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The document discusses the principles of satellite communication, focusing on geostationary and geosynchronous orbits, as well as the phases of launching satellites into orbit. It also covers the importance of link budget analysis in satellite network design, detailing how to calculate parameters like antenna gain and Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). Overall, it provides foundational knowledge necessary for understanding satellite communication systems.

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7 views18 pages

Lec 4

The document discusses the principles of satellite communication, focusing on geostationary and geosynchronous orbits, as well as the phases of launching satellites into orbit. It also covers the importance of link budget analysis in satellite network design, detailing how to calculate parameters like antenna gain and Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). Overall, it provides foundational knowledge necessary for understanding satellite communication systems.

Uploaded by

1234914
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Satellite Communications

PRINCIPLE OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Chapter One
Lecture 4

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 1


A geostationary orbit is an orbit in which a spacecraft
can appear to hover over a fixed point on Earth. That is
particularly useful for communication or observation
satellites.

A geosynchronous orbit is an orbit in which a


spacecraft will pass over the same point, once per day.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 2


Launching Satellites into Orbit

Placing a satellite into geosynchronous orbit requires an enormous amount


of energy. The launch process can be divided into two phases:

• Launch phase.

• Orbit injection phase.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 3


Parking orbit

The rocket often takes the spacecraft to a


parking orbit at an altitude of 180-200 km , this
called the parking orbit ,it is often used to test
vehicle systems before committing to further
action.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 4


The Launch Phase

During the launch phase, the launch


vehicle places the satellite into
elliptical transfer orbit that has at its
farthest point from earth (apogee)
the geosynchronous elevation of
22,238 miles and at its nearest point
(perigee) an elevation of usually not
less than 100 miles.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 5


The Orbit Injection Phase

The energy required to move the satellite from the elliptical transfer orbit
into the geosynchronous orbit is supplied by the satellite’s apogee kick
motor (AKM). This is known as the orbit injection phase.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 6


Satellite Communications

Communication satellite link budget

Chapter two
Lecture 4

By Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 7


Introduction

The first step in designing a satellite network is


performance of a satellite link budget analysis.

The link budget will determine what the antennae size


to use, power amplifier requirements, link availability
and bit error rate (BER).

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 8


What is a link budget?

A link budget is the sum the total of all gains and losses in
the radio connection between two parties from end to end,
including antenna's, feed lines and the path between the
antenna's ..etc.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 9


A link consists of three parts:

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 10


For a line-of-sight radio link, the link budget might look like this:

𝑃𝑅𝑥 = 𝑃𝑇𝑥 + 𝐺𝑇𝑥 -𝐿 𝑇𝑥 - 𝐿𝐹𝑥 - 𝐿𝑀 +𝐺𝑅𝑥 -𝐿𝑅𝑥

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 11


Note:
• All power must be specified in dBm or dBW.

How to convert mW to dBm:


P(dBm) = 10 ⋅ log10( P(mW) / 1mW)

Ex: Convert 20mW to dBm.


P(dBm) = 10 ⋅ log10( 20mW / 1mW) = 13.0103dBm

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 12


2.1 Main Link Parameters
Main link parameters:
Antenna
gain EIRP
 Antenna gain
Free space loss
 EIRP
 Atmospheric
Free space loss
 absorption
Atmospheric absorption loss
loss
Receiver noise power density
Antenna noise
Noise temperature
Noise figure
Equivalent input noise temperature
G/T

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 13


Antenna gain
The gain of parabolic antennas that are often used in satellite communications is

η is aperture efficiency (50-70%), D is antenna diameter,


λ is wavelength.

Note : Physical antennas are not ideal – some energy is reflected away by the
structure, some energy is absorbed by lossy components.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 14


HW
Prove that the gain will be in dB equal to

G = 10 log (109.66 𝑓 2 D 2 𝜂) dB

Note that the antenna diameter D given in meters, and


the frequency f in GHz

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 15


Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

The effective isotropic radiated power is the hypothetical power that

would have to be radiated by an isotropic antenna to give the same

"equivalent" signal strength as the actual source antenna in the

direction of the antenna's strongest beam.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 16


EIRP cont.
• An important parameter in the evaluation of the RF link.
• EIRP is a product of transmit antenna gain (Gt) and transmitter output
power (Pt),

EIRP = Pt Gt

• EIRP is typically due to antenna thermal distortion, satellite attitude


instabilities, atmospheric disturbance (i.e. rain) and unit thermal and
aging effects.

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 17


Example :
(a). An earth station transmits with 10 watts. Its antenna has a gain of 50
dB What is it EIRP?
Solution:
EIRP= 10 log 10 +50 =60 dBw

Lecturer Marwa Mohammed 18

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