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Topic 2 Math IV Function Graphs

The document discusses the representation of functions through graphs and their characteristics, including increasing, decreasing, and constant functions. It also introduces special functions such as identity, absolute value, and stepped functions, detailing their properties. Additionally, it covers graph transformations, including translation, reflection, and rotation.

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Cesar Martinez Sandoval
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

Topic 2 Math IV Function Graphs

The document discusses the representation of functions through graphs and their characteristics, including increasing, decreasing, and constant functions. It also introduces special functions such as identity, absolute value, and stepped functions, detailing their properties. Additionally, it covers graph transformations, including translation, reflection, and rotation.

Uploaded by

Cesar Martinez Sandoval
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Function Graphs

TOPIC 2
Functions can be represented both
algebraically and by graphs, these last
manifesting properties that identify them. In
this topic you will analyze these characteristics
and with them you will be able to determine
the type of function that the graph represents.
Increasing and decreasing functions
A function is increasing when, as the value of x
increases, the value of y also increases.
The following image shows the graph of the function
f(x) = x - 1, note that as x grows, the y-coordinate
increases. That is, it is an increasing function because
the output values of the function grow as the input
values increase.
Increasing Function
On the other hand, a function is decreasing if, as the
value of x increases, the value of y decreases. The
following image represents the graph of the function
f(x) = -x + 3, where you can see that as x increases,
the value of y decreases. In other words, function
f(x) = -x + 3 is a decreasing function since the output
values diminish while the input values grow.
Decreasing Function
If a function retains the same output value as
the input value increases, it is known as a
constant function.
In the next graph you can visualize that the
function maintains the same value for y
coordinate regardless of the fact that the input
value x is increasing. Therefore, function
f(x) = 1 is a constant function because, if the
input value increases, the output value remains
unchanged, it is constant.
Constant Function
Within the graph of a single function, it is possible to
identify intervals where the function is increasing,
decreasing and/or constant.
A function is increasing in an interval if the values of the
function increase when the values of x are incremented
within that interval. Likewise, a function is decreasing in
an interval if the output values decrease as the input
values increase in that interval. Finally, a function is
constant over an interval if as the input values x are
incremented in that interval, the values of f(x) remain
unchanged.
Special Functions
There are some functions that are called special because of the
particular characteristics that identify them. Within this group you will
find the following:

▪ Identity function: The correspondence rule of an identity function is


f(x) = x, that is, y = x. Its characteristics are as follows:
✓Their range and domain are all real numbers ℝ.
✓The identity function is surjective because all elements of its image or
range lie in the codomain (all real numbers).
✓The identity function is increasing, that is, as x increases, the value of
f(x) also increases.
Identity Function
▪ Absolute value function: The correspondence rule of the absolute
value function is f(x) = |x|, where x is a real number. Its characteristics
are as follows:
✓The graph of the absolute value function is the set of all points in the
plane where the y-coordinate is the absolute value of the x-coordinate.
✓To each x and -x corresponds the same value in the image, that is, since
|x| = |-x|, then, f(x) = f(-x).
✓In the graph of the absolute value function, the function is increasing in
the interval x > 0 and decreasing in the interval x < 0.
Absolute Value Function
▪ Stepped function: The correspondence rule of a step function is f(x)
= [x] = n, such that n ≤ x < n + 1. Its characteristics are as follows:
✓The graph of a stepped function has the appearance of a stair, since the
function is constant at certain intervals, but this constant is different for
each interval. Because of this each range creates spaces between the
horizontal line segments.
✓The domain of the stepped function is the set of values defined in the
interval over which the function acts, and the range is the complete set
of values of the function.
Stepped Function
Graph Transformations
In Geometry, the transformations that maintain the shape and size of a
figure are called isometric transformations.
▪ Translation: displaces the graph horizontally or vertically.
The translations of function f(x) are given according to the following table:
Vertical translation Horizontal translation
▪ Reflection:
The reflections of the function f(x) are given according to the following
table:
▪ Rotation:
The figure is rotated around a specific point (called the center of
rotation) a certain number of degrees.:
The most common rotations are listed below:

90° clockwise rotation: (x, y) becomes (y, -x)


90° counterclockwise rotation: (x, y) becomes (-y, x)
180° clockwise and counterclockwise rotation: (x, y) becomes (-x, -y)
270° clockwise rotation: (x, y) becomes (-y, x)
270° counterclockwise rotation: (x, y) becomes (y, -x)

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