri classified criminals under _____ basic types

five

Ferri classified criminals under five basic types: _______

Criminal lunatics, the born-criminals, habitual criminals, occasional criminals and
emotional criminals

Critical criminology was developed in ______ and Britain.

America

Critical criminology was developed in America and______.

Britain

_______ was developed in America and Britain.

Critical criminology

Critical criminology was developed in______.

America and Britain

The _____ is also known as the radical school or new criminology.

critical criminology

The critical criminology is also known as the_______.

radical school or new criminology

According to______, “Immorality is fostered in every possible way by the conditions of

working class life.
Friedrich Engels

______ theory of criminal behaviour was enshrined on the capitalist tendency to maximise
profits in order to expand its wealth and property and by implication exploit the working
class (proletariat).
Karl Marx’s

Working class crime is an expression of _____ against inequality and against a system that
used the legal system – including the law, the police, court and prison as weapon in the class
war.
rebellion

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______ believed that there was a relationship between economic situation and criminality.
Williem Adrian Bonger

Williem Adrian Bonger believed that there was a relationship between ______ and
criminality.
economic situation

Williem Adrian Bonger believed that there was a relationship between economic situation
and______.
criminality

______ argued that poor people are often arrested and charged of crimes.
Jeffrey Reiman

The ______ argued that limitation were found in the early theories (the classicism and
positivism) on the explanations of control of crimes but should be discovered on the critical
school of criminology; the radical theories (labelling , new deviance, neo-marxism, etc)
neo-Marxists

The sociological school of thought emanates from the term ______ as a concept.
sociology

The ______ English Dictionary defines sociology as “the study of social organisation and
institutions and of collective behaviour and interaction, including the individual‟s relationship
to the group”.
Oxford

The Oxford English Dictionary defines _____ as “the study of social organisation and
institutions and of collective behaviour and interaction, including the individual‟s relationship
to the group”.
sociology

The ______ theory of Differential Association suggests that crime is learned in everyday
situations through a process of cultural transmission.
Sutherland’s

The Sutherland‟s theory of _____ suggests that crime is learned in everyday situations
through a process of cultural transmission.
Differential Association

______ theories emphasis the influences of social environment in which individuals find
themselves.

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Sociological

Sociological theories emphasis the influences of ______ in which individuals find

themselves.
social environment

Sutherland‟s book, “Principles of Criminology” was published in _____

1939

Sutherland in his book,_____ published in 1939 made a key contribution to criminology in

his „Differential Association theory”.
Principles of Criminology

______ is living a conventional life involving acceptance of both culture goals and culture
means, i.e. the true story of “success” to gain wealth and prestige are through talent and hard
work.
Conformity

______ was the rejection of both the cultural goal of material success and access to the
approved means.
Retreatism

______ involves the rejection of both the cultural definition of success and the normative
means of achieving it.
Rebellion

______ sought to explain crime in terms of cultural or subcultural differences

Sociological theories

Sociological theories sought to explain crime in terms of _____ or subcultural differences

cultural

Sociological theories sought to explain crime in terms of cultural or ______ differences

subcultural

______ theory is closely tied to a school of sociological thought.

Cultural transmission

______ refers to how organisms of different species can live together to their mutual benefit,
applied it to humans and formulated a theory of human ecology.
Symbiosis

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______ postulates that deviance is sociologically transmitted from one generation to the next
when communities or neighbourhoods develop cultural traditions and values that tolerate or
encourage deviant conduct and rule- breaking.
Cultural transmission theory

The central tenet of ______ is that deviance can be passed down from generation to
generation because community traditions and values are either permissive toward or
supportive of violating conventional rules of conduct, including criminal laws.
cultural transmission theory

The central tenet of cultural transmission theory is_______

that deviance can be passed down from generation to generation because community
traditions and values are either permissive toward or supportive of violating
conventional rules of conduct, including criminal laws

The ______ were the offshoots of the Marxism and conflict theory.
neo-Marxists

The neo-Marxists were the ______ of the Marxism and conflict theory.
offshoots

The neo-Marxists were the offshoots of the ______ and conflict theory.
Marxism

The neo-Marxists were the offshoots of the Marxism and______.

conflict theory

The ______ to crime is associated with the symbolic – interactionist theory.

labelling perspective

The labelling perspective to crime is associated with the______.

symbolic – interactionist theory

According to Frank Tannenbaum, ______ is the process of making the criminal.

labelling

The labelling theory of deviance is based on ______ assumptions.

two

______ per se is not sufficient to label the deviant according to the labelling theory
Rule-breaking

______ refers to an initial action committed by an individual

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Primary deviance

______ refers to the social reaction to the initial action.

Secondary deviance

Crime is classified according to the _____ or degree of the offence.

severity

Crime is classified according to the severity or _____ of the offence.

degree

Crime is classified according to the severity or degree of the______.

offence

A _____ is a serious offence punishable by death, a fine, or confinement in a state or federal

prison for more than one year.
felony

A ______ is punishable by certain amount of fine and one year imprisonment.

misdemeanour

______ involve threat of violence include murder, manslaughter, infanticide, assault, sexual
assault, abduction and robbery.
Violent crimes

______ used a historical analysis to classify similar crimes together and separating those
which do not show similar patterns.
Leslie Wilkins

______ define organised crimes as crimes committed by criminal groups involving the
provision of illegal good and services.
Sociologists

Sociologists define ______ as crimes committed by criminal groups involving the provision
of illegal good and services.
organised crimes

_______ consist of acts defined by law as criminal that are committed by state and
government officials in the pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the government.
State organised crimes

______ are those committed by people of high social status in connection with their
legitimate work.

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White-collar crimes

There are ______ main principals in the definition of white-collar crime

two

There are two main principals in the definition of white-collar crime:______

the offender is a person of high social status, and it is committed in the course of a
legitimate activity

The _____ is applies criminal justice system method. It is the society‟s formal response to
crime.
official treatment of crime

______ is defined as a legal process which involves the procedure of processing the person
accused of committing crime from arrest to the final disposal of the case.
Criminal justice

______ is concerned with content.

Justice

______ should be fair and reasonable in themselves.

Laws

Justice is concerned with______.

content

Laws should be _____ and______ in themselves.

fair and reasonable

_______ is the very essence of justice.

Equality

Equality is the very essence of______.

justice

The ______ are the largest and most important subsystem of the criminal justice system.
police

______ is the “gate –keeper” of the justice system.

Police

The job of the _____ is complex.

police officer

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The job of the police officer is complex.
True

The job of the police officer is ______.

complex

The ______ are the second component in the triangular relationship of the criminal justice
system.
criminal courts

A ______ is defined as the agency set up by government to define and apply the law, to order
its enforcement and to settle disputed points on which individual or groups do not agree.
court

According to pound, the _____revolves round the court system.

administration of justice

According to pound, the administration of justice revolves round the______.

court system

A person who violates the ______is brought before the court.

criminal law

A person who violates the criminal law is brought before the______.

court

The ______ is responsible for the custody of the final product in the criminal justice system.
prison

The ______ carries out measures to prevent escapes, by erecting high walls, placing armed
guards, constant checks of cells, providing a system of passes for movement within the
prison.
prison

The prison according to _____ is a “total institution”.

Erving Goffman

The ______ according to Erving Goffman is a “total institution”.

prison

The prison according to Erving Goffman is a _______

total institution

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An ______ is regarded as a criminal.
offender

An offender is regarded as a_____.

criminal

Legally, a _____ is defined as any person who has violated the criminal law of the land and
has been found guilty by a court of law and punished accordingly.
criminal

A _____ is someone who commits crime.

criminal

A criminal is someone who commits_____.

crime

The _____ are offences universally accepted everywhere and every time as an offence.
mala in se

______ are offences that are pronounced illegal because the law of that particular society has
declared it so.
Mala prohibita

Mala prohibita are offences that are pronounced illegal because______

the law of that particular society has declared it so

The first profile of the criminal is what Kork and Mccorkle referred to as_____.
offenders-in-fact

The second profile is called ______

criminal by adjudication

The United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and
Abuse of Power (1985) defined ______ as “persons who individually or collectively have
suffered harm including mental injury emotional suffering economic loss or substantial
impairment of their fundamental rights through acts or omissions that are in violation of
criminal laws operative within member states including those laws prohibiting criminal abuse
of power “.
victims

A person is regarded as a ______of crime “regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified,

apprehended, prosecuted or convicted and regardless of the familial relationship between the
perpetrator and the victim”.

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victim

_______ is the branch of criminology which is concerned with the scientific study of victims.
Victiminology

______ is a science of social concern for the victims. Its scope includes the scientific analysis
of patterns, causal factors explored in the etiology of the victimisation.
Victiminology

______ are victims in which the persons act as a direct and positive precipitators is the crime.
Precipitative victims

_______ are victims whose physical and mental conditions are impaired.
Biologically weak victims

_____ are referred to as “crimes without victims”.

Victimless crimes

Victimless crimes are referred to as______.

crimes without victims

______ are the victims that suffer in the hands of the ruling class.
Political victims

______ are victims that are regarded by the larger society as full-fledged members, but are
discriminated against.
Socio-economically weak victims

The majority of the victims in ritual killings in Nigeria are _____ and children.
women

The majority of the victims in ritual killings in Nigeria are women and______.
children

Laws should be_____ and reasonable in themselves

Fair

Crime is______ in all societies according to criminologist

normal

_______represent formalised norms that may derive from folk ways or mores
laws

Folkway are the least important_____ which involve in everyday life

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norms

There are ______elements of social norms

three

Social norms are guidelines that specify appropriate and______ behaviour

inappropriate
Mechanical solidarity is associated with a society with _______ division of labour.
Little

Violation of a civil law requires compensation of the victim by the _______

offender

To Emile Durkheim, violation of criminal laws constitute a______ of the collective

consciences
Violation

Crime is a particular form of_______

deviance

Felony is crime that may be punishable by_______

Death

Criminology is best seen as______ science

Social

Crime appears to be sociological and it does not exist as an autonomous______

Entity

Criminology is essentially scientific study of_______

Crime

Environmental factors are important in determining why an individual exerts criminal______

Behaviour

_______ criminology is the basis of Segmund Freud analysis of crime

Psychoanalysis

The Id is the component of the sub conscious _____ that is egocentric

Mind

It is a fact no ______ exist is without a crime

Society

To the Marxist, criminal behaviour arises from social structure of political______

Economy

Crime to the feminist arise out of frustration, sub –service and______

Dependency

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If an act does not violate the criminal law of society, it does not constitute______
Crime

Crime is a particular form of_____

Deviance

To Emile Durkheim, violation of criminal law constitute a______ of collective conscience

Violation

Violation of civil law requires compensation of the victim by the ______

Offender

Mechanical solidarity is associated with a society with ______ division of labour

Little

Social norms are guidelines that specify appropriate and _____ behaviour
Inappropriate

There are ______ element of social norms

Three

Folkways are the least important _____ which involve in everyday life
Norms

______ represent formalised norms that may derive from Folkways or mores
Laws

Crime is ______ in all societies according to criminologist

Normal

______ is a crime that may be punishable by death

Felony

Misdemeanours is any crime punishment with imprisonment for less than three years but
more than ______ month
Six

An important feature of organised crime is the _____ pattern of organisation

Feudal

Racketeering is a form of_____ crime

Organised

A white –collar crime is a ______ crime usually involving dishonesty in commercial matters
Non - violent

A police man who demand for a bribe at a check – point is an example of ______crime
Blue –collar

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______ Criminals are the least likely to get caught because they plan their activities very
carefully
Professional

Juvenile delinquency is a type of offense committed by _____

Juveniles

______is a deliberate destruction of private and public properties

Vandalism

Psychological factor emphasises the role of emotional or personality problems in _____

behaviour
Criminal
Sociologist view crime as resulting from tension, stress and ______ within the societies
Strain

Those who sell their labour power to capitalist are _______

Proletariat

Lombroso believed that man was born-criminal and exhibit______ urge

Animalistic

The principle of utilitarianism was derived from ______notion of „utility‟

Economist

The classicist believed that human beings are natural_____ loving

Pleasure

Punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the_______

Wrong

The concept of free- will is central to commit______

Crime

Criminaloids are citizen who break the law under condition which is beyond their______
Control

Working class crime is an expression of rebellion against______

Inequality

Differential association suggest that crime is______

Learned

Robert K. Merton developed theory of structures and ______

Anomie

Differential association theory has _______ propositions

Nine

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______is failure to internalise the norms of the society
Anomie

There are_____ mode of adaptation to anomie

Five

Conformity as form of adaptation accepts cultural goals and institutionalised _______

Means

Retreatism was the ______ of both the cultural goals and approved means
Rejection

Cultural transmission theory postulates that deviance is sociologically transmitted from one
_____ to the next
Generation

The neo- Marxists were the offshoots of Marxian and ______ theory
Conflict

Labelling theory of deviance is based on ______assumption

Two

Secondary deviance refers to the social reaction to the initial_______

Action

Social norms are guidelines that specify appropriate and _____ behaviour
Normal

Social norms are products of______

Culture

Folkways are least important norms which involve in everyday life_____

True

______represent formalised norms that may derive from folkways and norms
Laws

Crime is normal in all societies according to criminologists

True

Criminology is best seen as natural science

True

______ is regarded to be a social science

Crime

Crime appears to be a sociological and does not exist as an ______ entity

autonomous

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Criminology is essentially scientific study of theory
True

______ is essentially scientific study of crime

Criminology

Environmental factors are important in determining why an individual exerts criminal _____
Posture

______ criminology is the basis of Segmund Freud analysis of crime

Psycho

The Id is the component of the subconscious mind that is egocentric

True

It is a fact that no _____ exist without a crime

Group

To the Marxist, criminal behaviour arise from social structure of political economy
True

Crime to the feminist arise out of frustrations of men

True

To the feminist, crime arise from frustration, sub-service and ______

Greed

If an act violate the criminal law of the society, it does not constitute crime
True

Crime is a particular form of deviance

True

Deviance and crime are the same in the face of law

True

To Emile Durlcheim, violation of criminal laws constitute a _____of collective conscience

Negation

Violation of civil law requires compensation of the victim by the ______

offender

Mechanical solidarity is associated with a society ______division of labour

Moderate

Robert K. Merton developed theory of structure and _____

Deviance

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Differential Association theory has ______proposition
Seven

______ is failure to internalise the norms of the society

Anomie

There are _____ of adaptation to anomie

Three

Conformity as a form of adaptation rejects cultural goals and institutionalised means

True

Conformity as a form of adaptation accepts only cultural goals

True

Retreatism was the ______ of both the culturally approved goals and means
All

Cultural transmission theory postulates that deviance is sociologically transmitted from one
_____ to the next
Level

The neo- Marxist were the offshoot of Marxian and ______theory

Cultural

Secondary deviance refers to the social reaction to the initial action

True

Laws should be fair and reasonable in themselves

True

A courts is agency set up by society to watch the law

True

______ is agency set up by government, defines and apply the law

Society

______ is responsible for the custody of the final product in the criminal justice system
Court

An offender is regarded as criminal

True

Offences are classified into five

True

The Mala in se are offences universally accepted everywhere as an ______

Act

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Victiminology is the branch of criminology concerned with scientific study of victims
True

Criminologist classify victims into two categories

True

Rapist and their victims are likely to be acquaintances

True

Felony is a crime that may be punishable by ______

Isolation

Misdemeanour is any crime punishable with imprisonment for more than three years but not
less than six months
True

An important feature of organized crime is the_____ pattern of organisation

Federal

Racketeering is a form of organized crime

True

White-Collar crime is a ______crime

Violent Social

A white-collar crime involves dishonesty in commercial matters

True

The term „criminology‟ is essentially concerned with the ______ of crime.

scientific study

There is no direct _______ between the detection of crime by the enforcement agents and the
study of crimes and criminal behaviour carried out by the criminologists.
Linkage

Criminology is the study of crime and ______

criminal behaviour

Criminology is an ______ field of study which analysis the aspects of a particular human
behaviour.
Interdisciplinary

Penology, the study of penal ______ or punishment

Sanctions

Victimology is the study and ______ of the victims of crime

Rehabilitation

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Criminalistics, the methods of _______ and detection of crime, especially the job of law
enforcement agencies and forensic experts
Investigation

The psychological, physiological, social as well as environmental factors are important in

determining why an individual exerts ______
criminal behaviour

In defining criminology as an independent discipline the seventeenth and

______understanding of crime was regarded as an omnipresent temptation to which all
human kind was vulnerable.
eighteenth century

But the question was, “why some _______and others resisted”.

Succumbed

The explanation was trailed off into the ______ resort to fate, or the will
Unknowable

Crime is a particular form of ______

Deviance

Laws are the most formal of ______

Norms

Deviance relates to the violations of mores and ____

folkways

The term „crime‟ specifically refers to those behaviours that violate norms encoded in the
penal code or _____
criminal laws

Punishment for crime is therefore commonly harsher and more ______ than those for
breakers of the folkways and mores.
Formalised

But the _____ are not necessarily uniformly applied and the patterns of inequality are quite
common.
Punishments

Durkheim divided laws into two kinds: Criminal Laws and ______
Civil Administrative Laws

It must be pointed out that crime is ______ in time and place.

Relative

What is a lawful behaviour in the past may constitute a criminal behaviour due to
_______social, economic and political factors.
Changing

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Emile Durkheim (1893) said that crime is as a result of a necessary consequence of the
existence of a collectively supported______
Morality

Crime can be seen as a necessary part of every social order because any social order needs a
_______ supported morality
Collectively

Durkheim uses laws as an indicator of______

moral norms

A violation of criminal laws constitutes a violation of the______, since it is understood that a

person who violates a society‟s law invites society‟s anger and must be disciplined
Collective conscience

A violation of criminal law calls for punishment, but a violation of a civil law requires
______of the victim by the offender.
Compensation

“An ______does not shock the common conscience because it is criminal; rather it is
criminal because it shocks the common conscience.
Action

Civil and ______laws represent a lesser expression of collective conscience in view of the
nature of the consequences that flow from them
administrative

Crime is an act or omission defined by law and unless the elements specified by case law or
______________are present and proven beyond a reasonable doubt there may be no finding
of a “crime” and a person may not be convicted of a crime.
statutory

Criminal laws call for ______whereas civil laws seek to restore parties to their status quo
ante.
Retribution

Durkheim found that the proportion of the two types of law changes as
societies move from mechanical to_______
organic solidarity

Societies with _______are noted for higher proportion of penal or retributive laws
mechanical solidarity

But as the _______increases and as society becomes integrated by organic solidarity

Division of Labour

Mechanical solidarity is ______with a society with little Division of Labour

Associated

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Societies with high Division of Labour are bound by ______
organic solidarity

______ to act is not a crime unless there is a duty to act; a mere moral duty to act would not
suffice
Failure

_______ defined law as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law (statutory
and case law) committed without defence or justification and sanctioned by the state as a
felony or misdemeanor.
Paul Tappan

A person may not be punished for his or her _______

Thoughts

Words may tantamount to an act as in treason, aiding or abetting. But to think about
community a crime is not ______
Punishable

Folkways, mores and law are three elements of______

social norms

Social norms are concrete behavioural rules or guidelines that specify appropriate and______
behaviour.
inappropriate

Values are the abstract, general concepts, ______or ideas that provide a standard by which
norms are judged.
central beliefs

Values are thus widely held_____ for the maintenance of social order
Beliefs

_________see the breakdown of social norms as the underlying cause of social problems
Sociologists

If people deviate from the social norms and values, they create disharmony to the ______,
and definitely, they should be labeled “criminals”.
social structure

Marijuna, a type of the ______ is locally called eegbo, wee-wee, kaya or stone
Cannabis sativa

Formalised principles of law are normally enforced through the formal agencies of ______
social control

In Nigeria, there are customary laws backed with_______

formal sanctions

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The practices include the proscription of ______in public places.
Nudity

______ represent formalised norms that may derive from folkways or mores
Laws

Laws are the Folkways and ______deemed so vital to dominant interests that they become
translated into written, legal formalisations that even non-members of the society are required
to obey
mores

Mores are strongly held norms whose violation would seriously offend the standards of
______
acceptable conduct

The full meaning of EFCC is _____

Economic and Financial Crime Commission

________ used the term folkways to designate a society‟s customs for routine or causal
interactions.
William Graham Summer (1959)

The violation of ______is generally not considered as serious within a particular culture.
folkways

The principal characteristics are that folkways are fairly weak norms sometimes called
______ which are passed down from the past.
conventions

______are reactions that convey approval or disapproval of behaviour

Sanctions

Amongst the Yoruba‟s, you are not to have a handshake with the Oba but should instead
_______before him
prostrate

Sanctions imposed on the violation of folkways are often relatively mild expressions of
______
reprimand

An example of _____ is the rule that forbids eating without having a mouth wash particularly
in the morning.
folkway

folkways are the least important norms which involve in everyday______ routines
conventional

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Crime is defined relative to laws, and varies from society to society or omission, from state to
state, from time to time, and from strict ______ to none.
enforcement

_______argues that crime is a category which can be defined only by reference to the specific
social norms and values of the society in which it occurs.
Emile Durkheim

The violation of law in which there are no readily apparent victim such as prostitution,
gambling, vagrancy, purchasing illegal drugs like cannabis or marijuana comes under
______
victimless crimes

Common crimes committed in industrial societies, including robbery, burglary and larceny
are classified as ______
property crimes

________involve threat of violence, include murder, manslaughter, infanticide, Assault,

sexual Assault, Abduction and robbery.
violent crimes

Technically, crime is composed of two elements: _________and _________

the act itself and criminal intent

_______weigh the degree of intent in determining the seriousness of a crime and may find
the person who kills another guilty of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, or
manslaughter.
Juries

According to_______, criminal law is a branch of public law which deals with the
relationship between members of the public and the state.
Curzon (1973)

______ spells out clearly the trial and punishment of offenders.

Criminal Law

The criminal laws are usually ______ by the political authority, e.g. the national or state
assembly.
enacted

Criminal laws are usually______ in regard to those behaviours that are termed as deviant and
at the same time in which conditions such behaviour may not be regarded as crime
Specific

Criminal law as an instrument of rule of law, it is expected to apply to______ irrespective of

class, sex, ethnicity and religious or political affiliation.
all persons

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Any law that does not prescribe a punishment for its violation should not be regarded as a
_______
criminal law

The common law developed in England after the introduction of ______

Feudalism

It was in the law that crime was not seen as an act against the whole society, therefore
_____was paid to the victim rather than the state.
compensation

A major objective of criminal law is the ______ and ______

prevention and control of crime

_______are standards that define the obligatory and expected behaviours of people in various
situations
Norms

_______are standards that define the obligatory and expected behaviours of people in various
situations
Norms

When people‟s expectations of behaviour are suddenly violated, they experience _____
(Neubeck, 2005).
culture shock

_______ is the social processes by which norms and values become thoroughly ingrained and
are largely unquestioned as ways of thinking and acting “normally”
Internalisation

Members fall cultures develop mechanisms for ______

internalisation

When socialisation fails to produce the desired behaviour mechanisms/traits, “social control”
comes in to enforce _______
conformity

The negative sanctions, or punishments, meted out to violators of norms vary in severity
depending on the type of norm being ______
transgressed

Law is a body of rules of conduct prescribed by an authority with binding legal force, the
_______of which may attract punishment.
violation

Law is a term derived from the Anglo-Saxon word, ______meaning to determine.

‘lagu’

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Salmond, for example, defined law as „the body of principles recognised and applied by the
state for the ______of justice‟
administration

_______defined law as „a set of rules imposed and enforced by a society with regard to the
attribution and exercise of power over persons and things‟
Vinogradoff

Pound defined law as a means of „social control through the systematic application of the
forces of_______ organised society
politically

Austin defined law as „a rule ______ for the guidance of individuals by the individuals with
power over them
laid down

A criminal is a person who has violated the criminal law of the land and has been found
guilty by a _______and punished accordingly.
court of law

_______ is a violation of norms of the land.

Deviance

Crime is a particular form of _______

deviance

The punishments for crime are commonly harsh and more_______

formalised

Criminology is simply a science of ______

crime

The fundamental focus of criminology is to _____ the criminal behaviour

ascertain

_______deals with an important aspect of the criminal justice process, that is, punishment,
correction, prevention and control of crime
Penology

Crime is „normal‟ in all societies because it helps to keep a society ______

orderly

The three main categories of crimes are: ______ ,______ and_______

crimes against a person, crimes against property, and crimes against public order

Deviant acts as murder, assault, and rape are crimes against _______
a person

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