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Lab 1

This document outlines a lab assignment for the BTech course on Operating Systems, focusing on executing basic Linux commands using the Bash shell. It provides a list of essential commands for navigation, file manipulation, and directory management, along with a final task to set up a project directory structure. The assignment emphasizes the power and flexibility of command line operations compared to graphical file managers.

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3 views4 pages

Lab 1

This document outlines a lab assignment for the BTech course on Operating Systems, focusing on executing basic Linux commands using the Bash shell. It provides a list of essential commands for navigation, file manipulation, and directory management, along with a final task to set up a project directory structure. The assignment emphasizes the power and flexibility of command line operations compared to graphical file managers.

Uploaded by

sagarbungla13
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology

Course- BTech Type- Core


Course Code- CSET209 Course Name- Operating Systems (OS)
Year- 2025 Semester- Even
Date- 06/01/2025 Batch- 2023-2027

Lab Assignment No. 1


Objective: To learn and execute basic Linux commands using command line interpreter called
Bourne Again Shell (Bash).
Background: When we speak of the command line, we are really referring to the shell. The
shell is a program that takes keyboard commands and passes them to the operating system to
carry out related task. Almost all Linux distributions supply a shell program from the GNU
Project called bash. The name “bash” is an acronym for “Bourne Again SHell”, a reference to
the fact bash is an enhanced replacement for sh, the original Unix shell program written by
Steve Bourne. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_R._Bourne). When we launch the
terminal emulator and it comes up, we should see something like this:
[me@linuxbox ~]$

This is called a shell prompt and it will appear whenever the shell is ready to accept input.
While it may vary in appearance somewhat depending on the distribution, it will usually
include your username@machinename, followed by the current working directory and a dollar
sign.
Helpful link to execute commands: https://cloud.google.com/shell
Commands to execute:

1. date: displays the current time and date.


2. cal: displays a calendar of the current month.
3. exit: end a terminal session by either closing the terminal emulator window,
or by entering the exit command at the shell prompt:

NAVIGATION (in the file system) COMMANDS

4. pwd - Print name of current working directory. When we first log in to our
system (or start a terminal emulator session) our current working directory
is set to our home directory. Each user account is given its own home
directory and it is the only place a regular user is allowed to write files.
5. cd - Change directory (E.g. cd /usr/bin)
6. ls - List directory contents (or ls ~ /usr, specifies multiple directories or ls
-l)
MANIPULATING FILES AND DIRECTORIES
7. cp – Copy files and directories

8. mv – Move/rename files and directories

9. mkdir – Create directories


syntax: mkdir directory...
Examples: mkdir dir1, mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3
10. rm – Remove (delete) files and directories
Note: Some of the tasks performed by these commands are more easily done with a
graphical file manager. With a file manager, we can drag and drop a file from one
directory to another, cut and paste files, delete files, etc. So why use these old command
line programs? The answer is power and flexibility. While it is easy to perform simple
file manipulations with a graphical file manager, complicated tasks can be easier with
the command line programs. For example, how could we copy all the HTML files from
one directory to another? Pretty hard with a file manager. Pretty easy with the command
line: cp -u *.html destination
Final Task for submission:
Setting Up a Project Directory Structure
Instructions:
1. Create a Project Directory:
 Use the mkdir command to create a project directory MyProject.
2. Navigate to the Project Directory:
 Use the cd command to move into the newly created project directory.
3. Create Subdirectories:
 Inside the project directory, create the following subdirectories:
 docs: for documentation
 src: for source code files
 data: for data files
 tests: for testing-related files
4. Navigate Between Directories:
 Use the cd command to move between the project directory and its
subdirectories.
5. Create Files:
 Inside the src directory, create a few sample source code files index.html main.c
utils.py using the touch command.
6. List Contents:
 Use the ls command to list the contents of the project directory and its
subdirectories.
7. Move .c Files to the tests directory:
8. Remove utils.py from the src directory.
9. Present Your Directory Structure: Once the directory structure is set up and
modified, present the project directory structure using ls command with -R option.

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