OPERATING SYSTEM

DOS and Windows are types of operating systems. DOS is a single-tasking, single-
user and CLI-based OS; whereas Windows is a multitasking, multiuser and GUI-
based OS. Read this tutorial to find out more about DOS and Windows and how these
two operating systems are different from each other.

What is DOS?
DOS (Disk Operating System) is a character-based operating system that was
developed in the 1980s for IBM-compatible computers. DOS is one of the oldest and
widely used computer operating systems. It is a set of computer programs. DOS can
perform major functions like file management, allocation of system resources,
providing essential features to control hardware devices in a computer system.
It is a command-line based system that allows users to enter commands to execute
programs or manipulate files.
Here is a list of some of the important characteristics of DOS (Disk Operating
System) −

DOS is a single user system.

DOS is a command line interface operating system.

DOS is machine independence.

DOS provides command processing facilities.

DOS operates with Assembler.

In DOS, commands can be typed in either upper case or lower case.

What is Windows?
Windows is a graphical operating system that was first released by Microsoft in 1985.
It is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that provides a graphical user
interface (GUI) for users to interact with the computer. Windows allows users to
launch and use multiple programs at the same time, and it supports a wide range of
hardware and software.
The windows operating system is basically the extension of the disk operating system.
Windows is the most popular and simplest operating system because it makes use of
graphics and colors to create a screen for the user interaction with the computer
system. The greatest advantage of the Windows operating system is that it does not
require any special training to use it.
The Windows operating system needs DOS to run various application programs
initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the computer memory
first and then Windows can be executed.
Here are some important characteristics of the Windows operating system −

Windows is a Graphical User Interface based computer operating system.

It uses icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.) for user
interaction.

Windows operating system has a taskbar.

It has a start button as a main menu button.

It supports pointing devices like mouse, joystick, touchpad, etc.

Difference between DOS and Windows

The following table highlights the major differences between DOS and Windows −
Key DOS Windows

DOS stands for Disk Operating Windows stands for Windows,

Definition
System. no specific form.

Tasking Nature DOS is single-tasking OS. Windows is multi-tasking OS.

Power DOS consumes quite low power. Windows consumes high power.
Consumption

DOS memory requirements are quite Windows memory requirements

Memory
low. are quite high as compared to
consumption
DOS.

Networking DOS has no support for networking. Windows supports networking.

support

DOS is complex in usage. You need Windows usages is user-friendly

Usage to remember commands to use DOS and is quite simple to use.
properly.

User interface DOS is a CLI-based OS. Windows is a GUI-based OS.

Multimedia is not supported in DOS. Windows supports multimedia

Multimedia
likes games, videos, audios etc.

DOS command execution is faster Windows operations are slower

Speed
than Windows. as compared to DOS.

DOS supports single window at a Windows supports multiple

Multi window
time. window at a time.

UNIX is a powerful, multi-user, and multitasking operating system originally

developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories. This operating system is very popular among
the scientific, engineering, and academic due to its most appreciated features like
flexibility, portability, network capabilities, etc.

Windows :
Microsoft window is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) based operating system that
provides graphical user-friendly alternatives for most of the command-line based
functions. Microsoft introduced a series of versions with the latest functions.

Difference between UNIX and Windows Operating System:

Here we will discuss the various differences between UNIX and Windows operating
systems, based on various parameters.
1. Licensing:
UNIX was developed as an open-source OS using C and Assembly languages. Since
being open source UNIX, and its various Linux distributions account for the most
used OS in the world. Unix and all its Linux distributions are available under the
General Public License.
Windows Operating System is proprietary software owned by Microsoft, meaning its
source code is not available to the public.
2. User Interface:
Unix operating systems are relatively harder to grasp and produce significant barriers
for newcomers. However, some Linux distributions like Ubuntu are changing such
perceptions by bringing in more GUI-based applications.
Windows Operating System on the other hand is designed with the outset of keeping
the UI as simple and user-friendly as possible, so that non-IT people can easily use
computers for their work.
3. Processing:
UNIX operating system supports Multiprocessing, meaning many processes are
executed simultaneously. In Multiprocessing, every process has a separate address
space and CPUs can be added for increasing computing power.
Windows Support Multithreading, meaning many threads are created from a single
process for increasing computing power. In multithreading, many threads of a process
are executed simultaneously where common address space is shared by all the
threads.
4. File System:
UNIX operating system uses STD.ERR and STD.IO file systems or the UFS (Unix
File System) and treats all physical drives as one logical drive. It has a robust and
efficient file system. File system is represented as a hierarchical tree under the same
root.
Windows on the other hand, uses File Allocation Table (FAT32) and New
Technology File System(NTFS) systems for managing files and requires the owner of
the executables before executing, files store in folders on different data drive like,
C,D,E.

5. Users Accounts:

In the Linux system, there are three types of user accounts:

Regular: These accounts have the moderate privilege to intended for routine works, it
can perform only the task for access only those files and services for which it is
authorized.
Root: This account is the main user account of a Linux system, it has the highest
privilege to work administrative level work to manage all the services. This is also
known as superusers.
Service: This account is generally used by services to run the process.

In Windows, there are three types of user accounts:

Administrator: This account controls all the services and allows user to make
changes and check the activities of other users
Child: This account comes with Family Safety settings which is assigned by the
admin.
Guest: This account has no standard accounts with no privacy, it allows to other
people use your computer without being able to change PC settings and install
applications.

6. File Name Convention:

In Linux, we can save two files with the same name.
But in windows, we can not save with the same name. It generates errors:

7. Security:
UNIX is more secure by design. The primary protection on a Unix system is that
executing a “.exe” file is much more difficult. Here executables cannot be processed
without explicit permission as all processes in Unix are treated equally. But these are
slowly changing as Unix distributions are moving more towards GUI and now relying
on the application security itself.
Another advantage of Unix systems is that getting rid of viruses is easier, as viruses
can only infect user accounts and the root remains intact and pure.
Windows is less secure in the sense that it is simple to execute files with minimal
permission. These can further lead to the installation of Malwares unknowingly on the
system.

8. Data Backup & Recovery:

In the earlier version of UNIX, salvaging data from a system when the device housing
the said data is inaccessible, was not possible. But in some distributions of Linux like
Ubuntu, a new feature is introduced called Live distribution can be used to recover
data from an inaccessible device.
Recovery and Backup of data in the Windows system are much simpler and can be
done using its inbuilt GUI for the same. It has an integration with OneDrive for data
backup and recovery too.
9. Case Sensitivity:
Unix is completely case-sensitive, meaning the files with names “GFG.txt” and
“gfg.txt” can be considered two different files. Windows, on the other hand, have
optional case sensitivity.
10. Hardware:
Hardware support is limited in UNIX systems. Some hardware might not have drivers
built for them. Windows has almost all the drivers for all the available hardware.
11. Reliability:
Unix is known for being very stable to run. Although the stability of Windows has
significantly improved in recent years, most Unix systems are still far superior in this
respect.

S. Parameters UNIX Windows

No.

It is a command-based It is a menu based

1. Basic
operating system. operating system.

It is an open-source system
It is a proprietary software
2. Licensing which can be used to under
owned by Microsoft.
General Public License.

It has a text base interface, It has a Graphical User

User
3. making it harder to grasp for Interface, making it
Interface
newcomers. simpler to use.

4. Processing It supports Multiprocessing. It supports Multithreading.

It uses File Allocation

It uses Unix File System(UFS)
System (FAT32) and New
5. File System that comprises STD.ERR and
technology file
STD.IO file systems.
system(NTFS).

It is more secure as all changes

It is less secure compared
6. Security to the system require explicit
to UNIX.
user permission.

7. Data Backup It is tedious to create a backup It has an integrated backup

S. Parameters UNIX Windows
No.

and recovery system in UNIX,

but it is improving with the and recovery system that
& Recovery
introduction of new make it simpler to use.
distributions of Unix.

Hardware support is limited in

UNIX system. Some hardware Drivers are available for
8. Hardware
might not have drivers built for almost all the hardware.
them.

Although Windows has

Unix and its distributions are been stable in recent years,
9. Reliability well known for being very it is still to match the
stable to run. stability provided by Unix
systems.

It is fully case-sensitive, and

Case It has case sensitivity as an
10. files can be considered
Sensitive option.
separate files.

Windows 98 has integrated the Internet standard comprehensively. It unifys ans

simplifys desktop with Internet technology and allows the users to find and browse
the information on the computer or on the internet more simply and faster. It has a
faster speed and greater stability. With the brand new self-maintenance and updating
function, users can have more spare time to concentrate on work or games instead of
system management.

Advantages

A great improvement compared to Windows95

1. Convenient to install: when installing Windows98, system will lead you to
complete the installation, and examine all the common hardwares such as moderm,
CD-ROM driver, audio card, and printer, etc.
2. More coordinating with the present soft and hard wares: Windows98 provides
internal support for more than 1900 present hardware devices, and has passed the test
of compatibility with more than 3500 popular softwares. The internal support includes
the 32 bit device driver program. That means the hardware being supported will run
faster and more effectively under Windows98 environment.
3. Plug and paly function: when you are using the "plug and play" device on the
computer Windows98 will set it automatically.
4. Improved UI: the desktop of Windows98 makes you concentrate more on your
own task. There are only a few graphic objests on the desktop, and that is simpler than
before. The "start" button leads you to start the daily work with the computer. If you
want to quickly start a frequently-used program or document, you can just pull it to
the "start" button. It will be listed with other functions (like set-up procedure, open a
document, get help, change system settings, and find files) together in the "start"
menu. "My computer" makes browsing the content (all kinds of files, folders, and
procedures) of computer more convenient. "Network neiborhood" makes examing and
using network simpler. "Recycle bin" provides you a temporary space for placing
deleted files. You can choose to shift delete or get back to use.
5. Provide better support for MS-DOS without MS-DOS: different from
Windows3.1, Windows98 will not run on the MS-DOS operating system. Windows98
is a tightly integrated system. It enters into the GUI directly instead of command line.
But Windows98 still supports MS-DOS.
6. Support long file name: in Windows98, the longest file name can be 255
characters. That makes finding files very easy.
7. The function of mouse stands out: in Windows98, point to any object with the
mouse pointer and click the right button, you will see a pop-up menu that lists out all
the orders related to the object. With this menu, you can copy, delete, rename, create
shortcut, and view the file and folder's attributes.
8. Play CD automatically: if you put a CD that supports automatically playing,
Windows98 will paly the CD automatically instead of tedious operation procedure to
choose play tool.
9. Added and improved the tools of accessories: Windows98 provides a group of
tools that adapts to the new interface. "Tablet" is the 32 bit editor. It replaces the
"Write" and "Notebook" of Windows3.1. "Picture" is the 32 bit tool that replaces
"Brush". As "Picture" is the OLE software, its images can be connected or inset to
other documents. The backup of 32 bit makes the backup from computer or disk,
magcard easier.
10. Connection with Internet: after the installation of IE4.0 in Windows98, there is a
option to open active desktop. That makes IE4.0 one intefrated part of Windows98
desktop. Through choosing active desktop, users can set the wallpaper as the HTML
page that can directly get informations from Internet. Besides, changing the traditional
explorer to the Internet Explorer makes different Windows intefaces. "Start" menu
includes address bar and interlinkage, collection, and so on, making net play more
covenient.

The term E-commerce i.e Electronic Commerce is the summation of two words -
Electronic and Commerce. It means online approach(I.e using internet) for performing
traditional functions such as payment and fund transfer, order entry and processing
invoicing and point of sale data gathering etc.

In other words E-Commerce refers to the exchange of information using electronic

data exchange electronic mail electronic fund transfer and other network based
technologies.

However, some of the definitions of E-Commerce from the communication business

and service are given below

1. Communication Perspective : It is the delivery of information product or services

or payments via telephone lines computer networks or any other means.
2. Business Process Perspective : It is the Application of technology towards the
automation of business transactions and workflows.
3. Service Perspective : Electronic Commerce is a tool that address the desire of
firms, consumes and management to cut service costs, improve the quality of goods
and increase the speed of service delivery
Online Perspective : It Provides the capability of buying and spelling products and
information on the internet and other online services.

1. Internet :
The network formed by the co-operative interconnection of millions of computers,
linked together is called Internet. Internet comprises of :
People : People use and develop the network.
Resources : A collection of resources that can be reached from those networks.
A setup for collaboration : It includes the member of the research and educational
committees worldwide.
2. Intranet :
It is an internal private network built within an organization using Internet and World
Wide Web standards and products that allows employees of an organization to gain
access to corporate information.
3. Extranet :
It is the type of network that allows users from outside to access the Intranet of an
organization.

Difference between Internet, Intranet and Extranet :

Point of Internet Intranet Extranet

difference

Accessibility
Public Private Private
of network

To share information
Specific to an with suppliers and
Availability Global system.
organization. vendors it makes the
use of public network.

Restricted area upto

All over the Restricted area upto an organization and
Coverage
world. an organization. some of its
stakeholders or so.

Accessible only to the

It is accessible It is accessible only members of
Accessibility
to everyone to the members of organization and
of content
connected. organization. external members
with logins.

No. of It is largest in The minimal number The connected

Point of Internet Intranet Extranet
difference

number of devices are more

computers of devices are
connected comparable with
connected connected.
devices. Intranet.

Single/ Multiple
Owner No one. Single organization.
organization.

It’s purpose is to
It’s purpose is to It’s purpose is to
share
Purpose of the share information share information
information
network throughout the between members and
throughout the
organization. external, members.
world.

It is dependent
on the user of It is enforced via
It is enforced via
Security the device firewall that separates
firewall.
connected to internet and extranet.
network.

Employees of the
Employees of the
Users General public. organization which
organization.
are connected.

There is no hard Policies of the Policies of the

Policies
and fast rule for organization are organization are
behind setup
policies. imposed. imposed.

It is maintained by It is maintained by
CIO. HR or CIO. HR or
It is maintained
Maintenance communication communication
by ISP.
department of an department of an
organization. organization.

It is more
It is also less
Economical economical to It is less economical.
economical.
use.

It is the network It is derived from It is derived from

Relation
of networks. Internet. Intranet.

Example What we are WIPRO using DELL and Intel using

Point of Internet Intranet Extranet
difference

internal network for

normally using network for its
its business
is internet. business operations.
operations.

E mail :
Electronic mail, commonly known as email, is a method of exchanging messages over
the internet. Here are the basics of email:
1.An email address: This is a unique identifier for each user, typically in the format of
[email protected].
2.An email client: This is a software program used to send, receive and manage
emails, such as Gmail, Outlook, or Apple Mail.
3.An email server: This is a computer system responsible for storing and forwarding
emails to their intended recipients.

To send an email:

1.Compose a new message in your email client.

2.Enter the recipient’s email address in the “To” field.
3.Add a subject line to summarize the content of the message.
4.Write the body of the message.
5.Attach any relevant files if needed.
6.Click “Send” to deliver the message to the recipient’s email server.
7.Emails can also include features such as cc (carbon copy) and bcc (blind carbon
copy) to send copies of the message to multiple recipients, and reply, reply all, and
forward options to manage the conversation.

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is based on several different technologies: Web browsers,
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

A Web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined as
programs which display text, data, pictures, animation and video on the Internet.
Hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed using software
interfaces provided by Web browsers. Initially, Web browsers were used only for
surfing the Web but now they have become more universal. Web browsers can be
used for several tasks including conducting searches, mailing, transferring files, and
much more. Some of the commonly used browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera Mini,
and Google Chrome.

Features of WWW:
HyperText Information System
Cross-Platform
Distributed
Open Standards and Open Source
Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services
Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.
“Web 2.0”

Components of the Web: There are 3 components of the web:

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): serves as a system for resources on the web.
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP): specifies communication of browser and
server.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): defines the structure, organisation and
content of a webpage.

Mobile Computers :

Mobile Computers are remote gadgets that can video/voice calls, picture sharing, and
different sorts of information sharing. You can utilize the portable PC while moving
and going in a vehicle, plane, train, or motorbike. Versatile PC can be both the cell
phone, tablet, PC, smartwatch, or some other remote convenient gadget by which you
can speak with others. For imparting information to other portable PCs you will
require a Wi-Fi association, versatile information signs, GSM, or Bluetooth.

Instances of Mobile Computers are as follows:

Cell phones
Tablet PC
Smartwatch
Gaming comforts
Tablets
Workstations

Types of Mobile Computers:

Handheld – Small, yet sturdy, gadgets that expand authoritative information into the
field by consolidating filtering and preparing capacities into a solitary gadget.
Wearable – Wearable gadgets that come furnished with the most recent voice
innovation for smoothed out picking, pressing, and delivery.
Vehicle-mounted – Rugged versatile workstations that join to modern vehicles, for
example, trucks, forklifts, and trucks.
Tablets – Handheld PCs that safely communicate information over rapid
organizations utilizing the recognizable plan and usefulness of buyer tablets while
getting a charge out of the toughness of big business checking gadgets.
Cell phones – Small gadgets equipped with preparing, checking, and cell usefulness
for genuine across-the-board versatility.
Unsafe climate – Certified handheld PCs explicitly intended for conditions where the
potential for blasts is available; incorporates both inherently protected and non-
incendive gadgets.

Advantages of Mobile Computer:

1.Versatile
2.Better time the executives
3.Track your spending plan
4.Discover any area
5.Recognize high traffic
6.Grow your business
7.Distributed computing
8.Bluetooth uphold
9.Meeting
10.Doing investigate
11.Simple to convey
12.High processor and RAM
13.Take care of tabs on the web .
14.Shop on the web
15.Online consultancy
16.Mini-computer and electric lamp

Disadvantages of Mobile Computer:

1. Availability issues
2. Battery issue
3. Bandwidth
4.VPN Support
5.Security
6.Output standardized tag
7.Insurance
8.Preparing required
9.Data transfer capacity utilization