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DBMS Lect-3

The document provides an overview of various database architectures, including RDBMS, NoSQL, and distributed databases, highlighting their characteristics and use cases. It also discusses database languages such as SQL and MQL, popular DBMS software like Oracle, MySQL, and MongoDB, and the responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA) in managing database systems. Additionally, it explains concepts of schema, instance, and schema architecture, including single-schema and three-schema architectures.

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4 views6 pages

DBMS Lect-3

The document provides an overview of various database architectures, including RDBMS, NoSQL, and distributed databases, highlighting their characteristics and use cases. It also discusses database languages such as SQL and MQL, popular DBMS software like Oracle, MySQL, and MongoDB, and the responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA) in managing database systems. Additionally, it explains concepts of schema, instance, and schema architecture, including single-schema and three-schema architectures.

Uploaded by

rahul.thakurbk3000
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database Architectures

1. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS): Relational databases


store data in tables with predefined schemas and relationships between them.
They use SQL as the query language. RDBMS provides ACID (Atomicity,
Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties and is suitable for structured data
and complex transactions.
2. NRDBMS/NoSQL: NoSQL databases are designed to handle large volumes of
unstructured and semi-structured data. They offer flexible schemas, horizontal
scalability, and high performance. NoSQL databases include various types such
as document-oriented, key-value, columnar, and graph databases.
3. Distributed Databases: Distributed databases store data across multiple
physical or logical locations. They offer benefits like scalability, fault tolerance,
and improved performance by distributing data and processing across multiple
nodes.

Database Languages
Database languages query languages specifically designed for interacting with
databases. They provide a standardized way to define, manipulate, and retrieve
data from databases. Here are some commonly used database languages:

1. SQL (Structured Query Language): SQL is the most widely used and
standardized language for relational databases. It provides a set of
commands for creating, modifying, and querying relational database
structures. SQL is used to define database schemas, manipulate data,
and retrieve information through queries.
2. MQL (MongoDB Query Language): MQL is the query language used with
MongoDB, a popular NoSQL document-oriented database. MQL provides
powerful querying capabilities for retrieving and manipulating
documents stored in MongoDB. It supports a rich set of operators and
methods for data retrieval and aggregation.
Popular DBMS Software
There are numerous Database Management System (DBMS) software available,
catering to different needs and requirements. Here are some popular DBMS
software:
1. Oracle Database: Oracle Database is a widely used relational database
management system developed by Oracle Corporation. It offers robust
features, scalability, and high-performance capabilities. Oracle supports SQL
and PL/SQL and is commonly used for enterprise-level applications.

2. MySQL: MySQL is an open-source relational database management system.


It is known for its ease of use, reliability, and wide adoption. MySQL supports
SQL and is commonly used in web applications and small to medium-sized
projects.

3. Microsoft SQL Server: Microsoft SQL Server is a relational DBMS developed


by Microsoft. It offers a comprehensive set of features, scalability, and
integration with Microsoft products. SQL Server supports T-SQL and is
commonly used in Windows-based environments.

4. PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL is an open-source object-relational database


management system known for its stability, reliability, and compliance with SQL
standards. PostgreSQL offers a wide range of advanced features and supports
various programming languages.

5. MongoDB: MongoDB is a popular NoSQL database management system. It is


a document-oriented database that provides flexibility and scalability.
MongoDB uses a JSON-like document model and is well-suited for handling
unstructured and semi-structured data.
These are just a few examples of DBMS software available in the market. Each
DBMS has its own strengths, features, and use cases, so choosing the
appropriate one depends on the specific requirements of your project or
application.

Database Administrator and its Responsibility

A Database Administrator (DBA) is a professional responsible for the


management, maintenance, and security of a database system. The primary
role of a DBA is to ensure the smooth operation and optimal performance of
the database environment. Here are some common responsibilities of a DBA:

1. Database Installation and Configuration: DBAs are responsible for installing


and configuring database software on servers and setting up the initial
database environment. They ensure that the database is properly installed and
can be accessed by authorized users.

2. Database Design and Schema Management: DBAs collaborate with


developers and stakeholders to design the database schema and establish data
structures that meet the requirements of the application or organization. They
ensure proper data organization, indexing, and enforce data integrity through
the use of constraints.

3. Data Security and Access Control: DBAs implement and enforce security
measures to protect the database from unauthorized access, data breaches,
and other security threats. They manage user accounts, define roles and
permissions, and implement security policies to ensure data confidentiality,
integrity, and availability.
4. Performance Monitoring and Tuning: DBAs monitor the performance of the
database system, identifying and resolving bottlenecks, optimizing queries, and
tuning database configurations for optimal performance. They analyze query
execution plans, monitor resource utilization, and implement performance-
enhancing techniques.

5. Backup and Recovery: DBAs are responsible for implementing backup and
recovery strategies to ensure data protection and disaster recovery. They plan
and schedule regular backups, test restore procedures, and develop
contingency plans to minimize data loss in case of system failures or other
disasters.

6. Database Maintenance and Upgrades: DBAs perform routine maintenance


tasks, such as database backups, index rebuilding, statistics updates, and
database integrity checks. They also plan and execute database upgrades,
applying patches, and ensuring compatibility with new versions of database
software.

7. Data Replication and High Availability: DBAs configure and manage


database replication, setting up replica databases for data redundancy and high
availability. They monitor replication processes, resolve replication conflicts,
and ensure data consistency across replicas.

8. Capacity Planning and Scalability: DBAs assess the current and future data
storage requirements of the organization and plan for capacity scaling
accordingly. They monitor database growth, analyze trends, and make
recommendations for hardware upgrades or additional resources to support
data growth.
These are some of the common responsibilities of a Database Administrator
(DBA). The actual responsibilities may vary depending on the organization,
specific database system, and the complexity of the database environment.
Schema ,Instance and Schema Architecture

Schema: A schema represents the overall design and layout of the


database objects, such as tables, views, indexes, and constraints. A
schema is a logical container or blueprint that defines the structure,
organization, and relationships of a database. A schema defines the
schema objects and their attributes, data types, and relationships. It
provides a framework for organizing and representing data in a
consistent and structured manner.

Instance: It represents the actual data stored in the database system,


including the content of tables, indexes, and other database objects.
Each running database system has its own instance, which includes the
memory structures and processes needed to manage and manipulate
the data.

Schema Architecture: Schema architecture refers to the design and


organization of schemas within a database system. It determines how
schemas are structured, related, and accessed. There are different types
of schema architectures, including:

a. Single-schema architecture: In this architecture, there is only one


schema that encompasses all the database objects. It is commonly
used in small-scale applications or systems where there is a single
logical unit of data.
b. Three-schema architecture: The three-schema architecture divides
the database into three-level used to create a separation between the
physical database and the user application. In simple terms, this
architecture hides the details of physical storage from the user.

This architecture contains three layers of database management


system, which are as follows −
1. External level
2. Conceptual level
3. Internal level

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