BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

MEEN 20042

SUBMITTED BY:

MARY JANE S. CORPUZ

BSEE 2-0 (2P)

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. ABIGAILLE B. ALDEA, RMeE

PART 1: INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics in physics is a branch that deals with heat, work and temperature, and
their relation to energy, radiation and physical properties of matter.

Thermodynamics is the study of the interrelationships among various forms of energy. It

comes from the Greek words “therme” (heat) and “dy’namis” (power), which literary
means “power from heat”.

To be specific, it explains how thermal energy is converted to or from other forms of

energy and how matter is affected by this process.

Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated by the
movement of tiny particles within an object, and the faster these particles move, the
more heat is generated.

A. THERMODYNAMICS LAW

 First law of thermodynamics: Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed,

it can only be transferred from one form to another.
 Second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of any isolated system always
increases.
 Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant
value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two thermodynamic systems are in thermal
equilibrium with a third system separately, then they are in thermal equilibrium
with each other.

→ Entropy is the measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a
system can have.
→ Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.

B. THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEM
A system that is delimited from the surroundings by real or hypothetical boundaries is
known as a thermodynamic system.
A thermodynamic system refers to that part of the universe in which observations are
made, and the remaining universe constitutes the surroundings. The surroundings
contain everything other than the system. The system and the surroundings together
make up the universe.
The universe = The system + The surroundings
The defined scope is known as the “system” and everything that is not within the
system is known as the “surroundings”. The system and surroundings are separated
by a “boundary” that can either be real or imaginary.

C. KINDS OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM

Isolated System– A system which cannot exchange matter or energy with the
surroundings is known as an isolated system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states
that thermodynamic processes do not affect the total energy of the system.

Closed System (Control Mass) - A system which has the ability to exchange only
energy with its surroundings and cannot exchange matter is known as a closed system.

Open System (Control Volume) – If the thermodynamic system has the capacity to
exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings, it is said to be an open system.

D. PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM

Thermodynamic properties are defined as characteristic features of a system, capable
of specifying the system’s state. Thermodynamic properties may
be extensive or intensive.
 Intensive properties are properties that do not depend on the quantity of matter.
Pressure and temperature are intensive properties.
 In the case of extensive properties, their values depends on the mass of the
system. Volume, energy, and enthalpy are extensive properties.

STATE PROPERTIES
A. DEFINITION OF TEMPERATURE
It determines the level of heat intensity or thermal energy of a body/system. The
difference in temperature of two bodies shows that the body with higher temperature is
hotter than the body with lower temperature or the body with lower temperature is colder
than the body with higher temperature.
It is measured with the help of a thermometer which may be of many types.
(a) SCALES OF TEMPERATURE

 Celsius (°C): Celsius is a widely used temperature scale. The zero point
is defined as the freezing point of water, and 100 degrees Celsius is the
boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure.
Conversion Factor: 1 K = 1 °C

 Kelvin (K): The Kelvin is the base unit of temperature in the International
System of Units (SI). It is based on the absolute zero point, where all
molecular motion comes to a stop.
Conversion Factor: 1 K = 1 K (Base Unit)
 Fahrenheit (°F): The Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in the United
States. It is a temperature scale according to which water freezes at 32
degrees and boils at 212 degrees.
Conversion Factor: 1 K = 1.8 °F

 Rankine (°R): The Rankine scale is an absolute temperature scale, like

Kelvin. However, it uses the Fahrenheit degree as its unit interval.
Conversion Factor: 1 K = 1.8 °R
 (b) CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE

Celsius (°C) to Fahrenheit (°F) F = C(9/5) + 32

Fahrenheit (°F) to Celsius (°C) F = C(9/5) + 32

Celsius (°C) to Kelvin (K) K = C + 273.15

Kelvin (K) to Celsius (°C) C = K - 273.15

Fahrenheit (°F) to Kelvin (K) K = (F-32) (5/9) + 273.15

Kelvin (K) to Fahrenheit (°F) F = (K-273.15) (9/5) + 32

(c) TEMPERATURE INTERVAL

refers to the difference in temperature between two values, often expressed in the same
temperature scale (Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin). It is calculated by subtracting the
lower temperature value from the higher one.
Formula:

B. DEFINITION OF PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as the force exerted per unit area on the surface of an object. It is
typically measured in units such as pascals (Pa), atmospheres (atm), or pounds per
square inch (psi).
Mathematical Formula:
P= F/A
Where:
 P is the pressure
 F is the force applied
 A is the area over which the force is applied
(a) ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
The total pressure exerted, including atmospheric pressure. It is the sum of the
gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Units: Pascals (Pa), atmospheres (atm).
(b) GAUGE PRESSURE
The pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It is the difference
between the measured pressure and the atmospheric pressure.
Units: Pascals (Pa), pounds per square inch (psi).
(c) ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The force exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects at the
Earth's surface.
Units: Pascals (Pa), atmospheres (atm), or millibars (mb).
(d) CRITICAL PRESSURE
 is the pressure required to liquefy a substance at its critical temperature. At this
pressure and temperature, the substance exists in a state where the liquid and
gas phases become indistinguishable, forming a single supercritical fluid phase.
C. DEFINITION OF IDENTITY
Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume of a
substance. It describes how compact or concentrated a material is.

The formula for density is:

(a) MASS DENSITY

Mass density, often referred to simply as density, is the amount of mass per unit
volume of a substance. It provides a measure of how much matter is packed into
a given space.

The formula for density is:

(b) WEIGHT DENSITY

also known as specific weight, is the weight of a substance per unit volume. It
represents how much weight is contained in a given space.
D. SPECIFIC VOLUME AND GRAVITY
(a) SPECIFIC VOLUME
is the volume occupied by a unit mass of a substance. It is the reciprocal
of density and is commonly used in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.

(b) SPECIFIC GRAVITY

is a dimensionless quantity that compares the density of a substance to
the density of a reference substance, typically water for liquids and solids,
or air for gases.
HEAT AND ENTROPY
1. DEFINITION OF HEAT

Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with

different temperatures. The transfer occurs from the object with higher
temperature to the one with lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is
reached.
 Heat is the energy in transit due to a temperature difference.
 It is not the same as temperature, which measures the average kinetic
energy of particles.

LATENT HEAT
Latent Heat is the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a
substance during a phase change (such as melting, boiling, or
condensation) without a change in its temperature.
 Latent heat is the energy required to change the phase of a
unit mass of a substance while its temperature remains constant.
Formula: Q=mL

2. DEFINITION OF ENTROPY
Entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics, statistical
mechanics, and information theory, representing a measure of the
disorder, randomness, or unavailability of energy within a system to
perform useful work. It also reflects the degree of uncertainty or
information in a system.

ENTROPY CHANGE
Entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics, statistical
mechanics, and information theory, representing a measure of the
disorder, randomness, or unavailability of energy within a system to
perform useful work. It also reflects the degree of uncertainty or
information in a system.

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental principle that

governs the direction of energy transfers and transformations in
thermodynamic systems. It states that the total entropy of an isolated
system will always tend to increase over time, or remain constant in
ideal cases (reversible processes).