NANO TECHNOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF BIO MEDICINE

JENIFFER JANCY PRIYA & RAMYA S R Dept of ECE, MEPCO SCHLENK ENGG COLLEGE [email protected] [email protected] useful for prosthetic limbs, micro scale machines, and robots.

ABSTRACT
Electronics and computational techniques are increasingly being used to analyze biological cells to diagnose diseases and develop methodologies to cure diseases inside the body. One such technology is Nanotechnology. The paper emphasizes on the best and effective utilization of Nanotechnology in the diagnosis of a no. of diseases. Carbon tubes are clustered together to form Artificial Muscles. Carbon Nanotubes are made from certain types of metals and polymers that can shrink, grow, or change shape. We have also described a Nano Machine which is used for testing the Heart Attacks, using the Nano Technology for DNA and Protein Detector.We have proposed the technology of Destructing Cancer cells using Nano DNA chips and Nano Curry.

SCALING ISSUE
Although the carbon-nanotube muscles can outperform natural muscles on a per-area basis, exerting 100 times the force, natural muscles are much larger, making them stronger. This scale-up issue has been a challenge for artificial muscles in general, which is why they still can't beat human muscles in such functions as arm wrestling.

NANO TEST FOR HEART ATTACK

CARBON NANOTUBE MUSCLES

NANO SPHERES DNA AND PROTEIN DETECTOR CARBON NANO TUBE YARN
Nanotubes These are made from certain types of metals and polymers that can shrink, grow, or change shape. An ultrasensitive DNA and protein detector, expected to be widely available later this year, could save lives by detecting genetic and infectious diseases early, before they turn deadly or spread.

MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE

Carbon Nanotubes are spun into fraction of the width of the hair, to get artificial muscles which can exhibit 100 times the force per area of a Natural Muscle. The yarns are created by first growing densely packed nanotubes, each about 100 micrometers long. The carbon nanotubes are then gathered from a portion of this field and spun together into long, thin threads. The nanotube yarn can be just 2 percent of the width of a hair--not even visible--but upwards of a meter long. They are

DETECTION
In its first application, the gold nanoparticlebased detector will tell doctors whether patients have a genetic trait that makes them likely to develop blood clots during surgery, helping doctors prevent strokes. Soon after, pending the results of ongoing clinical trials, it could diagnose previously undetected heart disease and help researchers diagnose and develop treatments by detecting levels of telltale proteins in the blood at concentrations.

DNA DETECTION:
To detect DNA, chemists coat gold Nano particles with multiple strands of DNA that are complementary to the target DNA sequence. Once these nanoparticles bind to the target DNA, they are captured on a micro array that has also been decorated with complementary strands of DNA. As light passes through the array, it's scattered by the particles, creating a pattern that can be captured with a digital camera sensor. By varying the location and density of the DNA on the array, we can determine the concentration of the DNA in a sample, as well as look for multiple genetic markers with one test.

a DNA match occurs or when a virus causing cancer is present. Motorolas e-Sensor DNA detection system is currently available. Whenever we get a signal indicating the presence of cancer cells we go for further process. Once the device has been originally located, the next step is the destruction of the cancer cells.

DESTRUCTION:
The behaviour of DNA can be controlled using RF energy. An electronic interface to the biomolecule (DNA) can be created. RF magnetic field should be inductively coupled to nanocrystal antenna linked covalently to a DNA molecule. The inductive coupling results to the increase in the local temperature of the bound DNA, allowing the change of state to take place, while leaving molecules surrounding the DNA relatively unaffected. The switching is fully reversible, as dissolved molecules dissipate the heat in less time duration. Thus RF signal generated outside the body can destroy the affected DNA.

PROTEIN DETECTION:
Detecting proteins requires an additional step, since the DNA strands will not attach specifically to proteins. In place of DNA, antibodies are used to capture a target protein. They attach these antibodies to magnetic beads, which pull the protein out of a blood sample using a magnetic field. They also attach antibodies to gold Nano particles, causing these particles to stick to the protein. As with the DNA detection method, these gold particles bear strands of DNA, but here these strands act, not as links to the target protein, but as labels -hundreds of them for each protein. This DNA can then readily be detected by the same micro array detection method.

RF HEATING:
The treatment tip contains the essential technology components that transform RF to a volumetric tissue heating source. The heat delivery surface transmits RF energy to the cells. Tumors that have little or no oxygen content (i.e. hypoxia) also have increased resistance to radiofrequency radiation. Thus, due to high resistance to radio frequency radiation the affected cells get heated and hence destroyed.

NANO TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESTRUCTION OF CANCER CELLS IMAGING:

With the available technology, a camera is inserted within the nanochips, which helps us to monitor the internal process. Whenever multiple directions are there in the blood vessel, the device is made to stop through the external control signal and another signal is given to activate in the right direction. Current clinical ultrasound scanners form images by transmitting pulses of ultrasonic energy along various beam lines in a scanning plane and detecting and displaying the subsequent echo signals. Our imaging is based on the absolute scattering properties and in the frequency dependence of scattering in tissues, which will help to differentiate between normal and abnormal cells.

HOW NANO DEVICES ESCAPES FROM THE IMMUNE SYSTEM?

Generally our immune system attacks all the foreign particles entering any part of our body. The problem has been that such nano particles are similar in size to viruses and bacteria, and the body has developed very efficient mechanisms to deal with these invaders. It is known that bacteria with hydrophilic surfaces can avoid being destroyed by immune system and remain circulating in the body for longer periods. To emulate this effect, our nano device can be coated with a polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is proved after the research.

NANOCURRY IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER

Nanocurry--a combination of 21st-century nanotechnology with an ancient ingredient from the East. Curcumin encapsulated in Nanospheres will fight against Alzheimer's, cystic fibrosis, and cancer. Curcumin--the pigment that gives the Indian curry spice turmeric its bright-yellow hue-- has power to kill tumors and clear

IDENTIFICATION:
The nano device identifies the cancer cells using a gene reader. A gene reader is a sensor which contains ten to fifty DNA probes or samples of cancer cells that are complementary. The DNA detection system generates an electronic signal whenever

the brain plaques that characterize Alzheimer's disease. But because curcumin is insoluble, it mostly passes through the gut without making it into the bloodstream. The Nanospheres open up the possibility that low doses of oral curcumin could be used far more widely in clinical trials, a key step toward getting the ingredient from the spice aisle to the pharmacist's shelf.

CONCLUSION
As per our aim, we have proposed the usage of Nanotechnology in Bio Medical field for the detection and destruction of Cancer cells using the RF signals and Nano curry. These methods doesnt affect healthy cells such that cancer affected person is healthy after treatment.These treatments doesnt involve critical operations. We have also proposed the methods for finding Heart Attacks by Nano Tests. We have given information about the Artificial Muscles.

NANO CURRY:
These are special polymers to synthesize tiny nanoparticles about 50 nanometers in diameter. The particles have hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors. The hydrophobic component holds the curcumin, while the hydrophilic exteriors make the particles soluble. This way, they can pass easily from the gut to the bloodstream. Once in the blood, the curcumin leaks out as the polymers slowly degrade. This Nano Curry can fight tumor growth in breast, colon, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Curcumin has also shown promise beyond fighting cancer.

REFERNCES
Books: 1. Nanomedicine by Robert freitas 2. Fundamentals of biochemistry by J.L.Jain Websites: 1. www.howstuffworks.com 2. www.nano-tech.com 3. www.ieee.org 4. www.technicalreview.com

DIS ADVANTAGE:
The single most important reason for the limited use of turmeric in human clinical trials is its poor solubility. Among other things, patients find the aftertaste of huge curcumin doses unbearable.

Favored curry: Ordinary curcumin, shown at left in a vial of water, is hydrophobic and not readily absorbed into the bloodstream. At right is a water solution containing something better: curcumin encapsulated in 50-nanometer spheres that are far more easily absorbed and could allow lower doses in medical trials.