The National Institute of Engineering

(An Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belagavi)

PROJECT REPORT ON
SOLAR POWERED RAKING MACHINE
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of credits
for course on PROJECT(IP0601)

By
HARSHITH G NAIK(4NI16IP007)
KARAN BOPANNA KK(4NI18IP404)
PAVAN HARSHA K(4NI17IP034)
VEERESH M(4NI17IP055)
VIII SEM

Guide
Smt. LATHA BM
Assistant professor, IPE
 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MYSURU
(An Autonomous Institute under Vishveshwarayya Technological University, Belgaum)

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL & PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “SOLAR POWERED RAKING MACHINE” is
a bonafide work carried out by KARAN BOOPANNA K K(4NI18IP404) in partial fulfillment
of requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Industrial & Production
Engineering, during the year 2020-2021.The project has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements for the award of the said degree as per the academic regulations of the
National Institute of Engineering (Autonomous College).

Guide

Smt. LATHA BM
Assistant Professor, Dept. of I&PE
NIE, Mysuru

Head of Department Principal

Dr. SUBBAIAH KM Dr. NV RAGHAVENDRA
Head, Dept. of I&PE Principal
NIE, Mysuru NIE, Mysuru

Examiners

1.

2.
 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MYSURU
(An Autonomous Institute under Vishveshwarayya Technological University, Belgaum)

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL & PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

We, HARSHITH G NAIK(4NI16IP007), KARAN BOOPANNA K K(4NI18IP404),

PAVAN HARSHA K (4NI17IP034), VEERESH M(4NI17IP055), students of 8th semester
B.E in Industrial & Production Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru,
hereby declare that the project work entitled “SOLAR POWERED RAKING MACHINE”
has been carried out by us and this work is submitted to The National Institute of
Engineering Mysuru (An Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belagavi) in partial fulfillment
of the course requirements for the reward of the degree in Bachelor of Engineering in
Industrial & Production Engineering during the academic year 2020-21.This written
submission represents a record of original work and we have adequately cited and referenced
the original sources.

Further, the matters embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree.

Place: Mysuru HARSHITH G NAIK

Date: KARAN BOOPANNA KK

PAVAN HARSHA K

VEERESH M
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this project would not have been possible without the kind support andassistance of
many individuals and we feel immensely blessed to have got it along the direction of our project.
We take this opportunity to thank each and every one who has played a crucial role in the
completion of this project.

We are grateful to Smt. B.M LATHA, Assistant Professor, Project Guide for her support and
constructive suggestions in facilitating the progress of this work.

We express our profound gratitude to Dr. NV RAGHAVENDRA, Principal, NIE, Mysuru for
providing us a congenial environment for the project.

We also thank the teaching and non-teaching staff of our department for helping and encouraging
us throughout the year.

Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our beloved parents for
their blessings, our friends, mentors and classmates for their help and wishes for the successful
completion of the project.

HARSHITH G NAIK

KARAN BOOPANNA KK

PAVAN HARSHA K

VEERESH M

i
 CONTENTS
Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Contents ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv

Chapter 1 Introduction 5

Chapter 2 Literature Survey 7

Chapter 3 Construction
3.1 Solar panel 9
3.2 Battery charger 10
3.3 Battery 12
3.4 Permanent magnet DC motor 12
3.5 Chain drive 17
3.6 Rotary tool 21
3.7 CAD model 21

Chapter 4 Methodology 24

Chapter 5
5.1 Advantages 26
3.2 Applications 26

Chapter 6 Conclusion 28

Chapter 7 References 29

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES Page No.

3.1 Construction of PMDC 10

3.2 Equivalent circuit diagram of PMDC motor 11
3.3 Characteristics of PMDC 12
3.4 Roller chain components 14
3.5 Connecting link 14
3.6 Type - A sprocket 15
3.7 Type - B sprocket 15
3.8 Chain length dimension 18
3.9 Different views of CAD model 17
3.10 Isometric view of CAD model 17
3.11 Model samples 18
3.12 Model samples 18
4.1 Block diagram for methodology 20

iii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
3.1 Battery specifications 8
3.2 Cost of Materials 19

iv
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. India being developing nation agriculture and
industries based on agriculture product has prime importance in the national economy. Majority of
the Indian population depends on the agriculture and agro-based industries and businesses. The
Poultry farming is one such fields of Production which is feeding the major population of the
country. Unlike tractors, soil tiller, flooring of the poultry house are nonconventional so far as the
displacement of labors is concerned. In promoting Tillers especially considering the fact that the
majority of farmers are having small land. So they can hardly afford costlier tractors. Therefore, the
Floor Tiller becomes useful machine in the internal cleaning of Poultry house and digging of
flooring.

The comparison between the traditional method and the new proposed machine which can perform
a number of simultaneous operations and has number of advantages. As in current day the labor
availability becomes the great concern for the farmers and labor cost is more, this machine reduces
the human efforts and cost.

Manual labor has been an integral part of rural agricultural systems in India for hundreds of years
and is still continuing. Due to shortage of electricity and the immediate use of farm equipment, solar
energy is effectively used. Neglected and improper weeding reduce the crop yield which varies
from 45 to 65 % and in lot of cases whole crop yield may fail.

Its main objective is to reduce the manpower as in today’s scenario labors are very hard to find as
well as it reduces the working time. As it could be far better than the conventional using of labors or
bull for cultivation purpose. Lack of mechanization or automation is one of the major road blocks to
improving the productivity of agriculture. One of the major reasons for lack agricultural
productivity is weeds. A rotary tiller is a type of motorized cultivating equipment that cultivation of
the soil by rotating blades or digging blades. This equipment is also used for breaking or working
the soil in lawns, gardens, etc.

Hygiene Maintenance is one of the most labor intensive jobs in the garden but also one of the most
beneficial. It improves the structure of the flooring as it reduces soil compaction and improves soil
aeration. The effect of this is that there is more oxygen available to the chickens and the water
drainage is improved.

5
Energy is one of the most important needs for human survival on earth. We are dependent on one
form of energy or the other for fulfilling our needs. One such form of energy is the energy from
fossil fuels. So there is a use of energy from these sources for generating electricity, running
automobiles etc. But the main disadvantages of these fossil fuels are that they are not environmental
friendly and they are harmful. To solve these problems of fossil fuels and keeping the sustainable
development in mind, there is a need to look at the non-conventional source of energy. With regard
to this idea in this project designed an Electrical tiller that runs on solar energy. The vehicle
designed is a two wheel drive and can be used for shuttle and also for short distances. Today’s era is
marching towards the rapid growth of all sectors including the agricultural sector. To meet the
future food demands, the farmers have to implement the new techniques which will not affect the
soil texture but will increase the overall crop production.

6
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
The surveys of the literature regarding the solar powered vehicle and agricultural equipment are
listed:

[1] Yogesh Sunil Wamborikar, Abhay Sinha, “Solar Powered Vehicle” in their design of solar
powered vehicle, Sun is the main source of energy for the vehicle. Energy from Sun is captured by
the solar panels and then this energy is converted to electrical energy. The electrical energy thus
formed is being fed to the batteries that get charged and is used to run high torques DC series motor.
The shaft of the motor is connected to the rear wheel of the vehicle by using chain sprocket. The
batteries are initially fully charged and thereafter they are charged by using panels. This helps for
completing the charging-discharging process of the batteries.

[2] Abhinya Chaturvedi, Kirti Kushwaha, Parul Kashyap, Dr. J. P. Navan, “Solar Powered
Vehicle” In their research they developed the solar powered vehicle and discusses about the usage
of solar energy to power up the vehicle. In order to achieve the required voltage, the Photo Voltaic
(PV) Module may be connected either in parallel or series, but it is more costly. Thus to make it
cost effective, power converters and batteries are used. The electrical charge is collected from the
PV panel and directed to the output terminals to produce low voltage. The charge controllers direct
this power acquired from the solar panel to the batteries. According to the state of the battery, the
charging is done, so as to avoid overcharging and deep discharge. The voltage is then boosted up
using the power converter, running the BLDC motor which is used as the drive motor for our
vehicle application. In the course work, the characteristic features of the components: solar panel,
charge controller, battery, power converter and BLDC motor required for the vehicle application
were studied in real time and also were modelled individually and the complete hardware
integration of the system is tested to meet up the applications requirement.

[3] Prof.P.L.Chavan, Gavandi Munir Akram, Varute Jaysing K., Patil Vaibhav N., Patil Pradip
D., Kamble Sagar H.” “Design and Development of Solar Two Wheeler” In their design and
development Solar Two Wheeler, They work on design of a scooter with renewable solar energy;
they firmly believe that solar electrical scooter is one of the best methods to minimizing
environmental damage caused by Co2 emissions. In their project solar photon energy is used as
fuel. It is converted into electrical energy by using solar panel. This energy is used as a power to

7
electrical vehicle. A regular IC engine scooter modified for our project The DC hub motor is used
for replacement of engine. The hub motor is 48 volt, 0.33 Hp. This hub motor gets power from 48
volt and 7.5 Ah Lead acid battery bank. For controlling the speed potentiometric method is used. A
75 watt solar panel is used to charge battery.

[4] M.Reddi sankar‟s “Design and development and solar assisted bicycle” Design and develop
the solar assisted bicycle which is driven by D.C. motor in front or rear axle housing and operated
by solar energy and the solar panels mounted on the top of chassis will charge the battery, which in
turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the solar panel will charge the battery. The solar
assist bicycle is fitted with dc hub motor on front axle of bicycle with power rating of 250 Watt
with a travelling speed of around 25-30kmph.

[5] Waghmode R.S., Shinde S.R., Dixit A.K., Chancre A.A., Jadhav K.H., Gudur S.E. “solar
power tiller” design the solar power tiller. Working of their equipment is based on solar panel and it
generates energy, and this energy is used to run this machine which moves the cutter or tiller. It is a
great saver of time and expenses on field operations. Thus it will have very costly uses on the farm
field either for tiling as well as for weeding.

[6] Mr. I.Vetrivel, Mr.V.K.Arun, Mr. K.Sivaraman and Mr. V.Premnath “Remote powered solar
ploughing machine” comprise the group of final year electronics and communication engineering
students developed Remote powered solar ploughing machine. As per their study ploughing process
is done by machine which is powered by solar energy.

[7] Dhandhaliya Vivek B. Jethwa Vaishnav R. Goswami Tarang H. Dodia Parakramsinh L. Mali
Jignesh S. ““Eco friendly car” in their final year project they design and fabricate the eco- friendly
car, this solar car is run by power developed by solar energy. As per their research a solar car
having 155 kg weight is run by two hub motor of 250 watts power.

8
CHAPTER 3

CONSTRUCTION

3.1 Solar Panel

Solar panels are made up of many solar cells. Solar cells are made of silicon, like
semiconductors. They are constructed with a positive layer and a negative layer, which together
create an electric field, just like in a battery. When photons hit a solar cell, they knock electrons
loose from their atoms. If conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides of a cell, it
forms an electrical circuit. When electrons flow through such a circuit, they generate electricity.
Multiple cells make u p a solar panel, and multiple panels (modules) can be wired together to form
a solar array. The more panels you can deploy, the more energy you can expect to generate.

PV solar panels generate direct current (DC) electricity. With DC electricity, electrons flow in one
direction around a circuit. This example shows a battery powering a light bulb. The electrons move
from the negative side of the battery, through the lamp and return to the positive side of the battery.
With AC (alternating current) electricity, electrons are pushed and pulled, periodically reversing
direction, much like the cylinder of a car’s engine. Generators create AC electricity when a coil of
wire is spun next to a magnet. Many different energy sources can “turn the handle” of this
generator, such as gas or diesel fuel, hydroelectricity, nuclear, coal, wind or solar.

AC electricity was chosen for the U.S. electrical power grid, primarily because it is less expensive
to transmit over long distances. However, solar panels create DC electricity. How do we get DC
electricity into the AC grid? We use an inverter.

First, sunlight hits a solar panel on the roof. The panels convert the energy to DC current, which
flows to an inverter. The inverter converts the electricity from DC to AC, which you can then use to
power your home. It’s beautifully simple and clean and it’s getting more efficient and affordable all
the time.

A typical grid-tied PV system, during peak daylight hours, frequently produces more energy than
one customer needs, so that excess energy is fed back into the grid for use elsewhere. The customer
gets credit for the excess energy produced, and can use that credit to draw from the conventional
grid at night or on cloudy days. A net meter records the energy sent compared to the energy
received from the grid.

9
Solar panel refers either to photovoltaic module, a solar hot water panel, or to set of solar
photovoltaic (PV) modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A PV
module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Solar panels can be used as a component
of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential
application. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and
typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module
given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16%
efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency.
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installation contains
multiple modules.

Ratings of solar panel as fallows

1. Output power: 64W (For demo purpose use 10W solar panel)

2. Voltage:12V

3.2 Battery Charger

Whether the mobiles phones, emergency light or the vehicle own, the extensive use of
batteries is evident everywhere. Chargeable batteries are also widely used in inverters, where its DC
voltage is converted into mains AC voltage and is used to power the household appliances during
mains power. The important of a battery lies in the fact that it’s electricity that you can carry.
Moreover when the power in the battery gets exhausted, it can be refilled and topped up or charged
making it a very efficient and an economic power house.

A battery charger circuit may be quite simple in design but generally batteries don’t like crude
charging voltages and therefore it is always recommended the use of good quality, constant voltage
type of chargers to keep the battery in a good shape and consistent. Generally the batteries having
main component is electrode and electrolyte. The electrolyte is generally having chemical liquids
like lead acid, nickel cadmium, lithium iron. The electrode is having anode and cathode. The battery
work on the principle of chemical chain reaction.

The older 12 volt charger would feature a fixed charging voltage, high enough to "force" energy
(amps) into the battery. As battery resistance rises, as it does as the state of charge increases, the
harder it is for the 12 volt charger to force the amps in, so the amp rate decreases.

10
 3.2.1 WORKING OF BATTERY CHARGER

• A battery charger is basically DC power supply source. Here a transformer is used to step down the
AC mains input voltage to the required level as per the rating of the transformer.
• This transformer is always a high power type and is able to produce a high current output as
required by most lead-acid batteries.
• A bridge rectifier configuration is used to rectify the low voltage AC into DC and is further
smoothed by a high value electrolytic capacitor.
• This DC is fed to an electric circuit which regulates the voltage into a constant level and is applied
to the battery under charge, where the energy stored through an internal process of chemical
reaction.
• In automatic battery chargers a voltage sensor circuit is incorporated to sense the voltage of the
battery under charge. The charger is automatically switched OFF when the battery reaches the
required optimum level.
3.2.2 CALCULATION OF CHARGING OR DISCHARGING TIME

• The rated current capacity of a battery may vary according to its applications. Its current holding
capacity is expressed in ampere-hour (AH). This units of measurement may be defined as the
maximum current through which the particular battery can be fully charged or discharged in one
hour.
• If for example a 4 AH fully charged battery is discharged at 4 ampere rate, then ideally it should
take an hour for it to get fully discharged.
• Similarly if the same battery is charged at 4 ampere rate, it should take an hour to get it fully
charged. But it’s never a good practice to charge or discharge batteries at their full current ratings.
• Ideally the charging the discharging process should be carried out gradually for about 10 hours. So
to find out the optimum charging current of a battery, just divide its find its correct continuous
discharge rate.

Nominal Voltage(Volt) 12

Rated Capacity(20Hour) 7.2

Approximate Weight 2.35

Charge 0C to 40C

Discharge 20C to 50C

Storage 20C to 40C

11
 Table 3.1 battery specifications

• Diameter of Gears = 40mm , 10mm

• Length of chain - L = 2C + π/2 x D+d + (D-d)2/4C

= 2x100 + π/2 x (40 + 20) + (40 – 20)2/4 x 100

= 294.24 mm

• Weight of the object = 35 kg

• Solar power generated, P = 10 W, 20V

• Type of motor used – DC motor

• Torque – 320 N-mm

3.3 Battery
A twelve-volt battery has six single cells in series producing a fully charged output voltage
of 12.6 volts. A battery cell consists of two lead plates a positive plate covered with a paste of lead
dioxide and a negative made of sponge lead, with an insulating material (separator) in between.

A battery is like a piggy bank. If you keep taking out and putting nothing back, you'll have nothing
left. Present day chassis battery power requirements are huge. Consider today's vehicle and all the
electrical devices that must be supplied with power. All these electronics require a reliable source
power, and poor battery condition can cause expensive electronic component failure. Did you know
that the average auto has 11 pounds of wire in the electrical system? Look at RVs and boats with all
the electrical gadgets that require power. It wasn't long ago when trailers or motor homes had only a
single 12-volt house battery. Today it's standard to recreational vehicle batteries powering inverters
up to 4000 watts.

Average battery life has become shorter as energy requirements have increased. Life span depends
on usage—usually 6 to 48 months—yet only 30% of all batteries actually reach the 48-month mark.
You can extend your battery life by hooking it up to a solar charger during the off months.

3.4 Permanent Magnet DC Motor

12
 In a DC armature, an armature rotates inside a magnetic field. The basic working principle
of DC motor is based on the fact that whenever a current carrying conductor is placed inside a
magnetic field, there will be mechanical force experienced by that conductor.

All the kinds of DC motors works under this principle. Hence constructing a DC motor, it is
essential to establish a magnetic field. The magnetic field is established by using a magnet like
electromagnet or it can be a permanent magnet. A permanent magnet DC motor is a type of DC
motor that uses a permanent magnet to create the magnetic field required for the operation of DC
motor.

PMDC motors are simple in construction. They are commonly used as a starter motor in
automobiles, windshield wipers, washers, for blowers used in heaters and air conditions, to raise
and lower windows- and they are extensively used in toys.

As a magnetic field strength of a permanent magnet is fixed it cannot be controlled externally, field
current of this type of DC motor cannot be possible. Thus PMDC is used where there is a no need to
control the speed of the motor. Small fractional and sub-fractional KW motors are often constructed
using a permanent magnet.

3.4.1 Construction Of PMDC Motor

As it is indicated in name of permanent magnet DC motor, the field poles of this motor are
essentially made of permanent magnet. A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts. A stator and
an armature. Here the stator which is a steel cylinder. The magnets are mounted in the inner
periphery of this cylinder.

The permanent magnets are mounted in such a way that the N-pole and S- pole of each magnet are
alternatively faced towards armature as shown in the figure below. That means, if N- pole of one
magnet if faced towards armature then S- pole of very next magnet is faced towards armature. In
addition to holding the magnet on its inner periphery, the steel cylindrical stator also serves as low
reluctance return path for the magnetic flux. Although field coil is not required in the PMDC motor
but still it is sometimes found that they are used along with permanent magnet. This is because if
permanent magnets lose their strengths can be compensated by field excitation through these field
coils. Generally, rare earth hard magnetic materials are used in this permanent magnet.

13
The rotor of a PMDC motor is similar to other DC motor. The rotor or armature of permanent
magnet DC motor also consists of core, winding and commutator. Armature core is made of number
of varnish insulated, slotted circular lamination of steel sheets.

By fixing these circular steel sheets one by one, a cylindrical shaped allotted armature core is
formed. The varnish insulated laminated steel sheets are used to reduce eddy current loss in
armature of permanent magnet DC motor. These slots on the outer periphery of the armature core
are used for housing armature conductor in them. The armature conductors are connected in a
suitable manner which gives rise to armature winding. The end terminals of the winding are
connected to the commutator segments placed on the motor shaft. Like other DC motor, carbon or
graphite brushes are placed with spring pressure on the commutator segments to supply current to
the armature.

Fig. 3.1 Construction of PMDC.

3.4.2 Working Principle Of PMDC

As earlier said the working principle of PMDC motor is just similar to the general working principle
of DC motor. That is when a carrying conductor comes inside a magnetic field, a mechanical force
will be experienced by the conductor and the direction of this force is governed by Fleming’s left
hand rule. As in a permanent magnet DC motor, the armature is placed inside the magnetic field of
permanent magnet; the armature rotates in the direction of the generated force. Here each conductor
of the armature experiences the mechanical force is F = B.I.L newton where, B is the magnetic field

14
strength in tesla (weber / m2), I is the current in Ampere flowing through that conductor and L is
length of the conductor in meter comes under the magnetic field. Each conductor of the armature
experiences a force and the compilation of those forces produces a torque, which tends to rotate the
armature.

Fig 3.2 Equivalent Circuit of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

As in PMDC motor the field is produced by permanent magnet, there is no need of drawing field
coils in the equivalent circuit of permanent magnet DC motor. The supply voltage to
the armature will have armature resistance drop and rest of the supply voltage is countered by back
Emf of the motor. Hence voltage equation of the motor is given by,

V = IR + Eb

Where, I is the armature current

R is the armature resistance of the motor

Eb is the Back Emf

V is the supply voltage.

3.4.3 Characteristics of PMDC

In this project we use the Permanent dc motor because linear speed torque characteristic PMDC

15
 Fig. 3.3 Characteristics of PMDC

3.4.4 Applications Of PMDC

The PMDC motors are used in various applications ranging from fractions to several
horsepower. They are developed up to about 200 kW for use in various industries. The following
applications are given below.

• PMDC motors are mainly used in automobiles to operate windshield wipers and washers, to raise
the lower windows, to drive blowers for heaters and air conditioners etc.
• They are also used in computer drives.
• These types of motors are also used in toy industries.
• PMDC motors are used in electric toothbrushes, portable vacuum cleaners, and food mixers.
• Used in a portable electric tool such as drilling machines, hedge trimmers etc.

3.4.5 Advantages Of PMDC

Following are the advantages of the PMDC Motor.

• They are smaller in size.

• For smaller rating Permanent Magnet reduces the manufacturing cost and thus PMDC motor are
cheaper.
• As these motors do not require field windings, they do not have field circuit copper losses. This
increases their efficiency.

In PMDC motor, stator field is generated by permanent magnet and hence the field remains
constant. Due to constant stator field, linear torque/speed characteristics can be obtained. PMDC

16
motor provides high torques; it is widely used in the application where accurate position control is
required. In this project the motor need starting torque as to be high that’s why this project use
permanent magnet DC motor of following ratings.

Voltage: 24V-DC

Rated Speed: 2650rpm

Output power: 250W.

3.5 Chain Drive System

Chain drive is a method of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. Chain
drives, gear drives and belt drive systems are all effective power transmission choices. Each offers
advantages and disadvantages with respect to the other.
Shaft centre distances are relatively unrestricted in chain drive. Whereas gear drive centre-to-centre
distances are restricted to specific dimensions for a given set of gears, the centre distances between
two chained sprockets can vary anywhere from 50% to 300% or more of their pitch diameters.
Chain Drive is relatively easy to install. Assembly tolerances are not as restrictive as those for gear
drives. Chain drives are a better choice for less experienced builders working with a minimum of
machine tools.
Chain drives can be readily redesigned and reconfigured in comparison to gear drive systems.
Chains perform better than gears under shock loading conditions. Chain drives spread operating
loads over many teeth whereas the operating loads acting on gear drives are concentrated on one or
two teeth.
Chain drives do not require tension on the slack side (Belt drives do) thus bearing loading
is reduced. Chain drives require less space for a given loading and speed condition than pulleys and
belts. Chain drives systems are (usually) less costly to build and maintain than an equivalent gear
drive.
There are several types of chains used in power transmission like silent chains, leaf chains, flat-top
chain,s roller chains etc.
ROLLER CHAIN is used in the machine.

3.5.1 Roller Chain Construction

17
 Roller chains are assembled using link plates, pins and rollers and connecting them in an
endless chain using a connecting link. Chain sections are made up from
two separate assemblies called the Roller Link and the Pin Link.

Fig 3.4 Roller chain components

Roller links and pin links are assembled in a continuous loop using a connecting link.
A connecting link is a special purpose pink link assembly designed for easy and rapid
replacement.

Fig 3.5 connecting link

Type – A Sprockets without hubs are held onto shafts by a flange.The flange has a keyway
(groove) that is cut into the bore. This keyway matches up to a similar keyway cut into the shaft. A
rectangular or square “Key” is inserted into the two keyways and prevents unwanted rotation of the
shaft.

Fig 3.6 Type - A sprockets

18
Type B sprockets have integral hubs. The hubs can be broached (with keyways), or plain bored,
without a broached keyway. The sprocket set screws are meant to keep the sprocket from sliding off
the hex adapters or the flat portion of the motor shaft.

Fig 3.7 Type - B sprocket

Chain Pitch is determined by the forces torque and RPM acting on the shafts and sprockets. Larger
pitch chain and sprockets are needed to handle higher torques and higher RPM. Consult the
American Chain Association design manual to determine power and RPM ratings for specific pitch
chain.
Drive ratios greater than 10:1 should not be used. In order to achieve higher ratios it is
good practice to create multiple drives using two drives in series. This will be explained in more
detail in the section on gears. The drive ratio between two sprockets is specified by the relationship
between the number of teeth of the Driven Sprocket to the number of teeth of the Drive Sprocket. It
is therefore important to understand that power is transferred through a drive train from one
sprocket to another through the tension created on the chain.
Drive ratio = driven sprocket/ driver sprocket

Length of chain, L = 2[C*cos a + (n+N)/4+(N-n)a/360]

Where, C = distance between sprockets

n = no of teeths in small sprocket

N = no of teeths in big sprocket

a = angle DAF = angle BAG = angle EDH (shown in Fig 3.8)

19
 Fig 3.8 Chain length dimensions

3.6 Rotary Tool

A rotary cultivator or tool is the perfect tool for reworking and reseeding patches of a dying
lawn. To revitalize bare and dying patches, cultivate the specific sections and replant your grass
seed. The cultivator will quickly cut through thick, dead networks of grass root to provide you with
tilled soil to start fresh with.

A rotary tool or cutter is a tool generally used for quilters to cut fabric. It consists of a handle with a
circular blade that rotates, thus the tools name. Rotary cutter blades are very sharp, can be
sharpened, and are available in different sizes: usually smaller blades are used to cut the small
curves, while larger blades are used to cut to straight lines and broad curves.

In our project we used rotary cutter the best time to use this type of cultivator tiller is during the
spring. Like the handheld cultivator tiller, this type of agricultural and garden tool is used to turn the
soil before planting and to remove weeds, to loosen and aerate the soil as the plant grow.

In case of reverse rotor rotation direction more energy is consumed in tillage because of the higher
speed and cutting length. That was concluded based on the observation of soil as a homogenous
material. As per research scientist have found. That in the case of reverse rotor rotation direction,
the cutting principle is completely changed, thus affecting the soil resistance and quality of soil
breaking.

3.7 CAD Model

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 Fig 3.9 Different views of CAD model

Fig 3.10 Isometric view of cad model

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Fig 3.11 model samples

Fig 3.12 model samples

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Table 3.2 Cost of materials

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

Fig 4.1 Block diagram for methodology of the model

In this machine power tiller is used. In this unit there is a using of manual push type power tiller.
There is steady static blade is used at rear side of power tiller with shaver blade. But in this machine
we modified the tooling system is steady into rotary which is driven by electric dc motor with
producing the torque.

This motor powered by battery pack. The tool is rotate in reverse direction of entire machine which
is effective for earth moving in between the husk material laid on the floor. This consist a solar
panel and it generate energy to run this machine the solar radiations are immersed on solar panel by
this process the solar energy is converted into electrical energy the solar energy is stored in a battery
then the battery passes electric energy to run the motor when the motor runs also the rotor runs and
finally work is done by rotor where there is turn machine we can turn it easily. It is essential factor
of this machine.

In Fig 4.1 represents the operation of the Tiller using solar energy and motor. The solar panels
which absorb the solar radiation in the form of heat energy or DC. This dc is stored in battery
charged circuit.

The voltage stored in battery is in the form of DC. Which is then given to the boost converter which
converts the dc to DC and boost up the DC voltage level. The boost up dc voltage is given to the dc

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motor to run the motor. If the solar energy is not available in the time of winter that time the
batteries are charged through the 230 AC supply to run the motor.

The motor is connected to the gear system through chain, when the motor start to rotate the gear
will get operated and this gear connected to the cultivator teeth when the gear start to operate the
cultivator teeth it will cultivate the soil.

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 CHAPTER 5

APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES

5.1 Advantages
• Simple in design: The mini tiller design is very easy compare to the other cultivator like diesel or
petrol using cultivator.
• Easy to operate: the mini tiller is operate using solar energy and motor that’s why the operation is
easy.
• Easy to maintain: The tiller is operate using renewable energy source so the maintenance is easy.
• Cheap cost: Cost of the renewable energy source that is solar energy is freely available in nature
so the cost is less.
• Pollution free: The solar energy source is not producing any pollutant from its operation.
• Eco friendly: The solar energy is renewable and freely available and non-pollutant source in the
environment.
• It made agriculture reachable to formers by reducing the need of tractors and rotator.
• It had made possible the harvesting of every kind of crop.
• It not only improves the soil aeration, eliminates the weeds, maintains soil moisture levels,
stimulate the microorganisms to become more active but also develop the provision of nutrients in
the soil.

5.2 Applications

➢ Agricultural purpose

• A power tiller in agricultural implement fitted with rotary tillers which gives a smooth resistance to
all farm activities.

• In the form machine which is mainly used to Till the land. It works effectively as it can reverse and
cut soil.

• Sowing and fertilizer applications in agriculture field.

• Farm mechanization in the Indian agricultural scenario is still in its developing stages. A larger

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 portion of the farming population of the country falls into the small and marginal segment.
• Hence, affordability of farming equipment and the size of the yield are some of the factors that
come into play. Hence, the power tiller category hasn’t seen much growth inthe past several years.
• Utility in rice field: Power tillers are particularly useful in rice fields. Paddling is a very important
concept in cultivating rice. It involves tilling the soil under floodwater to remove the air spaces and
break clods. The water needs to be kept at a minimum depth of 5 centimeters, but should not go so
deep as to drown the crop.
• Paddling makes the soil soft, as it is submerged under water. Hence, when a heavier vehicle like a
tractor is used for puddling, the effect can be deeper than required. A power tiller, owing to its
lighter make, is optimum for this task. It does not till the soil too deep, but does it thoroughly.
Similarly, for smaller rice fields, a tractor proves to be too big. A smaller-sized power tiller does the
work well. The same works for riding smaller fields, where the rows need to narrow and compact.
The smaller size of the power tiller comes in very handy for these functions. The top rice producing
countries in the world make use of power tillers to cultivate their crop.

➢ Poultry Enhancement purposes

• To improve the hygiene within the farm house by decreasing the Ammonia content in the flooring &
surrounding Atmosphere available.
• Improve health of the chicken, as it gains more weight due to lesser influence of toxic contents on
the respiratory system of the organisms.
• Optimizing supervision qualities & reducing the duration of supervision
• Spraying pesticides to avoid pest influence. This is done by spraying few chemicals which controls
the influence of insects & other worms which can depreciate the output of the poultryfarm.

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
Today in the world fuel prices rises day by and the pollution may also. To control this pollution and
to save the petroleum product and bio product this project is design and developed. This system
requires heavy initial investment but it gives the energy output for life time with low maintenance.
This project is successfully implemented for emphasizes on minimization of harmful efforts of
using the manual tiller. The new developed battery powered rotator is operated.

Renewable energy utilization is the best option to reduce the use of various non- renewable energy
sources. From the various references it comes to conclusion that solar energy utilization is more
advantageous than other energy sources. Solar energy absorbed by solar panel and stored in the
battery and then this solar energy is use to run various equipment. Hence we decide to developed
the solar powered blade harrow equipment which is beneficial for farmer in there agricultural work.
Here this project concludes that by using this machine it reduces the manpower, risk, and cost. Our
main intention is to help the farmers.

In this project it can be a conclude by using 10 watts solar panel for the demo purpose only, in
future it can be replaced or implemented to 64 watts for large applications. And permanent magnet
DC motor is used because high initial torque required.

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CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES
[1] FAO (Global Perspective Studies Unit). World Agriculture towards 2030/2050. Interim
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[2] Renaudeau, D; A. Collin, S. Yahav, V. De Basilio, J. L. Gourdine and R. J. Collier.

Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production. Animal
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[3] Fanatico A. Poultry house management for alternative production, NCAT Agriculture, 2007,
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[4] Broiler management guide. Cobb 500 Broiler Performance and Nutrition Supplement, 2016.
www.Cobb-vantress.com.

[5] Hamilton, J; M. Negnevitsky and X. Wang. Thermal analysis of a single-store live- stock
barn, Adv. Mech. Eng. 2016, 8: 1 – 9.

[6] Costantino, A; E. Fabrizio, A. Ghiggini and M. Bariani. Climate control in broiler houses: A
thermal model for the calculation of the energy use and indoor environmental conditions. Energy &
Buildings 2018, 169: 110 – 126.

[7] Dagtekin, M; C. Karaca and Y. Yildiz. Performance characteristics of a pad evaporative

cooling system in a broiler house in a Mediterranean climate. Biosystems engineering 2009, 103;
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[8] Frank, A. L; R. McKnight, S. R. Kirkhorn and P. Gunderson. Issues of Agricultural Safety

and Health. Annual Reviews Public Health 2012, 25:

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