Dt : 24/8/2023

(a)static concrete methods(Java8 - 2014):

=>From Java8 version onwards the interfaces can be declared with

static Concrete methods.

=>These static concrete methods will get the memory within the interface

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while interface loading and can be accessed with Interface_name.

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Coding Rule:

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=>Static concrete methods of Interface are not available to implementation

classes,which means Implementation classes cannot access Static concrete

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methods of Interfaces.

(b)default concrete methods(Java8 - 2014)

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=>From Java8 version omwards the interfaces canbe declared with default

concrete methods.
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=>default concrete methods means the methods declared with "default"

keyword and which are NonStatic methods.

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Coding Rule:

=>default concrete methods are available to implementation classes,which

means default concrete methods can be accessed with implementation object

name.
ProjectName : Interface_App4

packages,

p1 : ITest.java
package p1;
public interface ITest {

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public abstract void m1(int a);
public static void m2(int b) {

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System.out.println("****static m2(b)****");
System.out.println("The value b:"+b);
}
public default void m3(int c) {

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System.out.println("****default m3(c)****");
System.out.println("The value c:"+c);
}
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}

p1 : IClass.java
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package p1;
public class IClass implements ITest{
public void m1(int a) {
System.out.println("****Implemented m1(a)****");
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System.out.println("The value a:"+a);

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}
}
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p2 : DemoInterface4.java(MainClass)
package p2;
import p1.*;
public class DemoInterface4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ITest.m2(123);//Static method call
IClass ob = new IClass();//Implementation Object
 ob.m1(124);//Implemented method call
//IClass.m2(125);//Static method Call
ob.m3(126);//default method call
}
}

o/p:

****static m2(b)****

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The value b:123

****Implemented m1(a)****

The value a:124

****default m3(c)****

The value c:126

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---------------------------------------------------------------

Note:
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=>Static Concrete methods will be at Interface level and default

concrete methods are at implementation Object level.

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=>Static concrete methods are used in multiple inheritance applications

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and default concrete methods are used in NonMultiple inheritance

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applications.

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(c)private concrete methods(Java9 - 2017)

=>From Java9 version onwards the interfaces can be declared with

private concrete methods.

 =>private concrete methods means the concrete methods which are declared

with private keyword and which are available in two types:

(i)static private concrete methods

(ii)NonStatic private concrete methods

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Coding Rule:

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=>private concrete methods are accessed only inside the interface,which

means accessed by the NonPrivate concrete methods of Interface.

ProjectName : Interface_App5

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packages,

p1 : ITest.java
package p1;
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public interface ITest {

public abstract void m1(int a);
private static void m2(int b) {
System.out.println("****static private
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m2(b)****");
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System.out.println("The value b:"+b);

}
private void m3(int c) {
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System.out.println("****NonStatic private
m3(c)****");
System.out.println("The value c:"+c);
}
public default void access(int b,int c) {
ITest.m2(b);
this.m3(c);
}
}
p1 : IClass.java
package p1;
public class IClass implements ITest{
public void m1(int a) {
System.out.println("****Implemented m1(a)****");
System.out.println("The value a:"+a);
}

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}

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p2 : DemoInterface5.java(MainClass)
package p2;

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import p1.*;
public class DemoInterface5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
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IClass ob = new IClass();
ob.m1(11);
ob.access(13, 14);
}
}
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o/p:
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****Implemented m1(a)****
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The value a:11

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****static private m2(b)****

The value b:13

****NonStatic private m3(c)****

The value c:14

===================================================================
Rule-12 : Interfaces cannot be declared with Blocks and Constructors

Rule-13 : Interface can take the features from another interface using

"extends" keyword.

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Diagram:

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aip
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ProjectName : Interface_App6
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packages,

p1 : ITest1.java
package p1;
public interface ITest1 {
public abstract void m1(int a);
}
p1 : ITest2.java
package p1;
public interface ITest2 extends ITest1{
public abstract void m2(int b);
}

p1 : IClass.java

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package p1;
public class IClass implements ITest2{

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public void m1(int a) {
System.out.println("===m1(a)===");
System.out.println("The value a:"+a);
}

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public void m2(int b) {
System.out.println("===m2(b)===");
System.out.println("The value b:"+b);
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}
}

p2 : DemoInterface6.java(MainClass)
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package p2;
import p1.*;
public class DemoInterface6 {
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public static void main(String[] args) {

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IClass ob = new IClass();

ob.m1(11);
ob.m2(12);
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}
}

o/p:

===m1(a)===
The value a:11

===m2(b)===

The value b:12

=================================================================

*imp

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Abstract Classes in Java:

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=>The classes which are declared with "abstract" keywork are known as

"abstract classes"

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=>Abstract Classes are collection of Variables,concrete methods,abstract

methods,Blocks and Constructors

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=>Abstract methods in abstract classes must be declared with "abstract"

keyword.

=>Abstract classes cannot be instantiated,which means we cannot create

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object for abstract classes

=>These abstract classes are extended to classes using "extends" keyword

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and the classes are known as extention classes or implementation classes.

=>These extention classes must construct body for all abstract methods
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of abstract classes.

Diagram:
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===================================================================
====
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