Unit-

K- nuap Simblcation

aSliy
Ptedutt Pxocdud 4 Sum
for

Su PAecedo
The oovels Su and plodutl au cleriverom The
Syroboli suptesenta tion
Sybou tha OR au AND fun aud
ctions
t avd.

CAcblition and nulhiplration) espectively Bud we eaize a t

o t arithmetio oberators n the us ual s e n s e . A
hese are hhot
Paaoluct term s o P teralu that are ANDd qlher.
Sum

Cx (A, 8, c) AB ABT

Pacolu dens
The
Each PAeluct erm Cosisi one
Lerals appeavíng n elther, Comblerunled or un tomplemente

tor exRmple unthe Aum PAodui expestion ABC+ AB,

The fivat PAoduct term tontnd terala A, B and inthai
Uhcomblemente omThe secored PAolud term Contuns B And

CnTheir Conmplomentod lnverted) fom

The um Plodvt form s also noon as
isjuntvenormal or dis unutive normal formula

PAdue u r
A pioduct &um to ang
Zum ferms ANDed togker
qroups
Youps
Some exampl this h

Raduet
x CA,B,i)(A +B CE +¢)
Sumerms.
 Each oh these PAoduet Sums expression Consst
w or Moree Aum terms COR) hat are AnDed tether
Eoch sum, tev Consiata One or more Lterals
appeariny in either COmplementod r un
complemerted m
Th
normaa
PAoowet Sum o also knousnn os Comuubve
or or Conjvtie norma
tormuda
Hunolard SoP
we Can
individual Acalize -ttod in he sop r all the
termi& do not involve al tera
for examble, tn expressto. A+ABT e rst
PAcdut term do not Contain Litera
each ferm in sop fpr contains all the Lterals
hen
Then the Sop form s no Standard Canonical sop

*Each tndividual ter in

s Calle Mnterm Thesandard soporM

ex:CA,B.c) AT +AB +ABT

each piodul termconsists all
tera in ehar Complementad foTm
uncomblimented or
Stndard pos
n each ter in Pos for
teralk un contains all the
hepos orm is Enouwn Standavd or
Canonfcal poS orm.
Each Lhdividual derm in
s led Maxterm.
standard poshprm

ex CA. B.c) ( A + 6 + c ) . (A + B c )

Lach sum term consÍS o all

AHerals in her Complemerted om
oruh tombiinled for m
Convertin bxpression th Standard Sop or Deasforn
t aSum oh PAodulorm Can be Converted to
Standard Sum PAadueti ANDANDg tte terms Pn he
expre s5ion wíth derm
erwedb ORngthe teral and
ts Comblemenl hich are n PAsent inthat term.
or emmple or a three Literal expressron wrth
Aleras A,
Ara B apd c theve is term A8, Ohere u
missinghen we. hor t a r c +) and AND t th AB
Therehore we, 1 AB le +) = ABC + Aez

Stebs To ConvertSOP to Standard Sop foTm

Step 1 findhe missing teral in eath Picdut
Aerm a

step 2 AND eac procdut lerm having hMsSIn4 Ltrals

s
oith term
ormed OR teral ad
Complemert.

Stp 3: Expand the derms bx eplying lstributie la laus

and seorder he iterak nhepodud
terms
9teb 4: Raduce (tke enpression by oniting sapeated
Piodut erms( i ay Becaue A +A A
Phodut

Hebs To Conver POsto Standared pos for

eb find e naissina literak in each sum temm

Stepa OR each sum term havin

e r s form yANDig The teral ng teral l usith
nd
1 Combimet
Step2 Expandthe terms b pPyirg disthri butive lass
and eorder The literas inthe sumterms
Lavs
SHep 4.: Reduce the expresion
lexmS Ay Because A.A A Omting epeate Sum
 Crample
O Convert tk ven erpression standard Pos tovm,
CA,B - CAt) ca+) (A t)
.

ol
3- find th missingLHeral tn each um term.
CA.B.: (A + Ce +) CAt
Lte ral hss Ing
Ateva A s iss in
tek a: R
Ltera, c
niss ing.
Sum derm sffh (iss maiteral ts
O g'nal Sum tern complemer).
Complement)
CAB At8 tCcE) Bt +[A A) Att (B B)
ssn iterals i and tuir
Complemen
Step 3 Expand t erms nd
and eorder itevak.
expand
Since A+B CA
+0) tAtc) we
have.
(A,B ) - CA +B+) CA +e +i)
B+etA)(B+C +
(ALB) CA+ C + )
Keorder
CA B, t)- CA +e+) (A B +T){A +13 ) ( B +c
CA +Bt C) LA + B+t)
Step 4 : Ondt
aepealed sum erms
peled Suns temd.
4A,B, e) (A tB+e) (A +
B+)(A+B+c) ( (A+B tc) CA +8 +t)
. ACA8, c) -
CA+ B+e) CA +8 + ) CA +8 + c) (A +
+c)
 COnvert piveA express lOn FnStenolard sop form

CA B, t) - At + AB 6

SHeb ud tu nissng teral /s n nh Pcoud derm

A B.)= A A6 +BC
t e a A s nuiss in
L Lite ra fsmiss tny
Jteral 6 Missi.
Stt 2 AND Podu erm h Cmissy Literalt ih tomblimend)
eaiqinal Praduet Hermå

CA8.) : A . (B+8) AB . (t+8) +B. (A+

L
nissin ittrals md eir
Complemenu
Step_3: Expand he lerms and eorder
tera
Cxpane (A.B.¢): ACB +AC8 +ABC
+ABU + BCA + BCA
eode CA,B.¢): Ae t ABc +ABC As +
Aec+ ABc.
Sep Omit Aebeated procdus erm
es
CAB t) -
ABc + Ase tABe + ABT + ABC +ABC
CA B.) ABC +
ABe +
ABT +ABc.
MITER mEoch fodfv?dasal dom n Stardard Sop form
s caled ofnt em.
ex CA, B, c) = , ACC +a

P-1s dtnoleded buy trn" and tE"

XTtm Each eovfdnal Jerrm fo Shandard fpoS fOon
S called maKt Errm.
x (A, 3. c) =
CA+B4c).(A +Rc)
fs denoeded by
tM". ond TT

' -var?abl K-Map

1) 3 va able -map.
3 L v a able - map.

Ou ene 2-varfable k-roapP

A

O
Hcells.

Out 1toe o3 vav? abe k-map.

B
10

8- celll.

Cuoe e u- varobe map

O0

O 6 cell
 ploadtng a K-mc2
A C
3
A

3 ofable

AB C

OO ol

O
D
6

sinplecodfon Sopuntfons Osng K-meps.

plot he k-mnap and place 1s fn thos&e cell co7reSpond do
he 1s Pa dhe tToBh Jable or Sum pxoduct i p e to
olher cellu.
place Os Po
check the k-map fer adjacent s ond encfrele rose 1
whtch art not
not odacen t do ony other 1s .TheSe ant coelled
Solaled 1s
33 check for those As ohfch a adjecent do Only One olh
1 nd encf rc le S c h pcufs.
u check or quuads md oc+els e odfacent As even +
Conleins Some As ohat haue alotady beeo ncfre ed
whfle deRog dhis make Sust that dheoR aoe rfofmaum
num ber DuPs.
5 pofrt pecesSanuy do fncuole any s
corbYoe amA pata Jha
hawe o yt ben ouped
b)Fom the Smp|?ffed expessfon by Sume ng product e m
e au gsops.
1Mtnimtre the epoetsfon y= ABC tAB C tABC tABC +ABC
Uorfo ble and t
7.315 () Shour -map-Jo thoee
he.
Sleps:-T9. gluen Ex poessfon
Ps plottedactoodfng BA Ba
BCc

1
A1

Fig.4.3.15 (a)
0

need to mahe maxfmum number q ene

Skp2Groupfug So here we
at quod bnd
Single qioup
One's's) fh a BC (Example: patr
Bc Octat)

Jn this aboue erampe hels s no handes To mahe Sefght1'

n a mgle qvoup be cause wle aoe notgtthg Cghth
eght+ 4'
1's fn
adjecangel's'
generoleR a tera fn the Epoessfon Q y
Slep3:-Eath qoup
G10up 1 o2

AC

qual num ber D's and suwPl be emfnateo n e

ndividaal qooup so |V= B+AC
MPnimfe the Expoessfon
usFng k-Map
YthBD)=2m(Ol,9,3,5,9,15,i1,
Veia blz
5)
Coore
->Tha cle e en
herc we h e e to Cne 4 VeMa ble l2 mafP

memoed o Solve
Aslep

hre ne chemte medce e alean 1's

here
S
egmt
's in CA
Snge grn
G , Co
Comme

ABD ABD

AC

O
J = (a +B+) (A+B+ 2){+D +7) (AtB +<) (4+B+<)
k mep
T above prenin A n m 32 F
Pes

hre Copment vorsu ble Con ided

an
'?
wImort lomPmen Veiable toms1olerd cs b

En A: o

(AtB +) (A+B+z) (At B+7) /A tB+1) (A +5+)

(3) (A
A B
O

earemi
n In u fom 2 Pos
given denops
Note mea em(M)
here Lwe
nead to Con 31¢laz
So

ABL
ABL AB
ABL oo

AB

(At) (s+)
(e+)
U: (T+2)
edutc the folloong Junelfor ung Map fechnfques
CA,8, c, D)= TTM (0,2,u,1O, l, 14,IS

F(A.BC,D) = TTM (O,2,u 10, 11, lu, 1

CHD C+D TtD G , (AtB1D)

18 /O
A6
BT),

CAB.CD) (A1B +D)(A4ttD) (A +T )

=

AB CD
B CD
oo
O/
ATC t D

y(+BHD)(At(4D) (A+T)
 mconpleiely Spectred Funcfon. (Don+ Care Tem)
Tn Some logfc crcuuts, cerdafo Pnput cndifnS never
OccuY thefo corespondlirg oupud never aPperas n
Such cases he ouwput level tsnot defined. f+ con be efhey
HT4 oY Low. These oupt levels ove rcdcaded 6 *
OY d n the dnuth 4ables ond are called don'+ca
oupuds or don'+ cart cond4Pons or?ooconnpledey Specfe
n4fns.

A S shom n dnuh
Jobla given by oudpus table. a

daRned or opt condP49Ons oDn 0 00

to
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