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Oscillatory Motion

Oscillatory motion refers to the to-and-fro movement of an object around its mean position, ideally persisting indefinitely without friction. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a specific type of oscillatory motion characterized by a restoring force proportional to displacement, with key parameters including amplitude, angular frequency, and period. The document also discusses the mathematical descriptions of SHM, damping effects, and practical examples involving mass-spring systems and pendulums.

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41 views29 pages

Oscillatory Motion

Oscillatory motion refers to the to-and-fro movement of an object around its mean position, ideally persisting indefinitely without friction. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a specific type of oscillatory motion characterized by a restoring force proportional to displacement, with key parameters including amplitude, angular frequency, and period. The document also discusses the mathematical descriptions of SHM, damping effects, and practical examples involving mass-spring systems and pendulums.

Uploaded by

chronocurios1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSCILLATORY MOTION

CSPC 132
Presented By: Mr. Mark Ofori Nketia
What is Oscillatory Motion?

• Oscillatory motion is defined as the to and fro motion of


an object from its mean position. The ideal condition is
that the object can be in oscillatory motion forever in the
absence of friction but in the real world, this is not
possible and the object has to settle into equilibrium
A brief history & contexts
The study of SHM started with Galileo’s pendulum experiments (1638, Two new
sciences).

Huygens, Newton & others developed further analyses.

• pendulum – clocks, seismometers

• ALL vibrations and waves - sea waves, earthquakes, tides, orbits of planets and
moons, water level in a pond, acoustics, AC circuits, electromagnetic waves,
vibrations molecular and structural e.g. aircraft fuselage, musical instruments,
bridges.
Simple Harmonic Motion
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of
oscillatory motion which is defined for the particle
moving along a straight line with an acceleration
which is moving towards a fixed point on the line
such that the magnitude is proportional to the
distance from the fixed point.
• For any simple mechanical harmonic system
(system of the weight hung by the spring to the
wall) that is displaced from its equilibrium
position, a restoring force which obeys
the Hooke’s law is required to restore the system
back to equilibrium.
Describing SHM
• A graph of x vrs. t for this kind of motion is shown below. Suppose a particle has
a periodic, sinusoidal motion on the x axis, and its motion takes it between x =
+A and x = −A. Then the general expression for x(t) is

• x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)
• A is called the amplitude of the motion.
• ω is called the angular frequency.
• the time t increases by an amount 2π
ω

• So the motion repeats itself after a time interval 2π


ω
we denote as T , the period of the motion.
• φ is the phase angle
The system goes through a recurring cycle.

Amplitude, A, is the maximum displacement.

If the cycle repeat time is independent of amplitude (the oscillations is isochronous), then you can define a periodic time, T, and frequency, f.

1 1
T= ,f=
f T
A restoring force tries to return system to equilibrium.

The system has inertia and overshoots equilibrium position.


Damping
As a system loses energy, the amplitude falls.
Trolley between springs
F =ma=−ks
k
a =− s
m
k is the constant relating restoring force to
displacement, m is mass
The - sign indicates a and s have opposite directions.

The acceleration is
• always directed towards the equilibrium position
• proportional to displacement
SHM equations
Displacement s=A 
cos
( t)
At t = 0, the object is released from its max displacement.
The velocity, v, (rate of change of displacement) is then given by:
d
==
v
d
s
t

−A 
sin
(t)

The acceleration, a, (rate of change of velocity) is:

dv
a = = - w 2 Acos(wt)
dt

Note that a=


−2
s=−
(2f)
2
s
2
Other symbols, relationships
=
Displacement, sA t
)=
sin(ft
A
sin(
2)  
At t =0, the object passes through its equilibrium position.

v
d
=[A 
sin(=
t)]A 
cos(
t)
dt
a
d
=[−A 
cos( =
t)]−A 
sin(
t) 2
2

dt
Phase relationship,  s=A 
t+
sin()
Try the Geogebra simulation.
Maximum values of quantities
Simple harmonic motion:
maximum displacement = A
maximum velocity = A = fA
maximum acceleration = A2 = (f)2A

Circular motion:
displacement = r
velocity = r
acceleration = r2
Two particular systems

m
Mass-on-spring, T=2
k

Simple pendulum, T=2


l
g
(for small angle oscillations)
Example

A loudspeaker produces a musical sound by means of the oscillation of a


diaphragm. If the amplitude of oscillation is limited to 1.0 × 10−3 mm, what
frequencies will result in the magnitude of the diaphragm’s acceleration
exceeding g?
Example:

• The scale of a spring balance that reads from 0 to 15.0 kg is 12.0 cm long. A
package suspended from the balance is found to oscillate vertically with a
frequency of 2.00 Hz.
(a) What is the spring constant?
(b) How much does the package weigh?
• B) the frequency of oscillation of the mass–spring system in terms of the
spring constant and the attached mass. We have the frequency and spring
constant and we can solve to get the mass of the package:
Question

• A simple pendulum has a period of 2.50 s. (a) What is its length? (b) What
would its period be on the Moon, where gMoon = 1.67 m /s2
A) we solve for the length:
b) If we take this pendulum to the Moon, its length will be the same, but the acceleration of gravity will be
different. Using the new value of g, we find
•Thank you

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