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Chapter 5

The document contains exercises on the intersection of lines and planes in three-dimensional space, including determining intersection points and analyzing the conditions for parallelism. It provides detailed calculations for specific examples, including the intersection of multiple planes and their traces with coordinate axes. Additionally, it discusses methods for finding parametric equations of lines formed by the intersection of two planes.

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imeneha30
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13 views9 pages

Chapter 5

The document contains exercises on the intersection of lines and planes in three-dimensional space, including determining intersection points and analyzing the conditions for parallelism. It provides detailed calculations for specific examples, including the intersection of multiple planes and their traces with coordinate axes. Additionally, it discusses methods for finding parametric equations of lines formed by the intersection of two planes.

Uploaded by

imeneha30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Exercise 1.

Position of a line relative to a plane


We consider the line (d) and the plane (α) defined by:
x 2 k
(d) y 5 -k and (α) : 3x – 2y – z = 3
z 13k

Determine the point of intersection of the line (d) and


the plane (α).

The intersection point I belongs to (d) and (f),


therefore its coordinates verify the 2 equations.
3(2+k) – 2(5 – k) –(1 – k) – 3 = 0
6 + 3k – 10 + 2k – 1 + k – 3 =0
8 4
6k – 8 = 0 6k = 8 k= =
6 3
So
4 10 4 11
x= 2 + = ,y=5- = ,z=1+4=5
3 3 3 3

10 11
I(( 3 5).
3
Vd
D is parallel to the plane P if
Vn
Vd is perpendicular to Vn.

Exercise 2.
For what value of the parameter m the right

x +1 y−2 z+3
(d): = = is it parallel to the plane?
3 𝑚 −2
(α): x – 3y + 6z + 7 = 0

3 1
Vd ( 𝑚 ) Vn (−3)
−2 6
Let's calculate Vd . Vn = 3 – 3m -12 =0
-3m – 9 =0 m=-3
Verification.
3k-1 – 3(-3k+2) + 6(-2k-3) +7 = 0
-23 + 7 = 0 impossible so (d) and (α) are parallel.

How to analytically determine the intersection of two


planes. The space is provided with an orthonormal
reference frame (O; i ;j ;k ).
If the two planes P and Q are defined by their
Cartesian equations:

P: ax + by + cz + d = 0
Q: a'x + b'y + c'z + d' = 0

we can determine their intersection by calculation.

The coordinates (x; y; z) of a point M belonging to


P Q must verify the system:
ax + by + cz + d = 0
a'x + b'y + c'z + d' = 0

Three cases can occur:

1)The coefficients (a;b;c; d) are proportional to the


coefficients (a';b';c'; d') in this case, P Q =P = Q
the intersection is the plane P (or the plane Q) the
two planes are merged.
Example.
The planes P and Q:
P: 2x + 3y - z + 2 = 0
Q: 4x + 6y -2z + 4 = 0
Are merged.
2)The coefficients (a;b;c) are proportional
to the coefficients (a';b';c') without this
proportionality extending for d and d' in this case,
P Q = O, the intersection is empty and the two
planes are parallel.
Examples.
The planes P and Q:
P: 2x + 3y - z + 2 = 0
Q: 4x + 6y -2z + 5 = 0
are parallel.

3) The coefficients (a;b;c) are not proportional


to the coefficients (a';b';c') in this case, P Q = D where D is a
line and it is possible to express the real numbers (x;y;z) as a
function of a parameter (x or y or z as desired) and to deduce a
parametric representation of the line D intersection of P and Q.
Examples.
The planes P and Q:
P: 2x + 3y - z + 2 = 0
Q: x + y -2z + 5 = 0
Method 1:
2 1 2 3
N1 ( 3 ) N2 ( 1 ) N1 // N2 ≠
1 1
−1 −2

So P Q is a line.
z=k
P  2x + 3y = k – 2 2x + 3y = k – 2
Y = -3k + 8
Q  x + y = 2k – 5 x2 2x + 2y = 4k - 10
Q  x = 2k – 5 +3k -8 = 5k -13 x = 5k -13
x = 5k -13 y = -3k + 8
z=k
Method 2:
are intersecting in a line (d) whose parametric equation is:
z=2x+3y+2 z=2x+3y+2
x+y-2(2x+3y+2)+5=0 x+y-4x-6y-4) +5=0

2x+3y+2 = z x3 6x+9y+6=3z (I)


-3x-5y+1=0 x2 -6x-10y+2=0 (II)
(I)+(II)
2x+3y+2 = z 2x+3(8-3z)+2=z
-y+8=3z -y+8=3z

x= 5z-13 x= 5z-13 x = 5k-13


y=-3z+8 y=-3z+8 y = -3k+8
z=z z=k
Exercise 3.
Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the 3
planes P, Q and R:
P: 2x + 3y - z + 2 = 0
Q: x + y -2z + 5 = 0
R: x + y + z-1=0
We have seen that P and Q intersect in a line (d), we just need
to find the intersection of the line (d) and the plane R.
x = 5k-13
(d) y = -3k+8 R: x + y + z -1=0
z=k
5k-13-3k+8+k-1=0 3k-6=0 k=2
So x= -3 y=2 z=2
The point of intersection of P,Q and R is:
I(3 2 2)
Définition.
We call the trace of a plane the lines of intersection of this
planes with the reference planes Oxy, Oxz and Oyz.
Let the plane be 3x – 4y – 2z + 12 = 0.
a) Determine the equations of its traces.
4
1) With Oxy (z=0) so 3x-4y+12=0 x= y–4
3
If y = k then:
4
x= 3k–4
4
y=k line with vd = (3) passing through
0
z=0 the point A(-4,0,0)

2
2) With Oxz (y=0) so 3x-2z+12=0 x= z–4
3
If z = k then:
2
x= 3k–4
2
y=0 line with vd = (0) passing through
3
z=k the point A(-4,0,0)

3) With Oyz (x=0) so -4y-2z+12=0 2y+z-6=0


z = -2y + 6
If y = k then:
x=0
0
y=k line with vd = (1) passing through
0
z = -2k+6 the point A(0,0,6)

b) Calculate the intersection of this plane with each of the


axes coordinates. 3x – 4y – 2z + 12 = 0.

1) With the axe Ox (y=0 and z=0) so 3x=-12 then x=-4


Ix(-4,0,0)
2) With the axe Oy (x=0 and z=0) so -4y=-12 then y=3
Ix(0,3,0)
3) With the axe Oz (x=0 and y=0) so -2z=-12 then z=6
Ix(0,0,6)

TEST 5
Determine a parametric equation of the line
intersection of two planes α and β in the following
cases:
a) (α): x – 3y + 2z + 6 = 0 (β): 2x + 5y – z – 9 = 0
x – 3y + 2z + 6 = 0
2x + 5y – z – 9 = 0

x – 3y = -2k - 6 (I)
2x + 5y = k + 9 (II)
Z= k
(II) – 2*(I)
x – 3y = -2k - 6
5 21
11y = 5k + 21 y = 11 k + 11
z= k

5 21 7 3
x = 3( k+ ) – 2k -6 x = - 11 k - 11
11 11
5 21 5 21
y =11 k + 11 y = 11 k + 11
z= k z=k
VERIFICATION.
(α): x – 3y + 2z + 6 = 0
7 3 5 21
- 11 k - 11 -3(11 k + 11) +2k +6

7 15 22 3 63 66
k( - 11 - 11 + 11 ) - 11 - 11 + 11 = 0

(β): 2x + 5y – z – 9 = 0
7 3 5 21
2(- 11 k - 11 ) + 5(11 k + 11) -k -9

14 25 11 6 105 99
k( - 11 + 11 - 11 ) - 11 + - 11 = 0
11

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