State Space Analysis
State Space Analysis
Where, the forced response or zero state response (ZSR) or the response due to input only is
ZSR = L−1 [ φ( s ) BU ( s ) ]
This is the solution of non-homogeneous state equation, where e At is termed as state transition
matrix (STM) and denoted as φ( t ) .
Properties of State Transition Matrix
−1
φ(t ) = L−1 [ sI − A]
1. φ(0) = I
2. φ−1 (t ) = φ(− t )
3. φ(t2 − t1 )φ(t1 − t0 ) = φ(t2 − t0 )
[φ(t )]
K
4. = φ( Kt ); where, K = Positive integer
5. φ '(0) = A
6. φ(t1 + t2 ) = φ(t1 ) φ(t2 )
Transfer Function from State Model
The state model is given by,
x (t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu (t ) …(i)
y (t ) = Cx(t ) + Du (t ) …(ii)
Y ( s)
= C [ sI − A] B + D
−1
T ( s) =
U ( s)
The characteristic equation is given by,
sI − A = 0
Controllability
State controllability
1. A system is said to be controllable, if the state of the system can be transferred from one to another
desire state over a given time period under the control of input.
2. Controllability of a system depends on [A] and [B] matrices.
Test for controllability
A multiple input multiple output (MIMO), linear time invariant system is described by the dynamic
equations
x (t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu (t )
y (t ) = Cx(t )
To be completely controllable, it is necessary and sufficient that the following n × n controllability
matrix QO has a rank of n, i.e. the order of the system.
[QC ] = [ B AB A2 B....... An −1 B ]
The system is completely controllable if QC is non-singular, that is determinant is not zero.
QC ≠ 0 System is controllable.
QC = 0 System is un-controllable.
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GATE ACADEMY® 3 State Space Analysis
Observability
1. A system is said to be observable if all the states of the system can be determine on the basis of
knowledge of the output of system at a given time.
2. Observability of a system depends on [A] and [C] matrix.
Test for observability
A multiple input multiple output (MIMO), linear time invariant system is described by the dynamic
equations
x (t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu (t )
y (t ) = Cx(t )
To be completely observable, it is necessary and sufficient that the following n × n observability matrix
QO has a rank of n, i.e. the order of the system.
QO = C T AT C T A2T C T ( AT ) n −1 C T
If the system has only one output, C is a 1× n row matrix, QO is a (n × n) square matrix. The system
is completely observable if QO is non-singular, that is determinant is not zero.
QO ≠ 0 System is observable.
QO = 0 System is un-observable.
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