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AI Module 1 - 2

The document outlines the foundations of Artificial Intelligence for the academic year 2023-2024, covering various disciplines such as philosophy, economics, mathematics, neuroscience, computer engineering, control theory, and linguistics. It discusses key concepts including decision theory, formal rules for reasoning, the role of neurons in information processing, the evolution of computers, and the interplay between language and thought. The content emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of AI and its reliance on multiple fields of study.

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santyadav19
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3 views

AI Module 1 - 2

The document outlines the foundations of Artificial Intelligence for the academic year 2023-2024, covering various disciplines such as philosophy, economics, mathematics, neuroscience, computer engineering, control theory, and linguistics. It discusses key concepts including decision theory, formal rules for reasoning, the role of neurons in information processing, the evolution of computers, and the interplay between language and thought. The content emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of AI and its reliance on multiple fields of study.

Uploaded by

santyadav19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Faculty Name: Santhosh K

Academic Year : 2023-2024


Subject: Artificial Intelligence
Sub Code: BCS515B
Class & Sec :V C
1
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Philosophy:
• Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• How does the mind arise from a physical brain? Where does knowledge come
from?
• How does knowledge lead to action?
Economics:
• How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• Economics is the study of how people make choices that lead to preferred
outcomes(utility).
• Decision theory: It combines probability theory with utility theory, provides a
formal and complete framework for decisions made under uncertainty.
Mathematics:
• What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions? What can be computed?

• How do we reason with uncertain information?

• Formal representation and proof algorithms: Propositional logic Computation: Turing


tried to characterize exactly which functions are computable - capable of being
computable.

• (un)decidability: Incompleteness theory showed that in any formal theory, there are true
statements that are undecidable i.e., they have no proof within the theory.

• (in)tractability: A problem is called intractable if the time required to solve instances of


the problem grows exponentially with the size of the instance.

• Probability: Predicting the future.


Neuroscience:

• How do brains process information?

• Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, particularly brain.

• Brain consists of nerve cells or neurons. 10^11 neurons.

• Neurons are considered as Computational units


Computer engineering:
• For artificial intelligence to succeed, we need two things: intelligence and an artifact. The
computer has been the artifact(object) of choice.

• The first operational computer was the electromechanical Heath Robinson, built in 1940
by Alan Turing's team for a single purpose: deciphering German messages.

• The first operational programmable computer was the Z-3, the invention of KonradZuse
in Germany in 1941.

• The first electronic computer, the ABC, was assembled by John Atanasoff and his student
Clifford Berry between 1940 and 1942 at Iowa State University.

• The first programmable machine was a loom, devised in 1805 by Joseph Marie Jacquard
(1752-1834) that used punched cards to store instructions for the pattern to be woven.
Control theory and cybernetics:
• How can artifacts operate under their own control?
• Ktesibios of Alexandria (c. 250 B.C.) built the first self-controlling machine: a
water clock with a regulator that maintained a constant flow rate. This invention
changed the definition of what an artifact could do.
• Modern control theory, especially the branch known as stochastic optimal control,
has as its goal the design of systems that maximize an objective function over
time. This roughly OBJECTIVE FUNCTION matches our view of AI: designing
systems that behave optimally.
• Calculus and matrix algebra- the tools of control theory
• The tools of logical inference and computation allowed AI researchers to consider
problems such as language, vision, and planning that fell completely outside the
control theorist’s purview.
Linguistics:
• How does language relate to thought?
• Modern linguistics and AI were born at about the same time, and grew up
together, intersecting in a hybrid field called computational linguistics or
natural language processing.
• The problem of understanding language soon turned out to be considerably
more complex than it seemed in 1957. Understanding language requires an
understanding of the subject matter and context, not just an understanding of
the structure of sentences.
• Knowledge representation (the study of how to put knowledge into a form
that a computer can reason with)- tied to language and informed by research
in linguistics.

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