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Science Reviewer

The document is a comprehensive LET reviewer covering General Science, Natural Science, and Earth Science. It outlines key concepts in various scientific disciplines including Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth and Space Science, and Environmental Science, detailing fundamental principles, laws, and theories. The content serves as a study guide for students preparing for licensure examinations in education.

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GERRY MAKILAN
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45 views2 pages

Science Reviewer

The document is a comprehensive LET reviewer covering General Science, Natural Science, and Earth Science. It outlines key concepts in various scientific disciplines including Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth and Space Science, and Environmental Science, detailing fundamental principles, laws, and theories. The content serves as a study guide for students preparing for licensure examinations in education.

Uploaded by

GERRY MAKILAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BACOLOD CITY COLLEGE

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

LET Reviewer

GENERAL SCIENCE, NATURAL SCIENCE, AND EARTH SCIENCE

1. General Science
A. The Nature of Science
• Definition: Science is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and
natural world through observation and experimentation.
• Scientific Method:
1. Observation: Gathering data using senses or instruments.
2. Hypothesis: A testable explanation for a phenomenon.
3. Experimentation: Testing the hypothesis under controlled conditions.
4. Analysis: Interpreting the results of the experiment.
5. Conclusion: Determining whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected.
6. Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of a phenomenon.
7. Law: A statement that describes consistent natural phenomena.
B. Branches of Science
• Physical Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology.
• Biological Sciences: Biology, Ecology, Zoology, Botany.
• Earth and Space Sciences: Meteorology, Oceanography.

2. Physics
A. Mechanics
• Force: A push or pull exerted on an object; measured in Newtons (N).
o Newton’s Laws of Motion:
1. First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a
force.
2. Second Law: F=maF = maF=ma (Force = mass × acceleration).
3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Work, Energy, and Power:
o Work: W=Fdcos⁡θW = Fd \cos \thetaW=Fdcosθ (Work = Force × distance × cosine of the
angle between force and direction).
o Energy: Capacity to do work (Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy).
o Power: Rate of doing work (P=W/tP = W/tP=W/t).
B. Thermodynamics
• First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
• Second Law: Entropy of a system always increases.
• Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant.
C. Waves and Optics
• Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude.
• Light: Reflection, refraction, dispersion.
• Sound: Speed of sound, Doppler effect.

3. Chemistry
A. Matter and Its Properties
• States of Matter: Solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
• Physical vs. Chemical Properties:
o Physical: Observable without changing composition (e.g., melting point, density).
o Chemical: Changes the substance (e.g., flammability, reactivity).
B. Atomic Structure
• Atoms: Basic units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Periodic Table:
o Elements organized by atomic number.
o Groups and periods indicate similar chemical properties.
C. Chemical Reactions
• Types:
o Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, Double Replacement, Combustion.
• Balancing Equations: Ensures conservation of mass.
• Acids and Bases:
o pH Scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14 scale).

4. Biology
A. Cell Biology
• Cell Theory:
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Organelles and Functions:
o Nucleus: Controls cellular activities.
o Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell (ATP production).
o Chloroplast: Photosynthesis in plants.
B. Genetics
• DNA and RNA: Carriers of genetic information.
• Mendelian Genetics: Laws of inheritance (dominance, segregation, independent assortment).
C. Ecology
• Ecosystem: Interaction of living and non-living things in an environment.
• Biomes: Large ecological areas (e.g., forest, desert).
• Food Chain: Energy flow through trophic levels.

5. Earth and Space Science


A. Earth’s Structure
• Layers: Crust, mantle, core.
• Plate Tectonics: Movement of Earth's lithospheric plates causing earthquakes, volcanism.
B. Weather and Climate
• Atmosphere Layers: Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere.
• Weather Patterns: Wind, precipitation, temperature.
C. Astronomy
• Solar System:
o Planets, moons, asteroids, comets.
o Sun: Source of energy.
• Stars and Galaxies: Life cycle of stars, types of galaxies.

6. Environmental Science
A. Conservation
• Sustainable Development: Meeting present needs without compromising future resources.
• Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Resources.
B. Pollution
• Types: Air, water, soil, noise.
• Effects: Climate change, health hazards.
C. Biodiversity
• Importance: Ecosystem stability, resources.
• Threats: Habitat destruction, overexploitation.

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