Advanced Data Communication and Computer Networks

Presented by Dr. Md Ajij

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Technology
University of North Bengal

Here's an outline of its contents by units (to the point)

Unit 1: Network Layer

 Topics:
o Network Layer Services
o Packet Switching
o Performance
o Transport Layer Services
o Implementation of connection-oriented and connectionless services
o Virtual-circuit vs. Datagram subnets comparison
o IPv4 Address
o Forwarding of IP Packets
o Internet Protocol (IP), ICMPv4, Mobile IP

Unit 2: Routing Algorithms

  Topics:
o Distance Vector Routing
o Link State Routing
o Path Vector Routing
o Unicast Routing Protocol - Internet Structure
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
o Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
o Border Gateway Protocol V4 (BGP)
o Broadcast Routing
o Multicasting Basics
o Intradomain Multicast Protocols
o IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)

Unit 3: Addressing

 Topics:
o IPv6 Addressing
o IPv6 Protocol
o Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
o Transport Layer Services
o Connectionless vs. Connection-Oriented Protocols
o Transport Layer Protocols:
 Simple Protocol
 Stop-and-Wait
 Go-Back-N
 Selective Repeat
 Piggybacking
o UDP: User Datagram Protocol (Services and Applications)
o TCP:
 Services
 Features
 Segments
 TCP Connection
 Flow Control
 Error Control
 Congestion Control

Unit 4: SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) and QoS

 Topics:
o SCTP Services
o SCTP Features
o Packet Format
o SCTP Association
o Flow Control
o Error Control
 o Quality of Service (QoS):
 Flow Characteristics
 Flow Control to Improve QoS
 Scheduling
 Traffic Shaping
 Resource Reservation
 Admission Control

Unit 5: Internet

 Topics:
o World Wide Web (WWW) and HTTP
o FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
o Telnet
o Domain Name System (DNS)
o SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
o Multimedia Data
o Multimedia in the Internet
o Recent Developments

----------------Some more detailed way presentation---------------

Unit 1: Network Layer

1. Network Layer Services: Manages data transfer between devices,

including addressing, routing, and error handling.
2. Packet Switching: Divides data into packets sent independently and
reassembled at the destination for efficient delivery.
3. Connection-Oriented vs Connectionless Services: Connection-oriented
(e.g., TCP) establishes a path before data transfer; connectionless (e.g.,
UDP) sends data without setup.
4. Virtual Circuit vs Datagram Subnets: Virtual circuits use a predefined
path for data, while datagram subnets allow packets to take independent
routes.
5. IPv4 Addressing: Uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify devices in a
network.
6. Forwarding of IP Packets: Determines how packets are routed to their
destination using routing tables.
7. Internet Protocol (IP): Defines the format of packets and how data is
routed over the internet.
8. ICMPv4: Used for error reporting and diagnostics (e.g., ping command).
9. Mobile IP: Allows devices to maintain the same IP address while moving
across networks.
 Detailed Description of Each Sub-topics

1. Network Layer Services

 Explanation: The network layer manages data delivery between devices

across networks. Key services include addressing, routing, and error
handling.
 Why Study?: To understand how devices communicate over the internet,
enabling error-free and efficient data delivery.
 Real-Life Example: When you send an email, the network layer ensures
the email reaches the recipient’s device.
 Relevance to Research: Topics like optimization of routing protocols,
improving QoS in large networks, or designing robust communication
frameworks.

2. Packet Switching

 Explanation: Data is divided into small packets that are transmitted

independently and reassembled at the destination.
 Why Study?: Efficient and reliable data transfer; used in modern
communication systems.
 Real-Life Example: Streaming a video on YouTube; packets of data are
transmitted and reordered to display the video smoothly.
 Research Relevance: Optimizing packet-switching methods for high-
speed networks.

3. Implementation of Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services

 Connection-Oriented: Requires establishing a connection before data

transfer (e.g., TCP).
 Connectionless: Data is sent without prior setup (e.g., UDP).
 Real-Life Example: Watching a live stream (UDP) vs. downloading a
file (TCP).
 Relevance to Research: Understanding trade-offs between reliability and
speed in networks.

4. Virtual Circuit vs. Datagram Subnets

 Virtual Circuit: A pre-defined path is used for data transfer (e.g., ATM
networks).
 Datagram Subnets: Each packet may take a different path (e.g., the
internet).
 Why Study?: To understand how different networks handle traffic.
  Real-Life Example: Virtual circuits resemble dedicated lanes in
highways, while datagram subnets work like open city roads.
 Research Relevance: Designing hybrid systems for adaptive routing.

5. IPv4 Addressing

 Explanation: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify devices in a

network.
 Real-Life Example: Your home Wi-Fi assigns an IP address to each
device.
 Research Scope: Transition to IPv6, optimizing IPv4 exhaustion, and
address management.

6. ICMPv4 and Mobile IP

 ICMPv4: Error reporting and diagnostic tool (e.g., ping command).

 Mobile IP: Allows devices to maintain a permanent IP address while
moving.
 Real-Life Example: Seamless mobile connectivity while switching
between Wi-Fi and 4G.
 Research Relevance: Mobility solutions for IoT devices.

Unit 2: Routing Algorithms

1. Distance Vector Routing: Routing based on the shortest path (number of

hops) to the destination.
2. Link-State Routing: Each router has a complete map of the network and
computes the best path.
3. Path Vector Routing: Routes are selected using path information to
avoid loops (used in BGP).
4. Unicast Routing Protocols: Focuses on one-to-one communication
between devices.
5. Routing Information Protocol (RIP): A distance-vector protocol using
hop count as a metric.
6. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF): A link-state routing protocol
optimizing path selection.
7. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): Manages routing between
autonomous systems in the internet.
8. Broadcast Routing: Sends data to all nodes in a network.
9. Multicast Routing: Sends data to multiple specific recipients, reducing
network load.
10. IGMP: Manages group membership for multicast communication.
 Detailed Description of Each Sub-topics

1. Distance Vector Routing

 Explanation: Routes are determined based on the distance (number of

hops) to the destination.
 Real-Life Example: GPS navigation suggests the shortest path based on
distance.
 Research Scope: Optimization of algorithms for dynamic networks.

2. Link-State Routing

 Explanation: Each router knows the complete network topology and

computes the best path.
 Real-Life Example: Modern routers use OSPF, a link-state protocol, for
routing.
 Research Relevance: Building efficient algorithms for large-scale
networks.

3. Path Vector Routing

 Explanation: Routers maintain the path information to avoid routing

loops (e.g., BGP).
 Real-Life Example: How Google finds the fastest route between its data
centers.
 Research Relevance: Enhancing inter-domain routing for global
networks.

4. Multicast Routing

 Explanation: Delivers data to multiple destinations simultaneously (e.g.,

live sports streaming).
 Why Study?: Reduces network load by sending a single data copy for
multiple users.
 Research Scope: Efficient resource allocation in multicast networks.

Unit 3: Addressing

1. IPv6 Addressing: Uses 128-bit addresses to address IPv4 exhaustion and

accommodate more devices.
2. IPv6 Protocol: Provides enhanced features like simplified header format
and better security.
 3. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: Techniques like dual-stack and tunneling
help in migration.
4. Transport Layer Services: Ensures end-to-end data delivery using
connection-oriented (TCP) or connectionless (UDP) protocols.
5. Simple Protocols: Basic transmission techniques like Stop-and-Wait,
Go-Back-N, and Selective Repeat for reliable delivery.
6. Piggybacking: Acknowledgments are sent along with outgoing data to
save bandwidth.
7. TCP Services: Includes flow control, error correction, and congestion
control for reliable communication.
8. UDP: A lightweight protocol for fast, connectionless communication
(e.g., for real-time applications).

Detailed Description of Each Sub-topics

1. IPv6 Addressing

 Explanation: Uses 128-bit addresses to solve IPv4 exhaustion.

 Why Study?: Essential for modern networks with billions of devices.
 Real-Life Example: Smart homes rely on IPv6 for connecting numerous
IoT devices.
 Research Relevance: Address allocation and transition challenges.

2. Transport Layer Services

 Connectionless (UDP): Faster but unreliable (e.g., online gaming).

 Connection-Oriented (TCP): Reliable but slower (e.g., online banking).
 Research Scope: Protocol design for next-gen networks.

3. TCP Concepts

 Topics: Flow control, error control, and congestion control.

 Real-Life Example: Preventing data loss during file transfers.
 Research Relevance: Solving congestion issues in high-density
networks.

Unit 4: SCTP and QoS

1. SCTP: Combines features of TCP and UDP for reliable message-based

communication (used in VoIP).
2. SCTP Features: Includes multi-streaming and multi-homing for
improved reliability.
 3. Quality of Service (QoS): Ensures performance for priority traffic
through flow control, traffic shaping, and resource reservation.

Detailed Description of Each Sub-topics

1. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)

 Explanation: Combines features of TCP and UDP, supporting message-

based data transfer.
 Real-Life Example: VoIP applications like Zoom and Skype.
 Research Scope: Enhancing SCTP for multimedia streaming.

2. QoS (Quality of Service)

 Explanation: Ensures reliable performance for critical applications.

 Real-Life Example: Prioritizing emergency calls over regular internet
traffic.
 Research Relevance: QoS in 5G networks.

Unit 5: Internet

1. WWW and HTTP: Enable the browsing and delivery of web content.
2. FTP: Used for transferring large files between devices.
3. Telnet: A protocol for remote access to servers or devices.
4. Domain Name System (DNS): Translates domain names into IP
addresses.
5. SNMP: Manages and monitors network devices like routers and switches.
6. Multimedia in the Internet: Supports the delivery of audio, video, and
other media over networks.
7. Recent Developments: Covers emerging technologies like 5G, IoT, and
AI in networking.

Detailed Description of Each Sub-topics

1. WWW, HTTP, FTP, and Telnet

 Explanation: Protocols that power the web.

 Real-Life Example: HTTP is used to load web pages; FTP transfers
large files.
 Research Scope: Secure protocol design.
2. DNS

 Explanation: Resolves domain names to IP addresses.

 Real-Life Example: Typing “google.com” instead of its IP.
 Research Scope: Securing DNS from cyberattacks.

3. Multimedia in the Internet

 Topics: Data delivery for video streaming, conferencing.

 Research Scope: Reducing latency and improving compression.

4. Recent Developments

 Topics: Emerging trends like 5G, IoT, and AI-driven network

management.
 Why Study?: To stay updated with technological advancements.
 Research Relevance: Contributing to futuristic communication systems.

Relationship Between Units

 Unit 1 (Basics) lays the foundation for understanding the Network

Layer and addressing, which is essential for routing in Unit 2.
 Unit 3 (Transport Layer) complements the concepts from Units 1 and 2,
focusing on end-to-end delivery.
 Unit 4 (SCTP and QoS) builds on transport layer concepts, addressing
real-world challenges.
 Unit 5 (Internet) ties everything together, showcasing practical
applications of networking concepts.