Let us start actual programming with Android Framework.

Before you start writing your first example

using Android SDK, you have to make sure that you have set-up your Android development
environment properly as explained in Android - Environment Set-up tutorial. I also assume that you
have a little bit working knowledge with Android studio.

So let us proceed to write a simple Android Application which will print "Hello World!".

Create Android Application

The first step is to create a simple Android Application using Android studio. When you click on
Android studio icon, it will show screen as shown below

You can start your application development by calling start a new android studio project. in a new
installation frame should ask Application name, package information and location of the project.−
After entered application name, it going to be called select the form factors your application runs on,
here need to specify Minimum SDK, in our tutorial, I have declared as API23: Android
6.0(Mashmallow) −

The next level of installation should contain selecting the activity to mobile, it specifies the default
layout for Applications.

.
At the final stage it going to be open development tool to write the application code.

Anatomy of Android Application

Before you run your app, you should be aware of a few directories and files in the Android project −
Sr.No. Folder, File & Description

Java

This contains the .java source files for your project. By

default, it includes an MainActivity.java source file having
an activity class that runs when your app is launched
using the app icon.

res/drawable-hdpi
2 This is a directory for drawable objects that are
designed for high-density screens.
 res/layout
3 This is a directory for files that define your app's
user interface.

res/values

4 This is a directory for other various XML files

that contain a collection of resources, such as
strings and colours definitions.

AndroidManifest.xml

5 This is the manifest file which describes the

fundamental characteristics of the app and
defines each of its components.

Build.gradle

This is an auto generated file which contains

6 compileSdkVersion, buildToolsVersion,
applicationId, minSdkVersion, targetSdkVersion,
versionCode and versionName

Following section will give a brief overview of the important application files.

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The Main Activity File

The main activity code is a Java file MainActivity.java. This is the actual application file which
ultimately gets converted to a Dalvik executable and runs your application. Following is the default
code generated by the application wizard for Hello World! application −

package com.example.helloworld;

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

 super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

Here, R.layout.activity_main refers to the activity_main.xml file located in the res/layout folder.
The onCreate() method is one of many methods that are figured when an activity is loaded.

The Manifest File

Whatever component you develop as a part of your application, you must declare all its components
in a manifest.xml which resides at the root of the application project directory. This file works as an
interface between Android OS and your application, so if you do not declare your component in this
file, then it will not be considered by the OS. For example, a default manifest file will look like as
following file −

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

package="com.example.tutorialspoint7.myapplication">

<application

android:allowBackup="true"

android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"

android:label="@string/app_name"

android:supportsRtl="true"

android:theme="@style/AppTheme">

<activity android:name=".MainActivity">

<intent-filter>

<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>

</activity>

</application>

</manifest>

Here <application>...</application> tags enclosed the components related to the application.

Attribute android:icon will point to the application icon available under res/drawable-hdpi. The
application uses the image named ic_launcher.png located in the drawable folders
The <activity> tag is used to specify an activity and android:name attribute specifies the fully
qualified class name of the Activity subclass and the android:label attributes specifies a string to use
as the label for the activity. You can specify multiple activities using <activity> tags.

The action for the intent filter is named android.intent.action.MAIN to indicate that this activity
serves as the entry point for the application. The category for the intent-filter is
named android.intent.category.LAUNCHER to indicate that the application can be launched from the
device's launcher icon.

The @string refers to the strings.xml file explained below. Hence, @string/app_name refers to
the app_name string defined in the strings.xml file, which is "HelloWorld". Similar way, other strings
get populated in the application.

Following is the list of tags which you will use in your manifest file to specify different Android
application components −

 <activity>elements for activities

 <service> elements for services

 <receiver> elements for broadcast receivers

 <provider> elements for content providers

The Strings File

The strings.xml file is located in the res/values folder and it contains all the text that your application
uses. For example, the names of buttons, labels, default text, and similar types of strings go into this
file. This file is responsible for their textual content. For example, a default strings file will look like as
following file −

<resources>

<string name="app_name">HelloWorld</string>

<string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>

<string name="menu_settings">Settings</string>

<string name="title_activity_main">MainActivity</string>

</resources>

The Layout File

The activity_main.xml is a layout file available in res/layout directory, that is referenced by your
application when building its interface. You will modify this file very frequently to change the layout
of your application. For your "Hello World!" application, this file will have following content related
to default layout −

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent" >
 <TextView

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"

android:layout_centerVertical="true"

android:padding="@dimen/padding_medium"

android:text="@string/hello_world"

tools:context=".MainActivity" />

</RelativeLayout>

This is an example of simple RelativeLayout which we will study in a separate chapter. The TextView is
an Android control used to build the GUI and it have various attributes
like android:layout_width, android:layout_height etc which are being used to set its width and height
etc.. The @string refers to the strings.xml file located in the res/values folder. Hence,
@string/hello_world refers to the hello string defined in the strings.xml file, which is "Hello World!".

Running the Application

Let's try to run our Hello World! application we just created. I assume you had created
your AVD while doing environment set-up. To run the app from Android studio, open one of your
project's activity files and click Run

icon from the tool bar. Android studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is
fine with your set-up and application, it will display following Emulator window −
Congratulations!!! you have developed your first Android Application and now just keep following
rest of the tutorial step by step to become a great Android Developer. All the very best.