(RIGID BODY,STATICS&DYNAMICS, SCALAR (TRIANGLUAR & POLYGON LAW, (TYPES OF FORCE, RESOLUTION OF FORCE, (FBD, LAMIS THEORM, TYPES

LAMIS THEORM, TYPES OF SUPPORT) (TYPES OF LOADS, Instantaneous center of

&VECTOR, NEWTON& GRAVITATIONS TRANSIMSIBLITY PRICPLE, PARLLOGRM MOMENT, VARIGNOS THEORM,COUPLE) Free Body Diagram zero velocity)
LAWS) LAW) TYPES OF FORCE SYSTEMS Free body diagram is a diagram in which a Types of Loadings
RIGID BODY Triangular law of forces 1. Collinear Force System rigid body is isolated from the system and 1. Concentrated load or Point Load: If
A rigid body may be defined as a “If the two forces acting on a body When a system of forces act along all active forces applied to the body and a load acts at a point, either
body in which the relative positions are represented in magnitude and the same line, they are called reactive forces as a result of mechanical horizontal, vertical or inclined,
of any two particles do not change direction as two sides of a triangle collinear forces. contact are represented. it is called a concentrated load or
under the action of forces means in order then the third side or the Example : Rope being pulled by 2 point load. If the load acts at a very
the distance between two closing side of the triangle would persons small area, it is taken as a point load.
points/particles remain same be the resultant in 2. Coplanar Force Systems It is expressed in N or Kn.
before and after applying external opposite order.” When the system of forces are in a 2. Uniformly Distributed Load :This
forces plane, it is called coplanar system type of load is spread over acertain
Rigid Body Mechanics can be Polygon Law of Forces of forces. length with the intensity of load being
divided into two branches. If a number of concurrent forces Example : Forces in a truss or beam constant. It is expressed in N/m or
1. Statics: It is the branch of acting on a rigid body are 3 Non-Coplanar Force System: kN/m. The resultant load R=wL acts at
mechanics that deals with the represented in magnitude and When the system of forces are not a midpoint of udl.
study of forces acting on a body in direction by the sides of a polygon, in the same plane, it is called non- 3. Uniformly Varying Load: This type
equilibrium. Either the body at rest taken in order, then their resultant coplanar system of forces. FBD of load is spread over a certain length
or in uniform motion is called is represented in magnitude and Examples : Body hanging from with the intensity of load varying
statics direction by the closing side of cables linearly. The resultant load R=wL/2
2. Dynamics: It is the branch of polygon taken in reverse order. 4. Parallel Force Systems: Forces acts at a distance of 1/3 from point of
mechanics that deals with the whose line of action are parallel to action of w N/m
study of forces on body in motion is Law of Transmissibility of Force / each other are called parallel force
called dynamics. It is further Principle of transmissibility system. They are of 2 types
divided into two branches. Rigid states that a force may be applied a. Like Parallel Forces: Force acting
Body Mechanics can be divided at any point on a rigid body along on the signals post or legs of table
into two branches. 1. Statics: It is its given line of action without b. Unlike Parallel Forces
the branch of mechanics that deals altering the effects of the force on Example : Force applied on steering
with the study of forces acting on a which it acts. For example, the wheel or raft concrete foundation
body in equilibrium. Either the force F acts on a rigid body at point
body at rest or in uniform motion is A. According to the principle of Resolution Of Forces The
called statics 2. Dynamics: It is the transmissibility of forces, this force replacement of a single force by a Lami’s Theorem
branch of mechanics that deals has the same effect on the body as several components which will be If three coplanar concurrent forces acting
with the study of forces on body in a force F applied at point B along its equivalent in action to the given on a body keep it in equilibrium, then each
motion is called dynamics. It is line of action force is called resolution of a force. force is proportional to the sine of the
further divided into two branches. Forces can be resolved in any 2 angle between the other two”
directions. However, it is
Types Of Quantities convenient to resolve them into
1. Scalar : Scalar quantities are the two orthogonal components
those with which only a magnitude (mutually perpendicular directions
is associated. Examples of scalar
quantities are time, volume, Moment
density, speed, energy, and mass The tendency of a force to rotate
2. Vector : Vector quantities, on the body in the direction of its
the other hand, possess direction application a force about a point
as well as magnitude, and must that is not on the line of action of
obey the parallelogram law of the force is called Moment of force
addition. Examples of vector or simply moment. Moment is also
quantities are displacement, referred to as torque
velocity, acceleration, force, Parallelogram Law If two forces
moment, and momentum. acting at a point be represented in Varignon’s Theorem or Principle of
magnitude and direction by the Moments
LAWS OF MECHANICS two adjacent sides of a The moment of a force about any
Newton’s Law 1 :A particle remains parallelogram, then their resultant point is equal to the sum of the
at rest or continues to move with is represented in magnitude and moments of the components of the
uniform velocity if there is no direction by lite diagonal of the force about the same point.” Type Of Supports
unbalanced force acting on it. parallelogram passing through that 1. Simple Support : If one end of a beam
Law 2 :The second law states that point simply rests on a support, the support is
the rate of change of momentum known as simple support. The beam is free
of a body, is directly proportional to slide and rotate at simple support and
to the force applied and this the reaction is perpendicular to the
change in momentum takes place surface. Eg : Scale resting on two tables
in the direction of the applied 2. Roller Support : The end which is
force. Newton's second law of supported on a frictionless roller to permit
motion explains how an object will contraction and expansion due to
change velocity if acted by a force. temperature or lateral forces is known as
For a body with constant mass, the Given OA = P force and OB = Q roller support. The reaction in roller
second law can also be stated in force. Construct parallelogram support is normal to the surface.
terms of an object's acceleration. OBCA as shown and drop 3. Hinged/Pined Support : This support
The acceleration of a particle is perpendicular Couple does not permit movement along any
proportional to the vector sum of CD on extension of OA. The moment produced by two direction but is free to rotate. The reaction Instantaneous center of zero
forces acting on it and occurs along Thus, AD= Q cos θ,CD=Q sin θ equal, opposite, and non-collinear components are taken along horizontal velocity,
a straight line in which the force OCD is a right angled triangle, forces is called a couple. The and vertical directions. Eg – Hinges of often referred to as the IC
acts OC^2 =OD^2 +CD^2 perpendicular distance between doors and windows (Instantaneous Center), is a concept
Law 3 :To every action there is R^2 = (P + Q cos θ)^2 + (Q sin θ)^2 the lines of action of the two and 4. Fixed Support : At fixed support, the used in engineering mechanics and
always an equal reaction: or the = P^2 + Q^2 cos^2θ + 2PQ cos opposite parallel forces is known as beam is not free to slide or rotate along kinematics to analyze the motion of
mutual interactions of two bodies θ + Q^2 sin^2θ arm of the couple. any direction. The reaction components mechanisms, machines, and rigid
are always equal but directed in = P^2 + Q^2 (cos^2θ + sin^2 A couple can be represented by a include horizontal, vertical and moment.’ bodies. It plays a crucial role in
opposite direction θ)+ 2PQ cos θ. vector with magnitude and understanding the velocities and
= P^2 + Q^2 + 2PQ cos θ direction equal to the moment of directions of motion in a given
Law of Gravitation [since cos2 a+ sin 2 a= 1] the couple. mechanism.
Two particles will be attracted The IC is a hypothetical point around
towards each other along their R = √(P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ) which the velocities of different
connecting line with a force whose points on a rigid body momentarily
magnitude is directly proportional Direction of R : become zero. In other words, at the
to the product of the masses and Tan α = CD/OD IC, the motion of all points on the
inversely proportional to the =Q sin a/ P+Q cos θ rigid body is tangential, resulting in
distance squared between the α = Tan-1 [Q sin / P+Q cos θ ] zero linear velocity at those points.
particles. The concept is particularly useful for
F= G M1M2 / R^2 analyzing mechanisms that involve
rolling, sliding, or pure rotational
motion.
(BEAM & TYPES,FRICTION & TYPES, (ANGLE OF FRICTION & REPOSE, CONE OF FRICTION, (CENTROID, Principal Axes and Principal moments of (MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SHAPES, PARALLEL AXIS THEORM
LIMITING FRICTION ) PUPPUS GUIDNESS THEORM) Inertia ) Moment of Inertia
BEAMS ANGLE OF FRICTION Centroid The Second moment of area, also known as
• A beam is a structural element The angle of static friction can thus be The point at which the total area of a plane moment of inertia of plane area is a geometrical
that primarily resists loads applied defined as the inclination of the resultant of figure or lamina is assumed to be property of an area which reflects how its points
laterally to the beam's axis. Its force of friction and normal reaction to the concentrated is called centroid are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
mode of deflection is primarily by normal reaction at the point of impending Moment of Inertia is given as the sum of the
bending. motion. products of each area in the lamina with the
• Beams are characterized by their square of its
manner of support, profile (shape distance from the axis
of cross-section), equilibrium
conditions, length, and their
material.
Types of Beam
1. Cantilever beam
A beam which is fixed at one end
and free at the other end, is known
as cantilever beam.

2. Simply Supported beam ANGLE OF REPOSE

A beam supported or resting freely • The angle of repose or angle of sliding is
on the supports at its both ends, is defined as the minimum angle of inclination
known as simply supported beam. of a plane with the horizontal such that a
body placed on the plane just begins to slide
down.

3. Overhanging Beam of rotation.

If the end portion of a beam is
extended beyond the support, such
beam is known as overhanging
beam

4. Fixed Beam
A beam whose both ends are fixed
or built-in walls, is known as fixed
beam.

Continuous Beam
Cone of friction
A beam which is provided more
A cone in which the resultant force exerted
than two supports as shown in Fig.
is known as continuous beam. by one flat horizontal surface on the another
is to be located when both the surface are at
rest as determined by the coefficient of static
friction
PAPPUS GULDINUS THEOREMS
Pappus Guldinus Theorems are two theorems
FRICTION describing a simple way to calculate volumes
• Friction is a force between two (solids) and surface areas (shells) of
surfaces that are sliding, or trying revolution.
to slide across one another, for First Theorem
example when you try to push a The surface area A of a surface of revolution
toy car along the floor. Friction generated by rotating a plane curve about an
always works in the direction axis external to it and on the same plane is
opposite from the direction of the equal to the product of the arc length of the
motion of the object. It always curve and the distance y traveled by its
parallel to the plane of contact. geometric centroid.
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION = The 0.05R4
ratio of limiting friction (F) and
normal reaction (N) is called Second Theorem
coefficient of friction. The second theorem states that the volume V
µ=F/N of a solid of revolution generated by rotating
F = Friction Force a plane area about an external axis is equal to
N= Normal Reaction the product of the area A and the distance y
traveled by its geometric centroid. Parallel Axis Theorem
• Static Friction:- Friction
Parallel Axis Theorem states that the moment of
experienced by a body when it is at
inertia of a plane lamina about any axis is equal to
rest is called static friction.
the sum of moment of inertia about a parallel axis
• Dynamic Friction:- Friction
passing through the centroid and the product of
experienced by a body when it is Principal Axes and Principal moments of area and square of the distance between the two
motion is called dynamic friction. Inertia parallel axes.
• Sliding Friction:- Friction The inclined set of axis u-v about which the
experienced by a body when it product of inertia I xy is zero is called the
slides over another body, is called Principal Axes. The angle made by the
sliding friction. principal axes with respect to the reference
• Rolling Friction:- Friction axes is called principal angle θ p.
experienced by a body when it rolls The moments of inertia about the principal
over another body is called rolling axes are called Principal Moment of Inertia
friction and yield the maximum and minimum values
LIMITING FRICTION of moment of inertia of the lamina
The maximum friction force that
can be developed at the contact
surface, when body is just on the
point of moving (verge of sliding) is
called limiting force of friction
(PERPNDICULAR AXIS THEORM, RADUIS OF GYRATION,
(D ALEMBERTS PRICIPLE. ANGULAR & (FREE AND FORCED VIBRATIONS)
MASS MOEMNT OF INERTIA)
RECTILINEAR MOTION) Free Vibration: Free vibration
Perpendicular Axis Theorem
occurs when a mechanical system
Perpendicular Axis Theorem states that the D'Alembert's Principle is set into motion from its
moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an When acceleration of particle is equilibrium position and then left
axis perpendicular to the lamina and passing observed from fixed set of axes X-Y to oscillate without any external
through the centroid is equal to the sum of ΣF = ma influence or input. In other words,
moment of inertias of the lamina about two When motion of particle is the system vibrates at its natural
mutually perpendicular axes in the same plane observed from moving set of axes frequency or frequencies, which
and passing through the centroid. x-y the particle appear to be at rest are determined by its inherent
Izz = Ixx + Iyy in x-y properties like mass, stiffness, and
Thus, the observer who is damping. The motion of the system
accelerating with x-y-z concludes is solely determined by its initial
that a force -ma acts on the particle conditions and the system's
to balance Σ F. characteristics.
This point of view, allows the An example of free vibration is a
treatment of a dynamics problem simple pendulum. If you pull a
by the methods of statics by pendulum bob to one side and
rewriting equation as release it, it will start swinging back
ΣF ma=0 and forth without any external
This is D'Alembert's Principle. - force being applied. The amplitude
inertia force -ma is fictitious force is of the oscillation gradually
known as the inertia force decreases due to damping effects,
and the pendulum settles into its
equilibrium position over time.
Forced Vibration: Forced vibration
occurs when an external force or
disturbance is applied to a
mechanical system, causing it to
vibrate at a frequency different
from its natural frequency. The
external force could be periodic,
like a harmonic force, or non-
periodic, like an impact or sudden
disturbance. When a system is
subjected to a periodic external
force, it can enter a state of
resonance if the frequency of the
external force closely matches the
system's natural frequency.
An example of forced vibration is a
person pushing a swing at a specific
frequency. The swing will oscillate
back and forth, with its motion
being influenced by the external
force applied by the person. If the
person adjusts their pushing
Radius of Gyration Angular Motion: Angular motion, frequency to match the natural
The radius of gyration of an area about an axis also known as rotational motion, frequency of the swing, resonance
is the distance to a long narrow strip whose refers to the motion of an object can occur, leading to larger
area is equal to the area of the lamina and around a fixed point or axis. Instead amplitudes of vibration.
whose moment of inertia remain the same as of following a linear path, the
that of the original Area object revolves around a center of
Consider a lamina of area A whose moment of rotation. Key terms in angular
Inertia is Ix, Iy and Iz with respect to x, y and z motion include angular
axis. Imagine the area is concentrated into a displacement, angular velocity, and
thin strip parallel to the axis and has the same angular acceleration.
moment of inertia as that of the lamina Rectilinear Motion: Rectilinear
motion, also known as linear
motion, refers to the motion of an
object along a straight line. In this
type of motion, the object's path is
a straight line, and its position
changes over time in a single
dimension.

Mass moment of Inertia

Mass moment of inertia or rotational
inertia of a body is a measure of the
body’s resistance to angular
acceleration. Mass Moment of Inertia is
the sum of the products of the mass of
each particle in the body with the square
of its distance from the axis of rotation