FIRST WEEK

Assc. Prof. Dr. Ulku (BABUSCU) YESIL

[email protected]
[email protected]
http://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/ubabuscu/

Şifre: FEA2582G2

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First Midterm %30
Second Midterm %30
Quizzes +%10 In-Term Studies
Homeworks +%10 In-Term Studies
Final %40

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Course Learning Outcomes

 Students shall gain the knowledge and skills for solving

FEM techniques of considered engineering problems.
 Students shall improve the knowledge on making
algorithm and computer programming.
 Students shall gain the skills to studying in group.
 Students shall gain the ability of explanation the obtained
results.
 Students shall learn the presentation of solution and
conclusions after the certain stage in the development of
theoretical operations then make the solution helping of a
computer.

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 Recommended Sources

 J.N.Reddy, An Introduction to The Finite Element Method, McGraw-

Hill Int. Edd., New York 1993.

 T.R. Chandrupatla and A.D. Belegundu, Introduction to the Finite

Elements in Engineering, Prentice-Hall Int.,1991.

 Zienkiewicz, O.C. and Taylor, R.L., 1989, The Finite Element Methods:
Basic Formulation and Linear Problems, Vol. 1, 4th Ed., Mc Graw-Hill
Book Company, Oxford.

 G.R. Buchanan, Finite Element Analysis, Schaums’s Outlines, McGraw-

Hill Trade,1994.

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 Weekly Subjects
Week Subjects

1 Introduction
2 Basic definitions and concepts of the FEM, FEM procedures
Model problem and analytical solution of it. Solution of model problem by FEM and
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compare with two solutions.
4 Galerkin Method, functional and Ritz technique.
5 Finite element, representative element, shape functions and the type of finite elements
6 One-dimensional problems
7 Examples in Theory of Elasticity (Solid mechanics)
8 Midterm 1
9 Examples in Theory of Elasticity (Stress analyses)
10 Examples in Theory of Elasticity (Temperature effects)
11 Examples in Theory of Elasticity (Bending of beams)
12 Two dimensional problem: single variable problems
13 Midterm 2,Examples (Heat transfer problems)
14 Bending of elastic plates
15 Final
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 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM)
 The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical technique to find approximate solutions of partial differential

equations. It was originated from the need of solving complex elasticity and structural analysis problems in

Civil, Mechanical and Aerospace engineering. In a structural simulation, FEM helps in producing stiffness and

strength visualizations. It also helps to minimize material weight and its cost of the structures. FEM allows for

detailed visualization and indicates the distribution of stresses and strains inside the body of a structure.

Many of FE software are powerful yet complex tool meant for professional engineers with the training and

education necessary to properly interpret the results.

 The Finite Element Method is a numerical solution method that seeks solutions to various engineering

problems with an acceptable approach.

 The solution area of the engineering problem is disaggregated to the sub-domains and the sought function in

each sub-domain is selected to be polynomial. Within certain processes, the coefficients of the solution

considered as polynomial in each sub-domain are tried to be determined.

Engineering problems can be mathematically modeled as boundary value / initial
value problem.

Solution Methods to solve this model are;

 Analytical Solution Methods

 Numerical Solution Methods (FEM, Finite difference method,
Boundary Elements, etc.)
 Semi Analytical Solution Methods

Solutions

 Exact / general / classic solution

 Approximate / generalized / weak solution
BACKGROUND OF FEM
The finite element analysis can be traced back to the work by Alexander Hrennikoff
(1941) and Richard Courant(1942). Hrenikoff introduced the framework method, in
which a plane elastic medium was represented as collections of bars and beams.
These pioneers share one essential characteristic: mesh discretization of a
continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements.

• In 1950s, solution of large number of simultaneous equations became possible

because of the digital computer.

• In 1960, Ray W. Clough first published a paper using term “Finite Element
Method”.
• In 1965, First conference on “finite elements” was held.

• In 1967, the first book on the “Finite Element Method” was published by
Zienkiewicz and Chung.

• In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the FEM was applied to a wide variety of
engineering problems.
• In the 1970s, most commercial FEM software packages (ABAQUS, NASTRAN,
ANSYS, etc.) originated. Interactive FE programs on supercomputer lead to rapid
growth of CAD systems.

• In the 1980s, algorithm on electromagnetic applications, fluid flow and thermal

analysis were developed with the use of FE program.

Engineers can evaluate ways to control the vibrations and extend the use of flexible,
deployable structures in space using FE and other methods in the 1990s. Trends to
solve fully coupled solution of fluid flows with structural interactions, bio-mechanics
related problems with a higher level of accuracy were observed in this decade.
ADVANTAGES OF FEM
 It can readily handle very complex geometry. If necessary, more precise
calculations can be performed in some sub-domains.
 It can take care of any geometry (may be regular or irregular).
 It can take care of any boundary conditions.
 Material anisotropy and non-homogeneity can be catered without much
difficulty.
 It can take care of any type of loading conditions.
 In this method approximations are confined to small sub domains.
 In this method, the admissible functions are valid over the simple domain and
have nothing to do with boundary, however simple or complex it may be.
 Enable to computer programming.
DISADVANTAGES OF FEM
 There are some difficulties in applying some problems,
 The accuracy of the result depends on the accuracy of the data,
 It needs a computer,
 The disaggregation of the domain requires experience, in order to obtain the
correct acceptable result,
 As with other approximate methods, the accuracy of the result obtained with
FEM should also be considered and the physical problem should be examined
well. The result should be predicted and the result should be tested
accordingly.
Basic Definitions:
Boundary Value Problem: A differential equation is said to describe a
boundary value problem if the dependent variable and possibly its
derivatives are required to take specified values on the boundary.

- =f for

Initial Value Problem: An initial value problem is one in which the

dependent variable and possibly its derivatives are specified initially
(i.e. , at time t=0) Initial value problems are generally time-dependent
problems.
=f for

,
Basic Definitions:
Finite Element: Solution domain is divided into pieces (sub-domain), all
pieces is called finite element.

Node: The beginning and end point or corner points of each finite
element are called nodes.

Finite Element Mesh: A diagram that is formed of nodes and finite

elements. It can have almost any shape.
 Discretization Error: The difference between the domain
covered by the Finite Element Mesh and the real solution
region.
 Base Function: Piecewise continuous functions defined on the
whole solution area selected from a base set of the requested
functions.
 Shape Function: The part of the base function within the finite
element.
 Functional: The function defined in the set of real numbers
from a set of functions is called functional.
 Variational Expression: Functional equation identical to the
boundary value or initial value problem obtained by various
methods.
Some Special Matrix: A nxm   a ij  is a matrix.
nxm

Square Matrix: If m=n in A matrix, A matrix is called Square Matrix.

Symmetric Matrix: If A is a square matrix (mxm) and if A  A T or

a ij  a ji it is called symmetric matrix.
Diagonal Matrix: The entries outside the main diagonal are all zero.

a ii (i  1, 2,...., n)

Identity Matrix: A square matrix which has ‘1’ s on the diagonal and
zeros everywhere else.

(a ii  1)
Linear Equation System

AX  B
m: Equation Number
B=0 Homogeneous Equation
n: Unknown Number
m=n (Number of equation is equal to unknown numbers)

1) Inhomogeneous System of Equations

• If det A  0 , there is one unique solution

AX=B X  A 1B

• If det A  0 , there is no unique solution. Depending on the specific B

matrix we may have no solution or an infinity of solutions.

• If det A  0 Cramer method can also be used

x1 x 2 x 3
x1  , x2  , x3 
A A A
2) Homogeneous System of Equations

det A  0 A trivial solution exists.

det A=0 It has an infinite solution. The system is transformed into a

system of inhomogeneous equations, assuming an appropriate
number of unknowns as knowns.
Band Matrix: In a square matrix, all elements different from zero remain in two
parallel lines (bands) that are parallel to the prime diagonal and all the elements
except those lines are zero, this matrix is called the band matrix.

 hbw 
 x x x x x 
 x x x x x 
 
 x x x x x 0 
 
 x x x x x 
 x x x x x 
 
 x x x x x 
 x x x x x
 
 x x x x 
 x x x
 
 x x  2.diagonal
 
sym x  1.diagonal

hbw Half Band Width

BASIC STEPS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

1. The mathematical model of the physical problem is

established.

2. Variational Expression (Formulation) of the problem

is established.

3. The solution domain is divided into the sub-domains

called finite elements. This process is called
discretization or finite element mesh.
 DISCRETIZATION (or representation)
• One-dimensional problems: The solution domain is
selected as a line (curve) element according to the
geometry.

Discretization Error

 Two-dimensional problems: The solution domain is

selected in the form of triangles or rectangles.
DISCRETIZATION (or representation)
• Three-dimensional problems: Solution domain is selected
as triangular / rectangular prism, cube, pyramid etc.

Node
BASIC STEPS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
4. The expression of the sought function in each finite element is
accepted as polynomial. These functions are written in the
variational expression given in Step 2 and the basic equations given
for each finite element are converted into algebraic equations. For
example; these algebraic equations for e-th finite element,

(1.1)
(e) (e) (e)
K u F
Right Side
Coefficients
Vector containing (Force)
(Stiffness) unknowns vector
matrix
BASIC STEPS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

5. Assembly of element equations (1.1) to obtain the

equations of the whole problem.

Ku  F (1.2)

6. Imposition of the boundary conditions of the

problem. (reduced system)
BASIC STEPS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
7. Solution of the assembled equations.
8. Postprocessing of the results. Represent the results
in tabular and/or graphical form.
 MODEL PROBLEM
 d 2u( x )
  u( x )  x, 0  x  1
 dx 2



 u(0)  0.
 u(1)  0.
Problem Data:
a. The coefficients of the function’s and its derivatives :
(u'', u', u)  ( 1, 0,1)
b. The inhomogeneous part of the differential equation :
f (x)  x
c. Solution domain of the problem: x   0,1
d. Boundary Conditions: u(0)  0; u(1)  0

Exact Solution
?