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Lec 5

The document discusses the fundamentals of satellite communication link budgets, focusing on propagation loss, power flux density, and received power calculations. It also covers noise considerations in satellite links, including external and internal noise sources, and provides examples for calculating total link loss and internal noise power. Additionally, it explains the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and its importance in assessing signal quality.

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9 views18 pages

Lec 5

The document discusses the fundamentals of satellite communication link budgets, focusing on propagation loss, power flux density, and received power calculations. It also covers noise considerations in satellite links, including external and internal noise sources, and provides examples for calculating total link loss and internal noise power. Additionally, it explains the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and its importance in assessing signal quality.

Uploaded by

1234914
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Satellite Communications

Communication satellite link budget

Chapter two
Lecture 5

By Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed

1
Basic transmission theory
• A basic quantity in link budget is propagation loss in free space.
• In a satellite link, it is assumed that transmit and receive antennas
face each other but are separated by a sufficient distance d [m] in
free space.
So the parameters is:
Gains of the transmit and receive antennas: Gt and Gr;
Effective area of receive antenna Ar;
Transmit power Pt;
Wavelength λ

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 2


• Power flux density at the reception point:

𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡
𝑃𝑑 = = power flux density
4π𝑑2

• Received power:
𝑃𝑟 =𝑃𝑑 𝐴𝑟

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 3


Note: FSL or L𝐹 is free space loss.
Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 4
The link equation can be separated into three terms associated with the
transmitter, receiver, and free space ( path loss ) , respectively.

Pr =P𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺r / 𝐿𝐹
In decibel notation, the equation becomes:

The frequency and wavelength in free space are related by :

c is the velocity of light in a vacuum where c = 3×108 m/s.


And the electromagnetic wave, referred to as a radio wave at radio frequencies, is
nominally in the range of (100MHz to 100 ) GHz

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 5


HW
Prove that the FSL will be in dB equal to

FSL= 20 log(f) + 20 log(d) + 32.44 dB

Note that the d in meters, and the frequency f in GHz

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 6


Satellite Link

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 7


Noise Considerations in Satellite Comm. Link

Noise can be described as any unwanted electrical signal, it can be


divide to:

• External noise, it caused by noise source outside the electronic


circuits used in the system.

• Internal noise , is electrical noise that is generated inside the resistors,


transistor , diodes used in amplifier , mixer detectors , ………….etc. this
noise called thermal noise .

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 8


Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 9
• Noise (1): Noise included in signal source plus thermal noise generated by modulator,
frequency converter, and power amplifier. In most cases, this noise is sufficiently small
compared to signal power and is negligible compared with noise sources.

• Noise (2): Thermal noise from ground received by satellite antenna (often at 300K).

• Noise (3): Thermal noise generated by the satellite transponder and governed by the low-noise
performance of the transponder’s first stage.

• Noise (4): Noise received by the ground antenna in addition to the signal from the satellite;
includes sky noise, atmospheric thermal noise, and terrestrial thermal noise.

• Noise (5): Thermal noise generated by the ground receiver and governed by the low noise
performance of the first-stage amplifier.

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 10


Example:
A satellite link operating at 14 GHz has receiver feeder losses of 1.5 dB
and a free-space loss of 207 dB. The atmospheric absorption loss is 0.5
dB, and the antenna pointing loss is 0.5 dB. Depolarization losses may
be neglected. Calculate the total link loss for clear-sky conditions.
Solution:
The total link loss is the sum of all the losses:

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 11


Equivalent input noise temperatures

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 12


A: Thermal Noise power
Thermal noise power (𝑃N ) generated by resistance at T,
𝑃𝑁 = k Ts B (in watts).

k - Boltzmann’s Constant = 1.38× 10−23 J/K


Ts - noise temperature for the system is in Kelvin
B - bandwidth in Hz.

The noise power per unit bandwidth is termed the noise power
spectral density (No)

𝑃𝑁
No = = K Ts
B𝑁

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 13


Example
Given Ts = 120 K , gain = 50 dB, frequency = 3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz. Find
the internal noise power.

Solution:

𝑃𝑁 = k Ts B
Bandwidth (B) = f2 – f1 = 4.2 – 3.7 = 0.5 GHz
𝑃𝑁 =1.38 * 10−23 * 120 * 0.5 * 10 9
= 8.28 * 10−13 W

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 14


B: Signal to noise ration SNR

The quality of electrical signals is generally described by the ratio of


signal power to noise power

𝑃𝑆
SNR =
𝑃𝑁

SNR in decibel is:


SNR = 10 Log p𝑠 / p𝑛

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 15


Example :
A particular receiver has 0.42 pico w of noise at the input , determine
the minimum input signal needed to obtain a 45 dB SNR .
Solution:

Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 16


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Asst. lec. Marwa Mohammed 18

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