Chapter 13

1.
𝐺𝑚(𝑀−𝑚)
𝐹𝑔 = 2
𝑅
m(M-m) is like a rectangle and a rectangle’s area is maximized when m = M - m. Thus, 2m = M
and m/M = ½

7.
2 2
𝐺*75𝑚𝐴 𝐺*3𝑚𝐴 75 2
𝐹𝐶𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵𝐴 → 2 = 2 →𝑥 = 3
𝑑 = 5𝑑 → -5d
𝑥 𝑑

13.
1
𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺 8 𝑀𝑚 −9
𝐹𝑔 = 2 − 2 = 8. 31 * 10 𝑁
𝑅 𝑅

27.
−11 24
𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀 6.67*10 *5.98*10
a.​ 2 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑎 = 2 = 2 = 9.83 m/s/s
𝑅 𝑅 6370000
−11 24 22
6.67*10 *(5.98*10 −3.94*10 )
b.​ 𝑎 = 2 = 9.84 m/s/s
(6370000−25000)
−11 24
6.67*10 *5.98*10
c.​ 𝑎 = 2 = 9.79 m/s/s
(6370000−25000)

29.
E=U+K
K = 5 * 109 J

35.
−11 2 −11 2 −11 2 −11 2
6.67*10 *0.02 6.67*10 *0.02 6.67*10 *0.02 6.67*10 *0.02
𝑈𝑖 =− 4( 0.6
− 0.2
) +− 2( − ) = -4.82 *
0.6 2 0.2 2

1013 J

39.
−11
(6.67*10 )𝑀 22
a.​ 3 = 2 → 𝑀 = 1. 12 * 10
500000
−11 22
2𝐺𝑀 2*6.67*10 *1.12*10
𝑣= 𝑅
= 500000
= 1732 m/s
−11 22
1 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀 6.67*10 *1.12*10 5
b.​ 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑖 = 2
𝑚𝑣 = 2𝑟
→𝑟 = 2 = 2 = 7. 5 * 10
𝑣 1000
5 5
𝑑 = 7. 5 * 10 − 5 * 10 = 2.5 * 105 m
 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1 2 𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀
c.​ 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈𝑓 + 𝐾𝑓 → − 1500000
=− 500000
+ 2
𝑚𝑣 → 𝑣 = 2(− 6 + 5 )=
1.5*10 5*10
1411 m/s

45.
7 h 39 min = 27540 sec
2 3 2 3 2 6 3
2 4π 𝑟 4π 𝑟 4π * (9.4*10 )
𝑇 = 𝐺𝑀
→𝑀 = 2 = −11 2 = 6.5 * 1023 kg
𝐺𝑇 6.67*10 *(27540)

59.
𝐿
2 𝐿
𝑐𝑜𝑠(30) = 𝑟
→𝑟 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(30)
2 2 2 2
𝑀𝑣 2𝐺𝑀 𝑀𝑣 2𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹 𝑔 → 𝑟
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30) → 𝐿 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30) → 𝑣 = 𝐿
𝐿 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(30) 𝐿

71.
2 2
(a)​ 𝑟 = 𝑅 +𝑥
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑈 =− 2 2
𝑅 +𝑥
𝑑𝑈 𝑑 𝐺𝑀𝑚 2 2 −3/2
𝐹 =− 𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑑𝑥
(− 2 2
) = 𝐺𝑀𝑚𝑥(𝑅 + 𝑥 )
𝑅 +𝑥

1 2 1 1 1 1
(b)​ △𝐾 =− △𝑈 → 2
𝑚𝑣 = 𝐺𝑀𝑚( 𝑅 − 2 2
)→ 𝑣 = 2𝐺𝑀( 𝑅 − 2 2
𝑅 +𝑥 𝑅 +𝑥

Quantitative

1.
a.​
𝐺𝑀
b.​ 𝑉𝑔 = 𝑟
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → 𝑈 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑈' = 0
2.
Satellite:
2 3 2 6 3
4π 𝑟 4π *(6.378*10 )
𝑇= 𝐺𝑀
= −11 24 = 5070 𝑠
6.67*10 *5.972*10
Object:
2
𝑟
𝐺𝑚𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑚( 𝑀)
𝑅
2
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹𝑔 = 2 = 2 =− ( 3 )𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹 =− 𝑘𝑟 → 𝑘 = 3
𝑅
3
𝑚 𝑅
𝑇 = 2π 𝑘
= 2π 𝐺𝑀
= 5070 𝑠

3.
∞ ∞ 𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚 1 1
a.​ △𝑈 =− ∫ 𝐹𝑔𝑑𝑟 =− ∫− 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚( 𝑅 − ∞
)
𝑅 𝑅 𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
0 − 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
𝑈 =− 𝑅
b.​ Gravitational potential energy is negative because the planet/star is trying to move in the
opposite direction as gravity. Furthermore, gravitational potential energy is 0 at a point
infinitely far away, so the work is performed to bring that mass from infinity. Thus,
gravitational potential energy is negative.
c.​ 𝐾 + 𝑈 = 0
1 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚 2𝐺𝑀
2
𝑚𝑣 +− 𝑅
→𝑣 = 𝑅
d.​ 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓
1 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚
2
𝑚𝑣0 +− 𝑅
= 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 +− 𝑟
𝑣0 = 0
−11 24 −11 24
2𝐺𝑀 2𝐺𝑀 2(6.67*10 )(5.97*10 ) 2(6.67*10 )(5.97*10 ) 11
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑟
− 𝑅
= 6,378
− 384,400
= 1. 23 * 10 𝑚/𝑠

4.
a.​ 28710 km/hr = 7975 m/s
𝑟𝑝 = 227000 + 6400000 = 6627000 𝑚
1 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐸= 2
𝑚𝑣𝑝 − 𝑟𝑝
=− 2𝑎
→ 𝑎 = 7038537 𝑚
 𝑟𝑝 = 𝑎(1 − ϵ) → ϵ = 0. 058
𝑟𝑎 = 𝑎(1 + ϵ) = 7446772 𝑚
𝑣𝑝𝑟𝑝
𝑚𝑣𝑝𝑟𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎 → 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑟𝑎
= 7097 𝑚/𝑠

b.​ a = 115596 m
ϵ = 0. 058
𝑙
𝑟𝑝 = 1+ϵ
→ 𝑙 = 𝑟𝑝(1 + ϵ) = 7011366 𝑚
2 3
2 4π 𝑎
c.​ 𝑇 = 𝐺𝑀
= 34570588 𝑠𝑒𝑐

5.
2
𝑣0 𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑒
a.​ 𝑚( 2𝑅 ) = 2 →𝑣0 = 2𝑅𝑒
𝑒 (2𝑅𝑒)
𝑣0 𝑣0
b.​ 𝑚𝑣0 − 3𝑚𝑣0 = (𝑚 + 3𝑚)𝑣𝑓 → |𝑣𝑓| = | − 2
|= 2
c.​ In a circular orbit, 𝐸 =− 𝐾
2
1 𝑣0 2 1 𝑣0 2 𝑚𝑣0
𝐸 =− [ 𝑚( 2 2
) + 2
3𝑚( 2
)] = 2

6.
∞ 𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚 1 1
a.​ △𝑈 =− ∫− 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚( 𝑅 − ∞
)
𝑅 𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
0 − 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
𝑈 =− 𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚 1 2
b.​ 𝐸 = 𝑈 + 𝐾 =− 𝑎
+ 2
𝑚𝑣0
c.​ 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑚𝑣0𝑎
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚 1 2 𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚 1 2 2𝐺𝑀𝑒 2𝐺𝑀𝑒 2
d.​ 𝐸 =− 𝑎
+ 2
𝑚𝑣0 =− 𝑏
+ 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 → 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑏
− 𝑎
+ 𝑣0
2
𝑣 𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑒
e.​ 𝑚( 𝑎
)= 2 →𝑣 = 𝑎
𝑎
1 𝐺𝑀𝑒 1 2
f.​ 𝑊 = △𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚( 𝑎
)− 2
𝑚𝑣0