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Physics practical

The document outlines an experiment to determine the resistance of a wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current, based on Ohm's law. It details the apparatus required, the theoretical background, the procedure for conducting the experiment, and how to record observations and calculate resistance. The results indicate a linear relationship between potential difference and current, confirming the principles of Ohm's law.

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parshwiyatak
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10 views

Physics practical

The document outlines an experiment to determine the resistance of a wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current, based on Ohm's law. It details the apparatus required, the theoretical background, the procedure for conducting the experiment, and how to record observations and calculate resistance. The results indicate a linear relationship between potential difference and current, confirming the principles of Ohm's law.

Uploaded by

parshwiyatak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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nt a To determine resistance of a given wire by plotting x a graph of potential difference versus current. APPARATUS Avresistance wire, a voltmeter (0-3 V) and eter (0-3 of a iate range, a eliminator), *heortat,a metre scale, ne way key, connecting wines anda piece Sfoned paper nee Chena 8 THEORY According to Ohm’s law, if Ibe the current flowing through a conductor and V be the potential difference across its end, then current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided physical conditions such as temperature, pressure, length, area of cross section remain unchanged. Mathematically, : Te Vor Vel 7a veR where R is a constant of proportionality and is known as the resistance of the conductor. v TR ~~ T wf + +6 . ‘The resistance of the conductor depends upon the nature of material, temperature and dimensions of the conductor. In SI units, V is measured in volt, [is measured in ampere, R is measured in ohm. Toestablish the current-voltage relationship; itis to be shown that the ratio V/Iremains constant for a given resistance. ‘The graph plotted between Vand I must be a straight line. The constant ratio'gives unknown value of resistance. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Vv Fig 1. Clreult diagram PROCEDURE 4 1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as shown in the arrangement diagram. is PHYSICS LAB MANUAL Class 12t Fig 2. Arrangement diagram Clean the ends ofthe connecting wire with the help of sand paper to remove the insulations if any. le ing connections ensure that +ve marked ve joi wae Ba making g connections ve terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are joined towards the Find out the least counts of voltmeter and ammeter and determine the zero error. Plug the key (K) and slide the rheostat contact and check whether ammeter and voltmeter are working properly ep we or not. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a small current passes through the resistance wire. Note down the value of potential difference (V) from voltmeter and current (P) from ammeter. Remove the key (K) and allow it to cool, if heated. ‘Shift the rheostat contact slightly so that both ammeter and voltmeter show full divisions reading and not in fraction. Record the readings of voltmeter and ammeter. t Step 8 for four different settings of the rheostat. Record your observations (D) taking V along X-axis and Ialong Y-axis. The graph stretch it and find its length by the metre scale PEIe ina tabular form and find the 10. 11, Repeat Step ratio of V and I for each set of observations. 12. Plota graph between potential difference (V) and current ‘comes to be a straight line as shown in Fig. 3. 13. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals, 14. OBSERVATIONS 1. Length Length of the resistance wire, 2. Range Range of the given ammeter = Range of the given voltmeter BE Paysics Las MANUAL Class 12th, - Record your observations. 1 = 2acm 3. Least count Least count of ammeter = Least count of voltmeter = s 4. Zero error Zero error in ammeter, ¢, = Zero error in voltmeter, ¢, = 5. Zero correction Zero correction for ammeter, ¢, =~ ¢, Zero correction for voltmeter, c, = — 2 Table for ammeter and voltmeter readings Voltmeter Reading (Volts) “Ammeter Reading (Amperes) ;. «| = Observed Ve | ‘Observed /, |" Corrected | iat 1ah+c, ‘ 0.2 gi od od ba Ou O.2 O12 3. 0.6 ad 0:3 4 og Oy oy 5. O93 oS as Mean value of resistance, R = .. CALCULATIONS 1. Find ratio of V and I for each set of observations. 2. Plota graph between potential diffe.ence, Vand current, [by taking V along X-axis and I along Y-axis. The graph comes to be a straight line. : From graph, the resistance can be calculated as shown below. - AB _ Al In SABC, tnO.= Say wa) i AV § cote = ar wn(2), =! av os Re 8) : 0 203.0% R = cote wf) penta ene = we . Fig 3. 3. Constant ratio V/I gives resistance of the wire. 4. Resistance of the wire per cm =.9:4.. Q.cm™ RESULT ‘The potential difference across the given wire varies linearly with current. Resistance per em of the wire is .:4.... em". PRECAUTIONS 1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight. PHYSICS LAB MANUAL Class 12th 2. Thick copper wires should be used for the connections after removing the insulations near their ends by nupbing with sand paper. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel and the ammeter in series with the circuit. It should be ensured that current enters at the positive terminal and leaves at the negative terminal. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper ranges. The key should be plugged only while taking observations to avoid heating of resistor. (0! its ress Tae hey shou igged only 6 jons to avoii iB 3. (Otherwise, its resistance SOURCES OF ERROR 1. The instrument screw may be loose. 2. Thick connecting wires may not be available. 3. Rheostat may have high resistance. VIVA-VOCE Q1. What is Ohm’s law? ‘Ohm-meter (Om). Ohm’s law. states that the electric current flowing § Q9 What is the effect of temperature on the through a conductor is directly proportional to the resistance of a conductor? Potential difference across its ends provided physical The resistance of most of the conductors increases conditions such as temperature, pressure, length and with increase in temperature. ied ofe COse SeCire ema unchanged. Q10Name some substances whose resistance Q2_ Give mathematical form of Ohm’s law. decreases with increase in temperature. Mathematical form of Ohm’s law is V= IR Resistance of semicondutors like silicon ana _germanium decreases with increase in temperature. Q11 How do you conclude that the conductor used in experiment obeyed Ohm’s law? Q3_ Define one ohm. The resistance of a conductor is said to be 1 ohm when a potential difference of 1 volt is applied across its ends and current of 1 ampere flows through it, It is done by two results: ? () The ratio of Vand | comes to be constant. Q4 Define resistance of a substance? (ii) The graph between V and I comes to be ¢ Resistance is the obstruction offered by the material of the substance during the flow of electric current. straight line. Q5. Whatis the unit of resistance? 1 Q12 Why is large current not allowed to b Ohm. s passed through the conductor during the Q6 What are ohmic and non-ohmic resistances? a ee i ‘ eun 7 becom Rasioon ces which =, Oh pire aa ale mn hot and its resistance will increase. In this case, th resistances. For example, me 7 copper, a hat be coaight ina ‘ete, Resistances which do not obey Ohm’s law are graph will nt be straight line. ;

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