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AI Module 1 - 1

The document provides an overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI), focusing on Alan Turing's contributions, including the Turing Machine and Turing Test. It discusses various perspectives on AI, such as acting and thinking humanly and rationally, and outlines the necessary capabilities for machines to exhibit intelligent behavior. The text emphasizes the importance of understanding human cognition and rationality in developing intelligent systems.

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16 views11 pages

AI Module 1 - 1

The document provides an overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI), focusing on Alan Turing's contributions, including the Turing Machine and Turing Test. It discusses various perspectives on AI, such as acting and thinking humanly and rationally, and outlines the necessary capabilities for machines to exhibit intelligent behavior. The text emphasizes the importance of understanding human cognition and rationality in developing intelligent systems.

Uploaded by

santyadav19
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Faculty Name: Santhosh K

Academic Year : 2023-2024


Subject: Artificial Intelligence
Sub Code: BCS515B
Class & Sec :V C
1
Module 1

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence


"Alan Turing and Artificial
Intelligence"
• Biography
• Born June 23, 1912, in London.
• Mathematician, logician, and computer scientist.
• Turing Machine:
• Conceptualized in 1936, foundational to computer
science.
• Theoretical model of computation.
• Turing Test:
• Proposed in 1950 in "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence."
• Measures a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
indistinguishable from a human.

• Pioneered ideas that underpin modern AI and computer


science.
• Recognized posthumously as a key figure in the development of
AI.
• Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-
controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner
the intelligent humans think.

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that


emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like
humans.

• AI is accomplished by studying how the human brain thinks and how


humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and
then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing
intelligent software and systems.
Views of AI fall into Thinking humanly Thinking rationally Acting humanly Acting rationally
four categories:
i) Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach:
• Turing (1950) developed "Computing machinery and intelligence"

• "Can machines think?" or "Can machines behave intelligently?"

• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

• A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written
questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or
from a machine.
The computer would need to possess the following capabilities:
• Natural Language Processing: To enable it to communicate successfully in
English.
• Knowledge representation: To store what it knows or hears.
• Automated reasoning: To use the stored information to answer questions and to
draw new conclusions.
• Machine Learning: To adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate
patterns.

To pass the Total Turing Test


• Computer vision: To perceive objects.
• Robotics: To manipulate objects and move about.
ii) Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach
• If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human, we must have some
way of determining how humans think.
• We need to get inside the actual working of human minds.
• There are 3 ways to do it:
Through introspection(examination of one's own thoughts, feelings, and mental
processes): Trying to catch our own thoughts as they go.
Through psychological experiments: Observing a person in action.
Through brain imaging: Observing the brain in action.
• Once we have a sufficiently precise theory of the mind, it becomes possible to
express the theory as a computer program.
• If the program’s input-output behaviour matches corresponding human behaviour,
that is evidence that the program’s mechanisms could also be working in humans.
iii) Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” approach
• Rational thinking is the ability to think logically and reasonably, based on facts,
logic, and data, rather than emotion or bias.
• It's a systematic way of thinking that involves: Critically examining information,
Weighing the pros and cons, Using evidence and reasoning, and Drawing sensible
conclusions.
• There are two main obstacles to this approach.
1. It is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal
terms required by logical notation, particularly when the knowledge is less
than 100% certain.
2. Second, there is a big difference between solving a problem in principle and
solving it in practice.
iv) Acting rationally: The rational agent approach

• An agent is just something that acts.

• All computer programs do something, but computer agents are expected to do


more: operate autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a prolonged
time period, and adapt to change, and create and pursue goals.

• A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is
uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
What “behave rationally” means for a person/system:
• Take the right/ best action to achieve the goals, based on his/its
knowledge and belief

• Example: Assume I don’t like to get wet in rain (my goal), so I bring
an umbrella (my action). Do I behave rationally?

• The answer is dependent on my knowledge and belief.

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