DIFFERENTIABILITY (Mathematics)

MEANING OF DERIVATIVE: Note: (i) Differentiable ⇒ Continuous;

The instantaneous rate of change of a function with Continuity ⇒ Differentiable;
respect to the dependent variable is called Not Differentiable ⇒ Not
derivative. Let ' f ' be a given function of one variable Continuous But Not
and let Δx denote a number (positive or negative) to Continuous ⇒ Not Differentiable
be added to the number x. Let Δf denote the (ii) All polynomial, trigonometric, logarithmic and
corresponding change of ' f ' then exponential function are continuous and
Δf = f(x + Δx) − f(x) differentiable in their domains.
Δf f(x + Δx) − f(x) (iii) If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable at x = a then
⇒ =
Δx Δx the function f(x) + g(x), f(x) − g(x),
If Δf/Δx approaches a limit as Δx approaches zero, f(x) ⋅ g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a and if
this limit is the derivative of ' f ' at the point x. The g(a) ≠ 0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be
derivative of a function ' f ' is a function; this function differentiable at x = a.
is denoted by symbols such as sgn⁡(x) + x; −∞ < x < 0
df d df(x) π
f ′ (x), , f(x) or Ex. 1 Let f(x) = { −1 + sin⁡x; 0 ≤ x < . 2
dx dx dx π
df Δf f(x + Δx) − f(x) cos⁡x; ≤x<∞
2
⇒ = lim = lim
dx Δx→0 Δx Δx→0 Δx Discuss the continuity and differentiability at x = 0
π
The derivative evaluated at a point a, is written, and .
df(x) 2
f ′ (a), | , f ′ (x)x=a , etc. −1 + x ; −∞ < x < 0
dx x=a π

EXISTENCE OF DERIVATIVE AT 𝐱 = 𝐚: Sol: f(x) = {−1 + sin⁡x ; 0 ≤ x < 2

π
cos⁡x ;⁡ ≤ x < ∞
2
To check the differentiability at x = 0
f(0−h)−f(0) −1+0−h−(−1)
LHD = lim = lim =1
h→0 −h h→0 −h
f(0+h)−f(0) −1+sinh+1
RHD = lim = lim =1
h→0 h h→0 h
∵ LHD = RHD
∴ Differentiable at x = 0.
⇒ Continuous at x = 0.
π
(a) Right hand derivative: To check the continuity at x =
2
The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by LHL limx→π− f(x) = limx→π− (−1 + sin⁡x) = 0
f(a+h)−f(a) 2 2
f ′ (a+ )is defined as: f ′ (a+ ) = Limh→0 ⁡ , RHL lim f(x) = lim cos⁡x = 0
h π+ π+
x→ x→
provided the limit exists and is finite. (h > 0) 2 2
π π
(b) Left hand derivative: ∵ LHL = RHL = f ( ) = 0 ∴ Continuous at x= .
2 2
The left hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by To check the differentiability at x =
π
f ′ (a− )is defined as : π π
2
f(a−h)−f(a) f ( − h) − f ( )
f ′ (a− ) = Limh→0 ⁡
−h
, provided the limit exists
LHD = lim 2 2 = lim −1 + cosh − 0
and is finite. (h > 0) h→0 −h h→0 −h
Hence f(x) is said to be derivable or differentiable at =0
π π
x = a. If f ′ (a+ ) = f ′ (a− ) =finite quantity and it is f ( + h) − f ( )
2 2 = lim −sinh − 0 = −1
denoted by f ′ (a); where f ′ (a) = f ′ (a− ) = f ′ (a+ )and RHD = lim
h→0 h h→0 h π
it is called derivative or differential coefficient of ∵ LHD ≠ RHD ∴ not differentiable at x = .
2
f(x) at x = a.
A + Bx 2 ;x < 1
Ex. 2 If f(x) = {
DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY: 3Ax − B + 2 ; x ≥ 1
Theorem: If a function f(x) is derivable at x = a, then then find A and B so that f(x) become differentiable
f(x) is continuous at x = a. at x = 1.
f(a+h)−f(a) f(1+h)−f(1) 3A(1+h)−B+2−3A+B−2
Proof: f ′ (a) = Limh→0 ⁡ exists. Sol: f ′ (1+ ) = lim = lim
h h→0 h h→0 h
Also f(a + h) − f(a) =
f(a+h)−f(a)
⋅ h[h ≠ 0] 3Ah
h = lim = 3A
f(a+h)−f(a) h→0 h
Limh→0 [f(a + h) − f(a)] = Limh→0 f(1−h)−f(1) A+B(1−h)2 −3A+B−2
h F ′ (1− ) = lim = lim
= f ′ (a) ⋅ 0 = 0 h→0 −h h→0 −h

⇒ Limh→0 ⁡[f(a + h) − f(a)] = 0 ⇒ Limh→0 ⁡f(a + (−2A + 2B − 2) + Bh2 − 2Bh

= lim
h) = f(a) ⇒ f(x) is continuous at x = a. h→0 −h

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hence for this limit to be defined ∵ q ≠ p ∴ not differentiable at x = 2.

−2A + 2B − 2 = 0 Now we have to check the continuity at x = 2
B =A+1 LHL = lim− f(x) = lim− (1 − x)(2 − x)
x→2 x→2
f ′ (1− ) = lim − (Bh − 2B) = 2B
h→0 = lim (1 − (2 − h))(2 − (2 − h)) = 0
h→0
∴ f ′ (1− ) = f
′ (1+ )
RHL = lim+ f(x) = lim+ (3 − x)
3A = 2B = 2(A + 1) x→2 x→2
A = 2, B = 3 = lim (3 − (2 + h)) = 1
h→0
[cos⁡πx] x ≤ 1 ∴ LHL ≠ RHL
Ex. 3 f(x) = { comment on the
2{x} − 1 x > 1 ⇒ not continuous at x = 2.
derivability at x = 1, where [] denotes greatest
e.g. (i) f(x) = x1/3 has vertical tangent at x = 0 since
integer function and {} denotes fractional part
f ′ (0+ ) → ∞ and f ′ (0− ) → ∞ hence f(x) is not
function.
f(1−h)−f(1) [cos(π−πh)]+1 differentiable at x = 0
Sol: f ′ (1− ) = lim = lim
h→0 −h h→0 −h
−1 + 1
= lim =0
h→0 −h
f(1+h)−f(1) 2{1+h}−1+1
F ′ (1+ ) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2h
= lim =2
h→0 h
(2) g(x) = x 2/3 doesn't have vertical tangent at x =
Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
0 since g ′ (0+ ) → ∞ and g ′ (0− ) → −∞ hence g(x) is
IMPORTANT NOTE: not differentiable at x = 0.
(a) Let f ′ (a+ ) = p and f ′ (a− ) = q where p and q are (ii) If a function has vertical tangent at x = a then it
finite then: is non differentiable at x = a.
(i) p = q ⇒ f is differentiable at x = a ⇒ f is (c) Geometrical interpretation of differentiability:
continuous at x = a (i) If the function y = f(x) is differentiable at x = 0,
(ii) p ≠ q ⇒ f is not differentiable at x = a, but f is then a unique tangent can be drawn to the curve y =
continuous at x = a. f(x) at the point P(a, f(a)) and f ′ (a) represent the
Ex. 4 Determine the values of x for which the following slope of the tangent at point P.
functions fails to be continuous or (ii) If the function f(x) does not have a unique
(1 − x), x<1 tangent (p ≠ q) but is continuous at x = a. it
differentiable f(x) = {(1 − x)(2 − x), 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, geometrically implies a sharp corner at x = a. Note
(3 − x), x>2 that p and q may not be finite, where p = f ′ (a+ )and
Justify your answer. q = f ′ (a− )
Sol: By the given definition it is clear that the function f e.g. (1) f(x) = |x| and |x|1/3 is continuous but not
is continuous and differentiable at all points except differentiable at x = 0 and there is sharp corner at
possibly at x = 1 and x = 2. x = 0.
Check the differentiability at x = 1
f(1 − h) − f(1)
q = LHD = lim
h→0 −h
1 − (1 − h) − 0
= lim = −1
h→0 −h
f(1+h)−f(1)
p = RHD = lim =
h→0 h
{1−(1+h)}{2−(1+h)}−0
lim = −1 (2) f(x) = x1/3 is continuous but not differentiable at
h→0 h
∵ q = p ∴ Differentiable at x = 1. ⇒ Continuous at x = 0 because f ′ (0+ ) → ∞ and f ′ (0− ) → ∞.
x = 1.
Check the differentiability at x = 2
f(2 − h) − f(2)
q = LHD = lim
h→0 −h
(1 − 2 + h)(2 − 2 + h) − 0
= lim = 1 = finite Note: sharp corner ⇒ non differentiable non differentiable
h→0 −h
f(2 + h) − f(2) ⇒ sharp corner
p = RHD = lim x−3 x<0
h→0 h Ex. 5 If f(x) = { 2 . Draw the graph of the
(3 − 2 − h) − 0 x − 3x + 2 x ≥ 0
= lim → ∞ (not finite) function and discuss the continuity and
h→0 h
differentiability of f(|𝐱|) and |f(x)|.

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Sol:

f(1 − h) − f(1)
q = LHD = lim
h→0 −h
(1 − h2)
− 3(1 − h) + 2 − 0
= lim
h→0 −h
h2 + h
= lim = −1
h→0 −h
|x| − 3; |x| < 0 → not possible f(1 + h) − f(1)
f(|x|) = { 2
|x| − 3|x| + 2; |x| ≥ 0 p = RHD = lim
h→0 h
x 2 + 3x + 2, x < 0 −(h2 + 2 h + 1 − 3 + 3 h + 2) − 0
f(|x|) = { 2
x − 3x + 2, x ≥ 0 = lim
h→0 h
at x = 0 −(h2 − h)
f(0 − h) − f(0) = lim =1
q = LHD = limh→0 h→0 h
−h ⇒ not differentiable at x = 1.
h2 − 3 h + 2 − 2 but |f(x)| is continuous at x = 1, because p ≠ q and
= limh→0 =3
−h both are finite.
f(0 + h) − f(0) To check differentiability at x = 2
p = RHD = limh→0
h f(2 − h) − f(2)
h2 − 3 h + 2 − 2 q = LHD = lim
= limh→0 = −3 h→0 −h
h −(4 + h2 − 4 h − 6 + 3 h + 2) − 0
∵q≠p = lim
h→0 −h
∴ not differentiable at x h2 − h
= 0. but p and q both are finite = lim = −1
h→0 h
⇒ continuous at x = 0 f(2 + h) − f(2)
p = RHD = lim
3−x , x<0 h→0 h
(x 2 − 3x + 2) , 0 ≤ x < 1 (h2 + 4 h + 4 − 6 − 3 h + 2) − 0
Now, |f(x)| = = lim
−(x 2 − 3x + 2) , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 h→0 h
{ (x 2 − 3x + 2) , x>2 (h2 + h)
= lim =1
To check differentiability at x = 0 h→0 h
⇒ not differentiable at x = 2.
but |f(x)| is continuous at x = 2, because p
≠ q and both are finite. but |f(x)| is continuous at
x = 2, because p ≠ q and both are finite.

DIFFERENTIABILITY OVER AN INTERVAL:

(a) f(x) is said to be differentiable over an open
To check differentiability at x = 0 interval (a, b) if it is differentiable at each and every
f(0 − h) − f(0) 3+h−2 point of the open interval (a, b).
q = LHD = lim = lim
h→0 −h h→0 −h (b) f(x) is said to be differentiable over the closed
(1 + h) interval [a, b] if :
= lim → −∞
h→0 −h (i) ⁡f(x) is differentiable in (a, b) and
f(0 + h) − f(0)
p = RHD = lim (ii) for the points a and b, f ′ (a+ )and f ′ (b− )exist.
h→0 h e−|x| , −5 < x < 0
h2 − 3 h + 2 − 2
= lim = −3 Ex. 6 If f(x) = {−e −|x−1|
+ e−1 + 1, 0 ≤ x < 2
h→0 h
e−|x−2| , 2≤x<4
⇒ not differentiable at x = 0.
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) in
Now to check continuity at x = 0
the interval (−5,4).
LHL = lim− f(x) = lim− 3 − x = 3
x→0 x→0 e+x −5 < x < 0
RHL = lim+ f(x) = lim+ x 2 − 3x + 2 = 2 −e x−1
+ e−1 + 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x→0 x→0 Sol: f(x) = {
⇒ not continuous at x = 0. −e−x+1 e−1 + 1 1<x<2
To check differentiability at x = 1 e−x+2 2≤x<4
Check the differentiability at x=0
f(0 − h) − f(0) e−h − 1
LHD = limh→0 = limh→0 =1
−h −h

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−eh−1 +e−1 +1−1 f(x+h)−f(0)

RHD = limh→0
f(0+h)−f(0)
= limh→0 Sol: f ′ (x) = lim
h h h→0 h
= −e −1 {f(x) + f( h) − 2xy − 1} − f(x)
= lim
∵ LHD ≠ RHD h→0 h
∴ Not differentiable at x = 0, but continuous at x = f( h) − 1 f( h) − f(0)
= lim − 2x + lim = −2x + lim
0 since LHD and RHD both are finite. Check the h→0 h→0 h h→0 h
differentiability at x = 1 (Using the given relation)
f(1 − h) − f(1) [Putting x = 0 = y in the given relation we find
LHD = limh→0 f(0) = f(0) + f(0) + 0 − 1 ⇒ f(0) = 1]
−h
−e1−h−1 + e−1 + 1 − e−1 ∴ f ′ (x) = −2x + f ′ (0) = −2x − sin⁡α
= limh→0 = −1 f(x) = −x 2 − (sin⁡α) ⋅ x + c
−h
f(1+h)−f(1) f(0) = −0 − 0 + c ⇒ c = 1
RHD = limh→0
h ∴ f(0) = −x 2 − (sin⁡α) ⋅ x + 1
−e1−h−1 + e−1 + 1 − e−1 So, f{f ′ (0)} = f(−sin⁡α) = −sin2 ⁡α + sin2 ⁡α + 1
= limh→0 =1
h ∴ f{f ′ (0)} = 1.
∵ LHD ≠ RHD Ex. 8 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
∴ Not differentiable at x = 1, but continuous at x = function y = f(x) defined parametrically ; x = 2t −
1 since LHD and RHD both are finite. |t − 1| and y = 2t 2 + t|t|.
Check the differentiability at x = 2 Sol: Here x = 2t − |t − 1| and y = 2t 2 + t|t|.
f(2 − h) − f(2) Now when t < 0; x = 2t − {−(t − 1)} = 3t −
LHD = lim
h→0 −h 1
1 and y = 2t 2 − t 2 = t 2 ⇒ y = (x + 1)2 when 0 ≤
−e−2+h+1 + e−1 + 1 − 1 9
= lim t<1
h→0 −h
−e−1 (eh − 1) x = 2t − (−(t − 1)) = 3t − 1 and y = 2t 2 + t 2
= lim = e−1 1
h→0 −h = 3t 2 ⇒ y = (x + 1)2
f(2 + h) − f(2) e−h − 1 3
RHD = lim = lim = −1 when t ≥ 1; x = 2t − (t − 1) = t + 1 and y
h→0 h h→0 h
∵ LHD ≠ RHD = 2t 2 + t 2 = 3t 2 ⇒ y = 3(x − 1)2
1
∴ Not differentiable at x = 2, but continuous at x = (x + 1)2 , x < −1
9
2 since LHD and RHD both are finite. Thus, y = f(x) = 1
(x + 1)2 , −1 ≤ x < 2
Note: (i) If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x) is not 3
differentiable at x = a, then the product function {3(x − 1)2 , x≥2
F(x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a. We have to check differentiability at x = −1 and 2.
e.g. Consider f(x) = x and g(x) = |x|, f is Differentiability at x = −1;
differentiable at x = 0 and g is non-differentiable at f(−1 − h) − f(−1)
LHD = f ′ (−1− ) = lim
x = 0, but f(x) ⋅ g(x) is still differentiable at x = 0. h→0 −h
(ii) If f(x) and g(x) both are not differentiable at x = 1
(−1 − h + 1)2 − 0
a then the product function; F(x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x) can = lim 9 =0
still be differentiable at x = a.
h→0 −h
f(−1+h)−f(−1)
e.g. Consider f(x) = |x|& g(x) = −|x|. f& g are both RHD = f ′ (−1+ )
= lim
h→0 h
non differentiable at x = 0, but f(x) ⋅ g(x) still 1
(−1 + h + 1)2 − 0
differentiable at x = 0. = lim 3 =0
(iii) If f(x)& g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a h→0 −h
Hence f(x) is differentiable at x = −1. ⇒ continuous
then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be a
at x = −1.
differentiable function.
To check differentiability at x = 2;
e.g. f(x) = |x|& g(x) = −|x| ⋅ f& g are both non 1
(2−h+1)2 −3
differentiable at x = 0, but (f + g)(x) still LHD = f ′ (2− ) = lim 3 = 2 and RHD
−h
differentiable at x = 0. h→0
2
3(2 + h − 1) − 3
(iv) If f(x) is differentiable at x = af̸′ (x) is = f ′ (2+ ) = lim =6
continuous at x = a. h→0 h
1 Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.
x 2 sin⁡ if x ≠ 0 But continuous at x = 2, because LHD and RHD both
e.g. f(x) = ⌊ x
0 if x = 0 are finite.
DETERMINATION OF FUNCTION WHICH SATISFYING THE ∴ f(x) is continuous for all x and differentiable for all
GIVEN FUNCTIONAL RULE: x, except x = 2.
Ex. 7 Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) − 2xy − 1 for all x and y. If
f ′ (0) exists and f ′ (0) = −sin⁡α, then find f{f ′ (0)}.

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EXERCISE – 1
[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE] 11. Let F(x) =
1. Let f(x) = [tan2 ⁡x], (where [.] denotes greatest πx n
ax(x−1)(cot ) +(px2 +2)
4
integer function). Then - Limn→∞ πx n
, x ∈ (0,1) ∪ (1,2)
{ (cot ) +1
(A) limx→0 f(x) does not exist 4
0 , ⁡x = 1
(B) f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
If f(x) is differentiable for all x ∈ (0,2) then (a2 + p2 )
(C) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
equals –
(D) f ′ (0) = 1
(A) 18 (B) 20 (C) 22 (D) 24
2. The number of points where f(x) = [sin⁡x + cos⁡x]
12. If 2x + 3|y| = 4y, then y as a function of x i.e. y =
(where [-] denotes the greatest integer function),
f(x), is –
x ∈ (0,2π) is not continuous is –
(A) discontinuous at one point
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
th th th
(B) non differentiable at one point
3. If 6,8 and 12 are ℓ , m and n terms of an A.P. and (C) discontinuous& non differentiable at same point
f(x) = nx 2 + 2ℓx − 2 m, then the equation f(x) = 0 (D) continuous& differentiable everywhere
has – 13. If f(x) = (x 5 + 1)|x 2 − 4x − 5| + sin⁡|x| + cos⁡(|x −
(A) a root between 0 and 1 1|), then f(x) is not differentiable at –
(B) both roots imaginary. (A) 2 points (B) 3 points
(C) both roots negative. (C) 4 points (D) zero points
(D) both roots greater than 1. x 3 + 2x 2 x∈Q
4. Let f be differentiable at x = 0 and f ′ (0) = 1. Then 14. Let f(x) = { 3 2 , then the
f( h)−f(−2 h)
−x + 2x + ax x ∉ Q
limh→0 = integral value of ' a ' so that f(x) is differentiable at
h
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) -1 x = 1, is
3x 2 − 4√x + 1 for x < 1 (A) 2 (B) 6
5. Let g(x) = [ (C) 7 (D) not possible
ax + b for x ≥ 1
15. Let R be the set of real numbers and f: R → R, be a
If g(x) is continuous and differentiable for all
differentiable function such that |f(x) − f(y)| ≤ |x −
numbers in its domain then –
y|3 ∀x, y ∈ R. If f(10) = 100, then the value of f(20)
(A) a = b = 4 (B) a = b = −4
is equal to –
(C) a = 4 and b = −4 (D) a = −4 and b = 4
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 100
6. If f(x)f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) and f(1) =
16. For what triplets of real numbers (a, b, c) with a ≠ 0
2, f ′ (1) = 2 then sgn⁡f(x) is equal to (where sgn x x≤1
denotes signum function) – the function f(x) = ⌊ 2 is
ax + bx + c otherwise
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) -1 (D) 4
x + b, x < 0 differentiable for all real x ?
7. The function g(x) = ⌊ can be made (A) { (a, 1 − 2a, a) ∣ a ∈ R, a ≠ 0 }
cos⁡x x ≥ 0
differentiable at x = 0 – (B) {(a, 1 − 2a, c) ∣ a, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0}
(A) if b is equal to zero (C) {(a, b, c) ∣ a, b, c ∈ R, a + b + c = 1}
(B) if b is not equal to zero (D) {(a, 1 − 2a, 0) ∣ a ∈ R, a ≠ 0}
(C) if b takes any real value 17. Number of points of non-differentiability of the
(D) for no value of b function
8. Which one of the following functions is continuous g(x) = [x 2 ]{cos 2 4x} + {x 2 }[cos 2 4x] + x 2 sin2 4x
everywhere in its domain but has atleast one point +[x 2 ][cos 2 ⁡4x] + {x 2 }{cos 2 ⁡4x} in (−50,50)
where it is not differentiable? where [x] and {x} denotes the greatest integer
(A) f(x) = x1/3 (B) f(x) =
|x| function and fractional part function of x
x respectively, is equal to: -
(C) f(x) = e−x (D) f(x) = tan⁡x
(A) 98 (B) 99 (C) 100 (D) 0
9. If the right hand derivative of f(x) = [x]tan⁡πx at x =
18. Let f(x) = [n + psin⁡x], x ∈ (0, π), n ∈ I and p is a
7 is kπ, then k is equal to ([y] denotes greatest
prime number. The number of points where f(x) is
integer ≤ y )
not differentiable is: -
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) -7 (D) 49 (A) p − 1 (B) p + 1
10. Let f: R → R be a continuous onto function satisfying
(C) 2p + 1 (D) 2p − 1
f(x) + f(−x) = 0, ∀x ∈ R. If f(−3) = 2 and f(5) = 4
Here [x] denotes greatest integer function.
in [−5,5], then the equation f(x) = 0 has-
19. The function f(x) = (x 2 − 1)|x 2 − 3x + 2| +
(A) exactly three real roots
cos⁡(|x|) is NOT differentiable at:
(B) exactly two real roots
(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
(C) atleast five real roots
2x + tan−1 ⁡x + a, −∞ < x ≤ 0
(D) atleast three real roots 20. Let g(x) = { 3 .
x + x 2 + bx, 0<x<∞

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If g(x) is differentiable for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞) then

(a2 + b2 ) is equal to
(A) 20 (B) 13 (C) 9 (D) 4
21. Number of points in [−2π, 2π] where f(x) =
|cos −1 ⁡(cos⁡x)| is non-derivable is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
22. Let f(x) = min. (|𝐱|, x 2 ) and
x2
g(x) = max {|sin−1 ⁡(sin⁡x)|, }. Then total number of
4
points where f(x) and g(x) are non-derivable is
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
ax + b, −∞ < x ≤ 2
23. If the function f(x) = { x 2 − 5x + 6, 2<x<3
2
px + qx + 1, 3 ≤ x < ∞
is differentiable in (−∞, ∞), then
−4 5
(A) a = −1, p = (B) b = 2, q =
9 3
−5
(C) a = 1, b = 2 (D) a = −1, q =
3
x, x ∈ [0,1)
x − 1, x ∈ [1,2)
24. Let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = { .
x − 2, x ∈ [2,3)
0, x=3
Then f(x) + g(x) is
(A) discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2.
(B) continuous in [0,3] but non derivable in [0,3].
(C) not twice differentiable in [0,3].
(D) twice differentiable in [0,3]
[Note: [k] denotes the greatest integer function less
than or equal to k.]
x + 2, x<0
25. Let f(x) =∣ −(2 + x 2 ), 0 ≤ x < 1
x, x≥1
Then the number of points where |f(x)| is non-
derivable is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
26. Let g(x) = min. (x, x 2 ) where x ∈ R, then
g(1+x)−g(1)
limx→0 equals
x
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) does not exist

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EXERCISE – 2
1. Discuss the continuity & differentiability of the
function f(x) = sin⁡x + sin⁡|x|, x ∈ R. Draw a rough
sketch of the graph of f(x).
2. Examine the continuity and differentiability of
f(x) = |x| + |x − 1| + |x − 2|x ∈ R. Also draw the
graph of f(x).
3. If the function f(x) defined as f(x) =∣
x2
− for x ≤ 0
2
1
is continuous but not derivable at
x n sin⁡ for x > 0
x
x = 0 then find the range of n.
4. A function f is defined as follows: f(x) =
1 for −∞ < x < 0
π
1 + |sin⁡x| for 0≤x<
2
π 2 π
[2 + (x − 2 ) ⁡ for ≤ x < +∞
2
Discuss the continuity & differentiability at x =
0&x = π/2.
5. Examine the origin for continuity & derivability in
the case of the function f defined by f(x) =
xtan−1 ⁡(1/x), x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 0.
6. Let f(0) = 0 and f ′ (0) = 1. For a positive integer k,
show that
1 x x
lim (f(x) + f ( ) + ⋯ … . +f ( ))
x→0 x 2 k
1 1 1
= 1+ + + ⋯…+
2 3 k
1 1
−( + )
7. Let f(x) = xe |x| x ; x ≠ 0, f(0) = 0, test the
continuity & differentiability at x = 0
8. If f(x) = |x − 1| ⋅ ([x] − [−x]), then find
f ′ (1+ )&f ′ (1− )where [x] denotes greatest integer
function.
ax 2 − b if |x| < 1
9. If f(x) =∣ 1 is derivable at x = 1.
− if |x| ≥ 1
|x|
Find the values of a&b.
10. Let g(x) = [a√x + 2, 0 < x < 2. If g(x) is derivable
bx + 2, 2 ≤ x < 5
on (0,5), then find (2a + b).

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EXERCISE – 3 (JM) 7. Let f: R → R be a function such that |f(x)| ≤ x 2 , for all

x
1. The set of points where f(x) = is differentiable- x ∈ R. Then, at x = 0, f is: [2014]
1+|x|
(A) Neither continuous nor differentiable
[AIEEE-2006]
(B) Differentiable but not continuous
(A) (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞)
(C) Continuous as well as differentiable
(B) (−∞, ∞)
(D) Continuous but not differentiable
(C) (0, ∞)
8. Let f be a differentiable function from R to R such
(D) (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
2. Let f(x) = x|x| and g(x) = sin⁡x. [AIEEE-2009] that |f(x) − f(y)| ≤ 2|x − y|3/2 , for all x, y ∈ R. If
1
Statement-1: gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its f(0) = 1 then ∫0 f 2 (x)dx is equal to:
derivative is continuous at that point. [JEE Mains -2019]
1
Statement-2: gof is twice differentiable at x = 0. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 0
2
(A) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is false. max{|x|, x 2 },
|x| ≤ 2
(B) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true. 9. Let f(x) = {
8 − 2|x|, 2 < |x| ≤ 4
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement Let S be the set of points in the interval (−4,4) at
-2 is a correct explanation for Statement -1. which f is not differentiable. Then S :
(D) Statement -1 is true, Statement - 2 is true; [JEE Mains Online-2019]
Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for (A) equals (−2, −1,1,2)
statement -1. (B) equals {−2,2}
3. If function f(x) is differentiable at x = a then
x2 f(a)−a2 f(x)
(C) is an empty set
limx→a [AIEEE-2011] (D) equals {−2, −1,0,1,2}
x−a
(A) 2af(a) + a f (a)
2 ′ 2 ′
(B) − a f (a) 10. Let f: (−1,1) → R be a function defined by f(x) =
(C) a f(a) − a2 f ′ (a) (D) 2af(a) − a2 f ′ (a) max{−|x|, −√1 − x 2 }. If K be the set of all points at
4. Consider the function, f(x) = |x − 2| + |x − 5|, x ∈ which f is not differentiable, then K has exactly:
R. [JEE Mains -2019]
Statement - 1: f ′ (4) = 0. (A) one element (B) two elements
Statement - 2: f is continuous in [2,5], differentiable (C) five elements (D) three elements
in (2,5) and f(2) = f(5). [AIEEE 2012] −1, −2 ≤ x < 0
11. Let f(x) = { 2 and g(x) = |f(x)| +
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is false. x −1 0≤x≤2
(B) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. f(|x|). Then, in the interval (−2,2), g is:
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement-2 is [JEE Mains Online-2019]
a correct explanation for Statement 1 . (A) not continuous
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; (B) not differentiable at one point
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for (C) differentiable at all points
Statement 1 . (D) not differentiable at two points
5. Let f(x) = x|x|, g(x) = sin⁡x and h(x) = (gof)(x). 12. Let K be the set of all real values of x where the
Then [2014] function f(x) = sin⁡|x| − |x| + 2(x − π)cos⁡|x| is not
(A) h′ (x) is differentiable at x = 0 differentiable. Then the set K is equal to:
(B) h' (x) is continuous at x = 0 but is not [JEE Mains -2019]
differentiable at x = 0 (A) {π} (B) ϕ (an empty set)
(C) h(x) is differentiable at x = 0 but h′ (x) is not (C) {0} (D) {0, π}
continuous at x = 0 13. Let S be the set of all points in (−π, π) at which the
(D) h(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 function, f(x) = min{sin⁡x, cos⁡x} is not
6. Let f, g: R → R be two functions defined by f(x) = differentiable. Then S is a subset of which of the
1
xsin⁡( ) , x ≠ 0 following? [JEE Mains -2019]
{ x , and g(x) = xf(x): − π π π π
(A) {− , − , , }
π π
(B) {− , 0, }
0, x=0 2 4 4 2 4 4
Statement I: f is a continuous function at x = 0. 3π π 3π π
(C) {− , − , , }
3π
(D) {− , − , , }
π π 3π
4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4
[2014]
14. Let f(x) = 15 − |x − 10|; x ∈ R. Then the set of all
Statement II: g is a differentiable function at x = 0.
values of x, at which the function, g(x) = f(f(x)) is
(A) Statement I is false and statement II is true
not differentiable is: [JEE Mains -2019]
(B) Statement I is true and statement II is false
(A) {10,15} (B) {10}
(C) Both statement I and II are true (C) {5,10,15,20} (D) {5,10,15}
(D) Both statements I and II are false

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15. Let f: R → R be differentiable at c ∈ R and f(c) = 0, If

g(x) = |f(x)|, then at x = c, g is: [JEE Mains -2019]
(A) differentiable if f ′ (c) = 0
(B) not differentiable
(C) not differentiable if f ′ (c) = 0
(D) differentiable if f ′ (c) ≠ 0
16. Let f: R → R be a continuously differentiable
1
function such that f(2) = 6 and f ′ (2) = . If
48
f(x)
∫6 4t 3 dt = (x − 2)g(x), then limx→2 g(x) is equal
to [JEE Mains -2019]
(A) 36 (B) 12 (C) 18 (D) 24
17. If f(x) = |2 − |x − 3|| is non differentiable in x ∈ S.
Then value of ∑x∈S (f(f(x)) is [JEE Mains -2020]
2
18. The function f(x) = |x 2 − 2x − 3| ⋅ e|9x −12x+4| is not
differentiable at exactly: [JEE Mains -2021]
(A) four points (B) three points
(C) two points (D) one point
sin⁡(x−[x])
19. Let f(x) = { x−[x]
, ⁡x ∈ (−2, −1) where [t] denotes
greatest integer ≤ t. If m is the number of points
where f is not continuous and n is the number of
points where f is not differentiable, then the ordered
pair (m, n) is: [JEE Mains -2022]
(A) (3,3) (B) (2,4) (C) (2,3) (D) (3,4)
2 1
x sin⁡( ) , x ≠ 0
20. Let f(x) = { x ; Then at x = 0
0 ,x = 0
[JEE Mains -2023]
(A) f is continuous but not differentiable
(B) f is continuous but f ′ is not continuous
(C) f and f' both are continuous
(D) f ′ is continuous but not differentiable

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EXERCISE – 4 (JA)
SECTION-1 List-I List-II
(x−1)n
1. Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are P. f4 is 1. onto but not one-one
ℓncosm ⁡(x−1)
integers, m ≠ 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand Q. ⁡f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-
derivative of |x − 1| at x = 1. If limx→1+ g(x) = p, one
then:- [JEE 2008, 3] R. f2 ∘ f1 is 3. differentiable but not one-
(A) n = 1, m = 1 (B) n = 1, m = −1 one
(C) n = 2, m = 2 (D) n > 2, m = n S. ⁡f2 is 4. continuous and one-one
π
x 2 |cos⁡ | Codes:
2. Let f(x) = { x , x = 0, ⁡, then f is – [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(-1)]
0 , ⁡x ≠ 0 ⁡ P Q R S
[JEE 2012, 3M, -1M] (A) 3 1 4 2
(A) Differentiable both at x = 0 and at x = 2
(B) 1 3 4 2
(B) Differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at
(C) 3 1 2 4
x=2
(D) 1 3 2 4
(C) Not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at
7. Let f: ℝ → ℝ and g: ℝ → ℝ be respectively given by
x=2
f(x) = |x| + 1 and g(x) = x 2 + 1. Define h: ℝ → ℝ by
(D) Differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2
SECTION-2 max{f(x), g(x)} if x ≤ 0,
h(x) = {
3. If f(x) = min. (1, x 2 , x 3 ), then [JEE 2006, 5] min{f(x), g(x)} if x > 0.
(A) f(x) is continuous ∀x ∈ R The number of points at which h(x) is not
(B) f ′ (x) > 0, ∀x > 1 differentiable is [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3]
(C) f(x) is not differentiable but continuous ∀x ∈ R 8. Let a, b ∈ ℝ and f: ℝ → ℝ be defined by f(x) =
(D) f(x) is not differentiable for two values of x acos⁡(|x 3 − x|) + b|x|sin⁡(|x 3 + x|). Then f is –
4. Let f: R → R be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) + [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 4(-2)]
f(y), ∀x, y ∈ R. [JEE 2011, 4M] (A) Differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1
If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then (B) Differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0
(A) f(x) is differentiable only in a finite interval (C) NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0
containing zero (D) NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1
(B) f(x) is continuous ∀x ∈ R 9.
1 1
Let f: [− , 2⌋ → ℝ and g: ⌊− , 2⌋ → ℝ be function
2 2
(C) f ′ (x) is constant ∀x ∈ R
defined by f(x) = [x 2 − 3] and g(x) = |x| f(x) +
(D) f(x) is differentiable except at finitely many
|4x − 7|f(x), where [y] denotes the greatest integer
points
less than or equal to y for y ∈ ℝ. Then.
5. [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 4(-2)]
(A) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in
1
⌊− , 2⌋
2
(B) f is discontinuous exactly at four points in
1
⌊− , 2⌋
2
[JEE 2011, 4M] (C) g is NOT differentiable exactly at four points in
π 1
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = − (− , 2)
2 2
(B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 (D) g is NOT differentiable exactly at five points in
(C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 1
(− , 2)
3 2
(D) f(x) is differentiable at x = −
2 10. Let f: R → R be a differentiable function with f(0) =
6. Let f1 : ℝ → ℝ, f2 : [0, ∞) → ℝ, f3 : ℝ → ℝ and f4 : ℝ → 1 and satisfying the equation f(x + y) = f(x)f ′ (y) +
[0, ∞) be defined by f ′ (x)f(y) for all x, y ∈ R. Then, the value of log e ⁡(f(4))
|x| if x < 0 is [JEE Advanced-2018, 3(0)]
f1 (x) = { x
e if x ≥ 0 11. Let the function f: R → R be defined by f(x) = x 3 −
f2 (x) = x ;2 x 2 + (x − 1)sin⁡x and let g: R → R be an arbitrary
sin x if x < 0 function. Let fg: R → R be the product function
f3 (x) = { and f4 (x) = defined by (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x). Then which of the
x if x ≥ 0 following statements is/are TRUE?
f (f (x)) if x < 0, [JEE Advanced-2020]
⌊ 2 1
f2 (f1 (x)) − 1 if x ≥ 0 (A) If g is continuous at x = 1, then fg is
differentiable at x = 1

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(B) If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is

continuous at x = 1
(C) If g is differentiable at x = 1, then fg is
differentiable at x = 1
(D) If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is
differentiable at x = 1
12. Let f: (0,1) → ℝ be the function defined as f(x) =
1 2 1
[4x] (x − ) (x − ), where [x] denotes the greatest
4 2
integer less than or equal to x. Then which of the
following is(are) true? [JEE Advanced-2023]
(A) The function f is discontinuous exactly at one
point in (0,1)
(B) There is exactly one point in (0,1) at which the
function f is continuous but NOT differentiable
(C) The function f is NOT differentiable at more than
three points in (0,1)
1
(D) The minimum value of the function f is −
512

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EXERCISE – 5 8. Let f: R → R be a function. Define g: R → R by g(x) =

[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE] |f(x)| for all x. Then which of the following is/are not
1. If f(x) = x(√x − √x + 1), then- always true-
(A) Rf ′ (0) exist (A) If f is continuous then g is also continuous
(B) Lf ′ (0) exist but Rf ′ (0) does not exist (B) If f is one-one then g is also one-one
(C) limx→0+ f(x) exist (C) If f is onto then g is also onto
(D) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0. (D) If f is differentiable then g is also differentiable
⁡ ⁡|x − 3|, x ≥ 1 9. If function defined by
2. The function f(x) =∣ x2 3x 13 is– (x−m)
, x≤0
⁡ ( ) − ( ) + ( ),x < 1 |x−m|
4 2 4
(A) continuous at x = 1 f(x) = {2x 2 + 3ax + b, 0 < x < 1, is continuous &
(B) differentiable at x = 1 m2 x + b − 2, x≥1
(C) continuous at x = 3 differentiable everywhere, then
(D) differentiable at x = 3 (A) b + m = −1 (B) b + m = 1
3. Select the correct statements – (C) b + m = −3 (D) m2 + a + b = 3
(A) The function f defined by f(x) = 10. The function ϕ(x) = [|x| − sin⁡|x|] (where [.]
2x 2 + 3 for x ≤ 1 denotes greater integer function) is –
⌊ is neither differentiable nor (A) derivable at x = 0
3x + 2 for x > 1
continuous at x = 1 (B) continuous at x = 0
(B) The function f(x) = x 2 |x| is twice differentiable (C) limx→0 ϕ(x) does not exists
at x = 0. (D) continuous and derivable at x = 0
1
(C) If f is continuous at x = 5 and f(5) = 2 then x 2 cos⁡ , x < 0
x
limx→2 f(4x 2 − 11) exists 11. Let f(x) = { 0 , x = 0, then which of the
(D) If limx→a (f(x) + g(x)) = 2 and limx→a (f(x) − 2 1
x sin⁡ , x > 0
g(x)) = 1 then limx→a f(x) ⋅ g(x) need not exist. x
following is (are) correct?
4. If f(x) = sgn⁡(x 5 ), then which of the following is/are false
(A) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(where sgn denotes signum function) –
(B) f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0
(A) f ′ (0+ ) = 1
(C) f ′ (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x =
(B) f ′ (0− ) = −1
0
(C) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(D) f ′ (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
(D) f is discontinuous at x = 0
[MATCH THE COLUMN]
5. Graph of f(x) is shown in adjacent figure, then in
12. Column – I Column – II
[0,5]
(A) If f(x) is derivable at x = 3&f ′ (3) = 2, (P) ⁡0
(A) f(x) has non removable discontinuity at two f(3+h2 )−f(3−h2 )
points then limit h→0 ⁡ equals
2h2
(B) f(x) is non differentiable at four points (B) Let f(x) be a function satisfying the condition
(C) limx→1 f(f(x)) = 1 (Q) 1
(D) Number of points of discontinuity = number of f(−x) = f(x) for all real x. If f ′ (0) exists, then its
points of non-differentiability value is equal to
5 x
6. Let S denotes the set of all points where √x 2 |x 3 | − , x≠0
3 (C) For the function f(x) = ⌊1+e 1/x
√x 2 |x| − 1 is not differentiable then S is a subset of– 0, x=0
(A) {0,1} (B) {0,1, −1} (R) 2
(C) {0,1} (D) {0} the derivative from the left f ′ (0−) equals
7. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (D) The number of points at which the function
(A) There exist a function f: [0,1] → R which is (S) 3
discontinuous at every point in [0,1]&|f(x)| is f(x) = max. {a − x, a + x, b}, −∞ < x < ∞,
continuous at every point in [0,1] 0<a<b cannot be differentiable is
(B) Let F(x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x). If f(x) is differentiable at
x = a, f(a) = 0 and g(x) is continuous at
x = a then F(x) is always differentiable at x = a.
(C) If f ′ (a+ ) = 2&f ′ (a− ) = 3, then f(x) is non-
differentiable at x = a but will be always continuous
at x = a
(D) If f( a) and f( b) possess opposite signs then
there must exist at least one Sol of the equation
f(x) = 0 in (a, b) provided f is continuous on [a, b]

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EXERCISE – 6 1 − x, (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)
1. Let f(x) be defined in the interval [−2,2] such that 5. f(x) =∣ x + 2, (1 < x < 2). Discuss the continuity
−1, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0 4 − x, (2 ≤ x ≤ 4)
f(x) = | &g(x) = f(|x|) +| f(x) ∣. Test the
x − 1, 0 < x ≤ 2 & differentiability of
differentiability of g(x) in (−2,2). y = f[f(x)] for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
2. Discuss the continuity & the derivability in [0,2] of 6. A derivable function f: R+ → R satisfies the condition
|2x − 3|[x] for x ≥ 1 f(x) − f(y) ≥ ln⁡(x/y) + x − y for every x, y ∈ R+ . If g
f(x) = [ πx where [.] denotes denotes the derivative of f then compute the value of
sin⁡ for x < 1
2 1
the greatest integer function the sum ∑100
n=1 g ( ).
n
a1/x −a−1/x x
3. Examine the function, f(x) = x ⋅ 1/x −1/x , x ≠ 7. If limx→0
1−cos⁡(1−cos⁡ )
2
is equal to the left hand
a +a
2 m xn
0(a > 0) and f(0) = 0 for continuity and existence derivative of e −|x|
at x = 0, then find the value of
of the derivative at the origin. (n − 10m)
4. For any real number x, let [x] denote the largest x+y
integer less than or equal to x. Let f be a real valued 8. If f is a differentiable function such that f ( ) =
3
f(x)+f(y)+f(0)
function defined on the interval [−3,3] by f(x) = , ∀x, y ∈ R and f ′ (0) = 2, find f(x)
3
−x − [−x] if [x] iseven f(3−sin⁡x)−f(3+x)
{ 9. If limx→0 = 8, then |f ′ (3)| is
x − [x] if [x] isodd x
10. Let f(x) be a differentiable function such that 2f(x +
If L denotes the number of point of discontinuity and
y) + f(x − y) = 3f(x) + 3f(y) + 2xy∀x, y∈
M denotes the number of points of non derivability
R&f ′ (0) = 0, then f(10) + f ′ (10) is equal to
of f(x), then find (L + M).

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE – 1
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D
8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. D
15. D 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. C
22. D 23. D 24. D 25. A 26. D
EXERCISE – 2
1. f(x) is conti. but not derivable at x = 0 2. conti. ∀x ∈ R, not diff. at x = 0,1&2
3. 0 < n ≤ 1
4. conti. but not diff. at x = 0; diff. & conti. at x = π/2
5. conti. but not diff. at x = 0 7. f is cont. but not diff. at x = 0
8. f ′ (1+ ) = 3, f ′ (1− ) = −1 9. a = 1/2, b = 3/2
10.3
EXERCISE – 3 (JM)
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C
8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. D
15. A 16. C 17.3 18.C 19.C 20.B
EXERCISE # 4 (JA) SECTION-1
1. C 2. B
SECTION-2
3. AC 4. BC 5. ABCD 6. D 7. 3 8. AB 9. BC
10. 2.00 11. AC 12.AB
EXERCISE – 5
1. ACD 2. ABC 3. BC 4. ABC 5. BC 6. ABCD 7. ABCD
8. BCD 9. BD 10. ABD 11. BD 12. (A) R, (B) P, (C) Q, (D) R
EXERCISE – 6
1. not derivable at x = 0&x = 1
2. f is conti. at x = 1,3/2& disconti. at x = 2, f is not diff. at x = 1,3/2,2
3. If a ∈ (0,1)f ′ (0+ ) = −1; f ′ (0− ) = 1 ⇒ continuous but not derivable a = 1; f(x) = 0 which is constant ⇒ continuous and
derivable If a > 1f ′ (0− ) = −1; f ′ (0+ ) = 1 ⇒ continuous but not derivable
4. 8
5. f is conti. but not diff. at x = 1, disconti. at x = 2&x = 3. cont. & diff. at all other points
6. 5150 7. 74 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 𝑐⁡ 9. 4 10.120

14
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