CHAPTER-14 PROBABILITY

KEY POINTS
1)Probability: The measure of uncertainty is called probability.

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2) Performing experiments:
(a) Tossing a coin
(b) Throwing a die
(c) Drawing a card from a deck of 52 cards, etc.
3) Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is called sample space.
4) An event is a subset of a sample space.
5) Equally likely events: If one event cannot be expected in preference to the other event then they
are said to be equally likely.

6) The theoretical probability of an event E, is written as P(E ) , is defined as

Number o f out comes Favourable to E

𝑃(𝐸) =
Number of all possible out comes of the
experiment
When we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
7)The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1
8) The probability of an impossible event is 0.
9) For any event E, 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸¯) = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸¯stands for ‘not E’, E and 𝐸¯are called
complementary Events

10) The probability of an event E is a number P (E) such that 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1

11) Elementary events: - An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum
of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
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* MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 12% (d) – 0.5

2)The probability of getting bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. Then the number of bad eggs in the
lot
is
(a) 14 (b) 1.4 (c) 0.14 (d) 14.5
3) The probability of getting 53 Sundays in a non – leap year is

1
(a) (b) 53 (c) 1 (d) 2
365 365 7 7
4)A jar contains 54 marbles of blue, green and white colour. The probability of getting a blue
marble from the jar is 1 and the probability of getting a green marble is 4 . The number of
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white marbles in the jar is

(a) 42 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 12

5)Two dice are thrown at the same time. The probability of getting a prime number on both dice is

1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 7 (d) 5
6 4 36 36
6)Two coins are tossed simultaneously . The probability of getting at most one head
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0.5
4 4 2
7)A box contains cards numbered 6 to 55. A card is drawn at random from the box. The
probability

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 that the drawn card has a number which is a perfect square , is

7 7 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
50 55 10 49

8) If P(A) denotes the probability of an event A, then

(a) P(A) < 0 (b) P(A) > 1 (c) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1 (d) -- 1 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1

9) In a lottery there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks .The probability of getting a prize is

1 2
(a)
10
(b) (c) (d) 2
25 35 35 7

10)A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards . The probability of getting a black face
card or a king
3 2 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 26 13 26

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a

statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

(a)Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

1) Assertion: The probability of getting a prime number when a die is thrown once is 2/3.
Reason: Prime numbers on a die are 2, 3, 5.

2) Assertion: If a box contains 5 white, 2 red and 4 black marbles, then the probability of not
drawing a white marble from the box is 5/11.
Reason: P(E̅ ) = 1 – P(E), where E is any event.

3)Assertion: Card numbered as 1, 2, 3..………..15 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly, one
card
is then drawn at random. The probability of drawing an even number is 7/15.
Reason: For any event E, we have 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.

4) Assertion: If a die is thrown once, the probability of getting a number less than 3 & greater than
2 is zero.
Reason: Probability of an impossible event is zero.
5) Assertion : . A bag has 3 red balls and 5 green balls. If we take a ball from the bag, then
probability of getting red balls only 3/8.
Reason : Probability of getting red balls = number of red balls / total number of balls

6) Assertion: The probability of getting exactly one head in tossing a pair of coins is 1/2.
Reason: The sample space of two coin tossed is ={HH,TT,HT,TH}=4

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7) Assertion: The probability of winning a game is 0.4, then the probability of losing it, is 0.6.
Reason: P(E) + P (not E) = 1

8) Assertion : -- 0.4 cannot be the probability of an event.

Reason : The probability of an event can neither be a negative value, nor it can exceed unity.

9) Assertion : A letter is chosen from the word 'MATHEMATICS'. The probability that the
chosen letter is a vowel is 4/26 = 2/13 .
Reason : There are 26 letters in English alphabets .

10) Assertion : The probability of getting a red face card from a deck of 52 cards is 3/13
Reason : There are 12 face cards in a deck of 52 playing cards.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE- I QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)

1)A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word “ASSASSINATION”, then the
probability that the letter chosen is a vowel is in the form of 6/ (2x+1), if so find the value of x.

2)A box contains 20 cards numbered from 1 to 20 . A card drawn at random from the box. Find
the probability that the card drawn at random is divisible by 2 or 3.

3) One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Calculate the probability that the card
will
(i) be an ace, (ii) not be an ace.

4) An integer is chosen between 0 and 100. What is the probability that it is

(i) divisible by 7? (ii) not divisible by 7?

5) In a lottery of 50 tickets numbered 1 to 50, one ticket is drawn. Find the probability that the
drawn ticket bears a prime number.

6)A bag contains 5 black, 7 red and 3 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find
the
probability that the ball drawn is:
(i) black or white (ii) not black

7)What is the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4,
4,
4 will be their average?

8)It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same
birthday
is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?

9) A bag contains lemon-flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking
into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out:
(i) an orange-flavoured candy (ii) a lemon-flavoured candy
10) A bag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball
from the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the number of black balls in the bag?

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 SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)

1)The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar that contains only blue, black
and
green marbles is 1/5. The probability of selecting a black marble at random from the same jar is
1/4. If the jar contains 11 green marbles, find the total number of marbles in the jar.

2) All the three face cards of spades are removed from a well- shuffled pack of 52 cards. A card is
drawn at random from the remaining pack. Find the probability of getting
(i) a black face cards (ii) a queen (iii) a black card

3) Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. What is the probability that the
sum of the two numbers appearing on the top of the
dice is (i) 8? (ii) 13? (iii) less than or equal to 12?

4) A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii) a number divisible by 5.

5)A bag contains 24 balls of which x are red 2x are white and 3x are blue. Find x . A ball
is selected
at random. What is the probability that
(i) it is red (ii) it is blue (iii) neither red nor blue

LONG ANSWER QUESTION (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)

1) A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see Fig.), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at
(i) 8 ? (ii) an odd number? (iii) a number greater than 2? (iv) a number less than 9?
(v) a perfect square number.

2) Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the
probability that both will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different
days?

3) A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is thrown two
times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following table which gives a few
values of the total score on the two throws:

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 Number in first throw
Number in second throw

+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 4
2
2
3 4 5 9
3 6
6 8

What is the probability that the total score is

(i) even? (ii) 6? (iii) at least 6 ?

CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1+1+2 =4 MARKS)

1) Two friends, Neha and Sneha, decided to play the game pockets billiard on their holiday.
This game is similar to the carom game, except but it has 6 holes on the board to strike the balls into
it. This game consists of 15 numbered color balls, and 1 cue ball, which is used to strike the
other 15 numbered color balls to the holes. These balls are arranged in the pyramid form. The first
player strikes them using the white ball(cue ball) to break the formation and then tries to sink the
ball into the holes. Each player takes alternate turns to strike the balls.

(Note: Ignore the cue ball while taking the total number of balls.)

(a)If Neha plays first, then find the probability that she successfully sinks the ball
numbered 10 (1M)

(b) Find the probability that Sneha sinks a ball is a prime number (1 M)

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(c)(i) Find the probability that Neha sinks a ball numbered neither a prime nor an odd
number.(2M)
(OR)
(d) (ii) Find the probability that Sneha sinks a ball numbered as a multiple of 2 or 3 (2M)

2)Rohit wants to distribute chocolates in his class on his birthday. The chocolates are of three
types: Milk chocolate, White chocolate and Dark chocolate. If the total number of students in the
class is 54 and everyone gets a chocolate, then answer the following questions.

(a)If the probability of distributing milk chocolates is 1/3, then find the number of milk
chocolates with Rohit. (1M)

(b) Find the probability of getting at least one chocolate ? (1M)

(c)(i) If the probability of distributing white chocolates is 1/2 , then find the probability of
distributing dark chocolate. (2M)
(OR)
(ii) Find the number of milk and dark chocolates distributed . (2M)

3)Aditya went to shop to purchase a child's game along with his friend. He selected one child's
game which has 8 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red, and 10 squares of which 6 are
blue and rest are red. While checking the game, one piece is lost at random.

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(a) How many triangles are of red colour and how many squares are of red colour ? (1 M)

(b) Find the probability that lost piece is a square ? (1M)

(C)(i)Find the probability of getting either a red colour triangle or blue colour square. (2M)
(OR)
(ii) Find the probability of getting neither a red colour square nor blue colour triangle. (2M)

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ANSWERS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) D (-- 0.5 )
2) A (14)
3) C (1/7)
4) D (12)
5) A (1/6)
6) B (3/4)
7) C (1/10)
8) C (0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1)
9) D (2/7)
10) A (3/26)

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

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1) D
2) B
3) B
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
9) D
10) D

SHORT ANSWER TYPE- I QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)

1)6/(2x+1) = 6/13
2x+1 = 13
2x = 13 – 1 = 12
x=6
2)No.of favourable cases = 10 + 6 = 16
Probability = 16/20 = 4/5

3)(i)4/52 = 1/13 (ii)48/52 = 12/13

4)(i)14/100 = 0.14 (ii) 86/100 = 0.86

5)Prime numbers from 1 to 50 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47

Probability = 15/50 = 3/10 = 0.3

6) (i)8/15 (ii) 10/15 = 2/3

7)Average = 3, P(getting 3) = 3/10 = 0.3

8) 1—0.992 = 0.008

9) (i) 0 (ii) 1
10)Total No.of balls = 15 + x
P(a black ball ) = 3 X P(a white ball)
x 15
15+x
= 3 𝑋 15+x
𝑥 = 45
No. of black balls are 45.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)

1)Let total no. of marbles be ‘x’

11 / x = 1/5
X = 55

2)(i) 3/49 (ii) 3/49 (iii)23/4

9
3)(i) 5/36 (ii) 0 (iii) 1
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4) (i) 81/90 = 9/10 = 0.9 (ii) 9/10 = 0.9 (iii) 18/90 = 1/5

5) 6x /24 = 1 =≫ x = 4

(i)4/24 = 1/6 (ii) 12/24 = ½ (iii) 8/24 = 1/3

LONG ANSWER QUESTION (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)

1)(i)1/8 (ii)1/2 (iii)6/8 = ¾ (iv) 1 (v)2/8 = ¼

(𝑇, 𝑇), (𝑇, 𝑊), (𝑇, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑇, 𝐹), (𝑇, 𝑆)

(𝑊, 𝑇), (𝑊, 𝑊), (𝑊, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑊, 𝐹), (𝑊, 𝑆)
2)Sample space = (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑇), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑊), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝐹), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑆) = 25 -------- (2M)
(𝐹, 𝑇), (𝐹, 𝑊), (𝐹, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝐹, 𝐹), (𝐹, 𝑆)
⎩ (𝑆, 𝑇), (𝑆, 𝑊), (𝑆, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑆, 𝐹), (𝑆, 𝑆) ⎭

(i)5/25 = 1/5 (ii)8/25 (iii)20/25 = 4/5

3)
Number in first throw
+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 3 3 4 4 7
Number in second

2 3 4 4 5 5 8
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
throw

3 4 5 5 6 6 9
6 7 8 8 9 9 12

(i)17/36 (ii)4/36 = 1/9 (iii)15/36 = 5/12

CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1+1+2 =4 MARKS)

1)
(a)1/15 (b)6/15 = 2/5 (c) (i) 6/15 = 2/5 (OR) (ii) 10/15 = 2/3

2) (a)18 (b) 1

1
(c )(i) 1 + + 𝑃 (𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ) = 1
3 2

1
𝑃(𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) =
6

(OR)
(ii) 18+9 = 27

3)(a) 4+4 = 8 (b) 10/17 (c ) (i) 7/17 (OR) (ii) 10/17

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