@techwithvishalraj

Java
Multithreding
 Introduction
@techwithvishalraj

Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads

simultaneously.
A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing.
Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used to achieve
multitasking.
However, we use multithreading than multiprocessing because
threads use a shared memory area. They don't allocate separate
memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between the
threads takes less time than process.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you
can perform multiple operations at the same time.
You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.
Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an
exception occurs in a single thread.

Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously.
We use multitasking to utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved
in two ways:

1) Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

2) Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
 @techwithvishalraj

Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

Each process has an address in memory. In other words, each process

allocates a separate memory area.
A process is heavyweight.
Cost of communication between the process is high.
Switching from one process to another requires some time for saving
and loading registers, memory maps, updating lists, etc.

Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)

Threads share the same address space.

A thread is lightweight.
Cost of communication between the thread is low.
At least one process is required for each thread.
 Program vs Process vs Thread
@techwithvishalraj

Program:
A program is an executable file containing a set of instructions
passively stored on disk.

Process:
A process is a program in 𝐞𝐱𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.
When a program is loaded into the memory and becomes active,
the program becomes a process.
A process requires some essential resources such including CPU
time, program counter, stack, memory, files, and I/O devices — to
accomplish its task.
Program is a 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 entity while process is an 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 entity.
One program can have 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 processes.

Thread :
A 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 is the smallest unit of execution within a process (or)
basically it is a segment of a process .
Thread is also known as lightweight process.
There are two types of processes :
1. 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬
2. 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢 Threaded Process
 @techwithvishalraj

Program vs Process vs Thread

As shown in the figure, a thread is executed inside the process. There is
context-switching between the threads. There can be multiple processes
inside the OS, and one process can have multiple threads.

Program (Disk) process (RAM)

Threads
TID - Thread id

Note: Install process

explorer to see the threads
and process.
https://process-explorer
 Program vs Process vs Thread @techwithvishalraj

Instruction 1
Disk
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
Program
......
Instruction n

Process Process Process

RAM

Code Data Files Code Data Files

Register Register Register Register

Counter Counter Counter Counter

Stack
Stack Stack Stack

Thread 0 Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread

𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬

 @techwithvishalraj

𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬

A single thread executes the instructions line by line from beginning

to end.
A single-threaded process has one program counter specifying the
next instruction to execute.
The execution of such a process must be sequential — the CPU
executes one instruction after another, until the process completes.

𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢 Threaded Process

Multithreading is a model of program execution that allows for

multiple threads to be created within a process, executing
independently but concurrently sharing the process resources like
data, memory, resources, files, etc with their peer threads within a
process.
Each thread has it’s own its own stack, register and program
counters .
Threads can directly communicate with each other as they share the
same address space.
 @techwithvishalraj

How to create a Thread

A 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 is the smallest unit of execution within a process (or)

basically it is a segment of a process .
Thread is also known as lightweight process.
There are two ways to create a thread:
1. By extending the Thread class
2. By implementing Runnable interface.
 @techwithvishalraj

1. By Extending the Thread Class

Thread class:
Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and
perform operations on a thread. Thread class extends Object class
and implements Runnable interface.
Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:
1. Thread()
2. Thread(String name)
3.Thread(Runnable r)
4. Thread(Runnable r, String name)

Output:
i= 0
class CustomThread extends Thread { i= 1
public void run() { i= 0
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { i= 1
System.out.println("i= " + i); i= 2
} i= 3
} i= 2
} i= 4
public class ByExtendingThreadClass { i= 5
public static void main(String[] args) { i= 6
CustomThread t1 = new CustomThread(); i= 7
t1.setName("CustomThread"); i= 3
t1.start(); i= 4
CustomThread t2 = new CustomThread(); i= 8
t2.start(); i= 9
} i= 5
} i= 6
i= 7
i= 8
i= 9
 2. By Implementing the Runnable Interface @techwithvishalraj

Another way to create a thread is by implementing the Runnable

interface. This is preferred when your class is already extending
another class since Java does not support multiple inheritance.

If you are not extending the Thread class, your class object would
not be treated as a thread object. So you need to explicitly create
the Thread class object. We are passing the object of your class that
implements Runnable so that your class run() method may execute.

Output:
i= 0
class CustomRunnable implements Runnable{
i= 1
public void run() {
i= 0
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
i= 1
System.out.println("i= " + i);
i= 2
}
i= 3
}
i= 2
}
i= 4
public class ByImplementingRunnableInterface {
i= 5
public static void main(String[] args) {
i= 6
Thread t1 =new Thread(new CustomRunnable());
i= 7
t1.start();
i= 3
Thread t2 =new Thread(new CustomRunnable());
i= 4
t2.start();
i= 8
}
i= 9
}
i= 5
i= 6
i= 7
i= 8
i= 9
 @techwithvishalraj

Thank
you!
vishal-bramhankar
techwithvishalraj
Vishall0317