the average energy of the oscillators and on Derive Planck’s radiation law. Show that Planck's formula for the ‘energy distribution in a thermal spectrum is applicable for all wavelengths. (ARTO 2017-16 Gem, Marks 07 =z ‘and the total number of oscillators is — , Nye NN A. Planck's Theory = 7 or N, +N, T tnorder to expan te experimentally oberved spectral distribution of ENGNG Hg Ng Bolts Nig trary + Weereyamoog the various wavelengths of Back body radiation, Na Ny (ee Wty gotten, saa saz Planck proposed that the correct results can be obtal 190 Max Planck Pogo of ecegy i ot taken as continous NaN, atom, ‘process butt takes place in discrete amount, ; 2. He derived the radiation law by using following assumptions and a fs lexests.. A1.3.8) an black body also confitins electrical Linear ‘Tc fen experiment ich can vibrate with al possible 5. Total energy of all the oscillators is given as frequencies. The frequency of radiation emitted by an oscillator isthe B,=NyX0+N, xho+ Nyx hos Ny xBho same asthe frequency ofite vibration. oN rho + ii The linear oscillator cannot emit energy in a continuous manner, but = hog MIT Dhunyentior in the multiple ofa small unit ealled quanta (photon). fan oscillator is a ahatig- tn 4 renee 1.338 vibrating with a frequency v, it ean radiate in quanta's of magnitude ‘ho, thats the linea osilator ean have only discrete energy values E, sven by Ng PMT hy + De INT 4 3g Balht yy 4 1 = Ne bur E, = aho, where n =0, 1, 2,3, 4, ie [ows were mis an integer and ie Planck’s constant, ‘The ceclators donot emit or absorb radiation energy continuously but only in a certain multiples of packets of hv, while jumping from one state to another. This postulate is most revolutionary in character ‘Tainimplics thatthe exchange of energy between radiation and matter are limtad to iseret et of values 0, hv, 280, 3, «mh. B. Expression: 6 Substituting the values of N and E from respective eq (1.83) and 1 Inthis way the problem ofthe spectral diatrbution of radiant energy €9.(1.9.0 ineg. 18.0, weet prenat inthe cavity i reduced to that ofthe average energy of an ‘ehh bw Cocilator at a given temperature. To derive the law, we shal ist se 035) calculate the average energy of «Plank oxilator of frequency v. “pt 2 IFN be the total numberof ecillatars and E, their respective total ‘Ten the expression forthe wage enerey of Pans exter. energies, then the average energy per oacilator i given ty, ©. Planck's Radiation Law : 1 In order o obtain radiation formula, we wil combine the average 13) energy ofan ocilator with the numberof esilators (or standing ‘raves per uit volume ofthe radiation as obtained by Rayleigh and -bethe number of silltion having energies Seams " 2 Thus the numberof oclators per wit volume ying in the frequency The relative probability that an oucllator has the energy hv at & range vand + do, a obtained by Rayleigh and Jeans, temperature Tis given by th Boltzmann factor e=MAP, rn ‘4 Thus, the number of oscillators having energy rhv will be, ae Ne Ng mer «132) where cis the velocity oflight.AFA (Sem-1 &2 oo 14:4 C0 — oat u, in the frequency range — - fore, the energy density of ] rh ae Que 1.23, | An electron is bound in one dimensional Potential box vand v + dvis, ‘oscillator/volume) u,do = (Number of oscll x Averageenerey hich has width 2.5 x10" m, Assuming the height _— of the box = oa (tes) . infinite, calculate the lowest two permitted energy values tte i .13.6) — electron, 2021-22 (Sem: ne 0 (RET 2 eri inti i frequency. ‘This is the Planck's radiation formula in terms of frequ dau To express it in terms of wavelength, we put v= £ anddv=- sah Given: 1 =2.5 «10m, n =1, 2 ‘Since an increase in frequency corresponds to a decrease in wavelength, To Find : Lowest two permitted energy values of electron therefore ee L We know that, Make these substitutions in eq (1.8.6), we get ya Bxh (c/AP (—c/2')dd E,= n ar rs ond? nde Oe B= "(6.6310 This is the Planck's radiation formula in terms of wavelength. *” Foi abc (A= 663x 10-4 J.s, m =9.1% 10-31 kel = 9.66 x 10-9 n2y Here, hy = 668% 10-4 x 4.2 x 1012= 2.78 x 10-2" = 266x107 2.78 x10-" 16x10" “ tates = 6087 n2eV oF 1 2 oy 2 For 1, E,=6.087eV 2, Ey=.15eV Hence, E- 2st =2.97 x 10- Joules : ro —,Que 1.5. | What is Compton effect ? Derive an expression for Compton shift. ‘ARTU 2021-22 (Gem-ID, Marks 10 ‘ARTU 2020-21 (Sem-1), Marks 10) oR What is Compton effect ? Derive the necessary expression for AKTU 2018-19 (Sem), Marks 05) sgeering rayes 1-9 emt 8) eam of high frequency radiation is scattered ii Momentum fincdeat photon = cco antain two componeats-one . bsianc, the scattered radiation eertats (9 ii, Rest energy of electron = Taga lowe oguenyor restr wardengh andthe other heving 2 tert deeramaente changed frequency in the sectered bea iknown Bees: radiation of in : i. Energy of watered photon = AY aan raed relat! wale tradition flower reqaency Slightly Higher maelngthis cal esi radiation’ 41 This phecomeno it known as Compton fle! 4 Lata poten cf energy hy cllides with an olactton at et. & Dune bevilisonitgneesucionofenerytathefreeletron.The 6 Acorng tothe princple of snservaion of enerey, {lees pins Kinetic energy abd rect shown in Fig. 15. ive mg= hy +e 152) “1 Again using te principle of cnservatin of momentum along and tothe direction ofincient we get, Momentum before clision = Momentum after colisin Wont exdemrent vase) 040= *snd-mvsing (153) 4 Fromeq (52), we sth invcens b= hy hv 008 ~f54) 8. Fromea.(1.53),we get, invcxing= hy sin (88) uw Squaring oq (1.5.8) and 09. (1.55) and then adding, we get, imivict= (hv - hv cos 0)? 4¢hv sin 8)* = W224 w cos 0+ ht v* cost 04 hAV4sin® 6 = bly! + v4— dw e086] 156) From eq. (15.2, we mst NS f= Mow) + ng ‘Squatiig’” “mete Rt Bev + v4) + Daly —v) mg + mgt 5 a iV = meet Sunnah ‘Subtracting o9, (1.5.6) mente or mie —vi) = - 2hWi oe ME av) e mire a smevingtomie wo from on (15°, Bevel Se agict = 28 w/(h-con 0) +289 -vo mptamyiet . ~AL68) Bhiy—v mg? = BAW ~e08 9) 32. Bao 239) eae emcees te coh ae or None tem) : Soe Pen 0810 sa in ct ce seta. ways ay Que 1.19. | What is wave function ? Derive time independent Schrodinger wave equation. AKTU 2020-21 (Sem. Marks 10 oR ; What is the physical significance of a wave fun Schrodinger time independent wave equation 7" Answer A Wave Function and described as mathemat ion ? Derive AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-Il), Marks 10 ‘Time Independent Schrodinger Wave Equation : Refer Q. 1.18, Page 1-20A, Unit-1. Que 1.20. | Write the Schrodinger’s wave equation for a particle in one dimensional box and solve it to obtain the eigen values and eigen functions. AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-D, Marks 10) [AKTU 2021-22 (Sem-D, Marks 10] ‘Answer | A. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation for a particle in one dimensional box : L Leta particle is confined in one-dimensional box of length L’. The particle is free i.e., no external force, so potential energy inside box is zero (V=0). V=0 for OL iz., outside the box the potential energy is infinite. 2. The particle cannot exist outside the box. vy =0forx=Landx=0 3. Schrodinger time independent equation for free particle (V = 0), (1.20.1) (2.20.2) 2mE or FP [wnere, Bea 7 Tr) ‘Fig. 1.204. ion of eq. (1.20.2) is ees ee Oa) =A wie x B coe he sing boundary condition, y =O atx = =" ‘0 = Asin 0+B cos 0 or B=0 -(.20.3) =a wa Oatx =r 82 Asin t+ B cos ke te or AsinkL=0 or einaL=sinnx “ RL = nx, n=1, 2,3, Burn 20 ae Now eq. (1.20.3) becomes, vi G) = Asin AEE [igen function! nin? = ew mista = PT “2m? n2n? ‘Then, z= energy] = SAS (Bigen energy! wy : or n=, E,= itis ground state energy of particle. Fe z, =: it is ground state energy of parti. Eigen Values and Eigen Functions: ‘Therefore, it is clear from E,, = n*h*/8 mL? that inside an infinitely deep potential well or in an infinite square well, the particle cannot have an arbitrary energy, but can have only certain discrete onerey: corresponding ton = 1, 2,3. she snerey level of the system, and the integer n that specifies an energy level E, isealled ite quantum number ‘The wave functions ¥ corresponding to each eigen value are called eigen functions. ‘se Eigen functions of the particle obtained from given equation, vi(s) = Asin [=]